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Ge, Rui. "Two essays on positive accounting research /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ACCT%202009%20GE.
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Duso, Tomaso, Klaus Gugler, and Burcin B. Yurtoglu. "Is the event study methodology useful for merger analysis? A comparison of stock market and accounting data." Elsevier Inc, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2010.02.001.
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This paper presents empirical evidence about the ability of event studies to capture mergers' ex-post profitability as measured by accounting data. We use a sample of large horizontal concentrations during the period 1990-2002 involving 482 firms either as merging firms or competitors, and contrast a measure of the mergers' profitability based on stock market event studies with one based on balance sheet profit data. We show that using a long window around the announcement date (25 or 50 days before the event) increases the ability to capture the ex-post merger effect: the pairwise correlation coefficient is positive and highly significant.
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Thornton, Phillip W. (Phillip Wynn). "The Role of Accounting Information in Investor Assessments of Corporate Takeovers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278841/.
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El-Alawa, Y. (Yasmin). "The effect of European Merger and acquisition deals on firms performance in the crisis and pre-crisis period." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201706062588.
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Mergers and Acquisitions are considered as one of the most important corporate events for a company’s growth strategy. This concept dates as far back as the early 1900s, when it began on a domestic scale.
In this study, we evaluate the effect of M&A deals on firm performance in the crisis and pre-crisis period. We intend to figure out whether the financial crisis presented a great increase to the bargaining power of business entities in the European financial market. We do this through examining the stock performance surrounding the days leading to the announcement of an M&A deal. We then turn to divide our data into two to examine the separate effect of M&A’s in the crisis and pre-crisis period on the returns to both target and acquiring firms. Next we look at the role that a particular method of M&A financing and industry relatedness play in determining the CAR of acquirer and target firms around the M&A announcement.
Firstly, we find with our full sample of 181 M&A deals that in general M&A’s have a positive effect on the performance of the target and acquirer firm although the positive effect is more pronounced (significant) for the target firm than for the acquirer firm. Secondly, we investigate the separate effect of a crisis and pre-crisis period on the CAR of the acquirer and target around the announcement day. We find that Acquirer firms earn positive CAR in the crisis period but they turn negative in the pre-crisis period. However, for the target firms, we find significantly positive CARs during the pre-crisis period than during the crisis period.
Thirdly, we investigate the effect that a chosen method of financing will have on the acquirer’s performance during the crisis period and find more highly positive CARs for the acquirer’s that use cash instead of stock as a means of financing their deals. Therefore during the crisis, cash financed deals have a more positive impact on the acquirer’s performance than do stock financed deals. We finally turn to look at the effect of the direction of a firm’s diversification on its performance during the financial crisis period, and find that during the crisis period acquisition made in related industries have a positive effect on the acquiring firm’s performance. The CAR to the acquirer for acquiring targets in unrelated industries is negative which implies that during the crisis period acquisition made in unrelated industries have a negative effect on the acquiring firm’s performance.
In a nutshell, we see that most of our results are in line with previous empirical studies. The result of this thesis is beneficial for both institutional and individual investors as they might be prone to a lot of lemon investment if they don’t meticulously scan the M&A market. In accordance with the signaling theory, investors can now have an idea about the current and future condition of the acquiring firm. Investors should be on the lookout for firms that use more cash financing than equity financing since the use of cash is a signal of good new but the use of stock is a signal of bad new to investors. Also acquirers should not relent in their due diligence process especially during the crisis period when it would prove to be most valuable. By undergoing a proper due diligence process acquirer are sure to make accurate and informative decision that may have a positive impact on their overall performance.
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Meade, Nancy Margaret Lowman. "Antitakeover devices and firm performance : an empirical study using accounting measures /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08252008-162207/.
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Martinson, Christian. "Merger of full owned subsidiary : An evaluation of BFNAR 1999:1." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-240.
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Bakgrund och problem
1999 utfärdade BFN (bokföringsnämnden) en anvisning rörande redovisning av helägt dotterbolag, BFNAR 1999:1. Debatten kring detta område har pågått sedan mitten på femtiotalet, då olika uppfattningar om hur fusioner ska redovisas har varit ständigt närvarande. Eftersom olika uppfattningar finns, är inte alla nöjda med BFN’s lösning som en generell anvisning för redovisning av fusion av helägt dotterbolag. Nu (2005) har anvisningen blivit praktiserad under snart 5 år. Betraktande de potentiella problem som är relaterade till BFN’s anvisning, är det av intresse att utvärdera anvis-ningen i dess praktiska användning.
Syfte
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera och därmed finna problem med BFNAR 1999:1 i dess praktiska användning.
Method
En enkät sändes till 51 revisorer arbetandes på olika kontor inom fyra stora revisionsbyråer. Enkäten var kvantitativ med utrymme för kommentarer. Frågorna i enkäten, som bygger på eventuella problem vilka är påvisade genom en fördjupningsstudie, söker nå revisorernas åsikter på området, samt hur anvisningen följs.
Slutsats
Enligt åsikterna hos dem som praktiskt använder BFNAR 1999:1, tyder det på att anvisningen följer det rättsväsende som det påverkas av.
Generellt så följs BFNAR 1999:1 av dess användare, och det ser ut som att anvisningen redan har skapat praxis i fråga om redovisning av fusioner i helägda dotterbolag. Denna uppsats tyder på att avvikelser från anvisningen enbart uppstår på grund av praktiska skäl i de fall där den rättvisande bilden av redovisningen inte kommer att påverkas av ett sådant förfarande.
En viktig iakttagelse är at en tredjedel av dem som praktiskt använder BFNAR 1999:1, i motsats till BFN, anser att årsredovisning/bokslut bör upprättas i det upplösta företaget (det fusionerade dotterbolaget) i syfte att förse intressenter med nödvändig information. Denna fråga är viktig då Svensk redovisningslag bygger på att redovisningen skall förse intressenter med viktig räkenskapsinformation. Därför är uppseendeväckande att en tredjedel anser att BFN inte klarar av att täcka informationsbehovet på denna punkt.
Mer än hälften av användarna menar att BFN’s sätt att hantera obeskattade reserver är missvisande och att denna lösning omotiverat minskar det utdelningsbara egna kapitalet i företaget. Detta resultat tyder på att BFNAR 1999:1 inte har stöd från dess användare på denna punkt.
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Lubbers, Miranda Charmain, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The changing competitive structure of the Canadian accounting market over a period of large firm merger activity." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1996, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/72.
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My thesis studies the changing competitive structure of the Canadian auditing industry during the period 1987 to 1992. Two mergers took place over this period amond four large Canadian accounting firms. I assess whether market power is likely to become a problem with already high, and possibly increasing levels of concentration in the audit industry. Using data from several sources, I examine those characteristics that affect the likelihood that high concentration facilitates market power. I then apply the official standards (Merger Guidelines) for Canadian merger analysis to data on audit services. Because the Merger Guidelines expressly do not permit the authorities to oppose a merger merely on structural grounds, I supplement my structural analysis with a review of studies which examine whether audit fees are influenced upward by high concentration. Overall, I found the industry more competitive in the post merger period.xii, 149 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Lubbers, Miranda Charmain. "The changing competitive structure of the Canadian accounting market over a period of large firm merger activity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38432.pdf.
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Eiler, Lisa Ann. "Accounting disclosure quality and synergy gains : evidence from cross-border mergers and acquisitions /." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10203.
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Karpava, Darya. "Fúze a rozdělení společností v Bělorusku - právní a účetní pohled." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264566.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the process of mergers in Belarus. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first on is focused on a legislative documents covering mergers in the European Union. The second chapter deals with legislation related to mergers in Belarus, focusing more on accounting area. The last chapter of the thesis is practical and describes two case studies of mergers in Belarus, one from the public sector and one from the private sector. The conclusion includes the assessment of the practical part, a comparative analysis of the difference in the process of mergers in Belarus and Europe, peculiarities of the process of mergers in Belarus and overall assessment of the aims of work. In conclusion there are some proposals that may help to increase the transparency of the situation in Belarus and to contribute to the harmonization of the national legislation with internationally accepted principles and procedures.
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Kováříčková, Jana. "Účetní a daňové aspekty fúze podniků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402012.
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The subject of the thesis titled „Accounting and tax aspects of the mergers of businesses“ is an analysis of accounting and tax impacts on the merger of businesses. The initial part of the thesis defines the theoretical background connected with the Merger Project and the whole process of merging two businesses. The seconf part of the thesis is based on the practical implementation of the merger of specific businesses, which was realized in the course of 2018. In the final part, a comprehensive assessment is made and the necessary measures are proposed.
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Antunes, Maria de Fátima Lopes. "O regime de neutralidade fiscal nas operações de fusão : o caso da “IP, Infraestruturas de Portugal, S.A.”." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15922.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisEsta dissertação tem como pano de fundo o regime de neutralidade fiscal nas operações de fusão entre sociedades residentes em Portugal e/ou sociedades residentes noutros Estados-Membros da UE e o seu impacto nestas operações, que consubstanciam uma forma de concentração empresarial onde a fiscalidade pode ser geradora de constrangimentos. Numa primeira fase, serão abordados os conceitos da fusão ao nível económico, jurídico, contabilístico e fiscal, passando pelas motivações inerentes a esta operação, seguida de uma análise mais desenvolvida dos aspetos de natureza fiscal com incidência no IRC e noutros impostos. Por fim, apresenta-se um caso prático, que envolve a aplicação do regime de neutralidade fiscal e a atribuição de benefícios fiscais a uma operação de fusão mediante a qual a Rede Ferroviária Nacional - REFER. E.P.E. incorporou a sociedade EP-Estradas de Portugal, S.A., tendo a sociedade incorporante sido renomeada para IP-Infraestruturas de Portugal, S.A.
