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Journal articles on the topic 'Mere fact'
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1
Sutton, Mike. "Darwin’s Greatest Secret Exposed: Response to Grzegorz Malec’s De Facto Fact Denying Review of My Book." Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy 13 (May 24, 2021): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53763/fag.2016.13.135.
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Grzegorz Malec’s “There Is No Darwin’s Greatest Secret”, a review of my book Nullius in Verba: Darwin’s Greatest Secret, takes one extremely minor finding from my book and, despite his best efforts, manages to disconfirm just one of thirty examples of that minor finding. He then takes that one disconfirmed mere minor example and presents it as evidence that he has disconfirmed all the original major findings in my book. By so doing, his deceptive review goes far beyond the counter-academic deviance of mere cherry picking, it is more a case of gross misrepresentation to the point of de facto fact denial amounting to historic revisionist behaviour.
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Pasnau, Robert. "Medieval Social Epistemology: Scientia for Mere Mortals." Episteme 7, no. 1 (February 2010): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1742360009000793.
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ABSTRACTMedieval epistemology begins as ideal theory: when is one ideally situated with regard to one's grasp of the way things are? Taking as their starting point Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, scholastic authors conceive of the goal of cognitive inquiry as the achievement of scientia, a systematic body of beliefs, grasped as certain, and grounded in demonstrative reasons that show the reason why things are so. Obviously, however, there is not much we know in this way. The very strictness of this ideal in fact gives rise to a body of literature on how Aristotle's framework might be relaxed in various ways, for certain specific purposes. In asking such questions, scholastic authors are in effect pursuing the project of social epistemology, by trying to adapt their ideal theory to the circumstances of everyday life.
3
Nanay, Bence. "Perceptual Learning, the Mere Exposure Effect and Aesthetic Antirealism." Leonardo 50, no. 1 (February 2017): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01082.
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It has been argued that some recent experimental findings about the mere exposure effect can be used to argue for aesthetic antirealism: the view that there is no fact of the matter about aesthetic value. The aim of this article is to assess this argument and point out that this strategy, as it stands, does not work. But we may still be able to use experimental findings about the mere exposure effect in order to engage with the aesthetic realism/antirealism debate. However, this argument would need to proceed very differently and would only support a much more modest version of aesthetic antirealism.
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Cutting, James E. "Mere Exposure and Aesthetic Realism: A Response to Bence Nanay." Leonardo 50, no. 1 (February 2017): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01081.
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Where does the quality of an artwork reside? Is it in the work or in the perceiver and her culture? Belief in the former can be called aesthetic realism, the latter aesthetic antirealism. Nanay suggests that Cutting is an antirealist because he has found that multiple brief exposures to an artwork enhance viewers’ judgments of it. In fact, Cutting is agnostic on the distinction, but as a scientist is unable to discern how quality might be objectively measured in art.
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Shomova, Svetlana. "Meme literacy in Russia: Perceptions of internet memes by a student audience and issues of critical thinking." Central European Journal of Communication 13, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.13.2(26).7.
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Internet memes, which constitute a significant portion of social-media content and an important vector of users’ communicative exchange, have by now turned from mere entertainment to a news source. However, they are still approached rather uncritically by young audiences. A survey was conducted among Russian students (N = 138) at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, and it identified not only the “problem spots” of the Russian memosphere but also a number of skills in decoding information, which are necessary today as part of “Meme Literacy.” These skills range from an adequate assessment of the type of message and verification of the news topic to the fact-checking of the verbal and visual content the meme is based on.
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Marcus, Gary F. "10,000 Just so stories can't all be wrong." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 6 (December 2009): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09991452.
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AbstractThe mere fact that a particular aspect of mind could offer an adaptive advantage is not enough to show that that property was in fact shaped by that adaptive advantage. Although it is possible that the tendency towards positive illusion is an evolved misbelief, it it also possible that positive illusions could be a by-product of a broader, flawed cognitive mechanism that itself was shaped by accidents of evolutionary inertia.
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Reinhardt, Lloyd. "The Words of Others." Philosophy 87, no. 2 (March 14, 2012): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819112000058.
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AbstractThe great bulk of what we are pleased to deem knowledge comes to us via the words of others. But such knowledge is limited to (mere) information or plain fact. Theoretical, Ethical and Aesthetic discourse are three regions in which, even when we accept the words of others, we transmit content with what I dub prefaces, not flatly, not in our own voice. Explanation of this is suggested: in these regions assertions claim truth without claiming knowledge. So fact-theory and fact-value differ from plain fact for similar reasons, reasons which alleviate the urge to downgrade ethical discourse to the expressive or prescriptive.
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Campbell, Patricia Shehan. "Music, the universal language: Fact or fallacy?" International Journal of Music Education os-29, no. 1 (May 1997): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025576149702900105.
