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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Merchant

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Academic literature on the topic 'Merchant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Merchant"

1

Lee, Duk-Hoon, and Kyung-Gu Rhee. "The Emergence of Merchant Schools During the Kyoho Period (1716-1736) in Early Modern Japan." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 101 (November 30, 2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..101.3.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the emergence of merchant schools and the merchant spirit of the samurai society in Kyoho period (1716∼1736) of the Edo Shogunate. Research design, data, and methodology: The research direction of this study was determined through previous research, and a comparison was made between Kaitokudo(懐徳堂), a government-run merchant school, and Singakugosha(心学講舎), a private merchant school, through their establishment backgrounds. Results: Kaitokudo was founded in Japan’s early modern society by the power of merchants, and the merchant school was sanctioned by the shogunate and emerged as a government institution, which is probably one of the most important schools in the world. This is a rare phenomenon, and is seen as a result of the intellectual equalization of merchants and samurai. Meanwhile, Shingaku Kosha, a private merchant school, was founded by Ishida Baigan(石田梅岩). Ishida Baigan asserted the legitimacy of merchants and commerce, which had been looked down upon in the past, instilled pride in merchants, elevated them to the philosophy of “merchant’s ways,” and led them to Sekimon Shingaku. It expanded and became the spiritual origin of Japanese capitalism. Implications: If we think about it from the standpoint of South Korea, which is also a Confucian country, we can see that it justified the “merchant’s profession and the profits earned by merchants,” which were considered debased until the 18th century, and equated (merchant’s) profits with (samurai’s) offerings. This led to the equalization of the duties of merchants and samurai (Korea: 兩班), which was a revolutionary idea at the time, and was popular in Japan during the Kyoho(亨保)period (1716-1736). It must be said that this was a major event, and a world historical event in the Asian world, something that had never been seen before in Europe, Korea, or China.

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Radityatama, Aditya. "CO-CREATION MARKETING PADA KEPUASAN MERCHANT GOFOOD BY GOJEK INDONESIA." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 11, no. 9 (2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2022.v11.i09.p05.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of co-creation consisting of Dialogue, Access To Information, Risk Assessment and Transparency or DART models on the perceived value and satisfaction of GoFood merchants. Co-creation is a procedure for making a service through the results of input from customers to support innovation process by the company. This research was conducted on MSMEs in Surabaya and active as GoFood merchants. Determination of sample is done by purposive sampling with total of 320 merchants. The data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the SEM PLS. The results of study explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have a significant positive effect on merchant's perceived value and merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. The results of the study also explain that merchant's perceived value has a significant positive effect on merchant's satisfaction. Merchant's perceived value can partially mediate the effect of dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency on merchant's satisfaction on GoFood services in Surabaya. These results explain that dialogue, access to information, risk assessment, and transparency have important roles to increase the value perceived by merchants and have an impact on increasing the satisfaction of mechants. Keywords: co-creation, DART model, merchant’s perceived value, and merchant’s satisfaction

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Hu, XiangMing, and XiaoMing Yang. "The Characteristics of the Typical Pattern of Jin-merchant Culture and Its Use in Traditional Decorative Design." Asian Social Science 16, no. 6 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n6p34.

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Jin-merchant refers exclusively to the social group of merchants in ancient Chinese Shanxi province who ran businesses and engaged in commodity trading. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Jin-merchants were the leading merchant groups with their wisdom and talent in merchandise management. In the long-term development, the Jin-merchant group gradually formed a relatively complete ideological and cultural system, supporting the development of the Jin-merchants cause. The Jin merchant culture, with Confucianism as its core, has been widely nourished by traditional Chinese culture and has internalized local traditional customs and folklore into their temperament and character, forming a series of specific historical and cultural symbols, which permeate the Jin-merchants code of living and life pursuit, and are gradually evolved into various decorative patterns to integrate into life, in which future generations can feel inspired and enlightened by traditional culture and Jin-merchant philosophy.

