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Journal articles on the topic 'Merchant banks'
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1
Menshikova, Evgenia N. "Agrarian Business of Merchant Women of the Central Chernozem Region in Post-reform Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, no. 1 (2024): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.103.
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The article analyses the forms of the presence of merchant women in the agricultural business of the Central Chernozem region. After the emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, land became a commodity for all classes. At the time, merchant women showed increased entrepreneurial interest in the land market of the region. Merchant women invested in a variety of types of land: arable land, vegetable gardens, forests, meadows, pastures, swamps, gardens, as well as land in the city that belonged to private individuals or the municipality. On the land outside the city merchants placed their industrial enterprises (brick, iron foundries, salt-melting plants), which carried an unfavorable environmental burden to the city. Many merchant women owned large landed property. This allowed them to be large landowners of the Central Chernozem provinces. Land was an asset whose value was increasing every year. Merchant women performed numerous operations with the land: they bought (mainly from nobles and peasants), sold, took, leased and subleased, carried out numerous collateral operations. Representatives of all estate groups of provincial society became business partners for merchants in the agricultural business. It was a common phenomenon for merchants to build business relations in the agricultural business between members of the same merchant family (often between a wife and husband). Merchant women operated in the agricultural sector of the region, relying on their own and borrowed funds of individuals and banking institutions (Moscow land banks, Kharkov land banks, Oryol land banks, Yelets City Public Bank, Oryol branch of the State Bank).
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Agarwal, Nishant, and Meghna Sharma. "Fraud Risk Prediction in Merchant-Bank Relationship using Regression Modeling." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, no. 3 (July 2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140305.
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Banking industry has gone through one of the worst crisis in recent times, and is still recovering from the after-shocks. However, there were a lot of learnings that banks would have taken away from this crisis. One of them is the need for a robust risk management system. The crisis dealt a blow to the banking system, catching them off guard when it came to foreseeing the risk. Banks, in the credit card business, face financial risk in the form of both credit risk and fraud risk. Sharma and Agarwal (2013) proposed a model for predicting the credit risk from the merchants. This paper builds upon their technique to predict the fraud risk posed by the merchants to the banks. Fraud risk is an important aspect of risk management systems, particularly in the credit space. The uncertainty surrounding the receipt of paybacks calls for designing robust risk prediction models. Fraud risk is very different from credit risk because fraud risk does not follow a pattern. It happens suddenly, and may not always have a trend before it happens. This creates a need for separate model for fraud risk prediction. This paper develops a fraud risk prediction model that uses logistic regression technique, deployed using SAS. The setup of the study is the merchant-bank relationship in the credit card industry. The model developed in this paper triggers on a transaction level, and assigns a ‘probability score of default (PF) to each merchant for a possible fraud risk whenever a transaction is done at the merchant. Such a score warns the management in advance of probable future losses on merchant accounts. Banks can rank order merchants based on their PF score, and instead of working on the entire merchant portfolio, they can focus on the relatively riskier set of merchants. The PF model is validated by comparing the actual defaults with those predicted by the model and a good alignment is found between the two. The results show that the model can capture 62 percent frauds in the first decile when the transactions are sorted by the probability of fraud computed by the model.
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Huda, Farzana, and Tanbir Ahmed Chowdhury. "Merchant Banking Operation: A Case Study of Selected Merchant Banks in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v9i1.10712.
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In Bangladesh the establishment of merchant bank added value to the stock market which plays a vital role in the progress of economic development. This study tried to analyze the performance of Lanka Bangla Investment Ltd., Prime Finance Capital Management Ltd., IDLC Investment Ltd. and Uttara Finance and Investment Ltd. Seven trend equations have been tested for different activities of the selected merchant banks. It is observed that the selected merchant banks were able to achieve a stable growth of investment in securities, margin loan to clients, brokerage commission, capital gain/loss from securities, portfolio management services, issue management fees, corporate advisory fees and underwriting commission during the period of 2011-2015. Among them the trend equation of investment in securities, margin loan to clients, and corporate advisory fees are positive incase of all the selected merchant banks. Square of correlation coefficient (r2) has also been tested for all trend equations. The r2 of interest income from merchant bank, portfolio management services, settlement and transaction fees and documentation fees, is more than 0.5. It indicates the prospect of merchant banks in Bangladesh is bright.
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BUCHNEA, EMILY. "Bridges and Bonds: The Role of British Merchant Bank Intermediaries in Latin American Trade and Finance Networks, 1825–1850." Enterprise & Society 21, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 453–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.37.
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In the first half of the nineteenth century, transatlantic trade and finance networks were complex webs of transactions often consisting of lengthy chains of connections linking distant firms to distant markets. As a number of scholars have shown, merchant bankers of the nineteenth century were at the center of many of these networks, acting as an interconnected and often impenetrable group that dictated the flow of capital and investment across many borders. Most recently, scholars such as Manuel Llorca-Jaña, Manuel López-Morell, and Juliette Levy (to name a few) have produced a number of especially significant publications on the role of financial intermediaries in Latin America. Llorca-Jaña’s and López-Morrell’s work has been essential for illuminating the role of London bankers Huth & Co. and Rothschilds (respectively) in creating a global network that included Latin American markets and trades, while Levy’s work has highlighted the role of special financial players in inland markets, namely in the Yucatan. This paper aims to build on this previous work through an analysis of crucial network actors in Anglo-American merchant bank networks in the first half of the nineteenth century. To conduct a varied and general analysis, this paper will draw on the correspondence records of the Baring Bros. and N. M. Rothschild, two of the most well-known and profitable London merchant banks of the period. Through this material, this study will present an analysis of British merchant bank connectivity and the role of intermediaries in connecting merchant banks to distant markets and clients, such as the mining districts of interior Mexico and the sugar merchants of Cuba.
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McDowell, Linda, and Gill Court. "Performing Work: Bodily Representations in Merchant Banks." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, no. 6 (December 1994): 727–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120727.
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Not only is the workplace a significant site of the social construction of feminine and masculine identities but in an increasing range of service sector occupations, a gendered bodily performance is a significant part of selling a product. In this paper, we draw on Butler's notion of gender identity as a regulatory fiction to investigate the consequences of the specificity of embodiment and gendered performances. Drawing on three case studies in the City of London, we explore the differential fictions constructed by men and women engaged in interactive service work in a professional capacity in merchant banks. We examine the ways in which women are embodied and/or represented as ‘woman’ in the workplace, comparing women's sense of themselves and their everyday workplace experiences with those of men doing the same job. Our aim is to establish whether the necessity of selling oneself as part of the product in such service sector employment challenges the idealisation of male workers as disembodied rational subjects, while not necessarily disrupting the inferior position of embodied women.
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ACCOMINOTTI, OLIVIER. "London Merchant Banks, the Central European Panic, and the Sterling Crisis of 1931." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 1 (March 12, 2012): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711002427.