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In this era of internationalism and multiculturalism, some music programmes may be hanging by this very thread: the belief that through the mere exposure of students to ‘songs from many lands’, a cultural harmony and a multicultural understanding might be achieved. Yet the question must arise among educators as it has frequently done among ethnomusicologists throughout the twentieth century. Is music, in fact, universally understood? And with little or no formal education to undergird the culture-specific meanings that music may encompass? This paper will review relevant ethnomusicological literature from the turn of the century onward, in an attempt to make sense of the truth or deception behind the statement music, the universal language’, and as a means of seeking out why romantic notions and politically-correct directives may be driving the continuance of the premise that ‘all music is created equal’. Emic and etic views of music, and issues of bimusicality and multimusicality are also addressed relevant to teaching music from the perspective of diversity (culture-specific distinctions) or universality (homogenous properties).
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Khushf, George. "Owning up to Our Agendas: On the Role and Limits of Science in Debates about Embryos and Brain Death." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00009.x.
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”Merely fact-minded sciences make merely factminded people.”“ …the positivistic concept of science in our time is, historically speaking, a residual concept. It has dropped all the questions which had been considered under the now narrower, now broader concepts of metaphysics….all these ‘metaphysical’ questions, taken broadly – commonly called specifically philosophical questions – surpass the world understood as the universe of mere facts. They surpass it precisely as being questions with the idea of reason in mind. And they all claim a higher dignity than questions of fact, which are subordinated to them even in the order of inquiry. Positivism, in a manner of speaking, decapitates philosophy.”Edmund HusserlIn ethical literature associated with controversies at the beginning and end of human life, there is often a two-part structure: first, basic facts about the topic are presented in a more or less descriptive format, then there is the ethics or policy.
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Schmidtz, David. "The Institution of Property." Social Philosophy and Policy 11, no. 2 (1994): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004428.
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The typical method of acquiring a property right involves transfer from a previous owner. But sooner or later, that chain of transfers traces back to the beginning. That is why we have a philosophical problem. How does a thing legitimately become a piece of propertyfor the first time?In this essay, I follow the custom of distinguishing between mere liberties and full-blooded rights. If I have thelibertyof doingX, then it is permissible for me to doX. But the mere fact that I am at liberty to doXleaves open the possibility that you might be at liberty to interfere with my doingX. Accordingly, liberties are not full-blooded rights, since my having arightto doXhas the additional implication that others are not at liberty to interfere with my doingX. When it comes to mere liberties, interference is not a violation. You can violate rights, but you cannot violate liberties.
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Barth, Markus. "Bem: Questions and Considerations." Theology Today 42, no. 4 (January 1986): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057368604200408.
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“The authors of BEM do not intend to degrade Christ to a mere founder of the holy sacraments, or the Holy Spirit to a mere instrument of sacramental miracle working. But they say so many and such powerful things in praise of the sacraments that one would almost think that the perfection, validity, and glory of the work of Christ needs ecclesiastical assistance in order to be effective… The document should in fact be ‘received’ just as it is. It deserves to be thoroughly discussed. But then, with expressions of thanks for services rendered, it should be packed away behind glass and carefully preserved in a safe place.”
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Brewer, Kimberly. "Alternate Possibilities, Divine Omniscience and Critique of Judgement §76." Kantian Review 26, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415421000194.
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AbstractA philosophically and historically influential section of the Critique of Judgement presents an ‘intuitive intellect’ as a mind whose representation is limited to what actually exists, and does not extend to mere possibilities. Kant’s paradigmatic instance of such an intellect is however also the divine mind. This combination threatens to rule out the reality of the mere possibilities presupposed by Kant’s theory of human freedom. Through an analysis of the relevant issues in metaphysical cosmology, modal metaphysics and philosophical theology, I show that Kant in fact possesses the resources to reconcile the philosophical claims of §76 of the Critique of Judgement with his keystone commitment to the reality of human freedom.
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Lundquist, Lita. "Mere fugl end fisk. Sproglige ligheder og forskelle bag typologisering af tekster." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 11, no. 20 (February 14, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v11i20.25451.
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The work reported here explores a cognitive-communicative hypothesis of text ty-pology that text types defined on external communicative criteria also exhibit typical constellations of linguistic features text-internally. Inspired by Tversky's (1981) math-ematical "contrast model of similarities", a French contract, a law and a judgment were analyzed using the computer program 'Cohérelle' into sets of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and textlinguistic features. Subsequent computations showed that reliable similarities (in the linguistic expression of cognitive content) and differences (in the use of communicative grounding expressions) could in fact be distinguished among the linguistic features of the three text exemplars, thus permitting the postulation of dif-ferent types on text-internal linguistic grounds.
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Fantini, Alvino E. "Language and Worldview." Journal of Baha’i Studies 2, no. 2 (1989): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31581/jbs-2.2.2(1989).
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Languages are more than mere tools. They are, in fact, paradigms of a view of the world. Knowledge of more than one language holds promise for an expanded worldview, for understanding other people on their own terms, Viewed this way, bilingualism becomes an essential ingredient in the formation of interculturally minded individuals.
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Peake, Robert. "Swahili stratification and tourism in Malindi Old Town, Kenya." Africa 59, no. 2 (April 1989): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160489.
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The Leisure ClassAt the turn of the century Veblen (1899) wrote on the socio-economic base of the leisure class. He suggested that, in addition to the ‘bourgeois’ and working classes identified in the nineteenth century, there existed an upper strata which was more than a mere anachronistic remnant of the preindustrial aristocracy, but was in fact reproduced by the developed industrial society.