The present dissertation addresses the tax deferral regime for mergers involving entities located in Portugal and other companies from other Member-States of EU, and its impact in these concentration operations, that could be hampered by tax constraints. In the first part will be reviewed the economic, legal and tax concepts of mergers and the main facts and circumstances that trigger such operations, followed by the analysis from tax and accounting perspectives. Lastly, a case is presented, in order to demonstrate the application of the tax deferral regime and other tax advantages provided by law, concerning the merger between Rede Ferroviária Nacional - REFER. E.P.E. (receiving company) and EP-Estradas de Portugal, S.A. (transferring company), the former being renamed as IP-Infraestruturas de Portugal, S.A.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Nguyen, Phuong Anh. "Fúze obchodních společností ve Vietnamu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-96380.
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The graduation theses is targeted at mergers in Vietnam. It focuses on the trend in mergers and acquisitions in the Vietnamese market, forms of business combinations, types of mergers, the reasons for merger. This theses is focused on the current applicable legislation for mergers and acquisitions in Vietnam. There are described cases of mergers and acquisitions in Vietnam. There are ways to explain the business valuation in merger. The main goal of this theses is on solving the accounting and tax aspects of the merger in Vietnam.
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Kučerová, Pavlína. "Praktické aspekty účetního řešení fúzí obchodních společností." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77831.
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The aim of this thesis is to define the problems associated with the process of the mergers of companies in the Czech legislation. The theoretical part deals with mergers from the legal, accounting and tax point of view. The following part is a practical example which describes the merger of five joint-stock companies. This example is based on real data and it demonstrates some situations characterized in the theoretical part.
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Mintchik, Natalia Maksimovna. "The Effect of SFAS No. 141 and SFAS No. 142 on the Accuracy of Financial Analysts' Earnings Forecasts after Mergers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4731/.
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This study examines the impact of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 and No. 142 (hereafter SFAS 141, 142) on the characteristics of financial analysts' earnings forecasts after mergers. Specifically, I predict lower forecast errors for firms that experienced mergers after the enactment of SFAS 141, 142 than for firms that went through business combinations before those accounting changes. Study results present strong evidence that earnings forecast errors for companies involved in merging and acquisition activity decreased after the adoption of SFAS 141, 142. Test results also suggest that lower earnings forecast errors are attributable to factors specific to merging companies such as SFAS 141, 142 but not common to merging and non-merging companies. In addition, evidence implies that information in corporate annual reports of merging companies plays the critical role in this decrease of earnings forecast error. Summarily, I report that SFAS 141, 142 were effective in achieving greater transparency of financial reporting after mergers. In my complementary analysis, I also document the structure of corporate analysts' coverage in "leaders/followers" terms and conduct tests for differences in this structure: (1) across post-SFAS 141,142/pre-SFAS 141, 142 environments, and (2) between merging and non-merging firms. Although I do not identify any significant differences in coverage structure across environments, my findings suggest that lead analysts are not as accurate as followers when predicting earnings for firms actively involved in mergers. I also detect a significant interaction between the SFAS-environment code and leader/follower classification, which indicates greater improvement of lead analyst forecast accuracy in the post-SFAS 141, 142 environment relative to their followers. This interesting discovery demands future investigation and confirms the importance of financial reporting transparency for the accounting treatment of business combinations.
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Šubrtová, Lenka. "Vliv spojování podniků na technickou stránku vedení účetnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359202.
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The diploma thesis introduces the obligations, details, links, contexts and circumstances of integration in relation to the technical aspects of accounting. It provides information on the motives that lead to decisions about company mergers and acquisitions, the phases and principles of these processes, analyzes possible risks, human factors, potential reporting issues, and other practical aspects of accounting management.
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Abramova, Inna Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Labor supply and accounting firm mergers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126982.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-39).
In this paper, I study how regulation-induced accounting labor supply shocks affect the audit market. Using a novel dataset that includes both large and small accounting firms, I identify labor supply shocks using the 150-Hour Rule and the Mobility Provision and investigate the resulting incidence of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). I find that a reduction in labor supply increases accounting firms' M&A activity and leads to a higher audit market concentration. My results suggest that accounting firm growth decisions and audit market structure depend on the supply of labor.
by Inna Abramova.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
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Hlawiczková, Tereza. "Analýza rekodifikace právní úpravy s vlivem na oceňování u kapitálových společností s následným vlivem na oceňování v účetnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201613.
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Diploma´s thesis is focused on analysis of recodification of private law of the Czech Republic, which was released at the beginning of 2014. Attention is mainly paid on the part of the recodification of private law, which is connected with commercial corporations. The thesis is focused on the law number 89/2012 Sb., nový občanský zákoník and also the law 90/2012 Sb., o obchodních společnostech a družstvech, which are valid since January 1th 2014. The facts of findings are presented on a specific example of merger acquisition. The aim of this thesis is to point out possible problems connected with rectification and its following projection into the issue of company transformation.
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Cristal, Carisa Santos Portela. "Ado????o das IFRS para opera????es de combina????es de neg??cios nas demonstra????es financeiras consolidadas de empresas listadas na Espanha e Reino Unido." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2009. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/436.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-20Business combination transactions represent a growth strategy to many firms around the world. In Brazil a major increase in the volume of business combination transactions has been observed in recent years. The publication of Law n?? 11.638/07 has served to afford conditions for Brazil to move in the direction of convergence with international standards, making the adoption of these standards, including those concerning business combination transactions, mandatory. The aim of this study is to: (i) verify whether there are significant differences between the goodwill recognized and measured before and after the adoption of IFRS for business combination transactions, by non-financial companies, listed in Spain and in the United Kingdom; and (ii) analyze the alterations of the accounting treatment prescribed by Brazilian standards with the taking effect of Law n?? 11.638/07, and to prospect probable barriers in the adoption of IFRS in Brazil, for business combination transactions. The study considers and relates the origin of the countries studied (Continental Europe x Anglo-Saxon Europe), as well as the basis of the accounting standards (rules x principles) to the differences identified in response to the adoption of IFRS. The research hypotheses were developed based on the review of literature, expecting to identify: significant alterations in the amount of goodwill recorded; more significant differences at companies listed in countries with their origin in Continental Europe; and differentiated perceptions of the impacts resulting from the adoption of IFRS by companies from different segments. To attain the objective a survey was conducted with a basis on the financial statements of 63 companies, with 35 listed in Spain and 28 in the United Kingdom, analyzing the impacts that occurred during the first year of adoption of IFRS. Statistical techniques were applied for analysis of the differences perceived with the adoption of IFRS and testing of the hypotheses defined, using: (i) Wilcoxon test aiming to evaluate the effects of the application of IFRS at the same company; (ii) Mann-Whitney test to compare the variation between the two listing countries, and; (iii) Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison among the various segments of the sample. The results obtained in the tests, besides other aspects, confirmed the existence of a significant difference in the goodwill before and after IFRS in the countries from the sample, Spain and the United Kingdom. These results and the analysis of previous studies made it possible to prospect probable barriers in the IFRS adoption process for business combination transactions at Brazilian companies.
Opera????es de combina????o de neg??cios representam uma estrat??gia de crescimento para muitas companhias ao redor do mundo. No Brasil observa-se um grande aumento no volume de opera????es de combina????o de neg??cios nos ??ltimos anos. A edi????o da Lei n?? 11.638/07 vem propiciar condi????es para que o Brasil caminhe para a converg??ncia ??s normas internacionais, tornando obrigat??ria a ado????o dessas normas, inclu??das aquelas concernentes ??s opera????es de combina????es de neg??cios. Esse estudo tem por objetivo: (i) verificar se existem diferen??as significativas entre o goodwill reconhecido e mensurado antes e depois da ado????o das IFRS para opera????es de combina????o de neg??cios, por empresas, n??o financeiras, listadas na Espanha e no Reino Unido; e (ii) analisar as altera????es do tratamento cont??bil prescrito pelas normas brasileiras com a entrada em vigor da Lei n?? 11.638/07, e prospectar prov??veis barreiras na ado????o das IFRS no Brasil, para opera????es de combina????o de neg??cios. O estudo considera e relaciona a origem dos pa??ses estudados (Europa Continental x anglo-sax??nica), bem como a base dos padr??es cont??beis (regras x princ??pios) com as diferen??as identificadas em resposta ?? ado????o das IFRS. Com base na revis??o da literatura foram desenvolvidas as hip??teses de pesquisa, sendo esperado identificar: altera????es significativas no valor do goodwill contabilizado; diferen??as mais significativas em empresas listadas em pa??ses com origem na Europa Continental; e percep????es diferenciadas dos impactos decorrentes da ado????o das IFRS por empresas de diferentes segmentos. Para atingir o objetivo foi realizada pesquisa com base nas demonstra????es financeiras de 63 empresas, sendo 35 listadas na Espanha e 28 no Reino Unido, analisando os impactos ocorridos quando do primeiro ano de ado????o das IFRS. Para an??lise das diferen??as percebidas com a ado????o das IFRS e teste das hip??teses definidas foram aplicadas t??cnicas estat??sticas utilizando: (i) teste de Wilcoxon com objetivo de avaliar os reflexos da aplica????o das IFRS na mesma empresa; (ii) teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar a varia????o entre os dois pa??ses de listagem, e; (iii) teste de Kruskal-Wallis para compara????o entre os diversos segmentos da amostra. Os resultados obtidos nos testes, entre outros aspectos, confirmaram a exist??ncia de diferen??a significativa no goodwill antes e depois das IFRS nos pa??ses da amostra, Espanha e Reino Unido. Estes resultados e a an??lise de estudos anteriores possibilitaram a prospec????o de barreiras no processo de ado????o das IFRS para opera????es de combina????o de neg??cios em empresas brasileiras.