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The Central European panic of the spring 1931 is often presented as a cause of the sterling crisis of September. But what was the transmission channel? This article explores how the continent's financial troubles affected Britain's banking system. The freeze of Central European assets created a liquidity strain for London merchant banks because they had accepted (guaranteed) the commercial bills of German merchants. I use new balance sheet data to quantify this shock and explore how the liquidity crisis contributed to the sterling crisis. The evidence demonstrates that international contagion was crucial in transmitting the 1931 global financial crisis.
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Miah, Mohammad Dulal, Yasushi Suzuki, and S. M. Sohrab Uddin. "The impact of COVID-19 on Islamic banks in Bangladesh: a perspective of Marxian “circuit of merchant’s capital”." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 12, no. 7 (August 4, 2021): 1036–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-11-2020-0345.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the probable impact of COVID-19 on the Islamic banking system in Bangladesh. More specifically, it attempts to test the hypothesis that Islamic banks are exposed to increased risk because of their role as a provider of “merchant capital” including financing for trade, commerce and working capital, which are believed to be severely disrupted by the COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws upon the Marxian tradition on the identification of the circuit of “merchant capital” separated from the circuit of “interest-bearing capital.” Moreover, the research adopts the balance sheet approach to trace the sectoral distribution of investment as well as sources of income of Islamic banks. Findings The research supports the hypothesis that the investment pattern of Islamic banks is skewed toward the trade and merchant’s financing. More than two-third of Islamic banks’ investment, and income thereof, is concentrated on working capital and trade finance. As these sectors are largely vulnerable to the economic shock resulting from COVID-19, Islamic banks in Bangladesh are likely to be affected through this channel. Research limitations/implications The research focuses only on Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Further study can assess the impact of COVID-19 on conventional and Islamic banks in other countries to find similarities and differences with the findings of the current research. Practical implications The finding of this research will be useful for bank managers, policymakers and users of financial services. In particular, this study provides important information useful for regulators in devising appropriate policies which aim to mitigate the adverse impact of COVID-19. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to examine the impact of COVID-19 on Islamic banking system in Bangladesh, a country where Islamic banks occupy one-third of the total banking system’s assets.
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Permana, Ardi Rizky, and Lily Sudhartio. "Defining Service Quality of BRI Merchant Application Using Importance Performance Analysis." Jurnal EMT KITA 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35870/emt.v8i2.2423.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed people's habits worldwide, accelerating the adoption of cashless payment transactions, especially in Indonesia. This situation allows Financial Technology companies and Conventional Banks to increase competition. This thesis focuses on the Digital Payments Industry in Indonesia, emphasizing the Merchant Acceptance Business, which has a crucial role as a catalyst for Cashless Payments. This research is based on previous studies regarding service quality, business model canvas, and the importance of performance analysis of the BRI Merchant Application. This research aims to define a service quality strategy for BRI merchant applications through a critical performance analysis approach. The study found that the quality of BRI merchant application services consists of changing merchant data, adding EDC, Checking transactions, reconciling Payments, filing complaints, and monitoring complaints.
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Derviz, Alexis. "Collateral composition, diversification risk, and systemically important merchant banks." Journal of Financial Stability 14 (October 2014): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2014.03.001.
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Matringe, Nadia. "The Fair Deposit: Credit Reallocation and Trade Finance in the Early Modern Period." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 2 (June 2017): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2019.13.
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Based on the private records of a prominent sixteenth-century merchant bank (Salviati of Lyon), this article focuses on an important instrument of trade finance in the early modern period: the fair deposit. While the financial history of deposit banking has often been separated from that of merchant banking, this study demonstrates that during the sixteenth century a specific type of deposit banking emerged at fairs, intrinsically connected to merchant banking and international trade. As analysis of the Salviati archives reveals, the fair deposit was an instrument of both clearing and credit, sustaining the financing of large-scale European trade. Credit mostly derived from international trade and banking, where it was reinjected almost immediately. Investments were stimulated by the numerous advantages offered by the fairs held at Lyon: licit lending at interest, a choice of investments, and the possibility of making purchases and rapid transfers. Loans to local and foreign businessmen nourished the trade of commodities and, above all, the exchange business, conferring on Lyon a crucial position in the European trade and exchange system. This form of deposit banking was closely related to the development of merchant banks that worked mostly on commission, drawing substantial profits from it without becoming specialists or even deposit banks.
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Acheampong, Nsiah. "Foreign bank entry impacted domestic-owned banks in Ghana from 1975 to 2008." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 4 (2013): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i4_p5.
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This article empirically examines the effects of foreign bank entry on the financial performance of Merchant Bank Ghana Limited and Ghana Commercial Banks Limited in Ghana from 1975 to 2008. The main result of the pooled regression was that foreign bank entry relatively increased domestic banks’ return on assets for the period 1992-2008; a period with a high influx of foreign banks into Ghana. This result supported the studies by Beck, Demirguc-Kunt, and Levine (2006) and Boldrin and Levine (2009) that found that foreign bank entry enhanced domestic banks profitability margins. The presence of foreign-owned banks was not detrimental to the financial performance of the domestic-owned banks in Ghana.
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Plekhanova, A. M., and A. А. Shirapov. "Formation of Banking in Western Transbaikalia in 19th Century: Merchant Initiatives." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-6-392-407.
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An analysis of the contribution of regional merchants to the process of forming a system of credit and financial institutions in the territory of Western Transbaikalia is presented in the article. The history of both successful and unsuccessful attempts to create bank ing institutions in the region has been reconstructed on the basis of reporting and officework documentation stored in the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk Region, the Russian State Historical Archive. It was found that the creation of the regional banking system was based not on the state, but on the private initiative; the key role in the process was played by the merchants. According to the authors, in the process of organizing banks and loan offices, representatives of the merchants were guided not only by making a profit, but envisaged the use of part of the proceeds for charitable purposes. It was revealed that merchant initiatives were caused not only by the desire to expand the opportunities for entrepreneurial activity, but also by the desire to contribute to the development of the native land. It is concluded that the Transbaikal merchants played an important role in the socio-economic development of Western Transbaikalia and became the main driving force in integrating the region’s economy into the all-Russian financial system.
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Maslov, A. V., and Yu A. Maklakova. "Merchant Acquiring Technology and Problems of Its Regulation in Russia." Financial Journal 12, no. 5 (2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2020-5-75-85.
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This paper examines the evolution of merchant acquiring in Russia. Initially, the term was purely professional and meant the involvement of “service points” in accepting cards. Today it denotes the whole range of business for the creation and development of the infrastructure of non-cash settlement and cash services in trade and service enterprises using payment cards. Technological innovation has spurred the development of acquiring tools. However, today, when the number of non-cash transactions is steadily growing and has almost reached the number of transactions using cash, the issue of acquiring fees is still a burning issue between retail and banks. The authors consider the positions of the two parties to the dispute, and also draw conclusions about the possible consequences if the requirements of retail or banks are satisfied.