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BENBAJI, HAGIT. "Persons and Mysterianism." Dialogue 52, no. 1 (March 2013): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217313000231.
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The aim of this paper is to argue against the widely held view that our concept of person is purely mental. Utilizing an Anscombian scenario, in which reports on one’s own actions are made on the basis of observation, I argue that such “pilots in their ships,” as it were, cannot self-ascribe bodily properties. The mere fact that we feel in our bodies unlike pilots in their ships cannot generate the intuition that we are bodily: as long as we conceive ourselves as purely mental, the fact that we are bodily beings remains an inexplicable mystery.
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Pulido, Cristina M., Beatriz Villarejo-Carballido, Gisela Redondo-Sama, and Aitor Gómez. "COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information." International Sociology 35, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580920914755.
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The World Health Organization has not only signaled the health risks of COVID-19, but also labeled the situation as infodemic, due to the amount of information, true and false, circulating around this topic. Research shows that, in social media, falsehood is shared far more than evidence-based information. However, there is less research analyzing the circulation of false and evidence-based information during health emergencies. Thus, the present study aims at shedding new light on the type of tweets that circulated on Twitter around the COVID-19 outbreak for two days, in order to analyze how false and true information was shared. To that end, 1000 tweets have been analyzed. Results show that false information is tweeted more but retweeted less than science-based evidence or fact-checking tweets, while science-based evidence and fact-checking tweets capture more engagement than mere facts. These findings bring relevant insights to inform public health policies.
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Levine, Timothy R. "Active Deception Detection." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2014): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548863.
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Actively detecting deception requires (a) gathering information for fact-checking the communication content, (b) strategically prompting deception cues, and (c) encouraging honest admissions and discouraging continued deceit. Most deception-detection research, active or otherwise, finds that people are only slightly better than chance at correctly distinguishing truth from lies. Poor accuracy stems from a lack of reliable deception cues that hold across people and situations. Consequently, basing lie detection on deception cues is prone to error. However, some approaches to active deception detection yield higher accuracy than passive observation. Not all active approaches are advantageous. Mere interaction and mere question-asking produce outcomes similar to passive observation. Evidence-based and confession-solicitation approaches can be highly effective: for example, strategic use of evidence (SUE) and the content in context approach.
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Bergen, Richard Angelo. "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe: Mere Allegory or More Allegory?" Journal of Inklings Studies 9, no. 1 (April 2019): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ink.2019.0026.
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This essay argues that Lewis understood very well that his fantasy stories—and The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe in particular—would invite allegorical interpretation, and that, in his thought, this fact need not oppose, but might strengthen, their status as mythical fairy stories. It argues that Lewis would not have opposed allegorical interpretation as such, provided that it be done well, without hermeneutical exclusivity, and that the reader not confuse the potential of allegorical interpretations with the genre of allegory. The essay concludes by highlighting features of LWW that invite allegorical interpretation, and asking questions about the role of the reader and the nature of the text. The essay has two overarching objectives as it relates to C. S. Lewis criticism at large and LWW more specifically: first, to encourage investigation of and nuanced thinking about allegory as a genre and as a variety of interpretation; and concomitantly, to discourage polemic against the term ‘allegory’, to avoid its use as a merely negative category contrasting with supposal or romance.
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Green, Anders C., Klaus B. Bærentsen, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen, Andreas Roepstorff, and Peter Vuust. "Listen, Learn, Like! Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Involved in the Mere Exposure Effect in Music." Neurology Research International 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/846270.
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We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural basis of the mere exposure effect in music listening, which links previous exposure to liking. Prior to scanning, participants underwent a learning phase, where exposure to melodies was systematically varied. During scanning, participants rated liking for each melody and, later, their recognition of them. Participants showed learning effects, better recognising melodies heard more often. Melodies heard most often were most liked, consistent with the mere exposure effect. We found neural activations as a function of previous exposure in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex, probably reflecting retrieval and working memory-related processes. This was despite the fact that the task during scanning was to judge liking, not recognition, thus suggesting that appreciation of music relies strongly on memory processes. Subjective liking per se caused differential activation in the left hemisphere, of the anterior insula, the caudate nucleus, and the putamen.
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RAKIĆ, VOJIN. "We Must Create Beings with Moral Standing Superior to Our Own." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180114000309.
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Abstract:Several lines of reasoning have been employed to both approve and disapprove two of Nicholas Agar’s positions: his argument that the creation of postpersons (based on moral status enhancement) is imaginable and possible and his inductive argument disfavoring the creation of postpersons. This article discusses a number of these lines of reasoning, arguing that1)The creation of postpersons is imaginable if they are envisaged as morally enhanced beings.2)The creation of postpersons is justified, subject to the condition that we create morally enhanced postpersons.The reason given for the first point is that it is possible to imagine postpersons who are morally enhanced, provided that we consider moral enhancement as an augmented inclination to act in line with how we believe we ought to act. There are two reasons offered for the second point: the first indicates probability, and the second offers proof. That is, if we assume that the higher moral status of postpersons implies their enhanced morality, we can conclude, inductively, that (morally enhanced) postpersons will not be inclined to annihilate mere persons. For if mere persons have moral inhibitions against obliterating some species of a lower moral status than their own, morally enhanced postpersons will be even less likely to do the same to mere persons. In fact, they might consider it their moral duty to preserve those beings who enabled them to come into existence. Moreover, even if morally enhanced postpersons decide to annihilate mere persons, we can conclude, deductively, that such a decision is by necessity a morally superior stance to the wish of mere persons (i.e., morally unenhanced persons) to continue to exist.
