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1
Terblanche, Janet Rene. "The legal risks associated with trading in derivatives in a merchant bank." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2693.
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Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>The research defines derivatives as private contracts, with future rights and obligations imposed on all parties, used to hedge or transfer risk, which derives value from an underlying asset price or index, which asset price or index may take on various forms. The nature of derivatives is that the instruments are intended to be risk management tools. The objectives of derivatives are either to hedge a risk, or to speculate. Derivatives may be classified by the manner in which they are traded, either over the counter (OTC) or on exchange. Alternatively, derivatives may be classified on the basis of structure and mechanisms, i.e. forwards, futures, options or swaps.
Risk and risk management are defined in the third chapter with the focus on merchant banking. The nature of risk is that it is inherent in all activities. The nature of risk management is that it aims to ensure that the risks faced by the merchant bank are managed on a daily basis. The objective of risk management is to ensure that losses are minimised and the appropriate level of risk is taken in order to maximise profits. Risk may be classified as operational, operations, market, systemic, credit and legal risk. A comprehensive discussion of credit risk is presented, as it pertains to the legal risk in derivatives in a merchant bank. This includes insolvency, set-off, netting, credit derivatives and collateral.
Legal risk is defined as the risk of loss primarily caused by legal unenforceability (i.e. a defective transaction, for instance a contract), legal liability (i.e. a claim) or failure to take legal steps to protect assets (e.g. intellectual property). The nature of legal risk is that it is caused by jurisdictional and other cross-border factors, inadequate documentation, the behaviour of financial institutions, a lack of internal controls, financial innovation or the inherent uncertainty of the law. The objectives of legal risk management in derivatives are to avoid the direct and indirect costs associated with legal risk materialising. This includes reputational damage. Derivatives attract specific legal risks due to the complexity of the instruments as well as the constant innovation in the market. There remains some legal uncertainty regarding derivatives in terms of gaming, wagering and gambling, as well as insurance.
The relationship between risk and derivatives is that due to the complexity and constant innovation associated with derivatives, there are some inherent risks to trading in derivatives. It is therefore important to ensure that there is a vested risk management culture in the derivatives trading environment.
Chapter four gives an overview of derivatives legislation in foreign jurisdictions and in South Africa. The contractual and documentation issues are discussed with reference to ad hoc agreements, master agreements and ISDA agreements. The practical implementation issues of master agreements and ad hoc agreements are also discussed.
The recommendations are that legal risk management be approached in a similar manner to credit, market and other risk disciplines. A legal risk management policy needs to be developed and implemented. The second recommendation is that a derivative to manage the legal risk in derivatives be developed.
2
Kalan, Anesh. "Understanding merchant adoption of m-payments in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22834.
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Despite the proliferation of mobile communication technology and smartphone adoption, a number of barriers, most notably trust and security, and the lack of critical mass, have slowed the uptake of mobile payments (m-payments). Little is understood about the factors driving the success of novel, intermediating technologies such as m-payments, particularly in emerging markets. In this thesis, we empirically investigated the factors that affect the success of m-payments in Cape Town, from the merchant's perspective. The research model is based on the Perceived Characteristics of Innovation (PCI) instrument developed by Moore and Benbasat (1991) which measures an individual's perception of adopting m-payments. Our results found the main adoption drivers to be relative advantage, ease of use, results demonstrability, convenience, speed of transaction, and service provider brand value. The key barriers to adoption include cost as well as trust and security. Based on our findings, implications for practice and future studies are suggested.
3
Kilian, Eduard. "Merchant cash advances : investigating the taxation consequences in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86220.
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Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the recent credit crisis in 2008, innovative lending products have emerged to address the need for enterprises to maintain and improve their cash flows. One such product is the merchant cash advance (MCA). This form of finance is related to debt factoring and is essentially the business equivalent of a payday loan. In its most common form, a lump sum payment is made to a business in exchange for an agreed upon percentage of future credit and/or debit card receivables. A percentage of the merchant’s daily credit or debit card receivables is retained, either directly from the processor that clears and settles the credit or debit card payment or via a debit order from the merchant’s bank account, until the obligation has been met. The future receivables are purchased at a discount and a processing fee is also charged.
Many merchant cash advance service providers (MCASP) structure their business in such a way that it resembles traditional debt factoring. In this manner, MCASPs endeavour to distinguish their product offering from traditional loans, in an effort to elude legislation that would affect loans, for example the limiting of interest rates charged.
There is however currently a lack of definitive guidance on the taxation consequences from the perspective of the merchant utilising the product and the MCASP providing it. The purpose of this research is to investigate the taxation consequences of MCA transactions in South Africa in an attempt to provide such guidance. The key issue for consideration affecting the taxation consequences of MCAs is the classification of these transactions as either a form of debt factoring or as loans. The research considers and suggests the appropriate classification of these transactions. The taxation treatment is then considered based on this classification from the perspective the merchant utilising the product and the MCASP providing the product. Taxation issues investigated, include the income tax treatment of the discounting cost as “interest”, the availability of deductions allowed by the Income Tax Act and the Value-Added Tax consequences.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die onlangse kredietkrisis in 2008 het innoverende leningsprodukte na vore gekom om te voorsien in die vraag van ondernemings om hul kontantvloei te handhaaf en verbeter. Een van hierdie produkte is die handelaarskontantvoorskot (HKV). Hierdie vorm van finansiering is verwant aan skuldfaktorering en is basies die besigheidsekwivalent van ‘n betaaldaglening. In die mees algemene vorm, word ‘n enkelbdragbetaling aan ‘n besigheid gemaak in ruil vir ‘n voorafbepaalde persentasie van die toekomstige krediet- en/of debietkaartdebiteure. ’n Persentasie van die handelaar se daagliske krediet- of debietkaart debiteure word teruggehou totdat die skuld afgelos is. Invordering vind plaas direk vanaf die verwerker wat die krediet- of debietkaartbetaling goedkeur en betaal, of deur middel van ‘n debietorder direk vanaf die handelaar se bankrekening. Die toekomstige debiteure word teen ‘n diskonto aangekoop en ‘n verwerkingsfooi kan ook gehef word.
Baie handelaarskontantvoorskot-diensverskaffers (HKVD) struktureer hul besighede op so ‘n wyse dat dit soos tradisionele skuldfaktorering voorkom. Op hierdie manier beoog HKVD’s om hul produk van tradisionele lenings te onderskei, met die doel om wetgewing vry te spring wat lenings sou beïnvloed, byvoorbeeld beperkings op rentekoerse gehef.
Daar is egter tans ‘n tekort aan beslissende leiding, wat die belastinggevolge betref, uit die perspektief van die handelaar wat die produk benut en die HKVD wat dit verskaf. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om te ondersoek wat die belastinggevolge van HKV’e in Suid-Afrika is in ‘n poging om hierdie leiding te verskaf. Die kernaangeleentheid vir oorweging wat die belastinghantering affekteer, is die klassifisering van HKV-transaksies as ‘n vorm van skuldfaktorering of as lenings. Hierdie navorsing skenk oorweging aan hierdie transaksies en stel ‘n toepaslike klassifikasie voor. Die belastinghantering word dan oorweeg, gebaseer op hierdie klassifikasie uit die perskeptief van die handelaar wat die produk benut en die HKVD wat die produk verskaf. Belastingaangeleenthede wat ondersoek word, sluit die inkomstebelastinghantering van die diskonto gehef as “rente” in, die beskikbaarheid van aftrekkings toegelaat kragtens die Inkomstebelastingwet en die gevolge vir Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde.
4
Schutte, Philippus Jacobus Wilhelmus. "A risk mitigation tool for merchant selection." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1382.
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Organisations or individuals that lend money (banks and micro lenders) or that sell goods on credit (retailers) are classified as credit providers. The debtor enters into a contractual agreement with a credit provider, or creditor, with the obligation to repay the loan amount, fees and interest according to a predetermined schedule. The contractual agreement, also known as a credit agreement, is as a general rule very complex. Legislation protecting debtors in various ways is an international phenomenon. In South Africa, the National Credit Act, Act 34 of 2005 (NCA) was enacted in 2005. The NCA changed the playing field for credit providers participating in the South African consumer credit market to a great extent. Consumer lending is the sleeping giant of the financial sector. The key to successfully unlock this enormous market is the credit provider's ability to accurately assess the creditworthiness of a potential customer during the customer acquisition phase. The creditworthiness of the customer is related to the risk of default, i.e. a debtor's non-payment of debt in terms of the credit agreement. The risk of default is also known as credit risk. Real People Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd (RPIH) classifies credit risk as the single largest risk the Group is exposed to. They recognise that the intelligent and responsible management of credit risk makes it the Group's largest profit driver. Credit risk scorecards are excellent decision aids during the customer acquisition phase. The characteristics and behaviour of merchants submitting credit applications to RPIH for assessment have a definite impact on the credit risk of the Group. The merchant plays a pivotal role in the debtor-creditor-supplier business model. The merchant influences the customer's sales experience and subsequent level of satisfaction with the transaction. A satisfied customer constitutes a lower level of credit risk for the creditor, in this case RPIH. The research is conducted with a positivistic paradigm. The cross-sectional study approach is used. The merchant is the unit of analysis. A sample of 77 merchants is selected from the population of 244 merchants who submitted credit applications to RPIH during the observation period. Questionnaires are used as the data collection method in this research project. The predictive ability of fourteen merchant related characteristics are demonstrated through this empirical study.
5
Suleman, Yasser. "The legislative challenges of Islamic banks in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21644.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>The Islamic Banking industry has been one of the fastest growing industries worldwide with a compound annual growth rate of 28% between 2006 and 2009(Reuters, 2010). These growth rates were experienced amidst the worst economic meltdown the world has seen in decades. This is a clear indication that there is a high level of confidence in the industry.
Although the industry has existed for centuries, the past few decades have brought about a revival in Islamic banking. Many Western countries are recognising the industry’s importance and have taken various steps in supporting the establishment of it. South Africa has also taken such steps and has a vision of becoming a hub for Islamic banking on the African continent.
This mini thesis examines the differences in nature of the underlying principles of Islamic and conventional banking which then brings to the fore the various challenges that exist in the unhindered functioning of Islamic banks within Western countries. These challenges revolve around institutional and legal frameworks, regulatory and supervisory bodies, South African Reserve Bank requirements, interest, taxation and conceptual understandings.
In order to provide recommendations to address these challenges, case studies of Islamic banking in both, Islamic and Western countries were conducted. These case studies provided insight into how countries have addressed similar challenges and to what degree were they successful. This provided the basis from which recommendations were made for Islamic banking to function efficiently and effectively in South Africa and for the country to achieve its goal of becoming a hub of Islamic banking on the African continent.
6
Daniels, Sinclair Lonwabo. "The impact of economic downturn on black economic empowerment and banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1505.
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The purpose of this treatise is to ascertain the impact of economic downturn on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Banks. This has been sparked by the huge speculations in the market as to what will happen to BEE and how will the banks cope in general with the impact of this scourge. It is imperative to understand the influence of the 2008+ economic downturn on socio-economic reconstruction and development in South Africa and the black economic empowerment and its funding mechanisms. The treatise has two phases the, namely the theoretical phase and a bit of narrative phase. In the theoretical phase the research study interrogates what the literature review reveals about the economic downturn, BEE as well as performances of different banks across the world. This shows the economic impact that the banks have had to endure during the economic downturn. This resulted in stock markets losing their value. The dividend earners were significantly affected including a sizeable number of BEE companies. The BEE companies are perceived to be too reliant on debt on to finance their deals and this treatise will look at various options of financing a BEE deal and what is deem to the most suited financing structure. The narrative phase involves semi-structured interviews that were conducted in order to ascertain the real impact that South African were faced with and how they have managed to steer clear of the turbulent waters. This also looked at how the BEE consultant views the current occurrences in the market.
7
Modiba, Matome. "Strategies of South African banks expanding into Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30460.