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Daeho Kim. "On the Establishment, Growth and Decline of the Korean Merchant Banks." Review of Business History 29, no. 1 (March 2014): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22629/kabh.2014.29.1.004.
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Jusmayati, Jusmayati, and St Habibah St Habibah. "Perbandingan Sistem Permodalan Konvensional dan Syariah Terhadap Pedagang Pasar Sentral Watampone dalam Pengembangan Usaha." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Tsarwah 1, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/al-tsarwah.v1i2.258.
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This study aims to find out how the comparison of conventional and sharia capital systems inbusiness development. The author also examines the advantages and disadvantages ofconventional and sharia capital. They are entitled to get a capital loan in accordance with theterms and agreements between the bank and the customer for the next stage. Traders have theright to what they want, whether they will be so-so or will develop their business with loan capitalprovided by the bank. The results of this study indicate that the capital system provided by bankfinancial institutions can help develop the merchant business, between conventional banks andIslamic banks have similarities and differences in providing loan capital to traders where banksuse interest from these loans while Islamic banks use profit sharing not many sword ownerschoose a capital system with banks that use interest systems because conventional banks donot complicate customers differently than more complicated Islamic banks. So that peoplechoose conventional banks that are already evident in the al-qur'an that interest equals usury.
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Lim, Guan Hua. "Going from Regulation to Supervision: Support for Paradigm Shift from an Efficiency Study of the Merchant Banking Industry In Singapore." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 05, no. 01 (March 2002): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091502000705.
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Increasingly we are witnessing a paradigm shift from checklist style regulations of financial institutions to one that emphasizes supervision and the role of the marketplace. Advocates of this new paradigm argue that the size and financial strength of a financial institution does not necessarily equate to excellence and efficiency. This paper offers as evidence from an efficiency study of the merchant banking industry in Singapore that such a paradigm shift is appropriate. The findings of the study indicate that the efficiencies of the merchant banks do not appear to change much over time, profit and cost efficiencies are un-correlated, and that size is not a reliable indicator of efficiency.
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Bidois, Marisa. "The cost of convenience." Hospitality Insights 3, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i1.10.
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Hospitality businesses in New Zealand are seeing fewer and fewer payments made by cash, as customers opt for the convenience of paying their bill electronically. If customers love the convenience of paying by credit card, who should be responsible for the cost of this convenience – the business or the customer?
In a Restaurant Association survey conducted at the end of last year, members overwhelmingly (71%) indicated that the use of cash by customers is declining, with a Mastercard New Zealand survey last year backing this up. This widespread adoption of electronic payment by consumers sees merchants bearing the significant cost of the transaction through their merchant fees. New Zealand merchants pay substantially more to process credit and contactless debit card transactions than their counterparts in Australia and the UK (on average, New Zealand merchants pay merchant service fees of around 1.4%, while in Australia it is around 0.85%, according to estimates by COVEC and data from the Reserve Bank of Australia). Restaurant Association members typically pay even higher – between 1.8% and 2% in fees for each credit card transaction; members say they are charged the same rate for any card type. Forty-two percent have a ‘fixed bundled rate’, although another 26% say they are charged a split rate for credit card and debit cards. Only 5% have an ‘unbundled’ merchant fee, where different types of cards are charged different fees and merchants pay this cost plus an acquiring service fee from the bank.
There are undoubtedly advantages for businesses in accepting electronic payments, primarily in the speed of the transaction – particularly with several customers waiting to pay – and the speed in which the payment is deposited into your bank account. However, it comes at a large cost, which is challenging for an industry that runs on very small margins already. One member pointed out in the Association’s recent survey:
As the average return in New Zealand is 6% net profit, the banks are effectively charging 1/3 of the profit of the average business, which is diabolical. With technology advancements their costs have gone down but charges have gone up, clearly shown in their bottom line profits. It is a collective monopoly like a lot of big business in New Zealand. (Restaurant Association member)
Of our members, 66% say they would switch if they could receive a saving equating to an overall 2.5–5% reduction in the cost of accepting credit cards. Currently though, short of refusing to accept credit card payments, it is difficult to avoid merchant fees. Emerging payment options and growing trends via NFC (Near Field Communication) capable mobile phones (such as ApplePay, GooglePay and Digital Wallets) are now more widely available. Whilst offering convenience and arguably faster transaction speed, these payment methods offer no relief to the fee incurred by a business for acceptance.
Alternative payment solutions now exist in New Zealand, but there are few choices. To date, most are aimed at the Chinese market, with payment methods restricted to tourist and student visitors, and immigrants retaining banking capability in their country of origin. The Restaurant Association’s survey indicated that only 24% of members currently accept other payment channels like China Union Pay, Alipay or WeChat. In reality these alternative payment solutions currently only form a small portion of the total volume of transactions a business processes, so will not affect any meaningful reduction in the total costs of cards/payment processing.
Surcharging, however, is a way for operators to offset the merchant fee imposed upon them by the banks. Surcharging simply means a charge to cover a merchant’s cost for processing a credit card. They are now being used by increasing numbers of tourism and hospitality businesses. Feedback from member businesses is that there is little reaction or negative feedback from customers. A Restaurant Association member commented on the survey:
We added a surcharge to cover the transaction fee on credit cards and have had no complaints. It’s just a matter of cents and gives us an opportunity to explain that we have always worn the cost of the surcharges but this is increasingly difficult.
Feedback from some members is that they find the practice unfriendly and others would prefer to incorporate this fee into their menu pricing structure, as this member pointed out: “I don’t care about the cost. It is added into the budgets and is picked up at menu price changes time, so it is paid for by the customer anyway.” Individual businesses need to decide if a surcharge would create tension in the business/customer relationship however, it is reassuring to know that, if a business does decide to add a surcharge, it is becoming a far more mainstream option than it used to be.
From a legal standpoint, merchants are required under the Fair Trading Act to ensure representations around their card payment fees are accurate and not misleading. This means if you are being charged a 1.8% merchant fee by your bank, it is not reasonable to apply a 3% credit card convenience fee to your customer. We’ve noticed some merchants prefer to pass on only a portion of the cost with a surcharge – say 1% – as a cost recovery practice. For a $100 bill, that is just a $1 addition to the bill for the consumer.
The payments landscape is changing rapidly, and in the future new technology will dramatically change the way we pay and receive payments. In the meantime, the Restaurant Association are developing further information for members around surcharging, with implementation and training for staff. We’ll also continue advocating on behalf of members to ensure the payment system delivers good outcomes for both consumers and our member merchants.
Corresponding author
Marisa Bidois can be contacted at: marisa@restaurantnz.co.nz
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Newbury, Colin. "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 1880–1889." Business History Review 61, no. 1 (1987): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115773.