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Rodnov, Mikhail I. "MERCHANT SOCIETY OF THE CITY OF UFA AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH –20TH CENTURIES." TULA SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN. HISTORY. LINGUISTICS, no. 1(17) (May 20, 2024): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2024-1-32-42.

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The article is devoted to the study of the history of merchants in Ufa, finally formed after 1870. The fate of merchant societies is touched upon in a relatively small number of scientific works in Russia as a whole, in the Southern Urals and in the Middle Volga region as well. The main problem is the poor preservation of archival collections. The researchers managed to analyze the activity of these class structures only where there are funds of merchant elders, as in Samara or Kirov. In Ufa, the archival documentation of the merchant society has also not survived to this day, but the merchant N. K. Blokhin, who headed the local merchant society for almost two decades, published an advertising newspaper. It published three annual reports in the early 1900s. This article is the first to use press materials to study merchant society. This data allowed us to see the stability of the class organization after the introduction of the 1898 law that separated business and class activities. The Ufa merchants did not abandon their class. And the merchant society of Ufa has shown its effectiveness in charitable support of impoverished merchants and various structures of the city. For example, individual annual allowances were paid to widows and the elderly, some people received stable amounts, in other cases there was one-off assistance. Among the recipients were once well-known merchant families in Ufa, such as V. V. Gren, a former comrade of the merchant elders. These data show the fate of Ufa merchants in their old age, which is usually not reflected in other sources. In general, the merchant society remained an important and necessary structure until the revolutionary upheavals

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Jo, Yoonseo, and Kaun Y. Lee. "Cost Sensitivity Analysis on Merchant Discount Rates." Korean Journal of Financial Studies 51, no. 6 (2022): 821–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2022.12.51.6.821.

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Credit card companies provide payment services between merchants and members (i.e., cardholders) and charge merchant discount rates and annual membership fees, respectively. There is a discriminatory price structure in which merchants pay a higher commission rate than members because of the recognition that the utility of merchants is relatively greater than that of members and they have an obligation to accept cards. To prevent aggravating the burden on merchants due to the discriminatory price structure, regulations on the merchant discount rate were adopted in Korea. This study suggests a direction to improve the understanding of the credit card markets and to solve structural problems through a cost sensitivity analysis of merchant discount rates determined in the qualifying cost system introduced by the Financial Services Commission. First, we found empirical evidence that the effect of changes in each cost ratio on the merchant discount rate (price) differs depending on the intensity of the cost regulation (regulation effect). In addition, the merchant discount rate was lowered by government policy, regardless of cost. Combining the analysis results, we demonstrated that some expenses could not be recovered as merchant discount revenue when the related expenses rose due to the increase in card usage amount. To fix the structural problem of the card payment business, we suggest changing the preferential commission rates according to market conditions, reflecting eligible costs in member recruitment costs, reflecting adjustment costs in the loss rate due to the application of preferential merchant discount rates, and excluding the decrease in cost ratio due to management efficiency when the merchant discount rate is re-adjusted.

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Chen, Quan, Jiangtao Wang, Jianjun Yu, and Sang-Bing Tsai. "An Empirical Research on Marketing Strategies of Different Risk Preference Merchant." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7947894.

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Holiday merchandise has unique demand characteristics, unofficial start data, and a limited life cycle. In an intensely competitive market, individual merchants are able to get more sales opportunities if they display their products earlier. In this study, a time-variant variance and time-variant expected market demand model are introduced to investigate the order strategies that are used by risk-averse holiday merchants. Our results show that risk preference, market uncertainty, and market power have a significant effect on the merchant’s market strategies. Risk-averse merchants prefer to enhance forecast accuracy rather than using an early-display advantage. They can even give up their early-display advantage if they are faced with increased market uncertainty and small market power. Compared with the fixed purchase cost, the time-sensitive purchase cost can stimulate the merchant to purchase in advance, but this can decrease the merchant’s profit. Consequently, risk-averse merchants always display their merchandise later, decrease the order quantity, and, finally, miss the market opportunity.