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The Sub-Saharan African economic environment has experienced growth in the last two decades. This has led to capital inflows into the continent, which has meant that multinational companies have entered the market in search of growth and capital. Due to this, multiple banks have expanded their operations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The role that banks play on the African continent is vital as they provide a reliable conduit for capital to enter the market while also promoting economic growth in the countries in which they operate. As one of the largest economies on the continent, South Africa is home to the largest banks in Africa, many which have expanded their operations into the continent. This dissertation is a qualitative case study focusing on the expansion strategies used by some of the South African banks that expanded into SSA. The dissertation aimed to understand which entry strategies led to successful expansions, how the banks defined the success of the expansion as well as what challenges the banks experienced. The dissertation found that successful expansions are driven by the appetite, persistence and level of conviction within the organisation about their expansion strategy. The more consistent and ardent the financial intuition is regarding their strategy, the higher the possibility of achieving a successful expansion. The level of management and organisational support for the strategy, as well as the number of operations the institution established played a role. The financial investment that the organisation undertook for the expansion was also an important factor for success.
8
Oduro-Kwateng, George. "The evaluation of environmental reporting by publicly listed South African banks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003860.
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Recently, bankers have come to realise that banking operations, especially corporate lending, affect and are affected by the natural environment and that consequently, the banks might have an important role to play in helping to raise environmental standards. Although the environment presents significant risks to banks, in particular environmental credit risk, it also perhaps presents profitable opportunities. Stricter environmental regulations have forced companies to invest in environmentally friendly technologies and pollution control measures and in tum generated lending opportunities for bankers. This research examines the corporate practices of three of the four dominant banks in South Africa with respect to the environment, focusing on issues of climate change and environmental risk management by way of reporting and disclosure to all stakeholders. The emphasis on environmental reporting by South African banks has been reinforced by the latest release of the King III Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa. Global governance requires that the triple-bottom line should be applied in all corporate undertakings due to globalisation and trade liberalisation; however, the banking sector has responded poorly to the clarion call. The false view that the banks have no significant relationship with environmental degradation is being disproved. Environmental management is a huge and massive reconstruction of what has gone wrong with nature by human influence. The South African banks have had to face with the challenging tasks of reporting on the direct and mostly the indirect impacts of their environmental activities. Based on the three sampled banks which incidentally had greater percentages of the market capitalizations, the banks have fairly performed in environmental reporting. For example, Standard Bank (SA) Ltd has just signed the Equator Principles in 2007 implying corporate lending was done in 2007 without any respect to environmental impact assessments by corporate borrowers. Consequently, environmental reporting was not done to facilitate informed decision-making by stakeholders mostly shareholders and the communities where borrowers tun businesses. The objective of this research study is to investigate the extent and quantity of/voluntary environmental disclosures in the annual and sustainability reports of the banks listed on Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The periods examined were those subsequent to the release of the Exposure Draft Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) issued in 1999. Using content analysis to focus on the environmental aspects, the research study compared three annual reports and three sustainability reports of 2007 year for the three sampled banks in order to evaluate reporting practices in the period surrounding this intervention. The results suggest a trend to triple bottom-line reporting and the extent and quantity of environmental information, albeit in specific categories.
9
De, Wet Albertus Hendrik. "A macroeconometric framework for credit portfolio modelling in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30363.
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Driven by intense competition for market share, banks across the globe have allowed credit portfolios to become less diversified (across all dimensions country, industry, sector and size) and have become willing to accept lesser quality assets on their books. As a result, even well capitalised banks could come under severe solvency pressure when global economic conditions turn. The banking industry has realised the need for more sophisticated loan origination and credit and capital management practices. To this end the reforms introduced by the Bank of International Settlement through the New Basel Accord (Basel II) aims to include exposure specific credit risk characteristics within the regulatory capital requirement framework, but is still not able to allow diversification and concentration risk to be fully recognised within the credit portfolio. In order to enhance earnings and liquidity profiles, active credit portfolio management is becoming a central part of capital management within the banking industry. If any risk mitigation or value enhancing activity is to be pursued, a credit portfolio manager must be able to identify the interdependencies between exposures in a portfolio and relate macroeconomic credit risk into tangible portfolio effects. The core principle for addressing practical questions in credit portfolio management lies in the ability to link the cyclical or systematic components of firm credit risk with the firm’s own idiosyncratic credit risk as well as the systematic credit risk component of every other exposure in the portfolio. Most structural credit portfolio management approaches have opted to represent the general economy or systematic risk by a single risk factor. The systematic component of all exposures, the process generating asset values and therefore the default thresholds are homogeneous across all firms. Indeed this Asymptotic Single Risk Factor (ASRF) model has been the foundation for Basel II. However the ASRF approach does not allow for enough flexibility when answering real life questions. Commercially available credit portfolio models have made an effort to address this issue by introducing more systematic factors in the asset-value-generating process. From a practitioner’s point of view, however, these models are often a “black-box” which allows little economic meaning or inference to be attributed to systematic factors. The methodology proposed by Pesaran, Schuermann, Treutler and Weiner (PSTW) (2006) has made a significant advance in credit risk modelling because it avoids the usage of proprietary balance sheet and distance to default data, instead focussing on credit ratings which are more freely available. Linking an adjusted structural default model to a structural global econometric (GVAR) model means that credit risk analysis and portfolio management can be done by using a conditional loss distribution estimation and simulation process. The GVAR model used in PSTW (2006) comprises a total of 25 countries and accounts for 80 per cent of world production, but does not include an African component. This thesis proposes a country-specific macroeconometric risk driver engine which is compatible with and could feed into the GVAR model and framework using vector error-correcting (VECM) techniques. This allows conditional loss estimation of a South African-specific credit portfolio and opens the door for credit portfolio modelling on a global scale because such a model can easily be linked into the GVAR model. By using firm-specific asset value functions, the outcomes from the macroeconometric vector error-correcting model (VECM) is translated into default probabilities and used to perform credit risk analysis and scenario analysis on a fictitious portfolio of corporate bank loans within the South African economy. These results can be used in credit portfolio management or standalone credit risk analysis which means that practical credit portfolio management and value enhancing applications can be performed.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Economics<br>unrestricted
10
Leopold-George, Evelyn. "The response of the big 4 commercial banks to the financial inclusion imperative." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97166.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>South Africa’s Financial Sector Charter of 2003 to 2008 contributed in many ways to
financial inclusion of the excluded masses, resulting in a decrease in proportion of excluded
excluded from over 50% in 2003 to 23.5% in 2010. Commercial banks around the world
have been known to bank the unbanked or downscale using various models. The report
investigates the motivation for commercial bank downscaling in South Africa, leading to the
various models of downscaling chosen by the Big 4. The reports finds that commercial banks
in South Africa are moving away from fragmented methods of engagement of the bottom of
the pyramid due to the large market which exists at that segment. This market accounts for
on average 50% of the banks’ clients which indicates that banks have been dealing with this
market for some time. The recent rise of a Microfinance bank has been credited as the
stimulus for the more aggressive approach that banks have taken in recent years. Bank
employees believe they have the resources and support to explore models of serving the
market profitably while external stakeholder to the bank believe the banks are not geared for
the market due to their cost structures and mentality and are therefore not fully exploring the
potential in the market.
11
Rootman, Chantal. "The influence of customer relationship management on the service quality of banks." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/400.
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Despite the extensive research undertaken in the subject area of services marketing, much is still unknown to service providers of specific services in terms of service delivery concepts. This study attempts to address this limitation. The study revolves around the customer relationship management and service quality of banks. Service firms, including banks, are vitally important to the economy of any country, as they contribute to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment rate. However, to survive in a complex, competitive business environment, service firms are required to focus on their clients’ needs. Specifically, banks can focus on their relationships with clients and levels of service quality. In order to establish the influence of selected variables on the customer relationship management (CRM) of banks and the influence of CRM on the service quality of banks, an empirical investigation was conducted. The aim of this study was to quantify significant relationships among selected variables; therefore the positivistic research paradigm was used. The sample consisted of banking clients in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area. The sample size was 290, with a response rate of 91.03%. The empirical investigation revealed that significant positive relationships exist between both the knowledgeability, and attitude, of bank employees and a bank’s CRM. These relationships imply that more extensive knowledgeability of bank employees and bank employees with more positive attitudes lead to improved, maintained relationships between a bank and its clients. In addition, the empirical investigation revealed that CRM positively influences the service quality of banks. This relationship implies that if a bank successfully maintains relationships with its clients, the bank’s level of perceived service quality would increase. Additionally, the empirical investigation has shown the relationship between a banking client’s age and the CRM of a bank. The higher the age of a banking client, the more that client considers the CRM of a bank to be important. There exists a relationship between a banking client’s education level and the perceived service quality of a bank. If a banking clients’ education level increases, the importance of their bank’s service quality decreases and, conversely, a banking client with a lower level of education regards the service quality level of a bank as more important than higher qualified clients. The study indicated that strategies to improve, specifically, the knowledgeability and attitude of bank employees can and should be implemented by banks in ways to positively influence their CRM and ultimately their service quality. In effect, this will increase client satisfaction and ensure client loyalty to the bank. Ultimately, this will contribute to the bank’s success, which will ensure economic stability and prosperity for a country.
12
Botes, Kirsty. "An investigation into the service delivery by commercial banks in South Africa." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/40.
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Cronje, Riaan. "A description of maritime safety in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51563.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing financial pressures exerted on ship owners in recent years due to cost
inflation, overtonnage and low freight rates in many sectors, have forced ship owners
to increase cost savings and contain costs. That induced certain shipowners to operate
substandard ships. The cost advantages in substandard ships are through failing to
maintain safety equipment and procedures, employing cheap and untrained crews,
repairing only essential equipment on breakdown and register under flags that do not
comply with all the international regulatory, economic and social requirements for
ships. Those ships undercut the true costs of operating a ship and eventually drive the
obedient shipowner out of the market at the cost of safe and clean seas.
Because of the complex international environment in which shipping operates an
international regulatory framework is needed to ensure safety at sea. This assignment
gives a layout of that framework, which is co-ordinated by the International Maritime
Organisation (!MO), as well as the ways in which it is implemented and regulated in
individual countries, with reference to South Africa. The functioning of the South
African Maritime Safety Agency (SAMSA), which has been established on 1 April
1998, is also discussed. The benefit of safe ports is highlighted and also the cost
savings in marine insurance if ships are classified as safe. A brief description of the
navigation instruments that SAMSA use to assist in achieving maritime safety is
given.
Finally, the diseconomies of substandard ships are debated against quality ships for
cleaner seas.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende finansiële druk op skeepseienaars, as gevolg van koste inflasie,
oortonnemaat en lae vragtariewe in verskeie sektore, het hulle gedwing om oor die
laaste aantal jare hul kostes te beperk. Gedwonge kostebesparings gee aanleiding
daartoe dat sekere skeepseienaars onveilige skepe bedryf. Kostevoordele in onveilige
skepe word bereik deur veiligheidstoerusting en -prosedures nie in stand te hou nie,
goedkoop en onopgeleide bemanning aan te stel, slegs die nodige herstelwerk aan
toerusting te doen en deur te registreer onder vlae wat nie voldoen aan internasionale
regulering, ekonomiese en sosiale vereistes vir skepe nie. Eienaars van sulke skepe,
onderskruip die ware bedryfskoste van 'n skip en uiteindelik dryf dit die wetsgetroue
skeepseienaars uit die mark ten koste van 'n veilige en skoon see.
As gevolg van die komplekse internasionale omgewmg waann skeepvaart
funksioneer, word 'n internasionale reguleringsraamwerk benodig om veiligheid ter
see te verseker. Hierdie werkstuk gee 'n uitleg van daardie raamwerk, wat
gekoordineer word deur die Internasionale Maritieme Organisasie (!MO), asook die
manier waarop dit geïmplementeer en gereguleer word in individuele lande met
verwysing tot Suid-Afrika. Die funksionering van die Suid-Afrikaanse Maritieme
Veiligheids Agentskap (SAMSA), wat tot stand gebring is op 1 April 1998, word
bespreek. Die voordele van veilige hawens word uitgelig, sowel as die besparings in
maritieme versekeringskoste indien 'n skip as veilig geklassifiseer word. 'n Kort
beskrywing van navigasie-instrumente wat SAMSA gebruik om maritieme veiligheid
te bewerkstellig, word kortliks bespreek.
Ten slotte, die dis-ekonomie van onveilige skepe word gedebateer teenoor die
kwaliteit van skepe vir 'n skoner see.