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In this article, Dr. Newbury focuses on the technical and financial reasons for amalgamation at the Kimberley mines in South Africa, drawing on primary records to account for the rise of De Beers as the world's major diamond mining company in the 1880s. He finds that prior experience in local government and on the mining boards prepared company directors for competition in joint stock enterprise, while differences in production policies and performance influenced the pattern of mergers within and among the four Kimberley mines. De Beers's close relationship with diamond merchants and private banks in London, particularly N. M. Rothschild & Sons, was central to its position as a prime mover toward consolidation. Dr. Newbury views De Beers as a firm that relied for its success less on its renowned chairman, Cecil J. Rhodes, than on a combined managerial expertise that reflected the interests of both mining producers and merchant buyers.
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Matringe, Nadia. "The meandering trajectories of financial innovations: commercial paper and its uses in sixteenth-century Lyon's trading networks." Financial History Review 30, no. 2 (August 2023): 198–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565023000069.
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This article explores the complex dynamics of financial innovation in early modern times, challenging linear models of temporal and spatial divisions that tend to shape our understanding of the evolution of financial systems. It supports the idea that innovation should be viewed as a non-linear and contextual process, involving diverse stakeholders and characterised by interactions and unexpected occurrences. The study focuses on the dissemination and trajectories of financial innovations, specifically the bill of exchange and its variation, the ricorsa, as well as the transferability and negotiability of commercial paper. It does so by investigating the interactions and exchanges between merchants and bankers from diverse backgrounds during the sixteenth-century Lyon fairs, using the archival records of one of the first Italian banks in Lyon (Salviati). The study reveals the mutual influence and acculturation among these agents and challenges the compartmentalisation of financial expertise. Through an analysis of transactions recorded in the Salviati bank's ledgers, the article highlights previously unknown uses of commercial paper by Southern merchant communities and discusses the factors that may have hindered the full-scale development of endorsement and discount in the Lyon trading networks, despite their potential benefits. The results provide insights into the intricate nature of financial innovation and the influence of structural and cultural factors on its development.
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BATTILOSSI, STEFANO. "Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81." Financial History Review 7, no. 2 (October 2000): 141–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000093.
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Stefano Battilossi, Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81Throughout the twentieth century, the internationalisation of banking was both a factor for, and an ensuing aspect of, rising globalisation. During the period 1890–1931, commercial banks of industrialised countries promoted organisational and process innovations that successfully challenged the dominance of merchant banks in international financial intermediation. International banking re-emerged from interwar nationalistic retrenchment during the late 1950s, when banks exploited regulatory asymmetries to foster the emergence of Eurocurrency markets. Eurobanks provided not only global liquidity redistribution but also portfolio transformation services to corporate and sovereign customers. Financial innovations related to Eurobanking mark a secular discontinuity as they proved to be vehicles of a banking revolution, based on competition, deregulation and wholesale-market funding.
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IL-HYUN YOON. "A Study on the Failure of Merchant Banks: Based on Questionnaire and Interviews." Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 14, no. 1 (May 2007): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18107/japs.2007.14.1.009.
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Olanrewaju, Rasaki, and Adejare Sodiq Olanrewaju. "An alternative mean-variance portfolio theoretical framework:Nigeria banks’ market shares analysis." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 11, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v11i3.5358.
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The ground-laying objective of portfolio conception is nothing but to allot optimally, the investment among financial assets, and a wide range of products held by investors for immediate or long-time decision. The article aims to provide both the theoretical and experimental analysis of estimating portfolio asset indexes. The technique for estimating mixing weights of each asset for proper optimization of the portfolio was described and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was employed in the estimation of their returns and volatilities. Twelve (12) new generation (commercial and merchant) banks’ yearly market shares’ portfolios from 2001 to 2017 were analyzed. The mixing weights describing the contributing efficient frontiers carved-out U.B.A and Zenith banks to be the frontiers in the commercial banks’ shares portfolio with 0.272 and 0.202 mixing weights respectively. Additionally, the 99% confidence level of the Expected-Shortfall (ES), was higher in WEMA, UNION, ACCESS, Diamond, and FCMB banks with 20.6004%, 14.7637%, 14.6458%, 15.3011%, and 16.9373% respectively. Keywords: Asset; Expected-Shortfall; Mixing Weight; Ordinary Least Squares; Portfolio
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Obafemi, Frances Susan, Olumide Ayodele, and Friday Ebong. "The Sources of Efficiency in the Nigerian Banking Industry." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 4 (October 21, 2013): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i4.164.
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The paper employed a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to examine the sources of technical efficiency in the Nigerian banking sub-sector. Using a cross section of commercial and merchant banks, the study showed that the Nigerian banking industry was not efficient both in the pre-and-post-liberalization era. The study further revealed that market share was the strongest determinant of technical efficiency in the Nigerian banking Industry. Thus, appropriate macroeconomic policy, institutional development and structural reforms must accompany financial liberalization to create the stable environment required for it to succeed. Hence, the present bank consolidation and reforms by the Central Bank of Nigeria, which started with Soludo and continued with Sanusi, are considered necessary, especially in the areas of e banking and reorganizing the management of banks.
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Flores Zendejas, Juan. "Explaining Latin America's persistent defaults: an analysis of the debtor–creditor relations in London, 1822–1914." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000190.
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This article analyses the reasons why most Latin American governments frequently defaulted on their debts during the nineteenth century. Contrary to previous works, which focused on domestic factors, I argue that supply-side factors were equally important. The regulatory framework at the London Stock Exchange prevented defaulting governments from having access to the capital market. Therefore, the implicit incentive for underwriting banks and governments was to accelerate negotiations with bondholders, particularly during periods of high liquidity. Frequently, however, settlements were short-lived. In contrast, certain merchant banks opted to delay or refuse a settlement if they judged that the risk of a renewed default was too high. In such cases, even if negotiations were extended, the final agreements were more often respected, allowing governments to improve their repayment record.
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BUTENKO, Sergey A. "RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS OF OLD PART OF THE SAMARA CITY." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.02.14.
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For residents of Samara, numerous tourists of the city, old Samara is of direct interest with its merchant way of life, historical monuments testifying to the emergence of a historical sett lement on the banks of the Volga and its development from the emergence of the wooden fortress “Samara town” to the modern million-plus city. The activity of Samara architects-restorers allows tracing this path of development. Carrying out restoration work is a very long and laborious process, including the study of historical documents and archaeological fi nds, research work.
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Diakova, Elena A. "“We All Live above the Missing Country.” The Family Chronicle." LITERARY FACT, no. 1 (27) (2023): 8–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2023-27-8-55.