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Andrade, Adriano da Costa. "Uma contribui????o ao estudo dos aspectos cont??beis e impactos tribut??rios em opera????es de reorganiza????o societ??ria incorpora????o e/ou cis??o - em substitui????o ??s opera????es de aquisi????o compra e venda." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2010. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/462.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-29This thesis has the objective of highlighting the differences between the accounting aspects and the tax impacts under the circunstance of the negotiation of one company through the institute of the incorporation and / or division to replace the institut of the acquisition - purchase and sale. The granting of some fiscal concessions by the Federal Government was what initially motivated the use of these operations, in 1971 it was created the Commission of Fusion and Incorporation of Companies - COFIE - linked to the Ministry of Finance, in order to provide, coordinate and analyze such benefits. The reorganizations are operations of incorporation and / or division known by Americans as a business combination, which since the 90's, with the constant changes that are occurring in Brazil and in the world, has its contribution and importance increased by the benefits brought throught the operations, beyond being extremely relevant values. This research seeks to demonstrate that business organizations are using the incorporation of institutes and divisions to acquire other business endeavors, ie, using the legitimacy of the institution of reorganization for tax advantages, because in essence the operation is an acquisition - buying and selling - replaced by a corporate reorganization. Therefore, the methodology adopted will be the bibliographic research, which as collected through documental and empirical research, tried to highlight the legal aspects, legal doctrine, corporate, tax and accounting schools of merger, demerger and acquisition. The interpretation and analysis were based on the theoretical framework, based on the review of the literature relevant to the study, that was done through a case in a Brazilian petrochemical sector, in which was reorganized through the institute of incorporation, initiated in late 2007 and completed in mid-2009. The purpose was to demonstrate the economy tax through the not taxable income tax and contribution social over net proft through capital gains to shareholders of the merged company, to highlight, in the accounting theory, the question of the essence regarding the form and to make evident the different ways to account for each institute.
Esta disserta????o tem por objetivo evidenciar as diferen??as entre os aspectos cont??beis e os impactos tribut??rios quando a negocia????o de uma empresa se realiza atrav??s da reorganiza????o societ??ria por meio do instituto da incorpora????o - e/ou cis??o em substitui????o ao instituto da aquisi????o - compra e venda. A concess??o de alguns benef??cios fiscais pelo Governo Federal foi o que motivou, inicialmente, o emprego dessas opera????es; no ano de 1971 foi criada a Comiss??o de Fus??o e Incorpora????o de Empresas - COFIE, ligada ao Minist??rio da Fazenda, com a finalidade de conceder, coordenar e analisar tais benef??cios. As reorganiza????es societ??rias s??o opera????es de incorpora????o e/ou cis??o denominadas pelos norte-americanos como business combinations, que, a partir da d??cada de 90, com as constantes modifica????es que est??o ocorrendo no cen??rio brasileiro e mundial, vem tendo sua participa????o e import??ncia ampliadas pelos benef??cios trazidos ??s respectivas opera????es, al??m de serem valores relevantes. Nesta pesquisa, procura-se evidenciar que as organiza????es empresariais est??o utilizando os institutos da incorpora????o e cis??o para adquirir outros empreendimentos empresariais, ou seja, utilizando-se da licitude da instituto da reorganiza????o societ??ria para obter vantagens tribut??rias, por que na ess??ncia a opera????o ?? uma aquisi????o - compra e venda - substitu??da por uma reorganiza????o societ??ria. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada ser?? pesquisa bibliogr??fica; os dados da pesquisa ser??o coletados por meio de pesquisa documental e emp??rica, em que se procurou evidenciar os aspectos legais, jur??dicos doutrin??rios, societ??rios, tribut??rios e cont??beis dos institutos de incorpora????o, cis??o e aquisi????o. A interpreta????o e an??lise dos dados embasou-se no referencial te??rico, fundamentado na revis??o da literatura pertinente ?? ??rea de estudo, sendo a pesquisa feita mediante um estudo de caso em uma empresa brasileira do setor petroqu??mico, que se reorganizou por interm??dio do instituto da incorpora????o, iniciada no final de 2007 e conclu??da em meados de 2009. O prop??sito foi de demonstrar a economia tribut??ria por meio da n??o tributa????o do imposto de renda da pessoa jur??dica e a contribui????o social sobre o lucro l??quido atrav??s da tributa????o do ganho de capital aos acionistas da empresa incorporada, trazer ?? luz da Teoria Cont??bil a quest??o da ess??ncia sobre a forma e evidenciar as diferentes formas de se contabilizar cada instituto.
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Savoy, Steven. "Discretion in accounting for tax reserves: evidence from mergers and acquisitions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5840.
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I examine the extent to which acquirers exercise discretion in the application of FIN 48 when estimating target tax reserves. By examining the change in target tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting, I am able to hold constant the underlying tax positions, and any changes can be attributed to differences in how the managers of the target and acquirer apply the recognition and measurement principles of FIN 48. For a sample of large public-for-public M&A transactions in which the amount of target tax reserves is observable pre- and post-acquisition, approximately one third (half) of the acquirers adjust target tax reserves by more than half (a quarter) of the preexisting balance. Substantially more acquirers increase rather than decrease target tax reserves, and the average change in target tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting is $25 million. I also find evidence that the change in tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting is increasing in short-term financial reporting pressures and decreasing in the costs of overstating goodwill.
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Ribeiro, Humberto Nuno Rito. "New business combinations accounting rules and the mergers and aquisitions activity." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4404.
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The perennial controversy in business combinations accounting and its dialectic with stakeholders’ interests under the complexity of the Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity is the centrepiece of analysis in this thesis. It is argued here that the accounting regulation should be as neutral as possible for the economic activity, although it is recognised that accounting changes may result in economic effects. In the case of the changes for business combinations accounting in the USA, lobbying was so fierce that in order to achieve the abolition of accounting choice in M&A accounting, it forced the standard-setter to compromise and to change substantially some of its earlier proposals. Such fierce lobbying cast doubts about whether it was effectively possible to mitigate such economic effects, resulting in a possible impact of the accounting changes on the M&A activity. The occurrence of M&A in waves is yet to be fully theorised. Nevertheless, existing literature established relationships between M&A activity and some key economic and financial factors, and has provided several interesting theories and other meaningful contributions for this thesis. It was therefore possible to examine whether the changes in the accounting rules produced any significant impact on the M&A activity. The findings obtained from the testing of the research hypotheses suggest that the new M&A accounting rules did not result in significant impacts on overall M&A activity. Nevertheless, from the study of managers’ perceptions, and from the examination of annual reports of S&P 500 companies, a considerable impact on the financial reporting was found.
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Adams, Tom. "Does adding accounting expertise matter? A study of audit committees in mergers and acquisitions." Thesis, Temple University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10144436.
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This study examines changes in a company’s audit committee accounting expertise following an M&A transaction. M&A accounting (ASC 805) is complex, nuanced, and error-prone. An M&A also involves significant operational and financial changes for the acquirer, including changes in internal control over financial reporting. Thus, an acquirer’s demand for accounting expertise is likely heightened at the time of an M&A. This study provides the first insights (to my knowledge) regarding the role of accounting experts in the dynamic M&A setting. In a sample of relatively large (on average) M&As, I document that there are financial reporting benefits (reduced likelihood of restatements, higher likelihood of timely goodwill impairments, and smaller allocations of purchase price to in-process research and development) associated with changes/increases in audit committee accounting expertise. Further, my results suggest that changes/increases in audit committee accounting expertise matter more than changes/increases in other types of audit committee expertise (supervisory, industry, and M&A contextual). I document that changes/increases in audit committee accounting expertise are positively associated with accounting and business complexities. Collectively, the evidence suggests that accounting expertise is valuable in the M&A setting. This provides support for the SEC’s definition (in its 2002 proposal, although not in its final 2003 rule) of audit committee financial experts as those with accounting-specific backgrounds (SEC 2002, 2003).
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Chatraphorn, Pongprot. "Accounting for Business Combinations: A Test for Long-Term Market Memory." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25969.
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The purpose of this research is to examine whether accounting methods for business combinations (purchase and pooling-of-interests accounting) have a different effect on firmsâ market value of equity in the combination year and thereafter. In particular, after the accounting method is no longer disclosed in the financial statements, does it have an impact on market value of equity of the combined firms because the accounting figures are different? A five-year period subsequent to a particular business combination is used because public companies are not required to disclose the details of the combination for more than three years after the effective date of the combination. This research, thus, tests whether market participants still take into consideration the accounting method of past business combinations when this information is no longer disclosed in the financial statements. In addition to the testing of the impact of the accounting methods, the value-relevance of goodwill amortization is investigated.