14
Vosse, Shelly. "The restoration potential of fynbos riparian seed banks following alien clearing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3049.
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Thesis (MScConsEcol(Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>Riparian areas are highly complex systems with varying levels of disturbance that are highly susceptible to invasion by alien plants. Once invaded, riparian areas play a major role in the dispersal and spread of invasive alien plants (IAPs) through the river system and, in some cases, to neighbouring landscapes. Riparian areas have therefore been prioritized by many alien clearing initiatives in South Africa. Current practice for the restoration of cleared areas is minimal and relies mainly on the un-aided recovery of native species from residual individuals and soil stored seed banks. Little research, however, has been done on the effectiveness of this approach or the extent to which riparian seed banks contribute towards community restoration. This study is part of a national research initiative (Targets for Ecosystem Repair in Riparian Ecosystems in Fynbos, Grassland and Savanna Biomes) funded by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, in collaboration with Working for Water, The Centre for Invasion Biology and the Universities of Cape Town, Stellenbosch, Rhodes and Witwatersrand. The initiative undertook to investigate different restoration techniques on various invaded sites for their cost-effectiveness, efficiency, practicality and conservation integrity.
This study has three aims. The first is to determine the composition of seed banks in un-invaded riparian areas within the fynbos biome to be used as a benchmark for future research, restoration grading and other management requirements. The second aim is to determine the composition of seed banks in heavily invaded riparian areas, and thus to assess the impact of invasion on the integrity of the seed banks. The third aim is to evaluate the restoration potential of riparian seed banks following the clearing of invasive alien plants (IAPs).
Study sites were selected within four river systems in the south-western part of the Western Cape Province in South Africa: the Berg, Eerste, Molenaars and Wit Rivers. Plots were selected in both invaded (>75% IAP canopy cover; considered “closed” alien stands) and un-invaded (also termed reference, with <25% IAP canopy cover) sections of the river. Replicate plots were established along varying gradients of elevation (mountain stream and foothill) and moisture regimes (dry, wet and transitional bank zones). Soil samples were collected together with above-ground vegetation surveys and comparisons were made. Results from this study confirm those of previous studies that seed banks offer little reference to current aboveground vegetation, but rather offer insight into past vegetation history as well as future vegetation assemblages.
Worldwide, many of the species that characteristically form seed banks are early successional species. A community study was done for the seed bank based on the species that germinated and were identifiable at termination of the project (6 months after initiation). Three clusters of species could be identified. One group comprised 32 generalist species that occurred in both reference and invaded sections of the rivers. A second group comprised 39 species associated with invaded sites, and a third group of 40 species that was associated with reference sites. A few sub-community groups were found within both the “reference” and “invaded” community groups which were assumed to be habitat specific. Most species were “pioneer” or relatively-short lived, early-successional species which play a vital role in the initial post-disturbance vegetation cover, and facilitate establishment of later successional species.
Seed banks are notoriously variable over space and time, and floristic representation is often biased as a result of differences among species in seed production, dispersal and longevity in the soil. The general consensus is that seeds have an irregular, clustered spatial distribution that is dictated by both biological and environmental factors. Within river systems, the irregular clustering can be exceptionally skewed with the influence of pockets of high sediment deposition along the bank. Environmental factors that were found to significantly skew germination results were the presence of fire, as well as the extent and intensity of invasion (duration and cover). The high level of diversity and abundance in reference Berg River mountain stream seed banks was perceived to be a direct result of a moderate fire frequency (between 8-15 years) and the relatively natural state of the vegetation (i.e. very little invasion). Also, diversity and richness of indigenous species from the Wit and Molenaars Rivers were substantially higher in the invaded samples than the reference samples, probably because both river systems have a long history of invasion and other anthropogenic disturbances which would have an effect on the samples from “reference” sections (i.e. even a 25% presence of IAPs seems adequate enough to alter the composition of the seed bank). Correspondence analyses showed that species had clear affinities towards different levels of “key” riparian environmental variables (fire, invasion and anthropogenic disturbance). Most species were associated with moderate levels of fire frequency, invasion history, and anthropogenic disturbance. Comparisons of seed bank species assemblages between the lateral and longitudinal variables of the rivers offered insights into the habitat requirements of certain fynbos and riparian species. Most significant were the results from bank zone comparisons which showed distinct species groupings along the different moisture bands. As could be expected, riparian species were best represented within the wet bank zones and fynbos species within the dry bank zone, while species characteristic of both zones occurred in the transitional zone, making this seed bank zone the richest in species. Mountain stream sections were richer and more diverse than foothill sections over both invaded and reference samples. This is hypothesised to be linked to lower levels of anthropogenic disturbance experienced in the mountain stream sections.
The impact of invasion on the riparian seed bank was most clearly shown through the correspondence analyses for the 20 most frequently occurring species. The seed bank assembly patterns were clearly defined by the state of the river (reference or invaded). Interestingly, this pattern was evident at all three spatial scales; landscape (rivers), reach (mountain stream and foothill sections) and habitat (dry, wet and transitional zones). The reference seed bank assemblage was more tightly grouped, implying that the species were more closely associated with each other and less variable than those of the invaded seed bank assemblages. The species groupings within the invaded seed banks were influenced by variables such as reach and zone, whereas the reference seed bank assemblages seem relatively unaffected by these variables. This implies that the presence of invasive alien plants creates additional variation within the seed bank which alters the natural groupings. At a broad scale, the invaded seed banks were less species rich. This means that not only will the resulting seedling community be harder to predict, but it will also have fewer species. However although generally lower in species richness, the seed banks from almost all invaded rivers interestingly showed a higher diversity of indigenous species than their reference counterparts. This is very promising in terms of rehabilitation of post-cleared riparian sites, but more information is needed to understand the seed bank composition and determine how sustainable the seed banks are for rehabilitation in the long-term. All invaded sections had fewer herbaceous perennial species but more herbaceous annual species. Graminoids made up 50% or more of the seed bank regardless of state (reference or invaded), while woody species (shrubs/shrublets) were generally more prevalent in the reference samples. These results imply that following the removal of invasive alien plants, the vegetation to regenerate from the seed bank is likely to comprise of short-lived, herbaceous species that are not necessarily an accurate reflection of the indigenous riparian community. It is however important to note that this study investigated only the species that were able to germinate over the study period (6 month germination period). Many riparian species may not have been represented because they are either late germinators or may not be present in the soil seed bank at all. In order to gain a holistic understanding of riparian community recruitment, it is recommended that seed bank studies such as this one be included in a more broad scale, long term investigation which takes into account various reproductive strategies used by riparian species.
Research of this nature is in its infancy worldwide and there are many challenges involved in measuring diversity and change in these systems. However, within the scope of this study, I suggest that these results shed light on previously unanswered and important questions regarding the ecology of seed banks in the riparian ecosystems of the Western Cape.
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Kumalo, Sibongile. "Key factors for commercial banks providing microfinance : a multiple case studies perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21788.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>Little research has yet been undertaken in South Africa about commercial banks that are servicing
the microenterprise market. The objective for the current research was to investigate the key
factors that should be considered by commercial banks in South Africa servicing the
microenterprise market. The focus for the study was on identifying the key factors and on
investigating how the key factors were being considered.
There are a number of case studies documenting the key factors that international commercial
banks have considered. However, in South Africa, there are relatively few documented cases,
which rightfully confirms that commercial banks providing microfinance to microentrepreneurs are
still in a new line of business that is in its early developmental stages.
The first part of the current study aimed to identify the key factors that required consideration,
which have been well documented in a number of research reports. The focus was also laid on
international commercial banks that offered microfinance services, especially to microenterprises.
The intention was to obtain an overview of how international banks have considered the key
factors concerned. The second part of the research study aimed to see how South African
commercial banks have considered the above-mentioned key factors, using Absa and Capitec
banks as case studies.
The key factors identified are the following: the operating model; the delivery model; institutional
commitment; product development; funding; technical assistance; human resource (recruitment,
retention and remuneration); and operations (credit methodology; loan appraisals; lending
methodology; collections; branch network; and support services). The international commercial
banks whose case studies are reviewed include: Banco do Nordeste; Bank Rakyat Indonesia; the
Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe; the Cooperative Bank of Kenya; Banque du Caire; the Agricultural
Bank of Mongolia; Hatton National Bank; the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India;
and Banco de la Empressa. From the case studies it was seen that some of the commercial banks
considered certain factors more than others. The other differentiating factor is how the key factors
were considered, because the operating context of the different commercial banks differs.
In South Africa, Absa and Capitec Bank have also considered the key factors, however, the
operating model and the delivery model are the biggest differentiator as to how the other factors
are considered.
16
Van, Heerden Marchell. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of strategic planning in the blood transfusion services in South Africa." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/27.
Full textAbstract:
In this research paper, the effectiveness of Strategic Planning in Blood Transfusion Services in South Africa was investigated. A brief general overview of relevant aspects that specifically relate to the strategic planning of Services and not-for-gain organisations was presented. The literature study included an explanation of the steps involved in the strategic planning process and the guidelines to develop and implement each of these effectively. The research methodology consisted of three phases: Phase 1 - A literature study to determine the most effective strategic plan for a not-for-gain organisation. Phase 2 - An empirical study to determine the effectiveness of the strategic planning processes in practice by means of a survey among the Blood Transfusion Services in South Africa. Phase 3 - The findings from the literature study and empirical study were used to evaluate whether effective strategic planning is implemented in the Blood Transfusion Services in South Africa. The following recommendations and conclusions were made: The Blood Transfusion Services that have not yet started seeking the opinion of all the stakeholders involved in the organisation should strongly consider implementing this strategy as part of the services provided to the community. The services operate as individual organisations, but clearly influence each other within the industry and the changes within the external environment form part of the elements that are considered by the services when determining the strategic direction of the services. All the services identify the major areas for which objectives need to be set to assist the organisations in achieving long-term prosperity, but they do not all set objectives in these areas. When it comes to strategic issues, all the services state that they identify these, but not all pre-determine criteria for evaluating the strategic issues. Guidelines for the effective implementation of the strategies of choice by lower managers or supervisors are not developed by all the services, nor do most of the services have control mechanisms in place to assist in effective implementation of the strategic planning process.
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Leipoldt, Edmund Johann. "Alternative blood risk categorization models for South Africa." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/107.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008<br>Blood transfusions carry a number of risks, one of which is transmitting HIV/AIDS from an infected donor. Since HIV is sexually and parenterally transmitted, the initial HIV risk management of donated blood in the early 1980‟s consisted of screening by visual assessment and completion of a lifestyle questionnaire, followed by deferral of practicing homosexual and bisexual male donors and intravenous drug addicts. The visual assessment was replaced by tests for antibodies directed against HIV, from the middle 1980‟s. In the early 1990‟s HIV was increasingly found in the black population of South Africa, particularly among black women. By 1998 0.26% of the received donations returned a positive test for HIV-1. In 1999 the South African Blood Transfusion Service (SABTS) Blood Safety Policy was introduced, including a donation HIV-risk categorization model which used the donor ethnic group, gender and donation history as indicators of the risk of exposure to HIV.
The unacceptable use of the donor ethnic group as an indicator was the motivation to seek a suitable alternative donation risk categorization model which excludes the donor‟s ethnic group. The use of a more acceptable model with a high level of accuracy in predicting the risk of exposure to HIV has the potential of contributing to the reduced risk of HIV transmission through blood transfusion in South Africa.
The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of four alternative models based on the information obtained from donors. Donations from new and lapsed donors were categorized in the highest applicable risk category in each model. The study was divided into two phases to achieve the aim. The first phase needed to determine suitable parameters for a model which uses the donor‟s age as an indicator. For this phase the ages of the regular donors returning an HIV-positive test result, were analysed. The second phase was to evaluate the effectiveness of the four suggested alternative blood donation risk categorization models against the model introduced by the SABTS in 1999. During this phase the donor demographic data and donation histories of donors who made donations at the Bloemfontein branch of the South African National Blood Service (SANBS) between October 2004 and September 2005, were analysed statistically. This phase honed in on two aspects to evaluate the effectiveness of the alternative models. Firstly the percentages of HIV-positive donations found in each risk category of each model, were determined as indicators of the residual risk of HIV-positive donations within the window period. Secondly the percentages of the collected blood donations allocated to each risk category within each model, were analysed to give an indication of the availability of “safe” blood associated with each of the models.