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This publication is a part of the author’s family chronicle, based on the archival materials, family documents and memoirs basis. The cronicle examines the Anosov merchant family history from the 17th century to the first post-revolutionary years as inscribed in the history of the country and in reflections on the Russia’s destiny. The first part of the story describes the Anosov merchants establishment, their belonging not only to the financial, but also to the spiritual town’s elite. The son of a Tambov fish farmer, transporting sterlet from 900 miles along the highway, purchased P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky’s works in 14 volumes and made his offspring to read it, “that they may learn how we, the Anosovs, used to live.” The merchant family made donations to the charity within the town, and later one of them became the Mayor of Tambov. In 1871 family members participated actively in Tambov fight against the cholera epidemic. When, according to a family legend, the Governor of Tambov had offered the manufacturer Anosov to obtain noble status, Vasily Mikhailovich refused saying “They know us well already.” The next episode in the family history is the First World War, when another family member, Vladimir Anosov, a gifted surgeon, was working as a military doctor. At that moment the Anosovs are returning their deposits from European banks to Russia. The third episode of the article describes Tambov in 1918: the punitive operations, the execution chambers. The Anosov family, miraculously escaped, leaves the town in the same carriage as Prince Sergei Mikhailovich Volkonsky, their estate neighbor. The last episode is devoted to Tambov of the 1920s: reflections on the family destiny during these years intermingles with reflections on the subsequent destiny of their descendants.
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Gautam, Sameer, and Sujan Devkota. "Study on Internet Banking Services of Commercial Banks in Nepal." Journal of Business and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v3i1.40859.
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Most of the banks and financial institutions of Nepal have been moving towards the e-Banking system as all of them want to increase customer satisfaction and relationship (especially in terms of time), scope, and transaction facilities. The scope of this study is to analyze different Internet banking services and their parameters provided by commercial of Nepal.
The study used a questionnaire by using Google Form, which was provided to the respondents in their email addresses for primary data collection. A sample of four respondent’s banks, from 27 banks(Nepal Rasta Bank 2021) and different 18 attributes were taken to analyze their performance.
The comparative study is done by analyzing different Internet banking services and their parameters provided by commercial banks such as Transaction-Intra and Interbank, Merchant tie-up, Wallet Support, Utility payment, Transaction cost, Transaction Limit, and IPS connectivity by using bar charts analysis.
The study shows that there are no single parameters that can be used to compare the services. Thus, the model of study proposed here is helpful for the comparison of services of financial institutions. Further, the model can be implemented to compare any kind of services in any service-oriented organizations.
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Farese, Giovanni. "Enrico Cuccia, Mediobanca, and the decolonization of Guinea. An attempt at money-doctoring to boost Italian trade with Africa." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (March 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2020-002005.
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This paper looks at Enrico Cuccia's attempt at establishing an issuing bank, along with a consortium of major European banks, in Ahmed Sekou Toure's Guinea in the aftermath of its independence from France in 1958. The topic is framed both in Mediobanca's African business in the 1950s and in Cuccia's own geopolitical and development views. As Guinea was not an isolated case, the paper also takes into consideration Italy's new place in the postwar world economy and general issues such as the Cold War, decolonization, European integration, as well as the role of merchant banking in shaping foreign economic policy tools and goals.
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Kumar, Ashok. "Financial Deepening and its Impact on the Credit Culture in Bihar." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8738.
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Ancient India (especially during the Maurya and the Gupta empires) had an organized private credit dispensation system. Although there were no banks in the modern sense of the word, but the merchant guilds did have systematic procedure of evaluating, vetting and sanctioning of credit to its members. The system was not open to the general public but then, the membership of the guild could be acquired quite easily by anyone desirous and serious enough to do business in the specific area that a particular guild promoted. This system of credit dispensation remained in India till the advent of the British East India Company.
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Parvin, Afroza, and Rumana Perveen. "Commercial Bank Selection Process Used by Individual Customers: Factor Analysis on Banks of Bangladesh." Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) 7, no. 2 (September 24, 2013): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v7i2.16452.
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This study is conducted to identify the factors that motivate the customers to select commercial banks for their valuable transactions. Necessary data are collected from 206 respondents. It is found that easy account opening is the most important variable as it has the highest mean value 4.25. From varimax rotation matrix it is observed that responsiveness is the most important factor to customers which includes friendliness, personality, counseling and foreign exchange service. Special services such as loan and deposit schemes, electronic fund transfer service, cash management service, merchant banking, supporting the customer in bad time have also been found as important. Convenience, assurance, reliability and safety factors are also of considerable importance to customers to choose a bank. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v7i2.16452 Journal of Business and Technology Vol.7(2) 2012: 19-35
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Irawan, Agus Wahyu, and Siti Lailatunnikmah Asfiah. "Analisis Metode SMART Dalam Strategi Segmentasi Pasar (Studi Produk Tabungan Simitra Mikro di Bank Mitra Syariah Kantor Cabang Bojonegoro)." ADILLA : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Syari'ah 5, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/adilla.v5i1.3050.
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This study aims to analyze the Smart Method on market segmentation strategies in increasing the number of simitra micro savings customers at Bank Mitra Syariah Bojonegoro Branch Office. Products owned by Bank Mitra Syariah include savings and financing products. One of the derivative products from savings products is the Simitra Micro Savings product. Simitra Micro Savings is a superior product owned by Sharia Partner Banks. The targets chosen by the Sharia Partner Bank are market traders. This research uses qualitative research and the analysis used is SMART analysis. This study uses data collection methods through interviews, observation, and documentation. Segmentation strategy is a method used by a company to divide the market into several different groups of buyers, which are seen from the point of view of the needs of traders. The segmentation strategy aims to make it easier for Micro Field Officers (PLM) in marketing products owned by Sharia Partner Banks, especially in simitra micro savings products. Simitra micro savings are savings or savings for small traders that are entrusted to the Sharia Mitra Bank which in the future can provide benefits to the merchant. Strategies implemented by sharia partner banks in marketing products owned by Sharia Partner Banks include dividing the market into several regions (segmentation), having the responsibility of officers in each region, determining targets for each region, offering superior products, establishing good relationships with customer.
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Bade, Mithilesh. "ADS Using NER Systems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37953.
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Abstract: Data accessible over the net is generally unstructured. Offers distributed by different sources like banks, digital wallets, merchants, etc., are one of the foremost gotten to advertising data in today’s world. This information gets gotten to by millions of people on a every day premise and is effortlessly deciphered by people, but since it is generally unstructured and differing, utilizing an algorithmic way to extricate significant data out of these offers is hard. Distinguishing the basic offer substances (for occasion, its amount, the item on which the offer is pertinent, the merchant giving the offer, etc.) from these offers plays a vital role in focusing on the proper clients to make strides deals.This work presents and assesses different existing Named Substance Recognizer (NER) models which can distinguish the desired substances from offer feeds. We moreover propose a novel NER demonstration constructed by two-level stacking of Conditional Arbitrary Field, Bidirectional LSTM and Spacy models at the primary level and an SVM classifier at the moment. The proposed cross breed demonstrate has been tried on offer feeds collected from different sources and has appeared better performance within the offered space when compared to the existing models. Index Terms—Named Substance Acknowledgment, Information Mining, Machine Learning, Stanford NER, Bidirectional LSTM, Spacy, Bolster Vector Machines.
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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Plastic Money and Electronic Banking Services Espousal vis-a-viz Financial Identity Theft Fraud Risk Awareness in a Developing Country." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5 (October 21, 2017): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5.1928.