The sample consisted of 100 U.S. business combination transactions during the period 1985â 1995 (77 pooling firms and 23 purchase firms). The results do not indicate that market participants price pooling firms and purchase firms differently at the time of business combinations. The results, in addition, do not confirm that when the details of a particular business combinations do not appear in the financial statements, pooling firmsâ accounting figures have a more positive effect on security prices than those of purchase firms. It seems that market participant are able, even in the long term, to account for the accounting difference between purchase and pooling-of-interests. Also, goodwill amortization does not appear to be value relevant.Ph. D.
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Kim, Christian, and Susmita Mandal. "Accounting for Goodwill in Public vs. Private Deals : Evidence from US Mergers and Acquisitions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123559.
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In 2001, the FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board) introduced accounting regulations SFAS 141 and SFAS 142 to improve the relevance, representational faithfulness, and comparability of financial reporting. The new standards have profoundly changed the accounting for business combinations and goodwill under US GAAP by requiring reporting entities to no longer amortize goodwill over its expected useful life, but to test for impairment annually. However, the new regulation has met sharp criticism for creating a scope for high levels of managerial discretion which may be exercised opportunistically in the accounting for goodwill. This study examines whether the proportion of purchase price allocated to goodwill differs between public and private acquisitions. We try to answer this question by carrying out a quantitative study on 481 observations, between the period of 2001 to 2005 by studying the relationship between acquirer type (Public vs. Private) and target firm characteristic on goodwill allocated, and we find the following results: 1) Public acquirers allocate higher levels of goodwill in comparison to private acquirers. (2) Market-to-book values of private target firms are not positively correlated with recorded goodwill levels.
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Krolikowski, Marcin. "Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5055.
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This dissertation includes two essays that examine mergers and acquisitions. In the first essay we examine how pay-for-performance influences the quality of merger decisions before and after Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX). Pay-for performance has a significant positive effect on acquirer returns of 0.9% pre-SOX and 1.1% post-SOX around the three day event window. Bidders with high pay-for-performance pay a 23.3% lower merger premium in listed target acquisitions. The positive effect of pay-for-performance is more important for public target acquisitions overall, for small acquirers pre-SOX, and for large acquirers post-SOX. In the long-run, bidders with high pre-merger pay-for-performance experience 27.6% higher returns after controlling for other merger characteristic.
In the second essay we investigate the value of customer/supplier relationships in mergers acquisitions. The findings show that targets (suppliers) with strong customer/supplier relationships obtain higher abnormal returns and higher merger premiums compared to targets with weak customer/supplier relationships. However, targets that have a strong connection with a customer have lower odds of being acquired. Acquirers that purchase targets with strong customer/supplier relationships have negative long-run abnormal returns, suggesting that the acquirers may have overpaid for such targets. Implications of customer/supplier relationships on customers, rivals and competing rivals are presented.
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WANG, JING. "ACQUIRING FIRMS’ STRATEGIC DISCLOSURE PRACTICES AROUND MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1478491843462049.
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Custoldio, Claludia Perdigalfo Dias. "Corporate diversification : the role of industry-specifc expertise and the impact of mergers and acquistions accounting." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599937.
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Custodio, Claudia Perdigao Dias. "Corporate diversification : the role of industry-specific expertise and the impact of mergers and acquistions accounting." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2197/.
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This thesis is organised in three chapters. The first two chapters link the industry-specific expertise of managers to the value of conglomerates and diversifying acquisitions. The third chapter explains how Mergers and Acquisitions (MandA) accounting can explain the diversification discount. The first chapter studies the cross sectional variation of conglomerate's value. I test the hypothesis that unrelated diversification destroys value because managers (CEOs) lack expertise outside the core business. I test two main implications: firms with more business activities outside the core business should have lower value and the discount should be greater for firms with more activity in unrelated-to-core secondary segments. The evidence supports both hypothesis. I test more directly if the results are linked to a lack of managerial expertise by using an industry index of managerial discretion. I find that increasing non-core business sales weight by 10% decreases firm value up to 3%, if the firm has high managerial discretion. The second chapter quantifies the value of CEO industry-specific experience, using diversifying MandA announcements. I find that industry experienced CEOs add value for their shareholders. The abnormal return is between 1.0% and 1.3% higher when the acquirer's CEO has top management experience in the target's industry. Analyzing potential mechanisms, I provide evidence that CEOs with industry experience in the target's industry negotiate better terms and that this experience is particularly valuable in environments of high informational asymmetries (1.6% - 2.9%). The results suggest that certain CEO skills are neither completely general nor firm-specific but rather specific to an industry. The third chapter shows that MandA accounting can explain the diversification discount measured with Tobin's q. The typical MandA accounting procedure inflates the book value of assets and creates a mechanical drop in the common measure of acquirers' q. Because diversified firms are more acquisitive than standalones, their q is likely to be lower, generating a spurious diversification discount. After adjusting q for goodwill by excluding it from the book value of assets, I find no significant diversification discount in most specifications. As an alternative to the goodwill correction, I use the change in the MandA accounting rules in 2001 as a natural experiment to test my main hypothesis.
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Ott, Christian. "Mergers & Acquisitions and Intangibles." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-95583.
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This dissertation explores the disclosure on intangibles acquired in Mergers & Acquisitos. The related empirical analyses are based on a sample of M&As that are accounted for under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP). In three different research papers I answer three distinct research questions. In order to enable capital providers and other external stakeholders to evaluate the PPA, the International Financial Reporting Standard 3 (IFRS 3) and the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 141 (SFAS 141) require the acquirer firm’s management to disclose information about the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the notes to the financial statement. The first research paper (see chapter II) addresses the following research question:
Which information about intangibles acquired in M&As does the acquirer firm’s management disclose in the notes to the financial statement?
The second research paper examines the factors that affect the initial recognition of goodwill. This research question is answered in the second research paper (see chapter III):
Does the acquirer firm’s management opportunistically or efficiently use its discretion to recognize goodwill initially?
The corporate information environment consists not only of corporate disclosure but also of disclosure by information intermediaries. The third research paper (see chapter IV) addresses this last set of research questions:
Which information about intangibles acquired in M&As is provided in voluntary or mandatory corporate disclosures and in disclosures by information intermediaries? How are the disclosure channels interrelated?
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Gallo, Mauro Fernando. "Uma contribui????o ao estudo do planejamento tribut??rio nos processos de fus??o, incorpora????o e cis??o." FECAP - Faculdade Escola de Com??rcio ??lvares Penteado, 2002. http://132.0.0.61:8080/tede/handle/tede/560.
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Previous issue date: 2002-10-24The participation and importance of the business combinations through the consolidation, merger and spin-off operations have been increasing in the present context of the world economy. This fact is occurring also in Brazil, mainly due to the world changes that have been causing the competition increasing. This importance is due to not only the transaction quantities but mostly because many times the values involved are extremely high. It is not possible to say it is only a business concentration phenomenon: there are several reasons for the realization of these transactions, with a crescent utilization to reduce effectively the tributary charge assessed to the companies. In Brazil, the utilization of these operations started due to some tax advantages offered by the Federal Government. In 1971, it was created the Comiss?o de Fus?o e Incorporac?o de Empresas - COFIE, a commission connected to Ministry of Finance, in order to coordinate and analyze these tax advantages. The merger transactions were regulated for a long time past, but the spin-off transaction was inserted in the Brazilian legislation only in 1976, through the federal Law nr. 6404/76, known as Lei das S/A - the corporation acts. With this legal regulation, the utilization of the business company combinations has increased in spite of the Brazilian concept differences in relation to the United States of America and Europe ones. It is the case, for instance, of the merger, that they consider as a special type of consolidation. The professionals that work in tributary planning, that is, attorneys, accountants, managers and economists, amplified the business company combination use in Brazil, mainly merger and spin-off, due to the tax advantages reached through the Income Tax reduction, elimination or postponement, for several reasons. The main point of this study is the accounting and tributary ones to show the employment of these operations to substitute the acquisitions, aiming mainly the elimination of the capital gain of the stockholders, being an individual person or a company. The objective of this study was confirmed by the searches: this way of using the business company combination causes problems in the areas of law and accountancy, because in Brazil people are more connected to the juridical way of the fact than the economic one. So it may be concluded that the accountancy and the law professionals have many things to search and develop to improve and differentiate the types of transactions - those involving companies that have the same corporate control and those involving companies pertaining to different economic groups, explaining also the method differences used in the accountancy registers.