The first phase of the study highlighted the difference in the age-group prevalence between male and female regular donors who returned an HIVpositive test result. Potentially suitable parameters for an Age-based Model were formulated by comparing this data with the ages of the donors who donated in Bloemfontein during the twelve months covered by this study. The second phase compared a Donation Interval Model, a Combination Model (using donation interval, gender and ethnic group as indicators), the SANBS 2005 Model (using age and gender as indicators) and an Agebased Model (using age and gender as indicators) with the SABTS 1999 Model (using gender and ethnic group as indicators).
This study has shown that each of the models analysed has its advantages and disadvantages. The SANBS 2005 Model proved the best model without an ethnic indicator, for SANBS. Several recommendations regarding further investigation emanating from the results of this study were made.
18
Wiswedel, Klaus. "Sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination at Groote Schuur Hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25895.
Full textAbstract:
The diagnosis and therapy managed by the specialities of infertile couples is traditionally of Gynaecology and Andrology. The latter is a subspeciality, which should combine the knowledge of urologists and gynaecologists in the treatment of sub or infertile men.
19
Kellerman, Millicent Johanna Susanna. "Seed bank dynamics of selected vegetation types in Maputaland, South Africa." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02012005-090837.
Full text
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Richter, Leonie. "The relationship between customer satisfaction and revenue: an empirical study within the corporate banking division of a South African bank." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006169.
Full textAbstract:
This is a quantitative study which explores whether there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction as perceived by corporate customers and revenue generated from such customers of the corporate division of a single South African bank. This research report has three sections, namely the (1) academic paper which comprises a condensed literature review, research methods, results and discussion, (2) an expanded literature review, and (3) an expanded research methodology. Although these three sections are interrelated, they may be considered stand-alone documents. A review of literature contends that customer satisfaction has been a topic of interest for over four decades when, in 1965, the concept was first introduced to literature by Cardozo. Even in these early stages it was hypothesized that higher customer satisfaction would lead to repeat purchasing and cross selling. Thus, for some time, researchers have proposed that a link exists between customer satisfaction and a company’s bottom line, ultimately alluding to the notion of positive associations between customer satisfaction, revenue and profitability. The corporate banking division of a South African bank has dedicated significant time and economic resources to monitoring and improving the satisfaction of their corporate customers each year. With a focus on this single corporate banking division, this quantitative study used secondary customer satisfaction data to establish whether a positive relationship between customer satisfaction with a bank representative or more formally termed, the ‘transactional banker’ (TB) and revenue at an account level exists. The study used a one-dimensional customer satisfaction construct summated from several variables or a one-dimensional multi item scale. This quantitative study made use of secondary data obtained through customer satisfaction surveys conducted with the division’s clients in three waves during September 2010, March 2011 and September 2011. At the time of data collection, telephone interviews were conducted with individuals in corporations who were customers of the corporate division within the bank. These individuals in their respective corporations were identified and surveyed because they (a) managed the primary relationship of the corporation with the banking division and (b) were senior financial decision makers of their organization’s (i.e. had the ability to influence a decision to change banks). Sample sizes of 273 (September 2010), 259 (March 2011) and 310 (September 2011) individual corporate customers were achieved through a method of stratified sampling. In this study, customers were stratified according to the TB who is responsible for their account. Within each stratum a random sample of 10 – 15 participants were included for each of the 30 TB’s. Monthly revenue data, recorded as a) credit revenue, b) overdraft revenue and c) total revenue was sourced from internal company records for each month from September 2010 to January 2012. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess whether a positive correlation between the two variables of customer satisfaction and revenue exists. This was followed by Ordinary Least Square Regression to investigate the magnitude and nature of the relationship between customer satisfaction and revenue using customer satisfaction as the independent variable and revenue as the response variable. Cronbach’s alpha was also used for internal scale validity. The results of the research indicated no statistically significant relationship between a customer’s satisfaction with the performance of their TB and either the credit, overdraft or total revenue generated from such a customer through their account. By highlighting this, these findings, nevertheless, contribute to the growing body of knowledge examining the impact of customer satisfaction efforts on revenue. On the basis of the findings of this study, it cannot be practically recommended that customer satisfaction efforts be terminated or changed within the organization of study owing to several study limitations which were present. Firstly, the study was hampered by small sample sizes due to a lack of the availability of revenue data in some instances, particularly in the case of overdraft revenue. Secondly, the study only focused on a single bank account held with the bank and increases and decreases in revenue based on the balances held within that single account. Since one of the purported consequences of improved customer satisfaction is the purchase of additional products, the current design of the study does not take into account the take up of additional accounts or banking products with the bank. Thus, an increase in revenue for the bank as a whole due to the purchase of additional accounts may be masked. Similarly, the scope of the study does not extend to examining the effect of recommendations made by these corporate customers to others and hence growth of divisional or bank revenue due to the addition of new customers. Finally, this quantitative study does not examine revenue growth when compared to customer satisfaction improvements over time due to a limited sample of customers taking part in the study over a number of periods as well as incomplete revenue data. The recommendations for future research are to examine the relationship between changes in customer satisfaction and changes in revenue at divisional level in the long run within the South African banking industry as the impact of an increase in customer satisfaction may be obscured by salient factors in the short run. It is also suggested that future research look at the correlation between dissatisfaction and revenue, where adequate sample sizes are available. Theoretically, the results of this research do bring into serious question the universal application, especially in the context of the South African banking industry of the Service Profit Chain and Satisfaction Profit Chain which propagate the existence of a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and revenue.
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Geldenhuys, Rian. "The participation of dedicated banks in the National Payment System as clearing and settlement banks." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50664.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The National Payment System is currently dominated by uncompetitive banks and there
is growing resistance by the South African public over the current fees being charged. The legislature is proposing a new Bill which aims at creating a new category of banks, namely Dedicated Banks. These Dedicated Banks will have lower capital requirements, thus making it more attractive to establish a Dedicated Bank. The aim of the Dedicated
Banks Bill is to bring banking services to the masses. The Dedicated Banks may provide
banking services to consumers at much more competitive fees. The aim of this study is
to determine whether Dedicated Banks will be allowed to participate in the National Payment System as clearing and settlement banks. A detailed review is conducted of the current National Payment System, the framework
in which it operates and incentives currently underway to guide the modernisation of the National Payment System. A critical analysis of the legal framework of the National
Payment System in conjunction with the Dedicated Banks Bill is undertaken to
determine whether there is any legislative scope for allowing Dedicated Banks to
participate in the National Payment System. An assessment of the competitive environment of the National Payment System is given to determine whether regulators
may consider allowing Dedicated Banks their participation as clearing and settlement banks. The arguments presented are confirmed by the Reserve Bank's 2010 vision for
the National Payment System which confirms the conclusions reached that Dedicated
Banks may indeed participate in the National Payment System as clearing and settlement banks. The risk which participants may introduce into the National Payment
System is investigated in order to determine whether this may pose as an additional
barrier to Dedicated Banks' participation as clearing and settlement banks.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Nasionale Betalingstelsel word huidiglik gedomineer deur onmededingende banke en daar is groeiende weerstand deur die Suid-Afrikaanse publiek oor die huidige fooie
wat gevra word. Die wetgewer het 'n nuwe konsep wet voorlê wat daarop gemik is om
'n nuwe kategorie van banke daar te stel, naamlik Toegewyde Banke. Hierdie
Toegewyde Banke sal laer kapitaal vereistes he, wat dit aantrekliker sal maak om 'n
Toegewyde Bank op die been te bring. Die doel van die konsep wet is om bankdienste
aan die massas te bring. Die Toegewyde Banke mag moontlik bankdienste aan kliente
bied teen meer mededingende fooie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel of
Toegewyde Banke toegelaat gaan word om deel te neem aan die Nasionale Betalinstelsel as verrekeningsbanke. 'n Omvattende ondersoek word onderneem van die huidige Nasionale Betalingstelsel,
die raamwerk waarbinne dit werksaam is en huidige pogings wat onderweg is vir die
modernisering van die Nasionale Betalingstelsel. 'n Kritiese analiese van die regsraamwerk saam met die konsep wet word vervat om sodoende vas te stel of daar enige wetlike weg is om Toegewyde Banke toe te laat om deel te neem aan die
Nasionale Betalingstelsel. 'n Vasstelling van die mededingende omgewing van die
Nasionale Betalingstelsel word weergegee om vas te stel of die regulatoriese instansies
dit mag oorweeg om Toegewyde Banke toegang te verleen as verrekeningsbanke. Die
argumente wat voorgele word, word ondersteun deur die Reserwebank se 2010 visie vir
die Nasionale Betalingstelsel wat die konklusies wat gemaak word ondersteun, naamlik
dat Toegewyde Banke wel mag deelneem aan die Nasionale Betalingstelsel as
verrekeningsbanke. Die risiko wat deelnemers aan die Nasionale Betalingstesel mag
bring word ondersoek om sodoende vas te stel of dit enige verdere hindernis vir Toegewyde Banke se deelname as verrekeningsbanke mag bring.
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Esterhuysen, Ja'nel Tobias. "The management of operational risk in South African banks / by Ja'nel Esterhuysen." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/423.
Full textAbstract:
One of the biggest problems South African banks are experiencing when managing
operational risk is the lack of a single definition for operational risk. Operational risk
can take many forms; for example computer system failure, the malfunction of an
ATM or in same instances the long queues at a bank can be an operational risk It is
clear that banks lack sufficient information to distinguish between different
operational risk events as well as other risk events like credit risk, market risk, etc. In
other words, banks are experiencing great difficulties with the identification of
operational risk in South Africa
The study therefore aims to determine and construct a single definition of operational
risk that will be sufficient for the assessment of operational risk management in South
Africa. The study also aims to examine the existing as well as the possible methods to
identify, quantify and measure operational risk The main goal of this study is
therefore to investigate the feasibility of capital provisions as a way of managing
operational risk in South African banks, in other words the viability of the New Basel
Capital Accord on South African banks. The methodology used includes a literature
review, in-depth interviews and a case study on South African Retail Bank to
determine and evaluate some of the most renowned indicators of operational risk in
South Africa.
The first objective was to determine a single definition of operational risk in South
Africa. As mentioned, South African banks are having great difficulties to find a
single definition of operational risk and this is causing problems in identifying
operational risks in South Africa. It is the view of this study that the Basel
Committee's definition is not sufficient enough for operational risk management in
South Africa; therefore there is a great need to find a single definition of operational
risk in South African banks.
The second objective is to provide an overview of the Base1 Committee and its
Capital Accord, by focusing on one of the outstanding changes to the existing accord,
which is the proposed explicit capital requirement for operational risk. It has been
established that the Base1 Capital Accord is widely adopted around the world.
Consequently, from the viewpoint of being competitive, it is to the advantage of a
bank to adhere to the prescriptions of the Base1 Capital Accord. However, to stay
relevant, the Basel Capital Accord was due for a review. The Basel Committee
released a proposal to replace the existing Basel Capital Accord with a more. risk sensitive
framework. The new framework intends to improve safety and soundness in
the financial system by placing more emphasis on banks' own internal control and
management, the supervisory review process, and market discipline.
The third objective of this research was to present the theory of asset and liability
management (ALM) within the unifying theme of operational risk management. It
was indicated that capital is used to absorb an operational risk loss. The Asset and
Liability Committee (ALCO) is responsible for the strategic management of a bank's
balance sheet, therefore also ALM, and as capital forms part of the banks balance
sheet, it is also the responsibility of the ALCO to manage the capital that is used as
provision for an operational risk.
The fourth objective was to determine and evaluate the key risk indicators of
operational risk in South Africa theoretically and then also by means of a case study
on a South African Retail Bank and then to made some recommendations regarding
the effective identification of the key indicators of operational risk in South Africa. It
was indicated the challenge in identifying key operational risk indicators is to find
indicators that is not only business-specific but are also fm wide indicators of
operational risk. Recommendations on the effective identification of key operational
risk indicators were made.<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
23
Smith, Robert Ayreton Bailey. "Sources of change in the money stock." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017543.