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Exploitation of plastic money coupled with electronic banking services has come as expediency to financial establishment customers in Zimbabwe. This paper sought to analyze plastic money and electronic banking services espousal vis-a-viz financial identity theft fraud risk awareness in Zimbabwe banking sector via banks’ websites. The theoretical underpinning for this study is Routine Activity Theory. The study used qualitative content analysis research technique for examination of the text content data through the consistent taxonomy process of coding and classifying themes or patterns to submit a painstaking considerate of financial identity theft fraud awareness by the banking sector in Zimbabwe. A sample size of 14 banks (including commercial, merchant and building societies) was used and the banks were arbitrarily chosen on the basis of website accessibility and ease of use of the data. The study findings suggest that there is very little financial identity theft awareness in Zimbabwe by the banking sector through their websites to the general public whilst there is amplified adoption of plastic money and electronic banking adoption. This study proposes a need to amplify the information and inform plastic card and electronic banking customers of the types of financial identity theft fraud. Plastic card and electronic banking is an urgent area to focus on for banking institutions and should inexorably capitalize in it. Financial identity theft information should be easily retrievable and conveyed in a manner that makes reasonableness to the varied customers.
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Zhou, Hao, Ming Zhang, Lei Pang, and Jian-Hua Li. "Abnormal Detection of Cash-Out Groups in IoT Based Payment." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227507.
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With the rise of online/mobile transactions, the cost of cash-out has decreased and the cost of detection has increased. In the world of online/mobile payment in IoT, merchants and credit cards can be applied and approved online and used in the form of a QR code but not a physical card or Point of Sale equipment, making it easy for these systems to be controlled by a group of fraudsters. In mainland China, where the credit card transaction fee is, on average, lower than a retail loan rate, the credit card cash-out option is attractive for people for an investment or business operation, which, after investigation, can be considered unlawful if over a certain amount is used. Because cash-out will incur fees for the merchants, while bringing money to the credit cards’ owners, it is difficult to confirm, as nobody will declare or admit it. Furthermore, it is more difficult to detect cash-out groups than individuals, because cash-out groups are more hidden, which leads to bigger transaction amounts. We propose a new method for the detection of cash-out groups. First, the seed cards are mined and the seed cards’ diffusion is then performed through the local graph clustering algorithm (Approximate PageRank, APR). Second, a merchant association network in IoT is constructed based on the suspicious cards, using the graph embedding algorithm (Node2Vec). Third, we use the clustering algorithm (DBSCAN) to cluster the nodes in the Euclidean space, which divides the merchants into groups. Finally, we design a method to classify the severity of the groups to facilitate the following risk investigation. The proposed method covers 145 merchants from 195 known risky merchants in groups that acquire cash-out from four banks, which shows that this method can identify most (74.4%) cash-out groups. In addition, the proposed method identifies a further 178 cash-out merchants in the group within the same four acquirers, resulting in a total of 30,586 merchants. The results and framework are already adopted and absorbed into the design for a cash-out group detection system in IoT by the Chinese payment processor.
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VANATTA, SEAN H. "Charge Account Banking: A Study of Financial Innovation in the 1950s." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 352–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.42.
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This study takes a step toward reconceptualizing the process of financialization, the reorientation of the US economy toward financial services that scholars view as a product of the 1970s economic shocks and subsequent regulatory liberalization. Instead, I argue that financialization was equally dependent on the gradual development of new financial technologies and business practices within the political and regulatory environment of the early postwar era. I do so by examining a cohort of small U.S. banks, which in the early 1950s began experimenting with a novel form of consumer credit: the charge account credit service. These plans allowed consumers to shop at a variety of local merchants using a single bank charge card. Bankers, though, developed charge account plans not as a conduit for consumer lending but as a business service, which enabled their small-merchant customers to compete with the credit plans offered by expanding department stores. In this way, charge account banking conformed with the 1950s political economy of finance, in which commercial bankers primarily lent to businesses and were still wary of consumer credit. Although they operated differently than the credit cards consumers know today, charge account banking plans were still a necessary first step toward this later financial technology, paving the way for commercial bankers to invest in unsecured card-based credit in the decades that followed.
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Bott, Jürgen, and Udo Milkau. "Risk Culture and the Role Model of the Honorable Merchant." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11030040.
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The current discussion about a “risk culture” in financial services was triggered by the recent series of financial crises. The last decade saw a long list of hubris, misconduct and criminal activities by human beings on a single or even a collective basis in banks, in the industry or in the whole economy. As a counter-reaction, financial authorities called for a guidance by a “new” risk culture in financial institutions based on a set of abstract, formal, and normative governance processes. While traditional risk research in economics and in banking was focused on the statistical aspects of risk as the probability of loss multiplied by the amount of loss, culture is a paraphrase for the behavior in collectives and dynamics of organization found in human societies. Therefore, a “risk culture” should link the normative concepts of risk with the positive “real-world” decision-making in financial services. This paper will describe a novel view on “risk culture” from the perspective of human beings interacting in dynamical and intertemporal commercial relations. In this context “risk” is perceived by economic agents ex−ante as the consequence of the time lag between the present and the uncertain future development (compared to a probability distribution calculated by observers ex−post). For all those individual decisions—to be made under uncertainty—future “risk” includes the so-called “normal accidents”, i.e., failures that will happen at some uncertain point in time but are inevitable, and the only questions are when failure will happen and how to maintain function in the first line of defense. Finally, the shift from an abstract definition of “risk” as a probability distribution to a role model of “honorable merchants” as a benchmark for significant individual decision-making with individual responsibilities for the uncertain future outcome provides a new framework to discuss the responsibilities in the financial industry.
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McDowell, L., and G. Court. "Gender Divisions of Labour in the Post-Fordist Economy: The Maintenance of Occupational Sex Segregation in the Financial Services Sector." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 9 (September 1994): 1397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261397.
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The purpose in this paper is to bring together a set of arguments about the general significance of service-sector employment in advanced industrial economies, the consequences of feminisation and casualisation for the occupational structure in these societies, particularly in ‘global’ cities, and the changing nature of gender divisions of labour. After a general outline of the changing distribution of work, the example of financial services, which are of enormous significance in global cities such as London, will be taken to investigate the consequences of the coincidence of these changes for employees in professional occupations. The particular empirical illustration of the arguments is an analysis of the social division of labour in merchant banks in the City of London in the early 1990s.
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Yuqi, Deng. "Exploration on the Transformation of Retail Finance Marketing from “Sitting Business” to “Traveling Business” in Commercial Banks —Take the “Pop-up Shop” Model of C Bank Pedestrian Street as an Example." Journal of Economics and Technology Research 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetr.v5n2p1.