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Jing, Zhang. "LINGUOCULTURAL TYPE OF A CHINESE MERCHANT IN CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE." Siberian Philological Forum 21, no. 4 (2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/2587-7844-2022-21-4-137.

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The article is devoted to the study of the Chinese merchant linguocultural type in Chinese linguoculture. The merchant type is represented by its conceptual characteristics (a person engaged in trading activities for the purpose of obtaining benefits) and by value characteristics. The figurative characteristics of the Chinese merchant linguistic and cultural type affect the following parameters: appearance; origin of the estate and social status; dwelling; behavior; leisure and speech characteristics of a Chinese merchant. Throughout the history of China, the social status of merchants has been subject to strong changes. In ancient society, the social status of merchants changed from the highest to the lowest, and for a very long time it remained the lowest, and then gradually the status of merchants increased, until now they have become a respected class in society. It can be said that many of the business principles of merchants of ancient China are used to this day.

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Lobacheva, I. N. "MARRIAGES BETWEEN MERCHANT REPRESENTATIVES FROM TULA AND EFREMOV IN THE 1850S: CONVENIENCE, NEED OR SENTIMENTS?" TULA SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN. HISTORY. LINGUISTICS, no. 4(20) (December 28, 2024): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2024-4-16-27.

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The article analyzes the characteristics of provincial merchants’ marital behavior (aver-age age of marriage, class affiliation of marriage partners, possible motives for marriage) based on the analysis of two European Russian cities’ metric books. The author shows that marriages with a socially equal partner were arranged at an earlier age and presents the geography of marriage relations of the Tula and Efremov merchants. In the period under consideration a significant part of marriages were concluded by merchants outside their social group. The shares of marriages arranged by merchant men and merchant women with gunsmiths, nobles, burghers, peasants, etc. are presented. The study shows that merchant women in larger cities were less likely to enter into unequal marriages compared to merchant men. The author suggests that the main reason for forcing a significant proportion of merchant women from a district town to enter into unequal marriages was the relative narrowness of the “marriage market” in towns. The author gives a number of examples of other factors that influ-enced the conclusion of marriage with a partner from a less privileged social group. In the author's opinion, representatives of the merchant class did not always enter into marriages of convenience and the possibility of establishing kinship ties with each other through marriage could be no less important for merchant families than the financial well-being of the marriage partner.

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Leyman, I. "Merchant entrepreneurship in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century: opportunities and risks (case study of the Vologda province)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 5 (October 2, 2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-5-82-88.

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The paper considers, in addition to trade and industry, various forms of entrepreneurship of the merchants in the European North of Russia in the second third of the XIX century, case study of the Vologda province. The main source was publications in the Vologda Provincial Gazette for 1838-1860. Based on the results of the analysis of materials, it is possible to single out: insurance business; rental property; private lending, etc. Various concomitant risks of entrepreneurial activity of merchants were also noted, such as: damage to equipment at enterprises due to fire or natural disasters; non-payments for goods or loans; loss of cargo during transportation, etc. The consequence of the inefficient circulation of financial resources could be the auction sale of the merchant's movable or immovable property to cover debts; declaring a merchant "an insolvent debtor"; transition to philistinism. If the merchant committed a crime or misdemeanor, the deprivation of a good name was part of the criminal punishment.

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Poettinger, Monika. "Etica mercantile e sviluppo economico." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 125 (December 2009): 465–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-125004.

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- Up to the nineteenth century, merchants extended networks of subsidiaries, correspondents and investments world-wide, becoming a major trigger of innovation and economic development. To guarantee the functioning of their international merchant houses, they had to adhere to a strict moral code. The resulting "moral communities" diffused everywhere the "merchant´s liberty": working to fulfil oneself, striving to obtain economic independence and richness as social recognition. As the Ancien Régime neared its end, merchants were ready to economically and morally guide society into a new era. At the same time as many discussed the noblesse commerçante, though, philosophers and economists ridiculed merchant virtues, transforming merchants in men bent only on profit and self-interest. The industrialist, so, became the bourgeoisie´s myth and merchant ethics vanished from the agenda of historians and economists alike. Industrialization thusly lost one of its main characters and economy missed a catalyst of innovation and social capital formation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchant"

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Cheer, Karen A. "Irish maritime trade in the eighteenth century : a study in patterns of trade, market structures, and merchant communities : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/895.

