Academic literature on the topic 'Merchant banks - South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Newbury, Colin. "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 1880–1889." Business History Review 61, no. 1 (1987): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115773.
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In this article, Dr. Newbury focuses on the technical and financial reasons for amalgamation at the Kimberley mines in South Africa, drawing on primary records to account for the rise of De Beers as the world's major diamond mining company in the 1880s. He finds that prior experience in local government and on the mining boards prepared company directors for competition in joint stock enterprise, while differences in production policies and performance influenced the pattern of mergers within and among the four Kimberley mines. De Beers's close relationship with diamond merchants and private banks in London, particularly N. M. Rothschild & Sons, was central to its position as a prime mover toward consolidation. Dr. Newbury views De Beers as a firm that relied for its success less on its renowned chairman, Cecil J. Rhodes, than on a combined managerial expertise that reflected the interests of both mining producers and merchant buyers.
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Kilian, Eduard, and Rudie Nel. "Merchant cash advances: investigating the taxation consequences in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 8, no. 2 (2015): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v8i2.101.
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The merchant cash advance is an emerging lending product designed to address the need to maintain cash flows and is essentially the business equivalent of a “payday” loan. A lump-sum advance is made by the merchant cash advance service provider to a business (the merchant) in exchange for an agreed upon percentage of future credit and/or debit card receivables. This article investigates the taxation consequences of merchant cash advance transactions in South Africa, in an attempt to provide guidance which is currently lacking. Although it is posited that a merchant cash advance is a form of debt factoring, the income tax treatment of the initial advance and the resulting discount reflect that of a loan. Through the investigation it was determined that merchants will be able to deduct the discount and processing fees from income. The merchant cash advance service provider will include such discount and processing fee in ‘gross income’. The initial advance and any resulting discount are held to be a ‘financial service’ and therefore an exempt supply for VAT purposes, with the processing fee constituting a taxable supply.
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Fredericks, E., E. Hoosien, and A. Brink. "The case for stool banks in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 109, no. 8 (2019): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2019.v109i8.14169.
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Jones, Stuart. "The imperial banks in South Africa 1861–1914." South African Journal of Economic History 11, no. 2 (1996): 21–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10113439609511084.
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Fotso, Bakam, and E. I. Edoun. "Critical Assessment of Banking Institutions in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 2(J) (2017): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2(j).1646.
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Banks play an important role in a country’s economy through investments, deposits and withdrawals. Many banking products are sold to clients to meet their financial needs and obligations. Their performances are therefore very critical in supporting socio economic development. Financial institutions still facing challenges linked to the lack of financial previsions through the use of financial tool that allows preventing financial distress. Banks are not always well-managed because managers lack capacity and the sound knowledge in dealing effectively with the analysis of risk and return and decision-making. The current study highlights and gives orientations on key performance indicators that bank can use to manage their financial conditions in advance in a sustainable manner. The major objective of this research is to critically assess the South African banks performance using Financial Ratio Analysis (FRA)and descriptive statistics through comparative financial statement analysis form 2010 to 2013 between“ the big four†South African banks. In using correlational analysis, the study aim to establish the link between exogenous and endogenous variables of bank performance. The results showed that FirstRand bank was the best achiever with a higher level of performance following by Standard bank, then Absa and Nedbank. Furthermore, it appears that there is a strong relationship between bank performance and bank size because the volume of assets represents the bigger source of bank incomes. This study opens door to further study including both large and small banks and a comparative analysis between two research methods. The paper is divided into five major sections.
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Fotso, Bakam, and E. I. Edoun. "Critical Assessment of Banking Institutions in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 2 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2.1646.
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Banks play an important role in a country’s economy through investments, deposits and withdrawals. Many banking products are sold to clients to meet their financial needs and obligations. Their performances are therefore very critical in supporting socio economic development. Financial institutions still facing challenges linked to the lack of financial previsions through the use of financial tool that allows preventing financial distress. Banks are not always well-managed because managers lack capacity and the sound knowledge in dealing effectively with the analysis of risk and return and decision-making. The current study highlights and gives orientations on key performance indicators that bank can use to manage their financial conditions in advance in a sustainable manner. The major objective of this research is to critically assess the South African banks performance using Financial Ratio Analysis (FRA)and descriptive statistics through comparative financial statement analysis form 2010 to 2013 between“ the big four” South African banks. In using correlational analysis, the study aim to establish the link between exogenous and endogenous variables of bank performance. The results showed that FirstRand bank was the best achiever with a higher level of performance following by Standard bank, then Absa and Nedbank. Furthermore, it appears that there is a strong relationship between bank performance and bank size because the volume of assets represents the bigger source of bank incomes. This study opens door to further study including both large and small banks and a comparative analysis between two research methods. The paper is divided into five major sections.