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“Sitting business” and “traveling business” are two commonly used modes in marketing practice. “Sitting business” refers to waiting for customers to come to the door, is a kind of signboard and business name to attract customers of the marketing model, such as the commercial street store model, its business characteristics and competitiveness are mainly reflected in the attractiveness of products and the quality of service in the hall. “Merchant” refers to proactive marketing customers, and now refers more to product promotion and branding based on planning and packaging, as well as marketing personnel to communicate and interact with customers outside the business premises to expand product influence and market share. It is generally believed that sitting merchants are a conventional, traditional and inefficient marketing model compared to merchants. In the operation of modern enterprises, due to the increasingly fierce market competition, the transformation from “sitting business” to “traveling business” has become the consensus of business managers, and the awareness and ability of business are gradually becoming the core competitiveness of modern enterprise marketing.The operation mode of traditional bank branches is more of a passive waiting for customers to come to the door and accept the business needs of customers, reflecting the concept of “sitting in business”. With the sudden rise of Internet finance, which has had a huge impact on traditional banking business, the banking industry has realized that there may be a “last mile” shortcoming in physical outlets in financial services, and narrowing the distance between bank outlets and customers is more about “going out”, such as developing community banks, carrying out door-to-door marketing, expanding business districts, etc., mining customer needs outside bank outlets, building “scenario-based” finance, and constantly trying to change the business model from “sitting business” to “ traveling business”.
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Boris, I. R. "Formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining the Austrian monarchy in the second half of the 18th century." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 79 (October 9, 2023): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.3.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining Austria in the second half of the 18th century. It is noted that the beginnings of banking in Galicia date back to the Middle Ages, in particular, during its stay as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The banking system of Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed and functioned in accordance with the general trends in the development of banking in Europe.
It has been established that the first banks in the current sense of the word began to appear in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the development of urban centers and crafts. Banking houses became more and more important every decade. They granted loans to Polish kings and cities (it is known that they granted loans to the city of Lviv), acted as intermediaries in obtaining loans abroad, in in Viennese banks. Banking activity in Poland since the Middle Ages has been carried out by merchant families, the most prominent of which were Schwartz, Boner, Montelupi, Volchek, Jezyfowicz. Gradually, banking business in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began to separate from the merchants. People began to appear who were called «bankers» and for whom credit business was the main occupation. The first banker in Poland who gave himself this name was Adam Zimman.
It is shown that in the 18th century several banks were established in Galicia, which acted as commercial institutions and mostly served trade and industry. In Galicia, loans to private individuals in the XVII-XVIII centuries. provided by owners of large capital. It is known that in the middle of the XVII century. the Lviv burgher brotherhood at the Dormition Church helped its members with interest-free loans. At the same time, benevolent credit institutions began to appear, similar to the European Pious Banks (Montes pietatis). Pious banks were established by ecclesiastical organizations, often Jesuits, to provide loans to the population at comparatively lower interest rates than individual private individuals. These banks were part of the church’s fight against usury. They were usually supported by donations and contributions from church organizations and wealthy people. The money received from these sources was used to provide loans to the public against collateral. In many cases, pious banks refused to charge interest on loans and even forgave debts if the borrower was unable to repay the loan. Pious banks were popular in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, especially among the poorer population who could not afford the high interest rates charged by private financial institutions or individuals. However, over time, religious banks became less popular due to increased competition from private banks, as well as a decrease in the interest of church organizations in supporting them.
It is argued that in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century. banking was born. The first bankers were rich burghers, such as the German Valerian Alembek, the Greek Konstantin Korniakt, or the Campian family. Prototypes of classical banks in the current sense of the word were credit societies or so-called pious banks that performed lending functions. They first specialized in mortgage loans and short-term loans. The Armenian Pious Bank became the first institution of such a plan in Lviv. Simultaneously with the development of trade and industry in the 18th century. banking institutions began to acquire more and more importance. They accepted deposits primarily from larger landowners and provided loans. Banking houses even provided loans to Polish kings and cities, including Lviv. Despite the intensification of banking activity in the 18th century, the banking system in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was poorly developed, and legal regulation was mostly related to issues of interest on loans granted.
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A.A, Awe. "MOBILIZATION OF DOMESTIC FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 02, no. 12 (December 24, 2012): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20120212a01.
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The paper examines the mobilization of domestic financial resources for agricultural productivity in Nigeria with a view to identify the contributions of the various sources of finance to agricultural productivity in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, the paper employed Vector Auto Regressive Model (VAR) to analyze time series data from (1980 – 2009). The paper identified the various instruments and strategies used by the government for mobilizing resources for the agricultural sector in Nigeria to include subsidy and agricultural credit policies that were financed through Nigerian Agricultural Credit Bank (NACB), credit facilities from Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industries at the state level, credit through Commercial and Merchant Banks and provision of agricultural credit to the defunct Commodity Board by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The OLS (VAR) result revealed positive relationships between the variables and the variance decomposition measured the proportion of forecast error. The paper therefore recommend that the Federal government recurrent expenditure on agriculture should be reviewed upward for enhanced agricultural productivity and that both the Federal government and the Commercial Banks should mobilize more financial resources toward the agricultural sector to boost agricultural productivity which would guaranteed maximum agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
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Fayomi, I., and A. Adedokun. "An Examination of the Process Involved in the Choice of Outsourced Consultants by the Banking and Telecommunications Sectors in Lagos State, Nigeria." October 2022 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.02.0351.
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This paper examines the process involved in selecting outsourced consultants by the banking and telecommunication sectors in Lagos state, Nigeria with a view to providing information to aid the real estate consultants in their CRE outsourcing practice. The study comprised of all the commercial banks, merchant banks, non-interest banks and the major Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) organizations in Lagos, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from 33 questionnaire that were distributed which represents the overall population of banks and telecommunication companies selected from the Nigerian Stock Exchange list and all questionnaire were retrieved which amounted to 100% retrieval rate due to accessibility and readiness to divulge information concerning their real estate operations. The data were analysed using mean deviation, frequency and percentage. The study showed that organisations adopt the World Bank procedures for selecting outsourced consultants. It further established that skills such as market knowledge (0.52), investment analysis (0.21) and negotiation (0.18) were the three most important skill needed to be possessed by consultants providing real estate services. Further findings revealed that overall professionalism (0.27) was the most important personal attribute to be possessed by the real estate consultant and that in choosing outsourced consultants organisations are influenced by factors such as proven track record and specialisation in the process to be outsourced. It was also established that the method used in identifying these consultants was through advertisement (78.79%). This study will aid corporate real estate consultants in identifying the processes involved in outsourcing and what qualities they need to possess so that they can meet up to the standard put in place for outsourcing by the various organisations in Nigeria.
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Saputra, Rangga Aldiansyah, Yuniarti Fihartini, and Nurul Husna. "Influence of Easy, Speed and Security of Transactions on Decision to Use BRI EDC Machine in Indonesia." Journal of Business Management and Economic Development 2, no. 03 (June 29, 2024): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v2i03.978.