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Moellendorf, Darrel. "Three interpretations of the Anthropocene." Ethics, Politics & Society 3 (May 21, 2018): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/eps.3.1.105.
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After a short introduction into the recent discourse on the Anthropocene, I will discuss three different interpretations of the Anthropocene: the Anthropocene as promethean, as destruction and as inegalitarian. These interpretations cannot simply be settled by the facts since they concern the direction in which things might develop. Therefore, I will argue, they are not mere predictions based on theoretical reason. Because of the very fact that they are bound up with fundamental human interests and human moral concerns, they involve prospection based on practical reason and prospection is itself deeply associated with hope. The final part of my paper aims to show that we are justified to hold hope in the epoch of the Anthropocene.
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Welker, Michael. "“Unity of Religious History” and “Universal Self-Consciousness”: Leading Concepts or Mere Horizons on the Way Towards a World Theology?" Harvard Theological Review 81, no. 4 (October 1988): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000010191.
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It is a familiar fact that it is difficult for revolutionary “worldviews” to gain recognition and acceptance. The most successful way to overcome this problem was termed by Hegel Aufhebung. In the ideal case envisaged by Hegel, Aufhebung says that the new “worldview,” or the theory which articulates that worldview, reconstructs within itself elements of the old perspective on the world, together with a critique of that perspective. However, the preservation of old worldviews in new theories can also take a more straightforward form. Only rarely do new worldviews emerge thoroughly developed. As a rule they continue to employ numerous leading concepts which belong to the older tradition. Only after a relatively long period of time are the old leading concepts replaced or reformulated—or, on the other hand, is the new theory withdrawn. We are well acquainted with such a course of events. But that does not prevent us from living de facto with theoretical orientations towards the world which represent mixed forms of old and new theories. We simultaneously employ new perspectives and old observations, new forms of thought and old theses. We think that we can enjoy the new cake and still eat the old one. This situation usually leads us to form an unrealistic picture of the power of the newer worldview. We fail to recognize the fact that new worldviews, as a rule, substantially overextend their credit. The dangers of granting too much credit to these new conceptions are seldom seen clearly and are often underestimated.
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Ruano San Segundo, Pablo. "A corpus-stylistic approach to Dickens’ use of speech verbs: Beyond mere reporting." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 25, no. 2 (May 2016): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947016631859.
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The creation of Dickens’ most memorable characters is partly a result of his talent for endowing them with individual voices and characteristic turns of speech. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the role played by the speech verbs that gloss his characters’ words and the functions they may fulfil. The fact that the characterising potential of these speech verbs has previously been overlooked may be due to their dispersal through the texts and the difficulty of carrying out a close analysis of their role and functions. The use of a corpus methodology allows the systematic retrieval of these verbs and reveals how Dickens consistently uses particular verbs to report the speech of particular characters, thus further projecting character traits. This practice is not an isolated phenomenon but, as an analysis of Dickens’ 14 major completed novels shows, an important stylistic device in his works.
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Medović, Vladimir. "Provisional measures in the proceedings before the court of First Instance of the European Communities." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 72, no. 8-9 (2000): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0003079m.
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The Treaties establishing European Communities provide that actions before Court ot Justice shall not have suspensive effect but the Court may, if it considers that circumstances so require, order that the application of the contested act be suspended. The application for suspension may relate to the contested measure as a whole or to some of its provisions. Furthermore, they provide that the Court may prescribe any necessary interim measure. The appiicatin for interim measure must state the subject matter of the proceedings, the circumstances giving rise to urgency and the pleas of fact and law establishing a prima facie case for interim measure applied for. The application must also have direct link with the subject matter of the main action. The President of the Court of First Instance rules on the application for interim relief by way of summary proceedings. The order granting the interim relief has only provisional effect and is without prejudice to the final decision of the Court. The parties to the proceedings may lodge an appeal against any decision of the Court of First Instance concemig the interim reliefs within two months from their notification.
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Misak, Cheryl. "Ramsey's Cognitivism: Truth, Ethics and the Meaning of Life." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 78 (July 2016): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246116000308.
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AbstractFrank Ramsey is usually taken to be an emotivist or an expressivist about the good: he is usually taken to bifurcate inquiry into fact-stating and non-fact stating domains, ethics falling into the latter. In this paper I shall argue that whatever the very young Ramsey's view might have been, towards the end of his short life, he was coming to a through-going and objective pragmatism about all our beliefs, including those about the good, beauty, and even the meaning of life. Ethical beliefs are not mere expressions of emotion, but rather fall under our cognitive scope. They can be assessed as rational or irrational, true or false.