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Crafford, Wessel Lourens, Frederik J. Mostert, and Jan Hendrik Mostert. "Liquidity management by South African banks." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 3 (2012): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i3art4.
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The management of liquidity is of prime importance to banks. This management process should be carefully planned and continuously managed to master a global and/or national financial crisis. The objective of this research paper embodies the improvement of financial decision-making by banks regarding the management of their liquidity. To achieve this objective, a literature study was initially done. An empirical survey followed thereafter, focusing on the 10 biggest banks in South Africa. They are the leaders of the South African banking industry, and as South Africa is a developing country with an emerging market economy, the conclusions of the study may also be valuable to banking industries of similar countries. The importance of the liquidity management factors, the problem areas surrounding this topic, as well as how often the requirements are adjusted to ensure proper and effective liquidity management are addressed.
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Mishi, Syden, and Sibanisezwe Alwyn Khumalo. "Bank stability in South Africa: what matters?" Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 1 (2019): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.11.
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The study examined the determinants of bank stability within the South African banking sector. By controlling for individual bank characteristics and market characteristics, the study determined possible determinants of solvency, a proxy for bank stability, measured by z-score within the South African financial sector. The South African financial sector is highly concentrated but with a significantly large number of banks, the greater portion being foreign owned banks. The business models of some of the financial intermediaries differ from the big four and therefore the influence of the type of business model is of great interest in this study, as it highlights a unique feature of the South African financial sector. The study’s investigation used panel data estimation techniques and found that among the specific bank characteristics, lending activity and capitalization do significantly affect solvency of banks and at sector level concentration was significant. The crisis dummy also revealed that the presence of a financial crisis heightened insolvency. The results have implications for financial institutions and therefore are of interest to regulators, bank management and researchers. Policy prescription in the form of Prompt Corrective Action framework is made to ensure proactive reaction to trends likely to cause instability.
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Kholvadia, Faatima. "Islamic banking in South Africa – form over substance?" Meditari Accountancy Research 25, no. 1 (2017): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the economic substance of Islamic banking transactions in South Africa and to analyse whether the economic substance is closely related to the legal form. Additionally, this study highlights the similarities and differences in the execution of Islamic banking transactions across different South African banks. The transactions analysed are deposit products of qard and Mudarabah and financing products of Murabaha, Ijarah and diminishing Musharaka. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted through interviews with representatives from each of the four South African banks that offers Islamic banking products. Interviews were semi-structured and allowed interviewees to voice their perspectives, increasing the validity of the interviews. Findings The study found that specific Shariah requirements of Islamic banking transactions are considered and included in the legal structure of the contracts by all four banks offering Islamic banking products. However, the economic reality of these transactions was often significantly different from its legal form and was found to, economically, replicate conventional banking transactions. The study also found that all four banks offer Islamic banking products under the same Shariah principles, but in some instances (e.g. diminishing Musharaka), execute these transactions in different ways. This study is the first of its kind in South Africa. Research limitations/implications While safeguards have been used to ensure the reliability and validity of the research, there remain a few inherent limitations which should be noted: interviewees, while chosen for their expertise and level of knowledge, may provide highly technical insight which may be difficult to interpret. Detailed technicalities were therefore excluded from this research. The regulatory environment of banks in South Africa, for example, regulation imposed by the Financial Service Board on all financial institutions in South Africa, has not been explored. However, the regulatory environment was brought to the readers’ attention to help illustrate certain themes. This research uses only Shariah requirements as detailed in Section 2.2 to analyse transactions. Fatwas (rulings) issued by the Shariah Boards of South African Islamic banks have not been included in this study and may be an area of future research. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind in South Africa. The study adds to the Islamic banking literature by analysing the real execution of Islamic banking transactions rather than the theoretical compliance with Shariah law.
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Jones, F. Stuart. "Business Imperialism and the Imperial Banks in South Africa." South African Journal of Economics 66, no. 1 (1998): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1998.tb01063.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Terblanche, Janet Rene. "The legal risks associated with trading in derivatives in a merchant bank." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2693.
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Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>The research defines derivatives as private contracts, with future rights and obligations imposed on all parties, used to hedge or transfer risk, which derives value from an underlying asset price or index, which asset price or index may take on various forms. The nature of derivatives is that the instruments are intended to be risk management tools. The objectives of derivatives are either to hedge a risk, or to speculate. Derivatives may be classified by the manner in which they are traded, either over the counter (OTC) or on exchange. Alternatively, derivatives may be classified on the basis of structure and mechanisms, i.e. forwards, futures, options or swaps.