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Chu, Ian Pui. "Crossing the borders of a merchant class: imaging and representing elite status in the portraits of the Hong merchants of Canton." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/391.

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Portraits of hong merchants produced in the latter period of the Canton Trade (1820-1840) portray these merchants in a new manner — one that previously had not been seen in China. These portraits depict Chinese subjects through a pastiche of signs associated with China's elite, yet the medium of oil painting and the use of perspective, drawn primarily from European artistic traditions, was unusual in Canton and was not in popular use in China as a whole. This study examines portraits of hong merchants executed by a Scottish artist residing in Canton, George Chinnery, as well as his Chinese student, Lamqua, in order to trace a particular form of portraiture that emerged at this time. As I will argue, this type of portraiture evoked the contradictions inherent in the hong merchant's position, which was situated between Chinese rule and foreign trade, and also gave form to a range of tensions and disparities that existed between the merchants and Chinese mandarin officials, or hoppos. Along with the exchange of commodities which was central to the merchants trade, there existed a simultaneous cultural exchange which was affected by new media and new forms of knowledge. The introduction of oil painting to China and the circulation of merchant portraits are a case in point. The hong merchant portraits offered a stage for the performance of a carefully constructed and imagined identity that encapsulated a range of desires and aspirations for elite status within China. Furthermore, these portraits also served as an important mode of exchange with, and for, European viewers. This identity was a performance of status and class both in the imagination of the hong merchant, but also one performed for foreign traders who would see these images. The portraits of the hong merchants thus embody diverse social dimensions where the subject is embedded within a network of references to class, rank, and demeanour. Using the medium of oil paint, the illusion of the image extended beyond the use of shadow and perspective as the portraits inscribed an identity for the hong merchant that was at once elusive and illusive.

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Gambling, Stella. "Iconology in The Merchant of Venice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325295.

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Jurgens, Ulrich. "Enforcement of UK merchant shipping legislation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67656/.

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The basis of this thesis is an investigation of Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) administrative and criminal enforcement files, relating to UK detentions and prosecutions. It would appear that this is the first time that such an analysis has been made. The thesis is divided into four parts of which Part B and C form the heart of the work. These two consider administrative (Part B) and criminal (Part C) enforcement measures and discusses their legal basis. But before these subjects are dealt with in more detail, enforcement personnel and their roles are analysed (Part A), and their role is compared to inspectors of the Health and Safety Executive and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB). Human rights and their impact on both enforcement process and inspectors of MCA and MAIB are addressed within the context of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and Regulations issued under the Act. The thesis identifies inconsistencies of UK legislation when compared with European law and apparent lack of clarification within UK law. The analysis of administrative enforcement measures focuses on detentions of merchant ships whereas the discussion of criminal enforcement measures concentrates on the areas which the files suggested were the most affected by investigations and prosecutions, namely groundings, violations of the Collision Regulations and pollution incidents. It becomes clear from the research that detentions by far outweigh prosecutions, that MCA policy supports this approach and that enforcement personnel indicate a preference for such administrative enforcement measures. However, a large number of Detention Notices were found non-compliant with legal requirements. Still only one case was identified, documented and discussed where the MCA was taken to arbitration by the owner affected by a detention. The thesis offers suggestions as to how the work of MCA enforcement personnel can be improved and (Part D) what measures would seem to be appropriate for the lawmakers to take in the future. It is suggested that the approach taken in recent European oil pollution legislation to focus on serious negligence rather than on strict criminal liability could offer a suitable way forward. Throughout this work I have endeavoured to state the law as at 31 October 2008. In a number of cases it has been possible to take account of developments since that date as my viva voce only took place in June 2009. I have made reference to new European and UK pollution legislation (see Chapter 13, fn 1) which came into force or will come into force in the course of 2009. I also used the decision in TS Lines Ltd v. Delphis NV (The TS Singapore), [2009] EWHC B4 (Comm) in Chapter 8.6.2. to help clarify the discussion about the quantum of compensation in an arbitration over a detention. But I did not carry out a detailed analysis of the new legislation and that case. The decision in Club Cruise Entertainment and Travelling Services Europe BV v. The Department For Transport [2008] EWHC 2794 (Comm) of 18 November 2008, however, was fully analysed and relevant aspects found their way into the discussion in the thesis.