Full textAbstract:
This research provides an historical, theoretical and practical appraisal of exogenous and endogenous money and money creation, with South Africa as the focus of the practical investigation. Monetary theory of recent decades can be categorised as belonging to one of two distinct paradigms: mainstream (neoclassical) or post Keynesian. The mainstream (orthodox) view presents a Euclidian or Cartesian, ergodic, deductive, and axiomatic theoretical interpretation of the world. This is perpetuated through the continued, and inaccurate, depiction in academia of exogenous money creation, the money multiplier concept, asset transformation by banks, imposed alterations to the money stock by central banks and long-run closed system equilibrium models (and associated homogeneity, and long term behavioural assumptions). In the real world, economic agents, structures, institutions and their interrelations are perpetually evolving. The post Keynesian paradigm provides the theoretical framework within which to understand such a world. Unfortunately the necessity for a multiplicity of methods and methodology makes it a paradigm that is currently prohibitively complex, preventing simple exposition. Money creation should, both historically, and according to the analysis conducted, be defined according to the actual source of change in the money stock, that is, credit extension. In a nonergodic world, changes in the stock of money take on a causal role with regard the initiation of productive processes, and thus influence future economic conditions. The simple, although powerful, technique of balance sheet analysis conducted herein provides a detailed method of identification of causal changes in money stock. Within the context of the institutional and structural environment, it clearly demonstrates the residual nature of money m modern economies. This research serves to emphasise the importance of monetary matters for economic management, as well as the important difference between the money creation process and the residual deposit securities. It serves also to discourage the perpetuation of fallacies of money creation, and capabilities of monetary authorities. In South Africa, as in most countries, the central bank can influence the conditions under which borrowers and banks mutually create money, but do not themselves create or distribute money beyond the facilitation of credit extension by banks
24
Mndela, Mthunzi. "Evaluation of range condition, soil properties, seed banks and farmer's perceptions in Peddie communal rangeland of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013153.
Full textAbstract:
South African rangelands in combination with their surrounding homesteads occupy 13% of the entire land surface in South Africa. These rangelands are a source of forage for communal livestock. The rangelands in communal tenure system are degraded due to high human population and livestock numbers. The rangeland of Peddie was never evaluated since the introduction of Nguni Cattle Empowerment Project. Therefore, socio-ecological evaluation was conducted in order to interlink farmer‟s perceptions and scientific data to recommend appropriate rangeland management and restoration programme. Two structured questionnaires consisting of close and open ended questions were used to investigate farmer‟s perceptions on rangeland condition, dynamics, and their causes. Sixty households were randomly selected on the bases of livestock ownership and the membership in Nguni Cattle Project. In each household, any respondent of 20 years or greater, and a key informant of age greater than 40 years were selected. For scientific assessment of range condition, three homogenous vegetation units namely grassland, scattered and dense bushland were demarcated into four 100m x 50m replicates. In each replicate, two 100m transects were laid parallel to each other with 30m equidistant apart. The step point and harvesting method along each transect were employed for herbaceous species composition and biomass production. The point-to-tuft distance was also determined as a proxy for basal cover. Woody density, species composition and tree equivalents were determined in 200m2 belt transects in each HVU replicates. The germination method for soil seed bank evaluation was also employed to find plant species composition and density. The soil nutrients (OC, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn) and pH were analysed through solution preparation and observation under photospectrometer to determine functional capacity of the soil of Peddie rangeland. The farmer‟s perceptions comprised of 63% females and 37% males (n = 120) with a mean household of 8 people, 5 adults and 3 children. It was perceived by 93.3% respondents that the rangeland of Peddie have undergone changes over two decades. These changes were perceived by 83% respondents to be accompanied by decline in livestock numbers. Woody encroachment and overgrazing were perceived to be the major attributes of these vegetation changes. The scientific rangeland condition assessment confirmed that these changes were more pronounced as bush density increases. Dense bushland had a significantly high (p<0.05) encroached condition with 6650 trees ha-1 and 4909.5 TE ha-1 beyond the recommended thresholds of 2400 trees ha-1 and 2500 TE ha-1 respectively. Scattered bushland had a fair condition of 1950 trees ha-1 and 1198.1TE ha-1. Themeda triandra as a key species was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland (31.1%) than scattered (15.6%) and dense bushland (6.1%). There was a declining trend in biomass production from grassland to dense bushland. The summer biomass production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland than scattered and dense bushland but winter biomass was not significantly different (p>0.05) from all homogenous vegetation units of Peddie rangeland. However, the soil fertility increased with an increase in bush density except organic carbon (OC) which was 1.61% in grassland, 1.46% in scattered and 1.53% in dense bushland respectively. Soil N, K, P, Mg2+ Na+, Ca2+, Cu, Zn, Mn and pH were significantly higher (p<0.05) in dense bushland than grassland and scattered bushland. High soil fertility in dense bushland may be attributed to by abscission of woody plants and litter decomposition. In the soil seed bank, the abundances of forbs were significantly higher than sedges (χ2 = 12, df = 1, p = 0.001) and grasses (χ2 = 8.333, df = 1, p = 0.004) in all homogenous vegetation units while sedges were not significantly different (χ2 = 3, df = 1, p = 0.083) from grasses. The Sorensen‟s index indicated that soil seed bank and extant vegetation were significantly different (p<0.05). Annual and biennial forbs and sedges had high abundances while perennial grasses formed a bulk in above ground vegetation. This provided an insight that a reliance on soil seed bank for restoration of Peddie rangeland would not be advisable because it can result in retrogression. The communal rangeland assessment provided clear qualitative and quantitative data when the combination of indigenous knowledge and scientific assessments was done. The rationale is that conclusions and recommendations of range assessment are relient on the farmer‟s perceptions pertinent to their livestock production systems and their rangeland management objectives. This study has shown that inclusion of communal farmers in policy making can provide better insight because those are the people experiencing the consequences of range degradation.
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Palmer, Lydia. "An evaluation of "on-line" banking web sites in South Africa to determine essential design criteria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007667.
Full textAbstract:
The use of the Web to carry out business on the Internet has become a viable option in all business sectors, and Internet banking in South Africa is no exception. The nature of business on the Internet in South Africa and the World is investigated. The extent of Internet banking in South Africa is ascertained and the expectations and perceived problems of online bankers are discussed. The importance of Human Computer Interface and Web Interface Design for successful business is promoted with a discussion of their guidelines and principles. Web Evaluation techniques and Tools are assessed and The "Gartner" Web evaluation tool is selected to evaluate the three bank Web sites. The results of the evaluation indicate that there are several generally well implemented design criteria used by all of the banks while some criteria are not implemented at all. Each bank is discussed individually to identify strong and weak features of their Web site design. Essential aspects of Web design have been proposed for inclusion during the design of "online" Banking Web sites.
26
Motau, Hlokammoni Grathel. "Determinants of unsecured lending : an empirical investigation of consumption, lending rates and deregulation in a South African context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97470.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has experienced a significant growth in household unsecured credit extension, igniting
concerns around the potential negative impact of household indebtedness on the stability of the
banking system. With the use of correlation and ordinary least squares, the study attempts to prove
a relationship between growth in unsecured lending (dependent variable) and consumption,
lending rates and de-regulation (independent variables). Although there is a correlation between
growth in unsecured lending and interest rates, this was not statistically significant. The study also
found a strong relationship between unsecured lending and the other independent variables.
Due to income and wealth inequality exacerbated by the past political dispensations as well as
continued rise in the cost of living, unsecured lending provides a source of supplementary income
that allow households to smooth their consumption expenditure over their life-cycle. On a longerterm
basis, the country needs to gear itself to focus primarily on channelling resources towards
productive investments. Quality education and skills as well as a culture of entrepreneurship and
wealth creation should be cultivated at a young age.
27
Holmes, P. M. "A comparative study of the seed bank dynamics of two congeneric alien invasive species." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17724.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographies.<br>The unique vegetation in the lowlands of the fynbos biome is threatened by alien Acacia encroachment. The seed bank dynamics of the two most widespread invaders in the region, Acacia saligma and A. cyclops, was studied to elucidate those factors contributing most to their invasive success. This information was then used to assist in developing optimal control methods. On the basis of information available prior to this study, it was predicted that both species would have large, persistent seed banks in the so.il, and that seed bank processes would provide the - key to invasive success: namely, high seed longevity and heat-stimulated germination. Seed banks were monitored for several years following clearing of the parent stand, using either sites sampled in an earlier study, or sites providing chronosequences of clearing dates. Concurrently, a demographic study of the species' seed banks, including processes from seed rain through to seedling emergence and survival, was done in dense Acacia stands and in fynbos vegetation. Acacia saligma seed banks conformed to predictions, being large and persistent owing to high percentage viability and water-impermeable dormancy. Seed banks accumulate rapidly under dense stands and are "disturbance-coupled" as they have potentially high longevity unless stimulated to germinate by fire. Although A. cyclops seed banks also may be large and long-lived, they display variable percentage viability and dormancy, with the majority of a seed cohort surviving less than a year. Acacia cyclops seed banks do not respond to heat treatment and appear to be "disturbance-uncoupled".
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Davids, Marlon. "Financial regulation in South Africa : a case study on the implementation of the national credit act by the four big banks." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5539.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The banking industry is one of the most regulated industries in the world. The
majority of these regulations are drafted to provide protection to consumers
and investors and to ensure the systemic stability of the economy.
South African banks, like many of their international counterparts, face a
plethora of financial regulation aimed at ensuring stability and protection. In
addition to these regulations, South Africa's prior exclusionary policies have
resulted in the post-democratic government prescribing additional regulation,
in part to address the economic duality that exists within the South African
economy and in part to offer adequate protection to the most vulnerable in the
society. The National Credit Act (NCA) is one such piece of legislation that
has introduced a new era of consumer credit regulation and practice, bringing
about wholesale changes to the consumer credit industry.
The NCA and more than 260 other financial regulations in South Africa have a
significant impact on banks, with each piece of legislation resulting in banks
having to adapt to the changing environment (Nyamakanga, 2007).
Using the four big banks' implementation of the NCA as a case study, the
present study aims to establish if an integrative change management strategy
could assist banks in effectively implementing financial regulation. The
following aspects of the banks' implementation of the NCA were researched:
• Effectiveness of financial regulation.
• Current barriers and challenges to the implementation process.
• Effect of these challenges on banks.
• Impact on staff and customers.
• Methods used to overcome the challenges.
• Future challenges of the NCA.
• Support structures used during implementation.
• Use of change management principles.
• Recommended strategies for future regulatory changes.
• Recommended changes to the NCA.
Detailed interviews were conducted with the overall NCA project leaders of
each of the four big banks, namely, Absa, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank.
The method of content analyses was used to analyse the qualitative data
collected through in-depth interviews and the outcomes thereof formed the
basis of the conclusions drawn.
The study found that there were numerous challenges that the banks faced
during the implementation of the NCA, the most common and significant as
recognised by the population include, the magnitude of the Act, difficulty in
interpreting the Act, the process of debt counselling and the associated costs
of implementation.
The study further found that using the principles of change management
enhanced the banks' ability to implement the NCA.
Conclusions drawn on the present study are confined to desktop research and
semi-structured interviews conducted with the participating banks. It might be
useful for future studies on the subject to include a broader population base
which focuses on additional pieces of financial legislation in order to further
enhance the findings of the present study.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bankwese is tans een van die mees gereguleerde industriee ter wereld. Die
meerderheid van hierdie regulasies is ontwerp vir die beskerming van
verbruikers en beleggers asook om die sistemiese stabiliteit van die ekonomie
te handhaaf.
Suid-Afrikaanse banke, soos talle van hul oorsese teenstukke, verduur talle
finansiele wetgewing gemik op beskerming en stabiliteit. Die gewese
uitsluitende Suid-Afrikaanse wette het veroorsaak dat die huidige
demokratiese regering addisionele wetgewing voorskryf, gedeeltelik om die
tweesydige Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie aan te spreek en gedeeltelik om
genoegsame beskerming aan die kwesbaarste van die gemeenskap te bied.
Die Nasionale Krediet Wet (NKW) bied 'n nuwe era van verbruikerswetgewing
en -praktyk aan wat terselfdertyd grootskaalse veranderinge op die verbruikers
krediet bedryf teweegbring.