Risk and risk management are defined in the third chapter with the focus on merchant banking. The nature of risk is that it is inherent in all activities. The nature of risk management is that it aims to ensure that the risks faced by the merchant bank are managed on a daily basis. The objective of risk management is to ensure that losses are minimised and the appropriate level of risk is taken in order to maximise profits. Risk may be classified as operational, operations, market, systemic, credit and legal risk. A comprehensive discussion of credit risk is presented, as it pertains to the legal risk in derivatives in a merchant bank. This includes insolvency, set-off, netting, credit derivatives and collateral.
Legal risk is defined as the risk of loss primarily caused by legal unenforceability (i.e. a defective transaction, for instance a contract), legal liability (i.e. a claim) or failure to take legal steps to protect assets (e.g. intellectual property). The nature of legal risk is that it is caused by jurisdictional and other cross-border factors, inadequate documentation, the behaviour of financial institutions, a lack of internal controls, financial innovation or the inherent uncertainty of the law. The objectives of legal risk management in derivatives are to avoid the direct and indirect costs associated with legal risk materialising. This includes reputational damage. Derivatives attract specific legal risks due to the complexity of the instruments as well as the constant innovation in the market. There remains some legal uncertainty regarding derivatives in terms of gaming, wagering and gambling, as well as insurance.
The relationship between risk and derivatives is that due to the complexity and constant innovation associated with derivatives, there are some inherent risks to trading in derivatives. It is therefore important to ensure that there is a vested risk management culture in the derivatives trading environment.
Chapter four gives an overview of derivatives legislation in foreign jurisdictions and in South Africa. The contractual and documentation issues are discussed with reference to ad hoc agreements, master agreements and ISDA agreements. The practical implementation issues of master agreements and ad hoc agreements are also discussed.
The recommendations are that legal risk management be approached in a similar manner to credit, market and other risk disciplines. A legal risk management policy needs to be developed and implemented. The second recommendation is that a derivative to manage the legal risk in derivatives be developed.
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Kalan, Anesh. "Understanding merchant adoption of m-payments in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22834.
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Despite the proliferation of mobile communication technology and smartphone adoption, a number of barriers, most notably trust and security, and the lack of critical mass, have slowed the uptake of mobile payments (m-payments). Little is understood about the factors driving the success of novel, intermediating technologies such as m-payments, particularly in emerging markets. In this thesis, we empirically investigated the factors that affect the success of m-payments in Cape Town, from the merchant's perspective. The research model is based on the Perceived Characteristics of Innovation (PCI) instrument developed by Moore and Benbasat (1991) which measures an individual's perception of adopting m-payments. Our results found the main adoption drivers to be relative advantage, ease of use, results demonstrability, convenience, speed of transaction, and service provider brand value. The key barriers to adoption include cost as well as trust and security. Based on our findings, implications for practice and future studies are suggested.
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Kilian, Eduard. "Merchant cash advances : investigating the taxation consequences in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86220.
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Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the recent credit crisis in 2008, innovative lending products have emerged to address the need for enterprises to maintain and improve their cash flows. One such product is the merchant cash advance (MCA). This form of finance is related to debt factoring and is essentially the business equivalent of a payday loan. In its most common form, a lump sum payment is made to a business in exchange for an agreed upon percentage of future credit and/or debit card receivables. A percentage of the merchant’s daily credit or debit card receivables is retained, either directly from the processor that clears and settles the credit or debit card payment or via a debit order from the merchant’s bank account, until the obligation has been met. The future receivables are purchased at a discount and a processing fee is also charged.
Many merchant cash advance service providers (MCASP) structure their business in such a way that it resembles traditional debt factoring. In this manner, MCASPs endeavour to distinguish their product offering from traditional loans, in an effort to elude legislation that would affect loans, for example the limiting of interest rates charged.