As reorganiza????es societ??rias atrav??s dos institutos da fus??o, incorpora????o e cis??o v??m tendo sua participa????o e import??ncia ampliadas no cen??rio atual da economia mundial, inclusive no Brasil, principalmente devido ?? globaliza????o e ao crescimento da concorr??ncia. Essa import??ncia deve-se n??o apenas ao quantitativo de opera????es, mas tamb??m ao fato de que os valores envolvidos muitas vezes s??o bem elevados. Tamb??m n??o se pode afirmar que ?? apenas um fen??meno de concentra????o empresarial: h?? in??meras e variadas raz??es para a efetiva????o dessas opera????es, com sua crescente utiliza????o como forma de redu????o do ??nus tribut??rio aplicado ??s empresas. No Brasil, o emprego dessas opera????es foi implementado utilizando-se alguns benef??cios fiscais concedidos pelo Governo Federal; criou-se em 1971 a Comiss??o de Fus??o e Incorpora????o de Empresas - COFIE, ligada ao Minist??rio da Fazenda, com a finalidade de coordenar e analisar a concess??o desses benef??cios fiscais. A fus??o e a incorpora????o j?? eram devidamente regulamentadas h?? um bom tempo, mas a cis??o somente foi introduzida na legisla????o brasileira atrav??s da Lei das Sociedades An??nimas, em 1976. Com isso, ampliou-se a utiliza????o de tais institutos, apesar de em nossa legisla????o societ??ria e fiscal haver algumas diferen??as conceituais em rela????o aos Estados Unidos e Europa: ?? o caso da incorpora????o, que l?? ?? considerada como um tipo especial de fus??o. Os profissionais que operam com planejamento tribut??rio, sejam advogados, contadores, administradores e economistas, ampliaram o emprego principalmente da incorpora????o e cis??o no Brasil devido ??s vantagens fiscais alcan??adas atrav??s da redu????o, elimina????o ou posterga????o de Imposto de Renda, por diversas raz??es. O foco principal deste estudo compreende as ??reas cont??bil e tribut??ria, com o fim de demonstrar o emprego dessas opera????es em substitui????o ??s de aquisi????o, visando principalmente a elimina????o do ganho de capital dos acionistas ou quotistas, sejam pessoas f??sicas ou jur??dicas. Conforme era o objetivo do estudo, pelas pesquisas desenvolvidas confirmou-se tal utiliza????o, provocando essa forma de emprego distor????es tanto no campo jur??dico como nos procedimentos cont??beis adotados, vez que no Brasil preocupa-se mais com a forma jur??dica do que com a econ??mica dos fatos. Isso leva a concluir que tanto os profissionais da contabilidade como os do direito t??m muito a pesquisar e desenvolver para aperfei??oar e distinguir essas opera????es, tanto as ocorridas entre empresas sob o mesmo controle societ??rio quanto entre as pertencentes a grupos econ??micos distintos, clarificando inclusive as diferencia????es dos m??todos adotados nos registros cont??beis.
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Adamírová, Soňa. "Fúze společností a jejich účetní řešení." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114352.
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In this thesis I deal with the substance of the corporate mergers and its accounting treatment in relation to the Czech commercial arrangement. I compare the accounting view of mergers in the past with the solution after amendment of Act No. 125/2008 Coll., on the transformations of commercial companies and cooperatives, by Act No. 355/2011 Coll., which entered into force on 1 January 2012. I also want to point out some problems, that the new commercial arrangement of mergers brings. Finally, I deal with tax solving of mergers under current tax system in the CR, particularly the impact to the area of income tax.
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Skálová, Jana. "Účetní, daňové a právní aspekty přeshraničních fúzí v Evropské unii." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75458.
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The purpose of my dissertation was to make an analysis of factors influencing the process of the carrying out of the cross-border merger of the Czech company with the company in the European Union. Solution procedure stems from a general definition of acquisitions and mergers, their historical development, reasons for the carrying out thereof, through the picture of these processes in international standards of financial reporting up to the regulation in the European Union. When analyzing the rules for cross-border mergers within the EU, I ascertained problematic places consisting in non-finalization of harmonization - in accounting context - of mergers, and in possibilities of a selection of a tax solution. Apart from the Czech legal regulation, I also analyzed the Slovak legal regulation since the last application part contains a practical example of merger of the Czech company and two Slovak companies carried out in 2009 and prepared on the basis of empirical data.
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RODRIGUES, Adriano Dantas Lima. "Combina????o de neg??cios: divulga????o no mercado de capitais brasileiro." FECAP, 2017. http://tede.fecap.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/754.
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license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T22:59:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriano Dantas Lima Rodrigues.pdf: 683093 bytes, checksum: 5e76ca0b2e0469af0f0484640b8755c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-05
The objetive of this work was to analyze which motivating factors could positively be associated with the level of disclosure of business combination in Brazilian public companies that trade in S??o Paulo city stock exchange (B3). To fulfill such aim, it was developed a Business Combination index ??? INDCOMBADAPT, based on Nakayama & Salotti (2014) and Shalev (2009) researches. Instead of developing a disclosure index based on a checklist model, described by the technical pronouncement CPC 15 - Business Combinations as mandatory, in this research, some itens (subcategories) that could be repetitive were removed. Therefore, it was considered only information about one relevante criterion, that is, if missing, could cause problems to understand the procedure On the basis of previous researches, we selected factors that could positively impact the level of disclosure of business combination. We analyzed: companies?? size, listing segment in B3, subjection to regulatory agencies, free float shares, internationalization, audit firms, bond issuance, performance and indebtedness. We investigated the annual financial statements of 2015, from Brazilian companies that trade in S??o Paulo city stock exchange (B3), which described information concerning business combinations in these statements. We identified 28 acquirer companies involved in 53 procedures characterized as combinations, according to IFRS 03 (CPC-15 R1). In the studied period, the business combination disclosure index was 0,4082 (maximum 0,8095, and minimum 0,0479), indicating low disclosure level. Positive correlations concerning the combination index for the variable Indebteness were found. Moreover, after the regression analyzis the only conformed hyphotesis was that there is a positive relationship among financial statements audited by big audit firms and the level of disclosure of business combination. This confirms the works of Taplin, Zhao, & Brown (2014), Nakayama (2012) and Murcia (2009).
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar quais fatores motivadores poderiam estar associados positivamente ao n??vel de divulga????o de combina????o de neg??cios em empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, na bolsa de valores de S??o Paulo (B3). Para alcan????-lo, foi desenvolvido um ??ndice de Combina????o de Neg??cios, o INDCOMBADPT, adaptado de Nakayama & Salotti (2014) e Shalev (2009). Em vez de desenvolver um ??ndice de divulga????o baseado em um modelo checklist do que o pronunciamento t??cnico CPC-15 R1 (IFRS 03) de combina????o de neg??cios descreve como conformidade da norma, nesta pesquisa, foram retirados itens (subcategorias) que poderiam ser repetitivos. Desse modo, considerou-se somente informa????es sobre um crit??rio de relev??ncia. Assim, foram observadas somente informa????es que partem do pressuposto de que, na falta, podem causar problemas no entendimento da opera????o. Com base em pesquisas anteriores, foram selecionados fatores que poderiam impactar positivamente o n??vel de combina????o de neg??cios. Foram analisados: porte das companhias, segmento de listagem, sujei????o ??s ag??ncias reguladoras, percentual das a????es em circula????o no mercado, internacionaliza????o, firmas de auditoria, emiss??o de t??tulos, desempenho e endividamento. Foram analisadas as demonstra????es financeiras anuais de 2015, das companhias brasileiras com a????es negociadas na bolsa de valores de S??o Paulo (B3), que descreveram informa????es referentes a combina????es de neg??cios nessas demonstra????es. Foram identificadas 28 companhias adquirentes envolvidas em 53 opera????es caracterizadas como combina????o, conforme o CPC-15 R1 (2011). No per??odo analisado, o ??ndice de divulga????o de combina????o de neg??cios ficou em 0,4082 (m??ximo 0,8095 e m??nimo 0,0476), indicando baixo n??vel de divulga????o. A pesquisa apresentou correla????o positiva quanto ao ??ndice de combina????o para a vari??vel Endividamento. E ap??s an??lise de regress??o, a ??nica hip??tese confirmada foi que existe rela????o positiva entre demonstra????es financeiras auditadas por grandes empresas de auditoria e o n??vel e divulga????o de combina????o de neg??cios, corroborando Taplin, Zhao, & Brown (2014), Nakayama (2012) e Murcia (2009).
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Stander, Gideon Stefan. "The cultural impact of cross–border acquisitions on the accounting function : a case study / Gideon Stefan Stander." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4593.
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Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are one of the fastest strategic options that companies choose to face the global competitive market. This is evident from the number and the amount of growth in the value of the deals, as well as the occurrence of the 'mega–mergers' in recent times. If companies do not adapt to the fast moving and evolving business environment, they will run the risk of becoming obsolete.
The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value, which will give the organisation a competitive advantage. The reasoning behind M&A is that one combined company may be more valuable than two separate companies. Despite the popularity of M&A, 60–80% of M&A fail to create value. There are several reasons why M&A fail, such as the insufficient analysis and examination during the planning and early stages of the transaction, overpayment and poor management in the integration phase.
In the past 20 years, the volume of cross–border acquisitions has increased nearly three times faster than the volume of domestic acquisitions. Although cross–border M&A have become more popular, it comes with its own challenges and problems. The companies that enter into cross–border acquisitions need to face the issue of cultural differences, which is one of the common reasons of M&A failure. The participants of both companies need to integrate with the national and corporate cultures of the new company. In order for companies to be successful, the management needs to consider the impact and importance of these cultural differences.