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Gray, Kevin. "Property in Thin Air." Cambridge Law Journal 50, no. 2 (July 1991): 252–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300080508.
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Proudhon got it all wrong. Property is not theft—it is fraud. Few other legal notions operate such gross or systematic deception. Before long I will have sold you a piece of thin air and you will have called it property. But the ultimate fact about property is that it does not really exist: it is mere illusion. It is a vacant concept—oddly enough rather like thin air.
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Bornstein, Robert F. "Unconscious motivation and phenomenal knowledge: Toward a comprehensive theory of implicit mental states." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (October 1999): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99252181.
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A comprehensive theory of implicit and explicit knowledge must explain phenomenal knowledge (e.g., knowledge regarding one's affective and motivational states), as well as propositional (i.e., “fact”-based) knowledge. Findings from several research areas (i.e., the subliminal mere exposure effect, artificial grammar learning, implicit and self-attributed dependency needs) are used to illustrate the importance of both phenomenal and propositional knowledge for a unified theory of implicit and explicit mental states.
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Rumbold, Benedict, Victoria Charlton, Annette Rid, Polly Mitchell, James Wilson, Peter Littlejohns, Catherine Max, and Albert Weale. "Affordability and Non-Perfectionism in Moral Action." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 22, no. 4 (August 2019): 973–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-10028-4.
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Abstract One rationale policy-makers sometimes give for declining to fund a service or intervention is on the grounds that it would be ‘unaffordable’, which is to say, that the total cost of providing the service or intervention for all eligible recipients would exceed the budget limit. But does the mere fact that a service or intervention is unaffordable present a reason not to fund it? Thus far, the philosophical literature has remained largely silent on this issue. However, in this article, we consider this kind of thinking in depth. Albeit with certain important caveats, we argue that the use of affordability criteria in matters of public financing commits what Parfit might have called a ‘mistake in moral mathematics’. First, it fails to abide by what we term a principle of ‘non-perfectionism’ in moral action: the mere fact that it is practically impossible for you to do all the good that you have reason to do does not present a reason not to do whatever good you can do. And second, when used as a means of arbitrating between which services to fund, affordability criteria can lead to a kind of ‘numerical discrimination’. Various attendant issues around fairness and lotteries are also discussed.
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Maier, Franz Georg. "Factoids in ancient history: the case of fifth-century Cyprus." Journal of Hellenic Studies 105 (November 1985): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631520.
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Factoids—a word coined by Norman Mailer in his introduction to Marilyn—are mere speculations or guesses which have been repeated so often that they are eventually taken for hard facts. There is something decidedly unbiological about such factoids: the tendency to get stronger the longer they live is one of their most insidious qualities. Factoids occur in all branches of scholarship and many are of course still well disguised—their complete discovery would create havoc in the subjects concerned. Archaeology, converted from treasure hunting into an historical discipline, is for obvious reasons prone to create a number of factoids.The process by which mere hypotheses attain the apparent rank of established fact, without ever having been proved, presents a linguistic and a psychological aspect. Linguistically, words or particles indicating the hypothetical character of a statement are dropped one by one in a process of constant repetition. The subjunctive is exchanged for the indicative, and in the end the factoid is formulated as a straightforward factual sentence. Psychologically, the repetition of unproved hypotheses is facilitated by an attitude which is as indispensable in research as it is ambivalent: a certain amount of implicit trust in the results of other scholars' research.
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Helfer, Laurence R. "The ILO at 100: Institutional Innovation in an Era of Populism." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.72.
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International organizations rarely die, but they often become irrelevant. The mere fact of the International Labour Organization's (ILO's) survival thus says little about its accomplishments or impact. Yet the ILO has a rich history of reinventing itself in response to shifts in global labor conditions, and it has responded to those changes with legal and policy innovations that once attracted widespread attention and praise but have recently been met mostly with indifference.
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Dzik, Dominika. "Intercomprehension – A Mere Dream or a New Way of Learning in Globalised World?" Politeja 16, no. 3(60) (March 1, 2020): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.60.10.
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Nowadays, due to the increased mobility of people and a rapidly developing global trade, a knowledge of more than one foreign language is indispensable. However, mastering several languages throughout a lifetime seems to be an unattainable goal. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of English for global communication. But owing to the fact that in the European Union, considerable emphasis is placed on preserving linguistic and cultural diversity, there is a need to increase intercommunication between people speaking different languages. The present paper discusses the concept of intercomprehension, which is recently proven to be the most effective approach to language learning. Its main aim is to encourage students to rely on the similarities that exist between languages belonging to the same family in order to be able to deal with comprehension problems. This concept focuses primarily on mastering receptive skills, which are crucial in the process of decoding the messages expressed in an unknown system. The paper also reports on the advantages of intercomprehension and methodology that could be applied to the process of developing each individuals’ competence.
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Griffioen, S. "Is A Pluralist Ethos Possible?" Philosophia Reformata 59, no. 1 (December 17, 1994): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000071.