There is however currently a lack of definitive guidance on the taxation consequences from the perspective of the merchant utilising the product and the MCASP providing it. The purpose of this research is to investigate the taxation consequences of MCA transactions in South Africa in an attempt to provide such guidance. The key issue for consideration affecting the taxation consequences of MCAs is the classification of these transactions as either a form of debt factoring or as loans. The research considers and suggests the appropriate classification of these transactions. The taxation treatment is then considered based on this classification from the perspective the merchant utilising the product and the MCASP providing the product. Taxation issues investigated, include the income tax treatment of the discounting cost as “interest”, the availability of deductions allowed by the Income Tax Act and the Value-Added Tax consequences.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die onlangse kredietkrisis in 2008 het innoverende leningsprodukte na vore gekom om te voorsien in die vraag van ondernemings om hul kontantvloei te handhaaf en verbeter. Een van hierdie produkte is die handelaarskontantvoorskot (HKV). Hierdie vorm van finansiering is verwant aan skuldfaktorering en is basies die besigheidsekwivalent van ‘n betaaldaglening. In die mees algemene vorm, word ‘n enkelbdragbetaling aan ‘n besigheid gemaak in ruil vir ‘n voorafbepaalde persentasie van die toekomstige krediet- en/of debietkaartdebiteure. ’n Persentasie van die handelaar se daagliske krediet- of debietkaart debiteure word teruggehou totdat die skuld afgelos is. Invordering vind plaas direk vanaf die verwerker wat die krediet- of debietkaartbetaling goedkeur en betaal, of deur middel van ‘n debietorder direk vanaf die handelaar se bankrekening. Die toekomstige debiteure word teen ‘n diskonto aangekoop en ‘n verwerkingsfooi kan ook gehef word.
Baie handelaarskontantvoorskot-diensverskaffers (HKVD) struktureer hul besighede op so ‘n wyse dat dit soos tradisionele skuldfaktorering voorkom. Op hierdie manier beoog HKVD’s om hul produk van tradisionele lenings te onderskei, met die doel om wetgewing vry te spring wat lenings sou beïnvloed, byvoorbeeld beperkings op rentekoerse gehef.
Daar is egter tans ‘n tekort aan beslissende leiding, wat die belastinggevolge betref, uit die perspektief van die handelaar wat die produk benut en die HKVD wat dit verskaf. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om te ondersoek wat die belastinggevolge van HKV’e in Suid-Afrika is in ‘n poging om hierdie leiding te verskaf. Die kernaangeleentheid vir oorweging wat die belastinghantering affekteer, is die klassifisering van HKV-transaksies as ‘n vorm van skuldfaktorering of as lenings. Hierdie navorsing skenk oorweging aan hierdie transaksies en stel ‘n toepaslike klassifikasie voor. Die belastinghantering word dan oorweeg, gebaseer op hierdie klassifikasie uit die perskeptief van die handelaar wat die produk benut en die HKVD wat die produk verskaf. Belastingaangeleenthede wat ondersoek word, sluit die inkomstebelastinghantering van die diskonto gehef as “rente” in, die beskikbaarheid van aftrekkings toegelaat kragtens die Inkomstebelastingwet en die gevolge vir Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde.
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Schutte, Philippus Jacobus Wilhelmus. "A risk mitigation tool for merchant selection." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1382.
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Organisations or individuals that lend money (banks and micro lenders) or that sell goods on credit (retailers) are classified as credit providers. The debtor enters into a contractual agreement with a credit provider, or creditor, with the obligation to repay the loan amount, fees and interest according to a predetermined schedule. The contractual agreement, also known as a credit agreement, is as a general rule very complex. Legislation protecting debtors in various ways is an international phenomenon. In South Africa, the National Credit Act, Act 34 of 2005 (NCA) was enacted in 2005. The NCA changed the playing field for credit providers participating in the South African consumer credit market to a great extent. Consumer lending is the sleeping giant of the financial sector. The key to successfully unlock this enormous market is the credit provider's ability to accurately assess the creditworthiness of a potential customer during the customer acquisition phase. The creditworthiness of the customer is related to the risk of default, i.e. a debtor's non-payment of debt in terms of the credit agreement. The risk of default is also known as credit risk. Real People Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd (RPIH) classifies credit risk as the single largest risk the Group is exposed to. They recognise that the intelligent and responsible management of credit risk makes it the Group's largest profit driver. Credit risk scorecards are excellent decision aids during the customer acquisition phase. The characteristics and behaviour of merchants submitting credit applications to RPIH for assessment have a definite impact on the credit risk of the Group. The merchant plays a pivotal role in the debtor-creditor-supplier business model. The merchant influences the customer's sales experience and subsequent level of satisfaction with the transaction. A satisfied customer constitutes a lower level of credit risk for the creditor, in this case RPIH. The research is conducted with a positivistic paradigm. The cross-sectional study approach is used. The merchant is the unit of analysis. A sample of 77 merchants is selected from the population of 244 merchants who submitted credit applications to RPIH during the observation period. Questionnaires are used as the data collection method in this research project. The predictive ability of fourteen merchant related characteristics are demonstrated through this empirical study.