Die NKW tesame met meer as 260 ander Suid-Afrikaanse finansiele
wetgewing het 'n groot uitwerking op banke, met elke wet wat veroorsaak dat
banke moet aanpas by die veranderlike omgewing (Nyamakanga, 2007).
Deur om die vier groot banke se uitvoer van die NKW as 'n gevallestudie te
gebruik, is die doel van hierdie studie om vas te stel of 'n geintegreerde
veranderingsbestuurstrategie banke kan help met die doeltreffende uitvoering
van finansiele wetgewing.
Die volgende aspekte van die banke se uitvoering van die NKW is ondersoek:
• Doeltreffendheid van finansiele regulasie.
• Huidige versperrings en uitdagings tot die uitvoeringsproses.
• Uitwerk van uitdagings op banke.
• Uitwerking op personeel en verbruikers.
• Metodiek gebruik om uitdagings te bowe te kom.
• Toekomstige uitdagings van die NKW.
• Ondersteunende strukture gebruik tydens uitvoering.
• Gebruik van veranderingsbestuurbeginsels.
• Aanbeveling van strategiee vir toekomende wetgewende veranderings.
• Aanbeveling van veranderings tot die NKW.
'n Volledige onderhoud is gevoer met die projekleiers van elk van die vier
groot banke, naamlik, Absa, FNB, Nedbank en Standard Bank.
Inhoudsanalise was gebruik om die kwalitatiewe data te analiseer en die
uitkoms daarvan vorm die basis van die gevolgtrekkings.
Die studie dui aan dat banke baie uitdagings getrotseer het gedurende die
uitvoer van NKW, die gewigtigste en algemeenste SODS herken deur die
bevolking sluit in, die grootte van die Wet, moeilikheid in vertolking van die
Wet, die skuldberadingsproses en die begeleidende koste van wetstoepassing.
Die studie dui verder dat die beginsels van veranderingsbestuur banke se
vermoe om die NKW uit te voer verbeter.
Gevolgtrekkings aangaande die huidige studie is beperk tot "desktop"
navorsing en half-gestruktureerde onderhoude met die deelnemende banke.
Dit mag van waarde wees vir toekomstige studies om 'n bree bevolkingsbasis
in te sluit met addisionele finansiele wetgewing wat die bevindings van die
huidige studie kan bevorder.
29
Rodrigues, Teles Sampaio Nuno Jorge. "Financialisation in South Africa : examining the financial conduct of non-financial enterprises, banks and households." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2014. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20310/.
Full textAbstract:
Financialisation addresses the rising importance of the financial sphere in contemporary capitalist economies, but the concept has remained theoretically vague, often failing to go beyond the narrow confines of the rise of finance and to examine the broader interaction of finance with the rest of the economy. Furthermore, scarce attention has been paid to the relevance of financialisation to developing countries, particularly to middle-income countries. South Africa is an important case-study that enables a stronger conceptualisation of financialisation, encompassing its relation to developing countries. The thesis first develops a political economy approach to the concept of financialisation by drawing on recent work that stresses the changing conduct of non-financial enterprises, banks and households. A theoretical framework for financialisation is developed and is then set against the empirical reality of South Africa. To be specific, the thesis examines the evolution of financial flows as well as of the financial position of different sectors - focusing on non-financial enterprises, banks, and households - during the post-apartheid period, thus testing the relevance and applicability of financialisation to South Africa. The thesis shows that the South African economy is indeed a financialised economy, but which nevertheless presents a number of distinguishing features for each sector due to the specific domestic historical context and connections with the world market. Non-financial enterprises have become increasingly engaged in debt and equity markets, but still rely on traditional sources of funding, such as bank credit. Banks have targeted households as a rising source of income, but investment banking activities have remained marginal. Finally, households have accumulated increasing volumes of debt, although with unequal distribution and cost, reflecting the extreme inequality of the South African society. The results presented contribute to a more robust understanding of financialisation in developing counties showing its variety of form as a phase of capitalist development.
30
De, Lange Michael Coenraad. "A strategic analysis of Capitec Bank Limited within the South African banking industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019932.
Full textAbstract:
The South African banking industry is well regulated and oligopolistic by nature. The financial sector in South Africa is of a world class standard, comparing favourably to that of developed countries i.e. United States of America and Great Britian, and developing economies such as the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries. The South African financial sector possesses the critical elements to exhibit good growth and sustainable profitabiblity. Capitec Bank Limited revolutionised the banking industry by providing a simplified and cost effective banking solution targeting the masses i.e. the "unbanked" population of South Africa. The company pursued a disruptive innovation strategy by targeting the lower income earning segment of the market i.e. individuals who are employed but do not have bank account. Capite's strategic approach and business model were designed around innovation and technology, exploiting a previously untapped market that no other competitor targeted. This approach has resulted in the bank's phenomenal growth over the past decade and most notably has seen Capitec's return on equity (ROE) increase from 12 percent to 26 percent and advances to costomers increase from R116 million to 16 billion. This has set precedent which the big four banks, namely ABSA, First National Bank, Standard Bank and Nedbank, could not match. Contributing to Capitec's success and the basis on which its business model is built are four pillars: accessibilty, simplicity, affordability and personalised service. These pillars have created a compatitive advantage resulting in the bid four banks playing catch up. A strategic analysis of Capitec bank was conducted in order to assess the feasibility of expansion by the bank into Africa. The conclusion of the study indicated that it was indeed a viable option for Capitec to expand its footprint across borders into Africa through mergers with banks exhibiting a similar business model, for example Equity Bank based in Kenya.
31
Swanepoel, Sybel. "The relationship between organisational culture and financial performance: an exploratory study in a selected financial institution in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003881.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates the relationship between organisational culture and financial performance in a selected financial services institution in South Africa. The banking sector as part of the financial services industry contributes to economic growth in the economy. The banking sector in South Africa is highly concentrated, but also highly competitive. It is important for banks to retain their competitiveness and increased global competition places further pressure on banks to perform financially in order to satisfy the demands of shareholders. The literature reviewed and previous studies both suggest that organisational culture is an important variable that influences organisational performance. For purposes of this research, organisational performance will be measured in terms of financial performance. The concepts of organisational culture and financial performance are discussed and a questionnaire based on Hall’s (1988) theory of organisational competence is used to determine the strength of the levels of the dimensions of competence as indicators of organisational culture within the selected financial institution. The financial performance of the branches within the organisation is determined by calculating certain selected financial performance ratios, namely cost-to-income ratio, cumulative leverage and contribution per employee. A correlation analysis is conducted in order to establish whether there is a statistically significant relationship between organisational culture and financial performance. A conclusion is drawn that there is a statistically significant relationship between the organisational culture and the financial performance of the branches of the selected institution and recommendations are made as to how financial performance can be improved by strengthening the dimensions of competence as indicators of organisational culture. These recommendations include specific actions that can be taken by leaders to improve commitment, collaboration and creativity.
32
Ngaujake, Uahatjiri. "Protecting depositors and promoting financial stability in South Africa : is there a case for the introduction of deposit insurance?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002760.
Full textAbstract:
Banks play a pivotal role in economic growth and development of all countries and therefore the stability of the banking system is a vital goal of bank supervisors. Banks act as delegated monitors of depositors’ funds and this relationship, like all principal-agent relationships, presents agency problems. In the case of banks agency problems arise because depositors cannot accurately assess the financial health of banks due to the asymmetry of information existing between banks and depositors. Because banks possess private information on their borrowers, which depositors cannot access, it exposes depositors to risk of loss of deposits in cases of bank failures originating from nonrepayment of such loans. This asymmetry of information also exposes banks to runs by depositors and these runs can lead to bank failures with devastating effects for the financial system and the economy at large. It is for this reason that banks are regulated and supervised more than other institutions. Bank failures are a worldwide phenomenon and South Africa is no exception as evidenced by historical and recent bank failures in South Africa. This thesis investigates the desirability of introducing an explicit deposit insurance scheme in South Africa as a means of protecting small, unsophisticated depositors who are almost always the losers when banks fail, and promoting financial stability. The study finds that bank failures in South Africa are mainly attributable to mismanagement of banks, liquidity problems and fraud. Bank failures as a result of the aforementioned reasons have led to depositors losing their deposits in South Africa. The absence of a clearly defined depositor protection scheme in South Africa, the inadequacy of the hitherto implicit guarantee system to protect depositors, and the poor record of the South African Reserve Bank in bank failure resolution, form the basis of the conclusion of the study, i.e., there is a case for the introduction of deposit insurance in South Africa. In order to assist South African policymakers in designing an effective deposit insurance scheme for the country, the thesis further provides a guide on how the most important design features of deposit insurance should be handled. This is in an attempt to ensure that the moral hazard problem inherent in deposit insurance is overcome.
33
Bleske, Adrian. "The antecedents of customer satisfaction in a financial institution : a qualitative study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015482.
Full textAbstract:
The following is a case study report on the Cape Town business unit of Standard Bank Properties. The research project falls within the ambit of services marketing which introduces several unique management challenges for service businesses that sell services as a core offering. The principal aim of the case study is to gain an understanding of why customers bank at the business unit and to discover what aspects are critical to customer satisfaction. A further goal of the research is to examine how the business unit could improve customer satisfaction and to highlight any impediments to further improving customer satisfaction at the business unit. It is generally regarded that quality customer service is essential to building customer relationships and hence the research project emphasis on services marketing and customer satisfaction within a financial services context. The paper commences with an overview of the South African Banking Sector and its unique challenges such as the Financial Service Charter and newly introduced legislation such as Financial Intelligence Centre Act. The case study will specifically investigate the property finance industry and a detailed analysis of the business unit's operations and process flow will also be undertaken. The reason for this background information is to assist the reader to understand how the business unit operates. The research project will investigate four unique differences between goods marketing and services marketing whereafter three theoretical propositions are introduced, namely the dyadic interaction and service encounter, the Service Profit Chain and finally Relationship Marketing. Evidence in the form of a narrative will be led from insights obtained from interviews conducted with customers and staff at the business unit against these propositions with support (or otherwise) from independent surveys and documents from the business unit. The result of this analysis is the identification of several areas of concern specifically: New employees and the service encounter, Problems with FICA, Lack of a customer complaint handling system, Empowerment issues, Turnaround times, Reliance on key staff These insights together with the evidence from the literature review will be analysed and several recommendations made to improve customer service and ultimately customer satisfaction at the business unit. Several recommendations for further research are offered as well as the identification of limitations including but not limited to the specificity of the case study report.
34
Venables, Graeme. "Strategy disclosure in South Africa : 2012 banking and retail analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97285.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Stakeholders have demanded that strategic disclosure and sustainability reporting of companies
are disclosed in more detail in order for the different stakeholders to form an opinion whether to
invest, partner and contribute towards the sustainability of the company. Different stakeholders
require different disclosure. Various bodies have been formed to established guidelines for
sustainable reporting. The Global Reporting Initiative has become the leader in the field and have
implemented the fourth generation of their Sustainable Reporting Guidelines.
This study was to evaluate the strategic sustainable disclosure of companies in the banking and
retail sectors. Five companies from each sector were selected being consistent with previous
studies. The previous studies utilised the 2010 and 2011 information with this study focusing on the
2012 company reports. The reports used were the integrated annual reports, sustainability reports
and annual financial statements where applicable. Strategic disclosure was evaluated against
three different baseline models. Two of these models, being baseline 1 and baseline 2, were used
in previous studies with a new baseline being introduced. Baseline 1 was based on the Global
Reporting Initiatives third generation guidelines with seven reporting elements. Baseline 2 was
based on the elements of the strategic architecture framework with eight reporting elements.
Baseline 3 was based on the new Global Reporting Initiatives fourth generation reporting
guidelines, which were issued in May 2013. The main differences from the Global Reporting
Initiatives third generation and fourth generation was moving previous standard requirements to
guidelines and the introduction of new standard disclosures.
The study results showed an overall improvement in both sectors for all the companies using
baseline 1 and 2 from 2011 to 2012.
Baseline 3 differed to baseline 1 in only the organisational profile element with an additional
fourteen questions but the removal of four questions. The results of the organisational profile were
markedly worse than baseline 1 with an overall drop of 23% and 18% for the banking and retail
sector respectively.