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VanHorn, Kellie Michelle. "Eighteenth-century colonial American merchant ship construction." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1421.

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Past research on eighteenth-century ships has primarily taken one of two avenues, either focusing on naval warship construction or examining the merchant shipping industry as a whole in terms of trends and economics. While these areas are important to pursue, comparatively little is known about actual construction techniques used on the ordinary merchant vessels of the period. Most modern sources emphasize hull design and lines drawings; contemporary sources take a similar direction, explaining the theory of ship design but often leaving out how to put the ship together. In recent years, however, new information has come to light through archaeological excavations regarding Anglo-American merchant ship construction. In this study, several of these shipwrecks were examined in light of economic factors and the literary evidence from the period in an attempt to gain a better understanding of colonial American merchant ship construction in the eighteenth century. While the data set was not large enough to make conclusive statements, this type of comparative analysis should begin to establish a framework for the interpretation of future shipwreck excavations.

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Schutte, Philippus Jacobus Wilhelmus. "A risk mitigation tool for merchant selection." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1382.

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Organisations or individuals that lend money (banks and micro lenders) or that sell goods on credit (retailers) are classified as credit providers. The debtor enters into a contractual agreement with a credit provider, or creditor, with the obligation to repay the loan amount, fees and interest according to a predetermined schedule. The contractual agreement, also known as a credit agreement, is as a general rule very complex. Legislation protecting debtors in various ways is an international phenomenon. In South Africa, the National Credit Act, Act 34 of 2005 (NCA) was enacted in 2005. The NCA changed the playing field for credit providers participating in the South African consumer credit market to a great extent. Consumer lending is the sleeping giant of the financial sector. The key to successfully unlock this enormous market is the credit provider's ability to accurately assess the creditworthiness of a potential customer during the customer acquisition phase. The creditworthiness of the customer is related to the risk of default, i.e. a debtor's non-payment of debt in terms of the credit agreement. The risk of default is also known as credit risk. Real People Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd (RPIH) classifies credit risk as the single largest risk the Group is exposed to. They recognise that the intelligent and responsible management of credit risk makes it the Group's largest profit driver. Credit risk scorecards are excellent decision aids during the customer acquisition phase. The characteristics and behaviour of merchants submitting credit applications to RPIH for assessment have a definite impact on the credit risk of the Group. The merchant plays a pivotal role in the debtor-creditor-supplier business model. The merchant influences the customer's sales experience and subsequent level of satisfaction with the transaction. A satisfied customer constitutes a lower level of credit risk for the creditor, in this case RPIH. The research is conducted with a positivistic paradigm. The cross-sectional study approach is used. The merchant is the unit of analysis. A sample of 77 merchants is selected from the population of 244 merchants who submitted credit applications to RPIH during the observation period. Questionnaires are used as the data collection method in this research project. The predictive ability of fourteen merchant related characteristics are demonstrated through this empirical study.

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Mallat, Niina. "Consumer and merchant adoption of mobile payments /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2007358489.html.

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Agnew, Jean H. "The merchant community of Belfast 1660-1707." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241323.

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Lee, Byeong Eun. "A manual for equipping Asian churches in port cities of North America to develop the Reformed maritime ministries in their cities, beginning in Philadelphia." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Clydesdale, Greg. "Industrial leadership : a historical analysis of merchant shipping." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1712.