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Suleman, Yasser. "The legislative challenges of Islamic banks in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21644.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>The Islamic Banking industry has been one of the fastest growing industries worldwide with a compound annual growth rate of 28% between 2006 and 2009(Reuters, 2010). These growth rates were experienced amidst the worst economic meltdown the world has seen in decades. This is a clear indication that there is a high level of confidence in the industry.
Although the industry has existed for centuries, the past few decades have brought about a revival in Islamic banking. Many Western countries are recognising the industry’s importance and have taken various steps in supporting the establishment of it. South Africa has also taken such steps and has a vision of becoming a hub for Islamic banking on the African continent.
This mini thesis examines the differences in nature of the underlying principles of Islamic and conventional banking which then brings to the fore the various challenges that exist in the unhindered functioning of Islamic banks within Western countries. These challenges revolve around institutional and legal frameworks, regulatory and supervisory bodies, South African Reserve Bank requirements, interest, taxation and conceptual understandings.
In order to provide recommendations to address these challenges, case studies of Islamic banking in both, Islamic and Western countries were conducted. These case studies provided insight into how countries have addressed similar challenges and to what degree were they successful. This provided the basis from which recommendations were made for Islamic banking to function efficiently and effectively in South Africa and for the country to achieve its goal of becoming a hub of Islamic banking on the African continent.
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Daniels, Sinclair Lonwabo. "The impact of economic downturn on black economic empowerment and banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1505.
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The purpose of this treatise is to ascertain the impact of economic downturn on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Banks. This has been sparked by the huge speculations in the market as to what will happen to BEE and how will the banks cope in general with the impact of this scourge. It is imperative to understand the influence of the 2008+ economic downturn on socio-economic reconstruction and development in South Africa and the black economic empowerment and its funding mechanisms. The treatise has two phases the, namely the theoretical phase and a bit of narrative phase. In the theoretical phase the research study interrogates what the literature review reveals about the economic downturn, BEE as well as performances of different banks across the world. This shows the economic impact that the banks have had to endure during the economic downturn. This resulted in stock markets losing their value. The dividend earners were significantly affected including a sizeable number of BEE companies. The BEE companies are perceived to be too reliant on debt on to finance their deals and this treatise will look at various options of financing a BEE deal and what is deem to the most suited financing structure. The narrative phase involves semi-structured interviews that were conducted in order to ascertain the real impact that South African were faced with and how they have managed to steer clear of the turbulent waters. This also looked at how the BEE consultant views the current occurrences in the market.
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Modiba, Matome. "Strategies of South African banks expanding into Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30460.
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The Sub-Saharan African economic environment has experienced growth in the last two decades. This has led to capital inflows into the continent, which has meant that multinational companies have entered the market in search of growth and capital. Due to this, multiple banks have expanded their operations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The role that banks play on the African continent is vital as they provide a reliable conduit for capital to enter the market while also promoting economic growth in the countries in which they operate. As one of the largest economies on the continent, South Africa is home to the largest banks in Africa, many which have expanded their operations into the continent. This dissertation is a qualitative case study focusing on the expansion strategies used by some of the South African banks that expanded into SSA. The dissertation aimed to understand which entry strategies led to successful expansions, how the banks defined the success of the expansion as well as what challenges the banks experienced. The dissertation found that successful expansions are driven by the appetite, persistence and level of conviction within the organisation about their expansion strategy. The more consistent and ardent the financial intuition is regarding their strategy, the higher the possibility of achieving a successful expansion. The level of management and organisational support for the strategy, as well as the number of operations the institution established played a role. The financial investment that the organisation undertook for the expansion was also an important factor for success.
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Oduro-Kwateng, George. "The evaluation of environmental reporting by publicly listed South African banks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003860.