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The backdrop against which this paper situates its main theme is the multicultural society. Multiculturalness has become a fact of life, one with which one will have to reckon. The possibility of a multicultural society is ‘proven’ at every corner of our streets where mosques are opened, hindu temples built, also whenever in our class rooms we meet with non-white, non-Christian students — which in my own situation happens more and more. However, there is more to it than mere facts. These days one often hears appeals for a new attitude, a new ethos. The new ethos, it is often said, needs to be geared to and affirm the facts of the multicultural society. For convenience’s sake I shall call this ethos: a pluralist ethos. The problem that this contribution wants to pose is whether such a pluralist ethos is possible.
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Stone, Jim. "Why Potentiality Matters." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17, no. 4 (December 1987): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10715920.
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Do fetuses have a right to life in virtue of the fact that they are potential adult human beings? I take the claim that the fetus is a potential adult human being to come to this: if the fetus grows normally there will be an adult human animal that was once the fetus. Does this fact ground a claim to our care and protection? A great deal hangs on the answer to this question. The actual mental and physical capacities of a human fetus are inferior to those of adult creatures generally thought to lack a serious right to life (e.g., adult chickens), and the mere fact that a fetus belongs to our species in particular seems morally irrelevant. Consequently, a strong fetal claim to protection rises or falls with the appeal to the fetus's potentiality, for nothing else can justify it.
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Witting, Christian. "Distinguishing between property damage and pure economic loss in negligence: a personality thesis." Legal Studies 21, no. 3 (September 2001): 481–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2001.tb00177.x.
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The law of negligence favours redress for damage to property interests over redress for damage to mere economic interests. The question arises whether this preference can be justified. In endeavouring to answer it, the author surveys existing reasons given by courts and commentators for maintaining a distinction between property and economic interests. Each of these reasons, which collectively focus upon the ‘problematic’ nature of economic losses, is found to be either ad hoe in nature or without substantial explanatory power. However, it is submitted that the distinction is explicable on the basis that, whereas an individual's personality is partly constituted by the property that he or she owns, so that property can be seen as essential to the ways in which individuals constitute and define themselves, no such claim can be made with respect to mere abstract holdings of wealth. Although wealth permits the acquisition of property and participation in activities and experiences which might help to constitute and define the self in the future, the very fact that wealth has not been transposed into these things precludes it from being considered as important as actual holdings of property. The protection of property interests ought, therefore, to precede the protection of mere economic interests.
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Rakita, Mina. "Tomato yellow leaf curl virus significance and control measures in tomato." Biljni lekar 49, no. 5 (2021): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105594r.
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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is one of the most harmful viruses which damages tomato plants and causes significant yield losses. After its first appearance in the 1930s, it started to spread all over the world via infected tomato seedlings and vector, a whitefly Bemisia argentifolii. In order to stop the infections and preserve the health of cultivated plants, different measures are being conducted starting with maintaining the field and indoor space hygiene and quarantine measures, all the way to the vector suppression measures. Apart from that, there have been efforts in breeding resistant tomato plants. Sources of the resistance to the virus have been found in some wild tomato species. Additional research is needed so as to improve the existing methods of protection against TYLCV and create new resistant plants. It is also crucial to take into consideration the fact that more aggressive and virulent virus strains are likely to appear due to recombination events, as well as vector varieties resistant to insecticides.
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Hajer, Abidi. "Metaphors Trump’s Discourse ‘Lives by’: are they Mere Pervasive Linguistic Clichés or Persuasive Tools?" Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i1.1-13.
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The present paper re-addresses metaphor based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. The metaphors selected pertain to political discourse, precisely Trump’s statements on different occasions and from different sources (Twitter, YouTube). Analyzing metaphors was achieved by recourse to the identification of the source and target domains. It has been found that metaphors, albeit multi-functional persuasive tools, on so many occasions, are based on quibbles and clichéd linguistic expressions trajectories. Additionally, it has been found that metaphors acquire their effectiveness from contextual and lexical cues, in conjunction with the parameter of recipients’ knowledge. Interestingly, in some other cases, the implications of metaphors transcended the target of the speaker or writer to include some more unexpected dimensions of meaning like acquiring positive implications at the time when negative ones are anticipated, in addition to the fact that they are also a matter of feelings.Keywords: critical discourse analysis, conceptual metaphor.
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Edmundson, William A. "Social Meaning, Compliance Conditions, and Law’s Claim to Authority." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 15, no. 1 (January 2002): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002459.
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Political authorities claim to be able to impose moral duties on citizens by the mere expedient of legislating. This claim is problematic -- in fact, among theorists, it is widely denied that political authorities have such powers. I argue that the legitimacy of political authority is not contingent upon the truth of its claim to be able to impose moral duties by mere legislation. Such claims are better seen as exercises of semiotic techniques to alter social meanings. These alterations serve to facilitate desirable social change that may not have been antecedently obligatory because of the nonfulfillment of a compliance condition, which normally attaches to any "fair-play" duty. Where political authority uses the semiotic technique of announcing a legal -- and by implication moral -- duty, thereby altering social meaning as a means of bringing about the satisfaction of a compliance condition, it makes a claim whose literal falsehood (if false it be) does not derogate from the authority’s legitimacy.