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This thesis set out to explore the forces that determine the rise and fall of industrial leadership. It attempted to do this by applying an industry life cycle model to the shipping industry. The industrial life cycle was posited on the basis of existing literature, particularly the growth of knowledge, evolutionary and institutional literature, which lend themselves to patterns of industrial growth and entrapment. On this basis, this thesis set out to examine whether industrial leadership can be explained by a four-staged process of imitation, catch up, advance and entrapment. However, this thesis has exposed something more complicated. Processes of imitation, catch up advance and entrapment were shown to be at work in the shipping industry, but they were tempered by the effects of military and political forces that may not be exogenous, and the trend from regionalism to globalisation. The original model did not encompass early indigenous developments that are not based on imitation that do not immediately lead to a position of advanced leadership. In this light, a better description of the first stage would be capability building.

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Books on the topic "Merchant"

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Hull, Robert. Merchant. Smart Apple Media, 2009.

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Robert, Hull. Merchant. Smart Apple Media, 2009.

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Robert, Hull. Merchant. Franklin Watts, 2008.

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Ulrich, Scholl Lars, ed. Merchants and mariners: Selected maritime writings of David M. Williams. International Maritime Economic History Association, 2000.

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Ulrich, Scholl Lars, and International Maritime Economic History Association., eds. Merchants and mariners: Selected maritime writings of David M. Williams. International Maritime Economic History Association, 2000.

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Mead, Wendy. The merchant. Cavendish Square, 2014.

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Antonucci, Antonella. Merchant banking. Cacucci editore, 1989.

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Haws, Duncan. Merchant Fleets. TCL Pubns., 1988.

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Haws, Duncan. Merchant Fleets. TCL Pubns., 1989.

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Haws, Duncan. Merchant fleets. Shield Publications, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Merchant"

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Benson, Bruce L. "Law Merchant." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_218.

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Rei, Claudia. "Merchant Empires." In Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_58-1.

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Weber, Max. "Merchant Guilds." In General Economic History. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003411857-21.

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Johnston, Lucas F. "Carolyn Merchant." In Key Thinkers in Religion and Environment. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003364801-7.

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Rei, Claudia. "Merchant Empires." In Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00181-0_58.

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Lessambo, Felix I. "Merchant Banks." In The U.S. Banking System. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34792-5_8.

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Banaji, Jairus. "Merchant Capitalism." In The SAGE Handbook of Marxism. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529714371.n2.

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Spence, Cathryn R. "Merchant Trade." In Women in Business Families. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315206295-5.

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Soeters, Joseph. "Kenneth Merchant." In Management and Military Studies. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429243967-10.

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Rei, Claudia. "Merchant Empires." In Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35583-7_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Merchant"

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Li, Yongzheng, Lin Jiang, Haihua Zhang, and Yi Chen. "Research on path planning for underactuated merchant ships based on maritime rules." In 4th International Conference on Automation Control. Algorithm and Intelligent Bionics, edited by Jing Na and Shuping He. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3039965.

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Abdrakhmanov, Konstantin A. "“…The merchant was the word. And the word was the merchant”? On the recovery of a debt from the Orenburg merchant A. K. Doinikov." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-28.

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The paper examines the phenomenon of a “merchant’s word” in the context of the business enterprise of the Orenburg merchant of the 2nd guild A. K. Doinikov. This example of the practical application of verbal guarantees of fulfillment of obligations confirms that a merchant’s word was not just a cliché formed in the business environment, but it was an effective tool for achieving a goal. However, organization problems that constantly accompanied business did not always allow merchants to keep their seemingly unbreakable oath.

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Komleva, Evgenia V. "Ego-texts from the Personal Fond of the Kyakhta Merchant M.F. Nemchinov in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia: Composition and Prospects of Study." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-26.