Baseline 1 should be replaced by baseline 3 moving from the third to fourth generation of the
Global Reporting Initiative sustainability guidelines.
35
Madzivhandila, Rofhiwa. "Investigating factors affecting customer retention at Nedbank South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020100.
Full textAbstract:
The banking sector plays an important role in the economy of any country across the world. The recent financial crisis shows how much of the world’s economy is influenced by the banking sector. There are different roles that banks play in contributing to the operation and growth of an economy. Their role spreads from that of intermediary to that of provider of payment clearing services. Banks are an important and integral part of any economy. According to a study by Greenberg & Simbanegavi (2009), the South African banking sector is fertile ground for high levels of competition amongst its players. This competition is important for the proper working of the modern economy. According to Van Leuvensteijn et al. (2008), because banks act as the main vehicle for monetary policy, reduced competition in the banking sector can hinder the efficiency of monetary policy. As a result of the competition in the banking sector, customer retention is a key component of banks’ strategies in today’s market. The main aim of the study was to investigate factors affecting customer retention at Nedbank South Africa. The study focused on the institutional causes of bank customer defection and sought to investigate the effects of three factors (Customer service quality, Satisfaction with product, and Switching costs) on Customer Retention. This study showed the importance of customer retention and more importantly how the mentioned three factors affect customer retention at Nedbank South Africa. One of the highlights that came out of this research was that 50 perscent of the respondents were either considering closing their account or were likely to close their account within the next 12 months. In conclusion, these three factors were found to be important in the customer retention strategy of the bank. Recommendations were presented by the author on how to integrate the factors into a retention framework that can contribute to the profitability of the bank. Areas of future research that can be helpful to the bank were also highlighted by the author.
36
Davies, Gareth M. "An empirical study of client satisfaction with service recovery within a South African banking institution." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003845.
Full textAbstract:
In many industries, service is the critical determinant of success or failure. Service failure is almost inevitable, and this has the potential for the organisation to lose its customer. However, if implemented successfully, Service Recovery can rectify the breakdown in service, and turn angry, frustrated customers into loyal ones. Service Recovery is vital for profitability, especially for companies operating in the services market, like First National Bank (FNB). Unfortunately, few service firms know how satisfied customers are with their Service Recovery efforts, and FNB is no exception. This study attempted to rectify the situation, to ensure that the bank does not fail its customers a second time. The major focus of the study is to assess client satisfaction with Service Recovery (SR) from FNB. By using the RECOVSAT instrument (developed by Boshoff in 1999), the study aims to establish how effective FNB was in terms of the six dimensions of SR, namely communication, empowerment, feedback, atonement, explanation, and tangibles. The relationship between each of the dimensions and customer satisfaction, as well as between customer satisfaction and loyalty, was measured, and a hypothesis for each relationship rejected or accepted. The empirical results show that, from 702 complainants, a RECOVSAT score of 68% was computed, which could be regarded as only satisfactory. The dimensions of communication, explanation, atonement, and empowerment, had the strongest positive correlation with customer satisfaction, while feedback and tangibles, although positively correlated, were not statistically significant, and thus not as important as the first four dimensions. FNB performed best on tangibles (81%), then communication (75%), explanation (70%), atonement (68%), empowerment (62%), and lastly feedback (51%). The study reinforced the view that customer satisfaction is positively related to loyalty. Other findings were that, administration and errors were the most frequent complaints, followed by pricing, fees, and interest, while time delays/waiting were the third most numerous. Over 54% of complainants had been with the bank for over 10 years, which could be a problem if the customers had left the bank, as the profitability of a customer generally increases with time. Age and gender did not appear to be factors that influenced behaviour of complainants. In terms of the managerial implications, it is recommended that FNB implement a Customer-Complaint-Handling (CCH) system that is both national and inter-group. The bank should also focus on empowering employees, improving communication skills, explaining to customers why the problem occurred, apologising, and offering some atonement. By adopting the recommendations, FNB should improve their service recovery, and as a consequence, their customer satisfaction and loyalty, and profitability should also increase.
37
Fadiran, Gideon Oluwatobi. "South African money market volatility, asymmetry and retail interest pass-through." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002728.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to examine the interest rate transmission mechanism for South Africa as an emerging economy in a pre-repo and repo system. It explains how the money market rate is transmitted to the retail interest rates both in the long-run and short-run and tests the symmetric and asymmetric interest rate pass-through using the Scholnick (1996) ECM and the Wang and Lee (2009) ECM-EGARCH (1, 1)-M methodology. This permitted the examination of the impact of interest rate volatility, along with the leverage effect. An incomplete pass-through is found in the short-run. From the entire sample period, a symmetric adjustment is found in the deposit rate, which had upward rigidity adjustment, while an asymmetric adjustment is found in the lending rate, with a downward rigidity adjustment. All the adjustments supported the collusive pricing arrangements. According to the conditional variance estimation of the ECM-EGARCH (1, 1), negative volatility impact and leverage effect are present and influential only in the deposit interest rate adjustment process in South Africa.
38
Jasson, René. "Management of Acacia species seed banks in the Table Mountain National Park, Cape Peninsula, South Africa /." Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1059.
Full text
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Jasson, Rene. "Management of Acacia species seed banks in the Table Mountain National Park, Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1655.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>Within the Table Mountain National Park (TMNP), Western Cape, South Africa, various management practices have been undertaken in the removal of alien vegetation. While considerable success in the control of alien plants is evident from the removal of standing plants, it is not known if this effort has actually made any long-term difference in the effort to eliminate alien vegetation from the TMNP. This is because no coordinated effort has been made to assess the extent of the alien seed bank, nor the effect that clearing (including the use of fire) has on this seed store.
This study investigates the extent of pre- and post-fire Acacia saligna seed banks under differing stand ages, differing clearing techniques and different habitats in the Cape Peninsula National Park. Firstly, the focus is on two alien plant management techniques: The first technique involves clearing and stacking of biomass for burning during winter (stack burn technique), the second technique involves burning of standing alien plants (standing/block burn technique) to decrease heat release at the surface. Secondly, the extent of Acacia species seed banks along the Silvermine River is also investigated with the aim of determining the extent of alien seed stores in this habitat and therefore the long-term restoration potential of the riparian corridor.
The primary question addressed in the first study is: “Under what clearing technique will most of the alien seed bank be reduced?” The secondary question reads: “Is seed bank density and distribution directly related to age of dense infestation of the alien vegetation stand and habitat?” The primary question addressed in the second study is: “What is the vertical, lateral and longitudinal distribution and density of Acacia species seed banks along the Silvermine River?” The secondary question reads: “Is seed density and distribution influenced by above ground density of alien vegetation?”
In both riparian and terrestrial systems, alien soil seed banks accumulate in high densities where aboveground alien Acacia vegetation is dense. Most of the seed occurs in the upper soil layer, but seed density decreases with depth with an exception of a high seed density at a low depth in one of the samples in the riparian system. Intense fires are most effective in reducing seed stores and removing aboveground alien vegetation in both riparian and terrestrial fynbos systems.
After burns, both stack and stand burns have shown a significant decrease in seed density especially in the upper layers but there is still much seed that remained in the matrix area between stacks. The cooler winter burns resulted in less destructive, lower temperatures that aided higher seedling recruitment. Mature stands of Acacia saligna tend to have greater seed stores than immature stands and habitats with deep colluvial soils have a greater density and also greater vertical distribution of seeds.
The vertical distribution of the riparian system differed from the fynbos terrestrial system in that seeds were found down to lower depths. Along the river, seed density also increased laterally with more seeds occurring in the terrrestrial sections than in the channel. Seed density increased with longitudinal distribution with more seeds occurring at the sites in the lower catchment than upper catchment. Managers should be aware that fire is needed to reduce the seed bank in both riparian and terrestrial fynbos systems. The cooler winter stack burns is the best option as it results in less destructive, lower temperatures that aids higher seedling recruitment. It is important to know the site history as age of dense infestation, number of fires and geology of site could influence seed bank density. In riparian systems the vertical distribution of seed is deeper than in the fynbos area. In order for clearing to be effective it is imperative that follow-up takes place and should be done prior to flowering to stop reseeding.
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Van, Huyssteen Johan Williams. "A proposed credit rating methodology for co-operative banks in South Africa / Johan Williams van Huyssteen." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3815.
Full textAbstract:
When large banks have a shortage of liquidity, they solve the problem by either
placing papers in the market, going to other banks, borrowing from other financial
institutions or making use of its reserves. When entering the market, credit
ratings facilitate the loan process by providing an indication of the lending banks'
risk. However, when South African co-operative banks enter the market for
finances, no rating can be applied as the method for rating these banks does not
exist. This, in turn, leads to a slow-down in the loans process and co-operative
banks being charged higher interest rates.
The primary objective of this dissertation was the formulation of a credit rating
methodology, amended from Fitch Ratings and Moody's Investors Service, for
South African co-operative banks.
A literature study was undertaken in order to determine the theoretical aspects of
rating ban.ks as well as providing insight into the management structures of cooperatives
and their business practices. A proposed credit rating methodology
was then developed and tested by means of a questionnaire provided to South
African credit unions of different sizes in Gauteng and the North-West.
The history of credit unions and co-operative banks was provided as the point of
departure and followed by the Co-operative Banks Act. This was done in order to
facilitate the understanding for the need of the rating methodology along with the
rating aspects provided for by legislation, especially regarding the operating and
regulatory environment.
The developed methodology was found to be adequately suited for co-operative
banks in South Africa (CBSA) and could ultimately assist CBSAs in negotiating interest rates charged when entering the market for liquidity purposes. This in
turn could have positive implications in the government's aim to reach the large
un banked population of South Africa.<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Risk Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Jacobson, Ari Hugh. "A perspective on the impact of the Deposit Taking Institutions Act on banks in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21415.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objective of this mini-thesis is to show that the new banking legislation, which was implemented in South Africa in February 1991, as the Deposit Taking Institutions Act of 1990 [hereinafter "DTl"], encouraged the trend towards larger financial institutions in South Africa. A further aim of this thesis is to find a variable that best represents a financial institution's performance and to use this measure to determine a relationship, if any, with an individual bank's size. The test is to be conducted utilising a sample of South African banking institutions. The concept of size versus performance has been considered often in myriad studies of financial institutions worldwide. However, it should be noted that studies regarding the performance of the banking industry in South Africa, are virtually non-existent. In Chapter 1, a brief history of world banking trends will be discussed, while in Chapter 2 we will deal with bank developments in South Africa, including an in-depth study of the DTI Act. In Chapter three, we survey banking literature and note particularly the methodologies employed in analysing the relevance of performance indicators, and the criterion used, to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of a financial institution. It is shown that at least fifty studies, between 1990 and 1993 have purported to demonstrate, inter a/ia, the influence of government regulation on banking performance, economies of scale at banks, benefits associated with interbank mergers, as well as the results of bank and non-bank mergers. Contemporary studies of the banking industry have also employed a variety of measurement techniques to evaluate a bank's performance. This has entailed various approaches ranging from fundamental analysis to more sophisticated programming methodologies. Moreover research has attempted to discern the optimal level of efficiency, at an individual financial institution. The underlying objective of this mini-thesis is to reveal whether big banks perform better than small banks in South Africa. Here it is hypothesised that legislation, in the form of the DTI Act, has in fact given rise to bigger banks. Yet there is evidence, [Boyd and Runkle(1993)], that bigger banks are not better performing banks. Following in part from Boyd and Runkle, the performance criterion to be used, herein, is the price earnings (PE) ratio, while size is determined by gross advances. The aim of this enquiry is to look at an individual bank to gauge a relationship, if any, between size and performance. The expectation is that the bigger the bank the higher its PE ratio, because there is clear support for bigger banks in the DTI Act, as will be argued in Chapter 2 & 4.
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Meng, Danchen. "A comparison analysis of CEO compensation related to shareholders value: South Africa versus China holding banks." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7738.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Commercii - MCom<br>CEO’s compensation, as a global management problem, has been a matter of continuing argument in Western economies, over the last two decades. However, the relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance is still weak, resulting in the CEO overpaid problem being more severe, since the financial turmoil experienced in 2008. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether firm performance justifies CEO remuneration, by comparing South African and Chinese stock-holding banks. The motivation for this study was to understand the correlation between CEO remuneration and the value they added to shareholders. It was anticipated that the results would contribute to exploring whether CEOs were overpaid for what they produced, and help companies to adjust their compensation frameworks.