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Recently, bankers have come to realise that banking operations, especially corporate lending, affect and are affected by the natural environment and that consequently, the banks might have an important role to play in helping to raise environmental standards. Although the environment presents significant risks to banks, in particular environmental credit risk, it also perhaps presents profitable opportunities. Stricter environmental regulations have forced companies to invest in environmentally friendly technologies and pollution control measures and in tum generated lending opportunities for bankers. This research examines the corporate practices of three of the four dominant banks in South Africa with respect to the environment, focusing on issues of climate change and environmental risk management by way of reporting and disclosure to all stakeholders. The emphasis on environmental reporting by South African banks has been reinforced by the latest release of the King III Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa. Global governance requires that the triple-bottom line should be applied in all corporate undertakings due to globalisation and trade liberalisation; however, the banking sector has responded poorly to the clarion call. The false view that the banks have no significant relationship with environmental degradation is being disproved. Environmental management is a huge and massive reconstruction of what has gone wrong with nature by human influence. The South African banks have had to face with the challenging tasks of reporting on the direct and mostly the indirect impacts of their environmental activities. Based on the three sampled banks which incidentally had greater percentages of the market capitalizations, the banks have fairly performed in environmental reporting. For example, Standard Bank (SA) Ltd has just signed the Equator Principles in 2007 implying corporate lending was done in 2007 without any respect to environmental impact assessments by corporate borrowers. Consequently, environmental reporting was not done to facilitate informed decision-making by stakeholders mostly shareholders and the communities where borrowers tun businesses. The objective of this research study is to investigate the extent and quantity of/voluntary environmental disclosures in the annual and sustainability reports of the banks listed on Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The periods examined were those subsequent to the release of the Exposure Draft Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) issued in 1999. Using content analysis to focus on the environmental aspects, the research study compared three annual reports and three sustainability reports of 2007 year for the three sampled banks in order to evaluate reporting practices in the period surrounding this intervention. The results suggest a trend to triple bottom-line reporting and the extent and quantity of environmental information, albeit in specific categories.
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De, Wet Albertus Hendrik. "A macroeconometric framework for credit portfolio modelling in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30363.
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Driven by intense competition for market share, banks across the globe have allowed credit portfolios to become less diversified (across all dimensions country, industry, sector and size) and have become willing to accept lesser quality assets on their books. As a result, even well capitalised banks could come under severe solvency pressure when global economic conditions turn. The banking industry has realised the need for more sophisticated loan origination and credit and capital management practices. To this end the reforms introduced by the Bank of International Settlement through the New Basel Accord (Basel II) aims to include exposure specific credit risk characteristics within the regulatory capital requirement framework, but is still not able to allow diversification and concentration risk to be fully recognised within the credit portfolio. In order to enhance earnings and liquidity profiles, active credit portfolio management is becoming a central part of capital management within the banking industry. If any risk mitigation or value enhancing activity is to be pursued, a credit portfolio manager must be able to identify the interdependencies between exposures in a portfolio and relate macroeconomic credit risk into tangible portfolio effects. The core principle for addressing practical questions in credit portfolio management lies in the ability to link the cyclical or systematic components of firm credit risk with the firm’s own idiosyncratic credit risk as well as the systematic credit risk component of every other exposure in the portfolio. Most structural credit portfolio management approaches have opted to represent the general economy or systematic risk by a single risk factor. The systematic component of all exposures, the process generating asset values and therefore the default thresholds are homogeneous across all firms. Indeed this Asymptotic Single Risk Factor (ASRF) model has been the foundation for Basel II. However the ASRF approach does not allow for enough flexibility when answering real life questions. Commercially available credit portfolio models have made an effort to address this issue by introducing more systematic factors in the asset-value-generating process. From a practitioner’s point of view, however, these models are often a “black-box” which allows little economic meaning or inference to be attributed to systematic factors. The methodology proposed by Pesaran, Schuermann, Treutler and Weiner (PSTW) (2006) has made a significant advance in credit risk modelling because it avoids the usage of proprietary balance sheet and distance to default data, instead focussing on credit ratings which are more freely available. Linking an adjusted structural default model to a structural global econometric (GVAR) model means that credit risk analysis and portfolio management can be done by using a conditional loss distribution estimation and simulation process. The GVAR model used in PSTW (2006) comprises a total of 25 countries and accounts for 80 per cent of world production, but does not include an African component. This thesis proposes a country-specific macroeconometric risk driver engine which is compatible with and could feed into the GVAR model and framework using vector error-correcting (VECM) techniques. This allows conditional loss estimation of a South African-specific credit portfolio and opens the door for credit portfolio modelling on a global scale because such a model can easily be linked into the GVAR model. By using firm-specific asset value functions, the outcomes from the macroeconometric vector error-correcting model (VECM) is translated into default probabilities and used to perform credit risk analysis and scenario analysis on a fictitious portfolio of corporate bank loans within the South African economy. These results can be used in credit portfolio management or standalone credit risk analysis which means that practical credit portfolio management and value enhancing applications can be performed.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Economics<br>unrestricted
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Leopold-George, Evelyn. "The response of the big 4 commercial banks to the financial inclusion imperative." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97166.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>South Africa’s Financial Sector Charter of 2003 to 2008 contributed in many ways to
financial inclusion of the excluded masses, resulting in a decrease in proportion of excluded
excluded from over 50% in 2003 to 23.5% in 2010. Commercial banks around the world
have been known to bank the unbanked or downscale using various models. The report
investigates the motivation for commercial bank downscaling in South Africa, leading to the
various models of downscaling chosen by the Big 4. The reports finds that commercial banks
in South Africa are moving away from fragmented methods of engagement of the bottom of
the pyramid due to the large market which exists at that segment. This market accounts for
on average 50% of the banks’ clients which indicates that banks have been dealing with this
market for some time. The recent rise of a Microfinance bank has been credited as the
stimulus for the more aggressive approach that banks have taken in recent years. Bank
employees believe they have the resources and support to explore models of serving the
market profitably while external stakeholder to the bank believe the banks are not geared for
the market due to their cost structures and mentality and are therefore not fully exploring the
potential in the market.