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The article presents the characteristics of ego-documents from the located in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia personal fond of the Kyakhta merchant of the second half of the 19th century Mikhail Fedorovich Nemchinov. Among the surviving manuscripts are autobiographical notes, personal and business correspondence. All these sources together form a voluminous merchant family archive, which in itself is quite a rare phenomenon. The texts contain information about the advancement of the social ladder of a native of the peasantry, later the merchant of the 1st guild, upbringing in peasant and merchant families of the 19th century, the realities of the daily life of Russian tea merchants in Kyakhta and Qing empire. If the information from the autobiography of M. F. Nemchinov has already appeared in historiography, then the correspondence materials mostly still remain unknown and not studied. Meanwhile, the appeal to them can significantly complement the existing ideas about everyday life and trading operations of Russian merchants linked with tea trade.

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Dvorkin, Yury. "Can Merchant Demand Response Affect Investments in Merchant Energy Storage?" In 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2018.8586630.

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Charitos, Evangelos D., Nikolaos A. Kounalakis, and Ioanna Kantzavelou. "Cybersecurity at Merchant Shipping." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850294.

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Lobacheva, Irina N. "Merchant trading and industrial establishments in the counties of Tula province in the first decades of the post-reform period: dynamics of number, sectoral structure and administration." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-12.

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Based on the materials of fiscal documentation, the article presents the results of study of the dynamics of merchant entrepreneurship in five cities of the Tula province (Belev, Venev, Kashira, Krapivna and Odoev) with their counties during the period from 1868 to 1878. It is shown how roads and railways construction (by the example of Moscow-Kursk railway) as well as a change in the number of consumers under the influence of seasonal work migration growth and some other factors influenced on the development of urban and rural entrepreneurship in general and merchant entrepreneurship in particular. This research also considers various strategies that the merchants used to manage their trading establishments: hired clerk involvement or the use of human resources of their own families. An attempt to identify the circumstances that influenced the entrepreneur’s choice has been done.

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Agrawal, Rakesh, Samuel Ieong, and Raja Velu. "Optimizing merchant revenue with rebates." In the fourth ACM international conference. ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1935826.1935889.

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Jan Rodseth, Ornulf, Havard Nordahl, and Asa Hoem. "Characterization of Autonomy in Merchant Ships." In 2018 OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean (OTO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanskobe.2018.8559061.

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Kimbrough, Steven O., Michael McElfresh, and Clemens van Dinther. "On the business case for merchant solar." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2018.8352317.

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Kozˇuh, Mitja, Stojan Petelin, and Marko Perkovicˇ. "Redundancy of Vital Systems for Merchant Ships." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59725.

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When we talk about redundancy we have to compare risks of different options that compete for the same final result and for this result we have to decide what our goal is. Most of the time everything is fine but a ship can experience an event that surpasses its abilities. Either propulsion is lost and the ship cannot control its behavior during a storm, resulting in lost lives or even the loss of the ship, or a polluted environment causes a loss. Most ships are not equipped with a redundant parallel propulsion system. The most common reason is that any redundancy is a cost which burdens the operating company. Even safety costs are not really defined since the compensation for the lost lives is negotiable and also depends on the skills of lawyers. Therefore only the business costs can be defined with relative accuracy.

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Reports on the topic "Merchant"

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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.

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Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.

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Joskow, Paul, and Jean Tirole. Merchant Transmission Investment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9534.

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Bernad, Ludovic, Yves Nsengiyumva, Benjamin Byinshi, Naphtal Hakizimana, and Fabrizio Santoro. Digital Merchant Payments as a Medium of Tax Compliance. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.011.