Organisations frequently struggle with cross–cultural issues and it has been argued that the cultural distance between the country of the acquirer and the acquired is an important determinant of the success of cross–border acquisitions. In the example of the German company Daimler Benz and the American company Chrysler Corporation the fact that these two companies have very different cultural backgrounds and that their structures differed significantly complicated the merger. The company's choice of languages, images, metaphors and rhetorical strategies had a huge impact on the acceptance of the merger by the employees. Hofstede investigated the social dimensions of culture in order to develop a comprehensive model of culture. The model was developed on data collected from the IBM study of work–related attitudes of 116,000 employees in over 50 countries and three regions. The first four dimensions of culture were derived from this study namely, Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), and Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Gray extended Hofstede's earlier cultural framework to an accounting perspective and suggested that accounting values are derived from cultural dimensions. Gray summarised his accounting values as: Professionalism versus statutory control, uniformity versus flexibility, conservatism versus optimism and secrecy versus transparency.
The research question and objective of this study was to investigate the potential impact of cultural differences of cross–border acquisitions on companies from an accounting perspective. In order to answer the research question there were three objectives set. The first objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have on a company using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the second objective is to investigate the impact that cultural differences have towards an accounting perspective using Gray's accounting values. The third and final objective of this research is to interpret the potential impact of a cross–border acquisition on a company taking the cultural differences into account.
Considering the cultural differences, it was evident that there are differences between cultures, which may lead to cultural conflict and may hamper the success of cross–border mergers or acquisitions. The cultural differences that were observed, which was extended to an accounting perspective indicated that cultures do have an effect on the way accounting is done form one country to another. The conclusion can be made that companies do need to take the cultural differences into account before entering into cross–border mergers and acquisitions, and that proactive measures needs to be in place in order for the cross–border merger and acquisition to be a success.Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Coda, Stefano. "Business combinations and group of companies : perspectives from accounting, law and corporate finance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E072.
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Dans le cadre général des regroupements d'entreprises et des groupes de sociétés, cette thèse porte sur des questions d'intérêt à la croisée de la comptabilité, du droit (notamment les dispositions légales et la réglementation comptable) et de la finance d'entreprise. En ce qui concerne la théorie comptable, le chapitre 2 étudie comment les chercheurs en économie d'entreprise ont compris les groupes d'entreprises, les comptes de groupe et le processus de leur préparation, en particulier par rapport aux juristes italiens. Ensuite, le chapitre 3 reconstruit le processus politique et législatif qui a engendré la naissance du concept de groupe de sociétés dans le corpus juridique italien.Concernant le droit et la politique comptable, une analyse comparative est effectuée au chapitre 4qui montre clairement l'évolution de la notion de contrôle et de son utilisation dans les comptes consolidés (comptes de groupe) et les regroupements d'entreprises (I) en droit européen, (II) selon les normes comptables internationales publiées par l'IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) et (III) par rapport aux principes comptables généralement admis aux États-Unis («USGAAP»). De plus, les chapitres 5 et 6 étudient les effets du lobbying sur les normes comptables concernant les états financiers consolidés et les regroupements d'entreprises publiés par l'IASB. Fait intéressant, les résultats concordent avec une forme de capture du normalisateur comptable international par une catégorie d'institutions financières. En effet, confrontées à un modèle de consolidation prétendument basé sur le contrôle, ces dernières ont plaidé en faveur d'une exception de consolidation fondée sur un modèle de propriété et documentée comme ayant été proposée par les sociétés d'audit américaines dans ce contexte au moins depuis 1995. Ce modèle s’avère avoir trouvé un terrain fertile au sein de l'IASB. En conséquence, d'autres catégories d'institutions financières,telles que les fonds d'investissement à long terme et ceux gérés par une famille tout en préférant un modèle de consolidation différent, ne sont plus autorisées à présenter des états financiers consolidés. En ce qui concerne la finance d’entreprise, le chapitre 7 analyse les implications de différentes décisions de financement dans un nouveau échantillon de fusions et acquisitions entre institutions financières (banques et assurances) consommées dans le monde entier au cours des deux dernières décennies. En particulier, il étudie (I) la relation entre la méthode de choix de paiement (si le prix est payé en cash, en actions ou une combinaison des deux) et le choix du mode de financement d'un regroupement d'entreprises (y compris les instruments hybrides) et (II) la réaction des investisseurs à l'annonce de la combinaison. En ce qui concerne ce dernier point, l'utilisation de deux tests non paramétriques permet de détecter une relation intéressante entre la réaction du marché à l'annonce et les différents modes attendus de financement de la transactionIn the broad context of business combinations and group of companies, this thesis selects some matters of interest at the crossroad between accounting, law (especially legal provisions and accounting regulation) and corporate finance.Concerning accounting theory, chapter 2 studies how business economics scholars understood groups of companies, group accounts and the process for their preparation in particular compared to Italian legal scholars. Then, chapter 3 reconstructs the political and legislative process that brought about the birth of the concept of group of companies in the Italian legal corpus. Concerning law and accounting policy, a comparative analysis is carried out in chapter 4 which clearly shows how the notion of control and its use in consolidated financial statements (group accounts) and business combinations accounting evolved (I) in European law, (II) under international accounting standards as issued by the IASB – International Accounting StandardsBoard and (III) in US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Moreover, chapters 5 and 6 investigate the effects of lobbying on accounting standards on consolidated financial statements and business combinations issued by the IASB. Interestingly, results are consistent with a regulatory capture of the international standard setter by a category of financial institutions. In fact, confronted with a consolidation model purportedly based on control, the latter lobbied in favour of a consolidation exception which is based on an ownership view and is documented to have been proposed by US audit companies in that context at least from 1995. That view found a fertile ground within the IASB. As a result, other categories of financial institutions such as long term investment funds and those run by a family preferring a different consolidation model are now prohibited from presenting consolidated financial statement. Concerning corporate finance, chapter 7 studies the implications of different financing decisions ina novel and comprehensive sample of cases of mergers and acquisitions across and between financial institutions (banks and insurances) consummated worldwide around almost the last twodecades. In particular, it investigates (I) the relationship between the method of payment choice (i.e. if the price is paid in cash, stock or a mixture of the two) and the choice regarding the mode offinancing a business combination (including hybrid instruments) and (II) investors’ reaction at the combination announcement. As to the latter point, the use of two non-parametric tests allows todetect an interesting relationship between the market reaction at announcement and the different expected modes of financing the transaction
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Tran, Nam D. "Why Do Acquirers Manage Earnings Before Stock-for-Stock Acquisitions?" Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11537.
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xi, 68 p. : ill. (some col.)In this dissertation, I examine whether high disclosure costs explain why acquirers manage earnings before stock-for-stock acquisitions. Because stock-for-stock acquirers use their own shares to pay for targets' shares, stock-for-stock acquirers have incentives to manage earnings in order to boost their stock prices. I show that high disclosure costs lead to an equilibrium in which acquirers engage in earnings management in a manner consistent with target firms' expectations. As a result, I hypothesize that stock-for-stock acquirers with high disclosure costs are more likely to manage earnings before the acquisition than stock-for-stock acquirers with low disclosure costs. Using a sample of stock-for-stock acquisitions in the United States during the period from 1988 to 2009, I find a positive association between acquirers' proprietary disclosure costs and pre-acquisition abnormal accruals. In addition, I find a negative association between pre-acquisition abnormal accruals and abnormal stock returns around the acquisition announcement for acquirers with high proprietary disclosure costs but not for acquirers with low proprietary disclosure costs. Assuming that the market is efficient with respect to publicly available information, this evidence is also consistent with acquirers with high proprietary disclosure costs using abnormal accruals to manage earnings. Finally, I do not find a statistically significant association between the extent of acquirers' earnings management and the acquisition premium received by target shareholders. This is consistent with acquirers' earnings management not serving to extract wealth from target shareholders. Overall, the evidence in this dissertation suggests that earnings management by stock-for-stock acquirers is a rational response to targets' expectations when high disclosure costs prevent the acquirers from credibly signaling the absence of earnings management.
Committee in charge: Steven Matsunaga, Chairperson; Angela Davis, Member; David Guenther, Member; Van Kolpin, Outside Member
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Prado, Roberta Bordini. "Amortização do ágio e imposto sobre a renda: incorporação, fusão e cisão." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5848.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-30This is a study that aims to research the legal content that establish the legal relationship of the registry of goodwill on the acquisition of equity on a controlled company, and the possibility to depreciate from income tax calculation basis the goodwill registered on the acquisition, when of the amalgamation of the acquired company due to a merger or spin-off. It was analyzed the construction of the legal texts in comparison with the accounting standards currently adopted by the Brazilian accounting system, followed by the recent changes influenced by worldwide modifications on these rules. The premise of a closed, autonomous and independent system of laws was taken in consideration without the existence of dialogism and Intertextuality between the science of law and accounting science. Thus were examined normative tax assumptions in order to compare it with corporate law and accounting records. Since no changes were identified on tax laws on this subject, were analyzed the structures and limits of the possibilities of register, measurement and amortization of the goodwill for tax purposes. Considering the facts and the legal aspects that could justify the possibility to apply the rules related to the amortization of goodwill, it was verified the importance of the theory of evidence to each specific case. Finally, it was analyzed if the main administrative court decisions on the subject that can be related to the discussions here taken
O estudo tem como objetivo a investigação das hipóteses normativas que estabelecem a relação jurídica do registro de ágio no momento da aquisição de participação societária em sociedade controlada ou coligada, bem como a possibilidade de amortização da base de cálculo do imposto sobre a renda do ágio gerado na aquisição em caso de posterior incorporação do patrimônio de sociedade adquirida em virtude de operações societárias de incorporação, fusão ou cisão. Investigou-se a construção das referidas hipóteses normativas frente à mudança de padrões de contabilidade atualmente adotados pelo sistema contábil brasileiro, seguindo-se a tendência mundial dessas alterações, e mudanças legislativas recentes. Partiu-se da premissa do direito como um sistema fechado, autônomo e independente sem se olvidar da existência do dialogismo e da intertextualidade entre a ciência do direito e a ciência contábil. Analisou-se, assim, as hipóteses normativas fiscais de forma comparativa aos preceitos estabelecidos pela legislação societária e os registros contábeis. E, não tendo sido alterada a legislação fiscal sobre o assunto, buscou-se, a partir da análise da estrutura normativa, estabelecer os limites e os contornos das hipóteses que veiculam as possibilidades de registro, mensuração e amortização do ágio para fins fiscais. Considerando-se, ainda, a necessária relação entre os fatos descritos no antecedente das hipóteses normativas e a realidade fática, para o fim de se identificar o fenômeno da subsunção do fato à hipótese normativa descrita, capaz de ensejar a possibilidade de amortização do ágio gerado na aquisição, verificou-se a importância da Teoria das Provas para o deslinde de cada caso concreto. Por fim, analisou-se as principais decisões administrativas sobre o assunto que guardam relação com as conclusões alcançadas nesse estudo
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Tomanová, Tereza. "Analýza účetního řešení vybraných vnitrostátních fúzí obchodních korporací." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359596.