Books on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Stranex, Mark. The business of banking and law: The Banks Act. Law Publisher, 2000.
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3
Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Bill: An act to provide for the expenses of the Canadian volunteers serving Her Majesty in South Africa. S.E. Dawson, 2003.
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4
Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Bill: An act respecting the members of the North-West Mounted Police Force on active service in South Africa. S.E. Dawson, 2003.
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5
S. J. Van der Walt. The influence of socio-political developments on banks in South Africa, 1992-1997. South African Reserve Bank, 1998.
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6
Berridge, Geoff. The politics of the South Africa run: European shipping and Pretoria. Clarendon Press, 1987.
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7
Cooper, Alison. International bank lending to South Africa: A survey of the top 100 non-U.S. banks on their policies and practices on lending to South Africa. IRRC South Africa Review Service, 1988.
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8
Stokvels in South Africa: Informal savings schemes by Blacks for the Black community. Amagi Books, 1990.
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9
Ethel, Hazelhurst, ed. Banking on change: Democratising finance in South Africa 1994-2004. Double Storey, 2004.
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10
The politics of the South Africa run: European Shipping and Pretoria. Clarendon, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Jones, Stuart. "Union Acceptances: The First Merchant Bank, 1955–73." In Financial Enterprise in South Africa since 1950. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11536-5_7.
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Hendriks, Sheryl L., and Angela McIntyre. "Between Markets and Masses: Food Assistance and Food Banks in South Africa." In First World Hunger Revisited. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137298737_9.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "What Is the Impact of Large-Scale Asset Purchases and Private Banks’ Balance Sheets?" In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_14.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Do Capital Inflows Relieve Banks’ Credit Constraints and Boost Credit Growth? Evidence from Credit Conditions and Bank Credit Risk." In Achieving Price, Financial and Macro-Economic Stability in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66340-7_3.
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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Is There a Role that Lower-Tier Banks Can Play in Complementing the Land Bank Development Mandate of the Agricultural Sector Value Chain?" In Accelerated Land Reform, Mining, Growth, Unemployment and Inequality in South Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30884-1_29.
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Rapoo, Mogari I., Elias Munapo, Martin M. Chanza, and Olusegun Sunday Ewemooje. "Modelling and Forecasting Portfolio Inflows." In Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Models for Business and Industry. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3645-2.ch014.
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This chapter analyses efficiency of support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models in terms of in-sample forecasting of portfolio inflows (PIs). Time series daily data sourced from Rand Merchant Bank (RMB) covering the period of 1st March 2004 to 1st February 2016 were used. Mean squared error, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, mean absolute squared error, and root mean scaled log error were used to evaluate model performance. The results showed that SVR has the best modelling performance when compared to others. In determining factors that affect allocation of PIs into South Africa based on SVAR, 69% of the variation was explained by pull factors while 9% was explained by push factor. Hence, SVR model is more accurate than ANNs. This chapter therefore recommends that banking sector particularly RMB should use machine learning technique in modelling PIs for a better financial solution.
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Rapoo, Mogari I., Elias Munapo, Martin M. Chanza, and Olusegun Sunday Ewemooje. "Modelling and Forecasting Portfolio Inflows." In Research Anthology on Artificial Neural Network Applications. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2408-7.ch069.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analyses efficiency of support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models in terms of in-sample forecasting of portfolio inflows (PIs). Time series daily data sourced from Rand Merchant Bank (RMB) covering the period of 1st March 2004 to 1st February 2016 were used. Mean squared error, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, mean absolute squared error, and root mean scaled log error were used to evaluate model performance. The results showed that SVR has the best modelling performance when compared to others. In determining factors that affect allocation of PIs into South Africa based on SVAR, 69% of the variation was explained by pull factors while 9% was explained by push factor. Hence, SVR model is more accurate than ANNs. This chapter therefore recommends that banking sector particularly RMB should use machine learning technique in modelling PIs for a better financial solution.