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Vosloo, Robert. "Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Reformation Day Sermons and Performative Remembering." Theology Today 74, no. 3 (October 2017): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040573617721916.
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In this article, I examine Bonhoeffer’s relationship to the legacy of the Reformation in the light of some of his remarks, sermons, and meditations related to the celebration of Reformation Day. These engagements, or so this article argues, point to the fact that for Bonhoeffer commemorating the Reformation did not entail mere restatement of seemingly timeless truths, but rather renewed and unscripted engagement with the legacy of the Reformation. This implies a historical hermeneutic which emphasizes that faithfulness to a tradition does not involve mere repetition, but performative and participatory remembering that requires ongoing interpretation, continual improvisation, and creative reenactment and embodiment. With these remarks in mind, this article attends to some of Bonhoeffer’s Reformation Day sermons and meditations against the backdrop of the uses and abuses associated with acts of commemoration and, more pointedly, also in light of the 2017 Reformation 500 celebrations amidst complex forces of imperialism and neo-tribalism.
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Archard, David. "Introduction." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 40 (March 1996): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100005816.
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As befits a volume devoted to the topic of pluralism the contributing pieces collected here are varied. Their concern is with very different kinds of difference, and their conclusions range from an insistence that pluralism is both inevitable and desirable to a belief that it is unsustainable and perhaps remediable. The starting point for any discussion of pluralism is a recognition that we inhabit a world of differences. These differences are exhibited in moral outlooks, cultural identities, ways of life, religious beliefs, and even modes of philosophy. The mere fact of such differences is salient but unremarkable. What preoccupies philosophers is the question of the conclusions that are to be drawn from a proper recognition of this fact. And the central issue at dispute for philosophers is whether the fact of difference—plurality—licences a view—pluralism— that it is legitimate, rather than just inevitable, that such difference should persist.
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Beiner, Ronald. "Modern Social Imaginaries." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 1056–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904420216.
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Modern Social Imaginaries, Charles Taylor, Durham: Duke University Press, 2004, pp. 215The originality of Charles Taylor's thought can be seen in the fact that it is not easy to “place” his work over the last fifteen years in the categories of standard academic disciplines. It is not really political philosophy. It is not really sociology (though it perhaps leans more towards sociology than towards political philosophy). It is something else. But what? Cultural history and the history of philosophy clearly provide the materials for Taylor's enterprise, but whatever it is, it aims for something intellectually more ambitious than mere intellectual or cultural history. The term “social imaginary” in fact captures quite well this “unplaceability” of his work between philosophy and sociology.
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BAILEY, ANDREW M. "On the concept of a spirit." Religious Studies 53, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412516000275.
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AbstractSubstance dualism is on the move. Though the view remains unfashionable, a growing and diverse group of philosophers endorse it on impressive empirical, religious, and purely metaphysical grounds. In this note, I develop and evaluate one conceptual argument for substance dualism. According to that argument, we may derive a conclusion about our nature from the mere fact that we have the concept of a spirit. The argument is intriguing and fruitful; but I shall contend that it is, nonetheless, unsound.
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Malik, Peter. "“And You Purchased [Whom?]”: Reconsidering the Text of Rev 5,9." Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 108, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znw-2017-0012.
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Abstract: Ever since Tischendorf, the majority of text-critics and exegetes have regarded omission of ἡμᾶς at Rev 5,9 as part of the initial text. The sole support for this reading is furnished by Codex Alexandrinus. The present article argues that, conversely, it is in fact the longer reading, ἠγόρασας ἡμᾶς τῷ θεῷ, attested in the majority of manuscripts, that is to be preferred and the omission in Alexandrinus is more likely to have originated by assimilation to the context or as a mere scribal error.
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Tanney, Julia. "A Constructivist Picture of Self-Knowledge." Philosophy 71, no. 277 (July 1996): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100041668.
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How are we to account for the authority granted to first-person reports of mental states? What accounts for the immediacy of these self-ascriptions; the fact that they can be ascribed without appeal to evidence and without the need for justification? A traditional, Cartesian conception of the mind, which says that our thoughts are presented to us directly, completely, and without distortion upon mere internal inspection, would account for these facts, but there is good reason to doubt the cogency of the Cartesian view. Wittgenstein, in his later writings, offered some of the most potent considerations against the traditional view, and contemporary philosophy of mind is practically unanimous in rejecting some of the metaphysical aspects of Cartesianism. But anyone who repudiates Cartesianism shoulders the burden of finding another way to accommodate its apparent epistemological strengths.
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Frisch, Morton J. "A Critical Appraisal of Isaiah Berlin's Philosophy of Pluralism." Review of Politics 60, no. 3 (1998): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500027418.
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It could be said that Isaiah Berlin has written more extensively on freedom than anyone since John Stuart Mill, but the essentially rational dimension of freedom has become virtually obliterated in his writings. What Berlin has concealed from himself is the fact that abstract freedom, like other mere abstractions, is not to be found, but at least he has sensed that the limited latitude of alternatives implicit in his moral pluralism would circumscribe the unlimited extension of freedom. It is not enough, however, for him to recognize the precariousness of the full and unrestrained exercise of freedom implicit in that pluralism, for he must face up to the realization that only a standard other than freedom can make limitations on freedom possible. But we are not aware from his published writings that he ever considered that as a possibility.