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This diploma thesis is focused on mergers of business corporations carried out in the Czech Republic in 2015. The number of carried out mergers reached 466 according to the analysis performed in this thesis. The theoretical chapters deal with Czech business, accounting and tax law regulation of mergers. The core of 5th chapter of this thesis consists of analysis of all carried out mergers and it is supplemented by the evaluation of transactions carried out between 2010 and 2015, which proves the increasing trend in the number of mergers. Second practical chapter analyses the accounting solution of each merger on the sample of national mergers of 2015.
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Sunga, Gabriel. "Corporate Tax Inversions: An Event Study on the Impact of Treasury Regulations on Domestic and Foreign M&A Target Firms." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1346.
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This paper utilizes a short-term event study to analyze the stock price reaction of domestic and foreign M&A target firms to the 2014, 2015, and 2016 Treasury regulatory announcements aimed at restricting corporate tax inversions. The results suggest that domestic M&A target firms experience insignificant abnormal returns as a result of the Treasury overlooking tax-favored acquisitions by foreign acquirers of domestic target firms with significant locked out earnings. Meanwhile, foreign M&A target firms experience insignificant abnormal returns associated with the ineffective 2014 and 2015 Treasury regulations and experience significant abnormal returns associated with the highly effective 2016 Treasury regulations. This paper contributes to the existing debate on corporate inversions by highlighting the common techniques used to escape the United States’ tax jurisdiction, as well as shedding light on a hidden inversion alternative that has been largely overlooked by the Treasury’s regulatory actions.
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Ferenčáková, Jana. "Česko-slovenské fúze - účetní a daňové aspekty." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72059.
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Diploma thesis "The Czech-Slovak mergers -- accounting and tax aspects" is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical one. The firstly mentioned one briefly describes legal regulations of cross-border mergers, with the main focus on their accounting and tax aspects adapted by Czech and Slovak legislative framework. Further, hypothetical comparison of accounting and tax differences is performed especially for cross-border mergers to Czech Republic and to Slovak Republic. In second part, author applies this theoretical comparison to particular real case. The work also includes the analysis of cross-border mergers carried out in Czech and Slovak Republic in 2008 -- 2011 that are listed in Appendix 1. The primary objective of this thesis is to explore the accounting and tax apects of cross-border mergers in Slovak Republic.
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Veiga, Jordana Luiza Barbosa da Costa. "An?lise do desempenho cont?bil-financeiro de empresas de capital aberto que sofreram processo de fus?o & aquisi??o." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1190.
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The main objective for firms to perform a Merger&Acquisition (M&A) process is the search for a competitive advantage considered important in their strategic planning. The process of M&A can be characterized by the concentration of capital, patrimonial, organizational and societal restructuring, and cyclical movements. This dissertation, has the aim to describe and analyze the financial accounting performance of a traded corporation, registered in the stock exchange pre and post M&A performed in the year of 2005 in order to assess the value creation due to the M&A process for the shareholder of firms involved as buyer. This aim was carried out through the analysis of the data evolution, use of descriptive statistics and hypothesis test; was also analyzed the stock behavior, on stock market, by technical analysis, descriptive statistics, beta assessment, hypothesis testes and abnormal results. The analysis were carried out using the variables: earning after taxes, net sales, Ebitda, net debt, sales, earning per stock ratio, stock price, dividends payed, total assets divided by total liabilities e current ratio, presence in trading market, number of daily deals of the stock, daily turnover, closing price variation, all traded on BM&FBovespa. In order to assess the value creation for shareholders, were performed analysis in Brazilian firms on the pulp and paper industry, the chosen firms shall be traded to have all the necessary information for the assess, and shall have passed through the M&A process in 2005. Acquiring and acquired companies should also have similar size, so the process of M&As could be clearly observed in the studied variables. Only 1 target company acquired by 2 acquiring companies was chosen, which composes the universe of analysis. The study included analysis of short term, days before and after the announcement, divided into two groups 10 days before and 10 days after and 30 days before and 30 days after the announcement, and long term, periods of three years before and three years after the event. With the analysis results it was possible to observe increase on value creation for shareholders of companies involved as buyers in the process of M&A during the studied period. The variables number of daily deals of the stock, number of daily deals of the stock and daily turnover had important role on the stock-holder assess earning. It is possible to observe that the firms Suzano papel e celulose and Votoratim Celulose e Papel had substantial changes on the studied variables after the M&A process. Were observed increase on stock price, number of daily deals of the stock, number of traded stocks and daily turnover. The beta, risk indicator, after M&A, on both companies, get close to 1, improving the non-diversifiable risk of the firms. The accounting and financial parameters have showed inconclusive results probably
O objetivo principal das empresas ao recorrerem ao processo de F&A ? a busca por alguma vantagem competitiva considerada importante em seu planejamento estrat?gico. O processo de F&A pode ser caracterizado pela concentra??o de capitais, reestrutura??o patrimonial, organizacional e societ?ria, e por movimentos c?clicos. Esta disserta??o, tem por objetivo descrever e analisar o desempenho cont?bil-financeiro de sociedade an?nima de capital aberto, registrado em bolsa de valores, pr? e p?s F&A ocorrido no ano de 2005 com o intuito de avaliar a gera??o de valor decorrente do processo de F&A para os acionistas das empresas envolvidas como adquirentes, atrav?s da an?lise da evolu??o dos dados, aplica??o de estat?stica descritiva e formula??o de teste estat?stico de hip?tese; tamb?m foi realizada an?lise do comportamento das a??es, em mercado secund?rio, por meio de an?lise t?cnica, estat?stica descritiva, avalia??o do beta, teste de hip?teses e verifica??o de ganhos anormais. As an?lises foram feitas utilizando as seguintes vari?veis: lucro l?quido, receita l?quida de vendas, Ebitda, d?vida l?quida, produ??o comercializada, lucro por a??o, pre?o por a??o, dividendo pago por a??o, liquidez geral e liquidez corrente, presen?a nos preg?es, n? de neg?cios di?rio da a??o negociada, volume de neg?cios di?rio da a??o negociada, pre?o de fechamento da a??o negociada todas na BM&FBovespa. Com o intuito de avaliar a gera??o de valor para os acionistas, foram realizadas as an?lises em empresas brasileiras escolhidas do setor de papel e celulose, de capital aberto para haver disponibilidades nas informa??es necess?rias para an?lise, e que passaram pelo processo de fus?o ou aquisi??o no ano de 2005. As empresas adquirentes e adquiridas deveriam ter porte similar para que o processo de F&A pudesse ser observado com clareza nas vari?veis em estudo. Foi selecionada uma ?nica empresa alvo adquirida por 2 empresas adquirentes, que formaram o universo da an?lise. O estudo contemplou an?lises de curto prazo, dias antes e depois do an?ncio, divididos em 2 grupos 10 dias antes e 10 dias depois e 30 dias antes e 30 dias depois do an?ncio; e de longo prazo, per?odos de 3 anos antes e 3 anos ap?s o evento. Com os resultados das an?lises ? poss?vel constatar aumento na gera??o de valor para os acionistas das empresas envolvidas como adquirentes no processo de F&A, no per?odo estudado. As vari?veis n? de neg?cios, volume negociado e quantidade de a??es tiveram papel importante na avalia??o do ganho do acionista. ? poss?vel constatar que as empresas Suzano Papel e Celulose e Votorantim Celulose e Papel, tiveram altera??es substanciais nas vari?veis estudadas depois do processo de F&A. Constatou-se a valoriza??o no pre?o da a??o negociada, aumento no n? de neg?cios, na quantidade de a??es negociadas por preg?o e no volume movimentado diariamente. O beta, indicador de risco, p?s F&A, em ambas as empresas, aproximou-se de 1, aumentando o risco n?o diversific?vel das empresas. Os par?metros cont?beis-financeiros apresentaram resultados inconclusivos, provavelmente pela pequena quantidade de dados analisada e pela infu?ncia de fatores externos.