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Marois, Thomas. "State-Owned Banks and Development." In Handbook of Research on Comparative Economic Development Perspectives on Europe and the MENA Region. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9548-1.ch004.
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Thirty years of neoliberal restructuring have side-lined alternative financing practices, and propagated mainstream myths about state-owned banks. This chapter examines these neoliberal claims, arguing instead that state-owned banks can remain a crucial part of progressive, sustainable and democratic strategies for investments in long-term development and infrastructure. Drawing on past and present case studies, as well as the theoretical literature on finance, the chapter points to the potential to revive – and improve – state-owned banking as a viable option for financing public services and development. To this end the chapter dispels nine popular neoliberal claims about state-owned banks while discussing how state-owned banks have undergone neoliberal restructuring processes such as marketization and corporatization in ways that nonetheless challenge their status as ‘public' banks. To illustrate, the chapter looks at imperfect, but telling or inspiring, examples from Brazil, China, Costa Rica, India, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela, among others.
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Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "Angola." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0005.
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Located in South-Western Africa, Angola is the seventh largest country in Africa, with an area of 1,246,700 square kilometres (km) bordered by Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of over 29 million people and has a population density of twenty-four people per km. Its capital city is Luanda, which functions as the country’s main port as a result of its location. Luanda is also the country’s economic and cultural centre; in 2018 the city was inhabited by 2,487 million of the country’s entire population. The other main cities are significantly smaller: Huambo is the second-largest city, with a population of 226,177 people, followed by Lobito, with a population of 207,957 people, then Benguela, Lubanga, and Malanje. Business hours are generally weekdays, Monday to Friday, 0800–1300 and 1400–1700. Most companies operate on Saturdays and Sundays, with some banks being open on Saturdays from 0800–1200. However, government departments only operate during weekdays. The currency used is the Kwanza (Kz).
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Zendejas, Juan Flores, and Felipe Ford Cole. "Sovereignty and Debt in Nineteenth-Century Latin America." In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0003.
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After their independence from Spain and Portugal, Latin American governments became frequent borrowers in international capital markets. However, the region’s political and economic instability also led to recurrent episodes of sovereign defaults. During the particular historical context of the nineteenth century, remedies to debt defaults were not limited to bilateral negotiations between creditors and governments. They also encompassed military interventions or control commissions formed by foreign governments, bondholders, or merchant bankers. In North Africa and the Middle East, debt defaults could even trigger military interventions from creditor states ending in the establishment of colonial regimes. This paper shows that such interventions were rare in Latin America, as creditors only enlisted their governments’ military intervention in the most extreme cases. In most cases, external control was exerted privately by bondholders and merchant banks through the imposition of economic policies promoting trade openness and fiscal management. Additionally, bondholders turned to legal methods of contractual enforcement to obtain debt settlements that limited the sovereignty of debtor states over their land, infrastructure, and resources. By the end of the century, Latin American jurists began to respond to the increasing use of legal techniques to settle sovereign debts by developing counter-legal discourses aimed at limiting foreign intrusion in sovereign affairs.
Conference papers on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Herselman, Marlien, and Matt Warren. "Cyber Crime Influencing Businesses in South Africa." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2838.
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This study shows that cyber crime is a recent addition to the list of crimes that can adversely affect businesses directly or indirectly. This phenomenon was not directly prosecutable in South Africa until the enactment of the ECT Act in July 2002. However this Act also prevents businesses to fully prosecute a hacker due to incompleteness. Any kind of commercially related crime can be duplicated as cyber crime. Therefore very little research appears or has been documented about cyber crime in South African companies before 2003. The motivation to do this study was that businesses often loose millions in cyber attacks, not necessarily through direct theft but by the loss of service and damage to the image of the company. Most of the companies that were approached for interviews on cyber crime were reluctant to share the fact that they were hacked or that cyber crime occurred at their company as it violates their security policies and may expose their fragile security platforms. The purpose of this study was to attempt to get an overall view on how South African businesses are affected by cyber crime in the banking and short term insurance sector of the South African industry and also to determine what legislation exist in this country to protect them. The case study approach was used to determine the affect of cyber crime on businesses like banks and insurance companies and higher education institutions. Each case was interviewed, monitored and was observed over a period of a year. This study discloses the evaluation of the results of how cyber crime affected the cases, which were part of this study. The banks and higher education institutions felt that they were at an increased risk both externally and internally, which is likely to increase as the migration towards electronic commerce occurs. The insurance industry felt that they are not yet affected by external cyber crime attacks in this country.
Reports on the topic "Merchant banks - South Africa"
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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Banks and Banking - Overseas - South Africa - 1949 - 1951. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/16121.
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