The researcher employed a quantitative approach to ascertain compensation alignment with firm performance. The sample for this current research, from which the data were collected consisted of ten (10) banking institutions (5 South African and 5 Chinese). The findings for the South African banks revealed that the CEO’s remuneration was positively and significantly related to the firm performance; however, the strength of the relationship showed a declining tendency. Additionally, the non-apparent relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance for Chinese banks, indicated the weakness of the pay-performance structure in China. This result may help companies and shareholders to adjust the existing management system, and standardize executives’ responsibilities that would reduce, and avoid many enterprise management loopholes, while improving the development of the nation’s economy, and attracting foreign investors.
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Durandt, Jacques. "'n Marksegmenterings- en behoeftebepalingsmodel vir die Aksepbankwese in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11058.
Full textAbstract:
M.Com. (Marketing Management)<br>Companies in the industrial sector, where merchant banks generate 80% of their returns, are the best source of business for these banks. Because merchant banks' markets are largely restricted to the industrial sector, market segmentation of the industrial market and the concomitant assessment of the needs of the market are vitally important. The aim of this study was to develop a workable model for merchant banks, on the basis of which they may segment their markets meaningfully and simply, and may assess their clients' needs within the markets. with this aim in view, the first step was to gather background information on merchant banking, subsequent to which a theoretical analysis of market segmentation was carried out. The market research carried out, consisted of two parts. The first part entailed developing a computer model that could do market segmentation by combining the existing sources of information within the merchant bank and those of outside bodies. Internal sources used were the accounting and marketing records of merchant banks' own clients. External sources reflected the demographic, psychographic and geographic information on merchant banks' markets and the enterprises within these markets. These consisted of databanks of the BFA-NET (The Bureau of Financial Analysis, University of Pretoria), the Central Statistical Service, Bureau of Market Research (UNISA), McGregor's "Online Database" and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange...
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Fourie, Louis. "Toepasbaarheid van 'n mededingende voordeelmodel binne die internasionale afdeling van 'n handelsbank." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9463.
Full textAbstract:
M. Com<br>The 200 years of South African banking history has been a turbulent mix of crisis and triumph. Banks have had to respond to changes in their environment ranging from wars and the discovery of gold and diamonds, to regulatory changes, disinvestment and township bond boycotts. With the phasing out of sanctions, international opportunities started to emerge and South African banks were quick to respond. International and local competition has increased and it has become necessary for banks to put more emphasis on obtaining a competitive advantage. Optimists like to speak of South Africa as the "powerhouse of Africa" and the natural investment home for foreign investors wanting a foothold in the African market. It has therefore become necessary to do a "SWOT" analysis (Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats) to be able to formulate a competitive strategy. • This dissertation comprises of an environmental analysis which includes a study of the macro-environment, international environment and the analysis of Porter's five basic forces. This environmental analysis leads to the establishing of local and international competitive strategies. South Africa has a competitive edge on other countries of its size and development levels in the sense that it has a very adaptable economy. The fact that South Africa is seen as the "gateway to Africa" should be exploited by South African banks. The changing and uncertain environment in South Africa must be seen as an opportunity for international departments of commercial banks to enrich themselves and their employees. This dissertation has shown that local banks do not have an advantage over international banks. From this follows a recommendation that local banks should develop and maintain a competitive advantage and focus on African business.
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"Die ontwikkeling en implementering van 'n finansiële besluitnemingondersteuningstelsel vir 'n handelsbank." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13244.
Full text
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Moodley, Logidesan. "Customer perceptions of service quality at a Durban based spirit merchant." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/541.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters in Business Administration--Durban University of Technology, 2009.<br>The South Africa alcohol industry is one of the most challenging and competitive
sectors of the FMCG. With the strong presence of international brands, the local
spirits environment is seemingly becoming tough and uncertain, due to products
and prices reaching parity. Organisations within this monopolized industry are
faced with intense competition and are seeking ways to differentiate themselves
from the competition. One of the differentiating factors being considered by the
organisation under study is improving its service delivery.
The aim of this study is to evaluate customer expectations and perceptions of
service quality at Edward Snell & Co Ltd. within the greater Durban area. This
report has reviewed current literature and opinions about customer service, and
has also reviewed factors such as customer service, service characteristics and
its measurement. The report also covers data analysis, data collection, and
questionnaire design in the research methodology chapter.
The analysis of the results reveals important gap findings amongst the tangibles,
reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy dimensions of service quality.
Finally, in order to improve the levels of customer service at Edward Snell & Co
Ltd., recommendations such as regular service quality measurements, education
of the organisation’s workforce and other general recommendations are included
in the study.
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Tettey, Joseph Rydell. "Managing bank resolution in South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17310.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.M. (Public and Development Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2014.<br>Asymmetric information, agency problems and the moral hazard, in their various manifestations, can be attributed to the collapse of financial systems over the last century. In order to guard against the negative externalities of these dilemmas, regulators in the banking sector have developed capital adequacy requirements, which measure the solvency of Banks. After the global financial crisis, regulators have realised the importance of having appropriate bank resolution regimes, in order to dismantle failing or failed banks before they become a risk to the financial system and economy. This report s analyses how the South African Reserve Bank resolves systematically significant banks.
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Van, der Linde Carien. "Vicarious liability of banks for fraudulent conduct of their employees." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13973.
Full textAbstract:
LL.M. (Banking Law)<br>When a bank employee commits fraudulent acts within the course and scope of his employment, he renders the bank vicariously liable for his fraud. The logical conundrum is that since a bank never employs someone to commit fraud, and since fraud is thus never in this sense within the course and scope of his employment, should the bank never be liable for this fraudulent conduct? If this were the law, the public could potentially be defrauded with impunity, because those defrauded would be left only with a claim against a fraudster who likely has no assets. This dissertation examines the common-law doctrine of vicarious liability and illustrates the sometimes-haphazard manner in which courts have applied the underlying principle to the varying facts that arise. It will be shown that the application of the doctrine to cases involving fraud by bank employees is particularly inconsistent and unsatisfactory. It will be proposed that the solution lies in the development of the common law so as to promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights, and particularly section 25 of the Constitution. 2 This paragraph conceptualises the vicarious liability doctrine. Paragraph 2 considers the application of the doctrine by the courts, and points to inconsistencies in approach. The third paragraph deals briefly with the position in two common-law jurisdictions, Canada and Britain. The final paragraph proposes a solution to the observed inconsistencies: an employee acts in the course and scope of his employment for purposes of imposing vicarious liability when the employer’s right not to be arbitrarily deprived of his property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution is acknowledged, and his vicarious liability is limited to cases where there is a rational relationship between the employee’s fraudulent conduct and the scope of his employment, and not an arbitrary deprivation. In considering the South African cases, it readily becomes apparent that the courts have already instinctively adopted the approach of examining the nature and extent of the deviation by the employee from the scope of his employment, but have not done so in the context of the property clause ...
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Buksh, Zahied. "Can Islamic banking work in South Africa?" Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23616.
Full textAbstract:
In little more than a decade, Islamic banking has grown into a $300 billion a year industry worldwide and is now finding its way to South Africa hence providing a wealth of opportunities to new and existing players in the South African banking industry. One of the key factors differentiating Islamic financial institutions is the need to demonstrate compliance with Shariah in all their activities. There is a lack of consensus in the industry as to whether certain transactions or activities are compliant, which can cause confusion among practitioners and customers as well as restricting the concept of Islamic finance from wider acceptance and recognition.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test whether Islamic Banking can work in the South African market. Qualitative research was conducted to determine the South African banking environment, customer sceptism, controversies and challenges faced with regard to this growing industry. Content analysis of 16 depth interviews with banking representatives, South African Reserve Bank representative, Islamic scholars and Muslim customers revealed interesting insights that guided the research to possible outcomes. Together with presenting a model that Islamic banking can use, a number of strategic implications and limitations are discussed, and directions for future research are also addressed.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Wylie, Ross James. "The inability to recruit and retain previously disadvantaged professionals in a South African Steel Merchant." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4449.
Full textAbstract:
The Steel Merchant offers a service of stocking and distributing steel products
and value added services throughout Africa. The company is the largest steel
merchant in Africa employing over 5500 employees.
The South African government implemented the Employment Equity Act, No 55,
(1998) and Broad-Based Black Economic Act, No 53, (2003) to readdress the
discrimination of the past and create fair opportunities for Previously
Disadvantaged Individuals (PDI) in the workplace.
The Steel Merchant's business environment is severely affected by these
legislations and is required to comply with the provisions of the Act or will receive
fines and penalties.
Since the Acts inception the merchant continues to struggle in recruiting and
retaining PDIs in professionally qualified and management positions. The
organization has experienced strategic drift by falling from a Black Economic
Empowerment (BEE) Procurement Recognition/Status Level of 5 down to level 6.
The research identified various factors within the organization that are hindering
its overall ability to adapt and progress in terms of Employment Equity (EE) and
BEE. The study is focused on identifying the internal and external barriers that
prevent the effective implementation of BEE and EE strategies in order to recruit
and retain previously disadvantaged professionals at the Steel Merchant.
The Research Objectives are:
• To evaluate the effect of organizational culture and climate on the
implementation of Employment Equity, Affirmative Action (AA) and BEE
Strategies
• To analyze the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM) in
the development of recruitment and retention strategies of previously
disadvantaged professionals
• To investigate the differences in gender and race leadership qualities and
behavior
• To identify and assess the barriers in implementing employment equity
recruitment and retention strategies
• To determine how government legislation will influence the Steel
Organizations' competitiveness internationally
Internal secondary data was used to analyze the Merchant's Human Resource
Management, EE and BEE performance. External secondary data from the
South African government departments was used to analyze the legislative Acts
and how the company performs compared to the industry standards.
A quantitative research approach was followed in the investigation. A questionnaire was developed using closed-ended questions to obtain information related to the respondent's demographical background as well as their opinion on each objective.
The questionnaire was distributed by email to 1 00 employees and weighted according to racial group (Black, White, Coloured and Asian) and gender (Male and Female). The method allowed the researcher to receive and analyze the
information quickly at no financial cost. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the results and describe the
behaviour of each racial and gender group contained in the sample. The data methods used were:
• Percentages
• The mean, mode and median
• Standard Deviation
The conclusions from the sample were used to generalize about the steel merchant population whilst research from recognized academics was utilized to authenticate and substantiate the research findings improving the accuracy and
reliability of the research.
The results of the study identified the following factors have contributed to the
merchant's inability to recruit and retain PDI at professionally qualified and
management levels:
• The Steel Merchant has a white male dominated organizational culture
and ineffective HRM strategies
• Black shareholders have contributed little towards previously disadvantaged development creating resentment by employees
• Employment Equity, Black Economic Empowerment and Affirmative action has created racial divides, a lack of trust and will negatively influence the
company's competitiveness internationally.
The research identified various problems that hinder the implementation of EE
and BEE policy at the steel merchant which makes it difficult to recruit and retain
talented PDI. The following recommendations have been made to minimize
resistance and integrate EE and BEE policies to improve recruitment and
retention in the organization:
• Define and communicate the BEE/EE vision and strategy
• Delayer hierarchal levels
• National Culture Training
• Implement Performance Management Systems
• lncentivize Knowledge Sharing
• Re-evaluate the recruitment policies
• Train, develop and mentor PDI
• Develop career paths and succession plans
• Create a leadership development program
• Create a shared understanding of EE
• Address white fears through empowerment
• Black shareholders should be actively involved with the development of PO employees
• Harness African culture to succeed internationally.
EE and BEE is obligatory and will inevitably influence the company's
performance. The Steel Merchant has the resources and capabilities to eliminate
resistance and implement effective HRM strategies to recruit and retain talented
POl in professional and management positions. By achieving this objective, the
company's Broad Based Black Employment Equity (BBBEE) rating will advance
resulting in a sustainable competitive advantage and more business opportunities in the future.<br>Graduate School of Business Leadership<br>M.B.A.