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Wells, Rachel. "Fact and Responsibility – Approaches towards the Factual in Contemporary Art." eitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft Band 60. Heft 1 60, no. 1 (2015): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000106257.
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Rachel Wells turns to the examination of three recent artistic practices, which integrate facts in their work not as an antagonistic other but as a constitutive element to their efficacy and ethics. She argues, that in introducing news, factual actions, or objects with traces of factual events, Alfredo Jaar, Jeremy Deller and Martin Creed use facts in order to retract from the position of art as an expression of artistic freedom and subjectivity and thus as the opposite of fact. Instead, she states that by introducing the factual the artists underline each in their own way the instability of given eptistemological and ethical frameworks. Far from being a mere relativist pose, Wells understands this denial of a stable subjectivist position as a reconfigured sense of “decision”—perhaps in the sense of Nancy’s articulation of a “decision of existence—that lets the factual take precedence over the control in and of the artwork as a heightened form of responsiveness and responsibility. Whereas Jaar uses the factual to engage overt political action, Deller presents facts that avoid taking an overtly critical perspective forcing the viewer to think about political events. Creed in contrast seeks for the interpretation of the past altogether, would avoid to take over the responsibility of taking a position. Whereas David Hume stated famously, that reasoning concerning matter of fact is founded in causality and Immanuel Kant concludes, that responsibility and freedom begins where causality ends, Wells understands the positions of Jaar, Deller and Creed as an attempt to reconcile the realm of the factual and the realm of the moral. Responsibility would then arise exactly out of the insight in the impossibility to ground moral stances in rationality and causality and in an attempt to use causality to demonstrate this impossibility.
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Bachrach, Bernard S. "Jamie Kreiner, The Social Life of Hagiography in the Merovingian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. xii, 329." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_370.
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In 1988 Walter Goffart demonstrated conclusively that the authors of early medieval narrative texts had to be taken seriously as people of intellectual substance capable of sustaining sophisticated arguments. Their works, Goffart warns us, were not to be treated, as previously had been the case, as mere naive receptecals of fact and fantasy to be plundered by historians in search of accurate information. In the wake of Goffart’s work, it has become a cliché that text must be treated as text before it is treated as evidence if, in fact, it ever is to be used for the latter purpose. In the generation that has passed since Goffart’s paradigm has taken hold it is rare to find anyone who will read early medieval narrative works, such as those of Gregory of Tours (d. 594), as plain text.
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Harel, Alon. "On the Irrelevance of Neuroscience to Moral Theory." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2015-0006.
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Abstract This is a critical comment on an Article by Joshua Greene in which he uses brain studies and contemporary psychological findings in order to settle the dispute between consequentialist and deontological theories. I first summarize Greene’s main claims and later raise several objections to them. In contrast to Greene, I argue that consequentialist theories are bound to use first order intuitions and their soundness depends on the degree to which they yield practical guidelines that are intuitively plausible. Further, I differ with Greene and contend that deontological theories are not merely rationalizations of first order intuitions; in fact, their findings often conflict with such intuitions. Last, I argue that the mere fact that deontological judgments are emotional or, more accurately, are processed in those parts of the brain that are responsible for emotions, does not affect their soundness.
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Kesić, Dalibor, and Emir Z. Muhić. "CONNOTATIVE FACETS OF MEANING IN TRANSLATION WITHIN INCONGURENT CONTEXTS." Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/jtesap1901125k.
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Abstract: Meanings can sometimes have unclear roots and different paths of genesis. They take us into unexplored and uncharted waters of primordial experience. Metaphoric and transferred meanings are just the mere linguistic surface of symbols. Symbols on the other hand owe their prowess to the fact that they link the semantic content with the pre-semantic depths of human experience and two-dimensionality of their structure. Lack of transparency of symbols combined with the strife to translate them exactly seems to pose an unsolvable problem which lies in the fact that all transferred meanings are indeed deeply rooted in the realm of our individual and collective experience. The perplexity of individual versus collective experiencing of particular meanings is further confounded in the cases of meaning transferability and translatability. Key words: translation, metaphor, transferred meaning, effects, principles
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Marek, Petr. "Region as a social construct and the critical discussion of the Paasi’s conceptualization of regional identity." Geografie 125, no. 1 (2020): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2020125010047.
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Both the institutionalization of regions theory and the conceptualization of regional identity by Anssi Paasi are highly cited. However, various authors work with Paasi’s classification of regional identity and meanings of its dimensions differently. This is closely related to an insufficient discussion of the existence of region as a social fact. This article discusses social constructionism and the relationship of individual dimensions of regional identity. Crucial to the existence of region are the subjective images of region that can be identified with perceptual regions. Region as a social fact exists only in the knowledge/consciousness of people. In addition to perceptual regions, “objective” regions – homogeneous/formal and functional regions – are part of the identity of region. The identity of region (perceptual regions, specifically) is a condition for the regional consciousness of people which is a mere “superstructure” of region.