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Technological developments that have occurred to date have led to the birth of payment system innovation in economic transactions. The payment system is no longer done in cash but non-cash. Types of non-cash payments in Indonesia such as phone banking, e-wallet and e-money, internet banking, and payment by credit card and debit card or / ATM card. One method of using a debit card is an EDC machine. Many banks have made EDC machine innovations, one of which is a merchant-specific EDC machine by BRI. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the variables of ease of use, transaction speed, and transaction security on the decision to use the EDC machine of BRI merchants in Indonesia. The data used in this study are primary data obtained from the results of respondents' answers collected with the help of questionnaires. The number of samples in this study was 140 respondents. The sample collection method uses purposive sampling, which is a technique used to determine samples with criteria determined by the researcher. The analytical methods used in this study are validity test, reliability test, partial test (T-test), simultaneous test (F test), and coefficient of determination (R20. Then the analysis stage uses multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS 26 application. The results of this study show that ease of use and security have a significant effect on usage decisions but transaction speed does not have a significant effect on usage decisions.
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Sun, Ke. "Research on the Factors Affecting the Disclosure of Accounting Information of Chinese Merchant Commercial Banks in the New Era." Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science 7, no. 5 (June 30, 2023): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2023.05.022.
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Söderström, Jill. "Escaping the Common Lot: A Buchanite Perspective of the Millennium." Studies in Church History 37 (2002): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400014777.
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On the day of the ‘May’ or ‘Cow Fair’ in 1784 the main streets of Irvine, one of the principal towns in Ayrshire, were crowded to excess with those who had come to take part in the fair. It was not unusual for the streets of this busy seaport to be filled with noise and activity. Whilst Irvine was not a prominent manufacturing town it was, as a royal burgh, a major port for local and foreign trade. Consequently its streets often reverberated with noise from the many carts which transported coal and other merchandise to and from the docks. The town was also a busy commercial centre with banks, a town house, merchant houses, shops, and street markets. Home to some fifty vessels, over three hundred sailors, and thirty-eight taverns, it was a ‘town of crowds – meal mobs, redcoats, pressgangs, smugglers, fairs, and the Buchanites’.
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Zare, Reza. "The relationship between information content of depreciation and abnormal return and future benefits in manufacturing companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 1 (January 17, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/.v2i1.137.
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In present study by virtue of the importance of the fiscal statement contents and illiquid items ignored by the merchant the depreciation contents relation with abnormal return of the shares and future benefits are examined in order to influence the items under consideration of the investors to take related decisions; 94 companies were selected from the accessible universe in five years (2006-2010) to have the data necessary for the study in order to achieve the goal & with the base of keeping attention to the manufacturing & nonmanufacturing companies in the whole industries of stock market except banks & insurance companies. The simple and multivariable regression statistical techniques Chow and Hausman Test were used to test the hypotheses. The significant test was conducted for the paradigms by using the ‘F’ and ‘T’ statistics. The study findings show local high inflation have affection on the both variable results & makes no relation for first variable,for future benefits shows parallel movements.
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Zare, Reza, Farzad Farzanfar, and Hoda Jourkesh. "The relationship between information content of depreciation and abnormal return and future benefits in manufacturing companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i1.137.
Full textAbstract:
In present study by virtue of the importance of the fiscal statement contents and illiquid items ignored by the merchant the depreciation contents relation with abnormal return of the shares and future benefits are examined in order to influence the items under consideration of the investors to take related decisions; 94 companies were selected from the accessible universe in five years (2006-2010) to have the data necessary for the study in order to achieve the goal & with the base of keeping attention to the manufacturing & nonmanufacturing companies in the whole industries of stock market except banks & insurance companies. The simple and multivariable regression statistical techniques Chow and Hausman Test were used to test the hypotheses. The significant test was conducted for the paradigms by using the ‘F’ and ‘T’ statistics. The study findings show local high inflation have affection on the both variable results & makes no relation for first variable,for future benefits shows parallel movements.
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McDowell, L. M. "The New Service Class: Housing, Consumption, and Lifestyle among London Bankers in the 1990s." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 11 (November 1997): 2061–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a292061.
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In this paper I draw on a survey of professional employees in three of the City of London's merchant banks to assess arguments about the residential preferences and lifestyle decisions of the ‘new’ middle class. It has been argued that an increasingly polarised workforce within producer service industries has, in part, led to greater social polarisation in inner areas through the mechanism of gentrification. Further the effects of the feminisation of the labour market, especially the rise in the numbers of professional women in employment, have been adduced as a significant factor in housing-market change. A number of commentators have suggested that women in professional occupations are key players in inner-area gentrification, although the evidence here is limited. Further, middle-class anxiety about employment prospects has been identified by Lyons in a recent article in this journal as a further reason for increased preferences for inner-area locations. In this paper I assess these arguments.
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Sohoni, U. S. "Securitization of Assets: Developments Abroad and Prospects in India." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 1, no. 2 (July 1997): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629x97001002007.
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Securitization of Assets is a tool in the asset-liability management of banks and financial institutions to tide over the liquidity and other risks and also to supplement income by way of profit on sale of loans. Housing finance sector is one area where securitization is in practice and government has identified National Housing Bank as a facilitator for providing guarantee. This paper focuses on development of securitization in the US and Europe where it has diversified from a mortgage loan phenomenon in the 70’s into non-mortgage based loans giving rise to Asset Based Securities (ABS). It also brings out the impediments and constraints in the way of realising the potential of ABS in India. The growth of securitization in India has been affected mainly due to the non-development of the debt-market. The onus of developing and popularising the asset based securities in India lies on the merchant banker.
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Satria, Kurnia Maiza, Suyanti Kasimin, and Teuku Makmur. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kredit Macet Oleh Nasabah Sektor Usaha Agribisnis (Studi Kasus Pada BPR Aceh Besar)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v1i1.1267.
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The purpose of this study to determine the characteristics of their loan borrowers Aceh Besar in the sector of agribusiness that has bad credit and to determine the factors that cause the bad loans by businesses agribusiness BPR Aceh Besar. The location of this research is in the rural banks (BPR) in Aceh Besar Jln. Banda Aceh Medan KM. 9 NO.5 Lambaro District Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar district. The object of this research is great Aceh BPR customers who experienced a delay in the repayment of credit, especially in the agri-business customers in this study the effect of non-payment of loan repayments due to several factors including: the age of the borrower, business experience, number of dependents, level of education and business turnover. Results showed characteristics of respondents who experienced bad credit in Aceh Besar BPR average age was 37 years, with a junior high education level graduates, have experience in trading business an average of 12 years and the number of dependents who owned as many as 2 people. Main types of work vegetables and grocery merchants. When viewed from the start of this business is that most of 2009 with the number of 4 and a maximum of 2004 as many as one person. While the results of the analysis showed that age, and level of education has a negative correlation to the occurrence of bad loans, while the level of business experience, business turnover of dependents and have a positive relationship to the causes of bad loans by the merchant in the agribusiness sector. Keywords: Bad Debt, Customer, Agribusiness Sector
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Barnes, Paul. "The regulation of insider dealing in the UK: some empirical evidence concerning share prices, merger bids and bidders' advising merchant banks." Applied Financial Economics 6, no. 4 (August 1996): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096031096334204.
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