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Consumers in Africa increasingly pay for their purchases through mobile money, especially since the pandemic. These transactions are known as digital merchant payments. Rwandan consumers can choose between using standard mobile money services or a specific service only for digital merchant payments – MoMo Pay. Digital payments of any kind have the potential to improve tax compliance, because they imply digital data trails and better record keeping. How far is this potential being realised in Rwanda? In collaboration with the Rwanda Revenue Authority, we collected survey data from 1,100 merchants country-wide and were able to correlate this with tax administrative data, i.e. the tax records of the interviewees held by the revenue authority. We also conducted focus group discussions with 15 merchants. We found that the great majority of payments are still made in cash. Larger, more knowledgeable and financially included merchants opt for MoMo Pay as opposed to standard mobile money, the latter being preferred by female and less educated and equipped merchants. At the start of the pandemic, in March 2020, for a period of 18 months, all fees on MoMo Pay transactions were waived to foster digital payments through the service. In September 2021, fees were then reintroduced. The waiver led to a significant rise in the use of MoMo Pay relative to cash. When the MoMo Pay fee was reintroduced, there was a significant shift back to cash from both MoMo Pay and standard mobile money services, even if the latter were not affected by the fee. Lastly, we measure whether the adoption of digital payments correlates with merchants’ tax perceptions and compliance behaviour. First, we show that merchants using MoMo Pay tend to disagree with the obligation of paying taxes in order to receive public services, a measure of fiscal reciprocity. Such negative correlation is probably due to the fee imposed on MoMo Pay. Furthermore, standard mobile money usage improves the perceived ease of complying with taxes, while that is not the case for MoMo Pay. Again, the fact that fees on MoMo Pay are not clearly identifiable in MoMo Pay statements complicates merchants’ reporting and reconciliation of their activity for tax purposes. When it comes to compliance behaviour with VAT, the adoption of digital payments by merchants only improves their reported VAT sales and inputs, and only in the short term, while final VAT liability does not change. This hints at perverse compensating strategies to avoid taxes. We recommend that the tax administration better understand the adoption patterns of digital payments and incentivise usage among less equipped categories of taxpayers. The tax administration would also benefit from getting access to mobile money data to better monitor and enforce merchants’ compliance.

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Megersa, Kelbesa, Ludovic Bernad, Yves Nsengiyumva, Benjamin Byinshi, Naphtal Hakizimana, and Fabrizio Santoro. Digital Merchant Payments as a Medium of Tax Compliance: RiB 87. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.028.

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Digital merchant payments – transactions between traders, or between traders and customers using digital means of payment – can promote tax compliance by providing access to safer, quicker formal payments for consumers, and leaving a digital trail of sales data that can be accessed by tax administration. This study examines how far the potential of digital merchant payments to increase tax compliance is being realised in Rwanda, and whether fees imposed by mobile network operators on digital financial services (DFS) can hinder both DFS adoption and tax compliance. It uses original survey data from 1,100 merchants country-wide, administrative data from the Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA), focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Rwanda is an interesting context in which to study digital merchant payments, as these are expected to reach 80 per cent of GDP by 2024.1 Particularly popular are mobile money payments, performed either through the person-to-business payment option MoMo Pay or through standard personal accounts. The country’s commitment to creating a cashless economy was accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary of Working Paper 159.

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Scott, Paul W. Marketing Strategy for Merchant Shipbuilders. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada446052.

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Tryon, Jodi E. Merchant Ship Naval Augmentation Program. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada173726.

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MOTOROLA INC CHANDLER AZ. Application Specific Electronic Module (ASEM) Merchant Foundry. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada303292.

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Davis, George B., and Kathleen M. Carley. Computational Analysis of Merchant Marine GPS Data. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada471469.

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Scarpini, Celeste, Fabrizio Santoro, Mary Abounabhan, and Awa Diouf. The E-levy and Merchant Payment Exemption in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.036.

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Mobile money-enabled digital merchant payments have significant promise for enhancing tax compliance in lowincome countries, and addressing persistent challenges. First, digital merchant payments offered by mobile money providers guarantee greater accessibility to safer and faster formal payment. Second, they help businesses to keep comprehensive records of their activities, expenses, and receipts – enhancing accuracy of tax filing, and perceptions of the tax administration’s monitoring and enforcement capabilities. Third, they improve businesses’ perceptions of the transparency and predictability of the tax system, by using more precise digital information for tax calculations. In addition, governments can use digital merchant payments to encourage business formalisation, by exempting them from new taxes on mobile money transactions. Many African governments use this strategy, while taxing other transaction types – such as mobile money withdrawals and person-to-person transfers.

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Fisher, Edward J. Merchant Marine Seamen Shortage and Its Impact Upon Strategic Sealift. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401051.

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