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Méreaux, Jean-Paul. "Fusions-acquisitions et systèmes comptables : une approche typologique acculturative." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682192.
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Cette thèse sur le management des systèmes comptables dans les fusions-acquisitions repose sur l'étude de vingt-deux opérations de fusions-acquisitions réalisées entre 1992 et 2007 par quatre groupes, cotés ou non, opérant dans des secteurs différents (distribution, vins et spiritueux, champagne, sidérurgie). L'analyse des données est effectuée en utilisant la cartographie cognitive pour les entretiens et la matrice chronologique pour les autres données recueillies (observation directe, études de documents in-situ et externes). Les résultats montrent des approches différenciées et non linéaires selon les groupes acquéreurs. En s'inspirant des modèles d'acculturation, une double typologie des déterminants et des conséquences de l'intégration des systèmes comptables dans chaque groupe étudié et un modèle général ont été élaborés en distinguant quatre logiques d'intégration : l'absorption, la séparation, l'adoption partielle inversée et la combinaison. A partir de ce modèle, nous recensons les caractéristiques de l'intégration des systèmes comptables dans les quatre groupes étudiés en isolant les facteurs explicatifs et les conséquences dans chaque logique d'intégration. Ensuite, nous construisons une typologie de l'intégration des systèmes comptables dans les fusions-acquisitions en mettant en évidence les facteurs explicatifs prédominants tels que le mode de gestion peu ou très centralisé du groupe acquéreur et le niveau plus ou moins avancé des systèmes comptables du groupe acquéreur et de l'entreprise acquise. Au niveau des conséquences, l'adaptation plus ou moins volontaire des salariés aux changements organisationnels proposés ou imposés par le groupe acquéreur se détache fortement hormis dans la logique séparation où ces changements apparaissent comme mineurs dans la mesure où les équipes en place et les méthodes de travail sont maintenues.
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Hajj, Zaina Said El. "Evolução e desempenho dos bancos durante o plano real." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-14062006-115413/.
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Ao considerar o cenário atual, caracterizado pela globalização e internacionalização dos mercados, este estudo apresenta a evolução e o desempenho dos bancos, classificados em públicos, privados nacionais e estrangeiros, no Sistema Financeiro Nacional durante o Plano Real, desde 01/07/1994 a 31/12/2002. Trata-se, inicialmente, de um estudo descritivo setorial comparativo entre a participação desses três grupos de bancos e, principalmente, de um estudo empírico, por meio de análise fatorial, com indicadores contábeis dos bancos privados nacionais e dos bancos estrangeiros no país durante o período estudado. O Sistema Financeiro Nacional abordado é o relativo no período anterior à Reforma Bancária de 64 e, principalmente, ao vigente no Plano Real, com as medidas para reestruturação e fortalecimento do sistema financeiro, que contribuíram para as mudanças ocorridas no setor bancário. Destacam-se os Regimes Especiais, incluindo o RAET, o Fundo Garantidor de Crédito, o PROER, o PROES, os incentivos para as operações de reestruturação, fusões & aquisições, e a presença do capital estrangeiro no país. É analisada a evolução do número de bancos comerciais e múltiplos e de caixas econômicas em funcionamento antes do Plano Real (30/06/1994). Esses são classificados em três grupos: público, privado nacional e estrangeiro. Em seguida, são descritas as mudanças ocorridas referentes ao número de bancos desses grupos desde o início do Plano Real (01/07/1994) até 31/12/2002, com destaque para as privatizações e as transferências de controle. A pesquisa tem como propósito principal analisar os indicadores de desempenho bancário do setor privado nacional e do setor estrangeiro a fim de verificar a hipótese subjacente do estudo, ou seja, se há diferença entre as variáveis dos fatores que compõem os indicadores contábeis dos bancos privados nacionais e dos bancos estrangeiros durante o período entre 01/07/1994 a 31/12/2002. Assim, trata-se de um estudo empírico, realizado por meio de análise fatorial dos indicadores bancários, extraídos das Demonstrações Contábeis.In view of the current market globalization and internationalization scenario, this study presents the evolution in the performance of banks, which are classified as public, Brazilian private and foreign private, in the National Financial System during the Real Plan, in the period from 07/01/1994 to 12/31/2002. Initially, a descriptive sectorial study compares the participation of these three groups of banks. Furthermore, an empirical study is carried out by means of factorial analysis, which uses accounting indicators from Brazilian private and foreign banks that were active in the country during the period under analysis. The National Financial System considered in this research refers to the period before the 1964 Bank Reform and, mainly, to the system in vigor during the Real Plan, and is characterized by its measures to restructure and strengthen the financial system, which contributed to the changes that occurred in the banking sector. Special attention is given to the Special Regimes, including the RAET (Temporary Special Administration Regime), the Credit Guarantee Fund, the PROER (Program of Incentives for the Restructuring and Strengthening of the National Financial System), the PROES (Program of Incentives for the Restructuring of the State Role in Banking Activity), the incentives for restructuring operations, mergers & acquisitions and the presence of foreign capital in Brazil. We analyze the evolution in the number of commercial and multiple banks and federal government savings banks that were active before the Real Plan (06/30/1994). These are classified in three groups: public, Brazilian private and foreign. Next, we describe the changes that occurred in the number of banks in each of these groups since the start of the Real Plan (07/01/1994) until 12/31/2002, especially privatizations and control transfers. The main aim of this study is to analyze the bank performance indicators in the Brazilian private and in the foreign sector, with a view to verifying the study premise, that is, whether there exists a difference between Brazilian private and foreign banks in the variables of factors that compose the accounting indicators during the period from 07/01/1994 to 12/31/2002. Therefore, an empirical study was carried out by means of the factorial analysis of banking indicators that were taken from the Financial Statements.
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Nasfi, Faten. "Gestion des résultats et parité d'échange dans les fusions acquisitions." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENG012.
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Ce travail de recherche vise à identifier, d'une part le comportement comptable des dirigeants de la société initiatrice d'une opération de fusion acquisition et d'autre part les déterminants de ce comportement comptable. Les contributions de cette thèse sont d'ordre théorique, méthodologique et managérial. Sur le plan théorique, cette thèse permet de compléter les travaux antérieurs s'inscrivant dans le cadre des prolongements de la théorie politico contractuelle dans un contexte spécifique à savoir les fusions-acquisitions. Outre la détection de la gestion des résultats, ce travail s'intéresse à l'étude de ses déterminants notamment les déterminants contextuels qui sont rarement testés. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette recherche présente un double intérêt. Premièrement, elle commence par une étude du cas clinique, Sagem-Snecma, pour tester l'existence de la gestion de résultat dans ce contexte particulier, puis la généraliser sur l'échantillon d'entreprises françaises sur la période 2001-2007. Deuxièmement, cette thèse, utilise un modèle de mesure de gestion des résultats, qui n'a pas été utilisé dans le contexte du fusion-absorption (modèle du Dechow et al (2003)) et le compare avec le modèle de Jones modifié. Sur le plan managérial, cette recherche permet aux utilisateurs de l'information comptable lors d'une opération de fusion-acquisition de mieux interpréter les états financiers des sociétés participantes à l'opération. Elle peut contribuer aussi à faire avancer les réflexions des normalisateurs quant aux dispositions réglementant ces opérations en révélant l'ampleur des choix comptablesThis research aims to identify the accounting behaviour of managers of acquiring firms, on the one hand and the determinantes of that accounting behaviour on the other hand. The contributions of this research are theoretical, methodological and managerial. Theoretically, this research permits the completion of anterior tasks involved in the framework extensions of the political theory of contract in a specific context namely mergers and acquisitions. In addition to detection of earnings management, this research focuses on the study of the determinants of performance management including contextual determinants that are rarely tested. Methodologically, this research presents a double interest. First, it begins with a clinical case, Sagem -Snecma, to test the existence of earning management in this specific context and then generalize about the entire sample of French firms over the period 2001-2007. Second, it uses a recent measurement model of earning management, which has not been used in the context of the merger and acquisition, (model of Dechow et al (2003)) then it compares it with modified Jones model. At last, this research allows users of accounting information during a merger or acquisition to interpret better the financial statements of companies participating in the operation of mergers and acquisitions It may also help advance thinking about the normalizers provisions regulating these operations by revealing the extent of accounting choices
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Godoy, Carlos Roberto de. "Comparação teórica e prática entre os métodos de contabilidade para combinações de empresas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-02092014-142937/.
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Uma combinação de empresas ocorre quando duas ou mais empresas distintas se unem de uma única vez para formar uma nova entidade contábil. Dois métodos de contabilização das combinações de empresas são geralmente aceitos no mercado internacional - o Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests) e o Método de Compra (Purchase Method). Mas esses dois métodos não devem ser vistos como alternativas contábeis para uma mesma combinação. Para se determinar qual dos dois métodos deve ser utilizado em uma combinação é necessário que se analise a natureza da transação, se ela é uma compra ou uma união de interesses. Sob o Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests), os ativos e passivos das empresas combinantes são combinados na nova entidade pelos seus valores históricos. Pelo Método de Compra (Purchase Method), os ativos e passivos da empresa adquirida são combinados pelo fair value na nova entidade. Além desses métodos, mais dois métodos são usados, mas de forma menos freqüente - o Método Fresh-Start e o Método Push-Down Accounting. Pelo Método Fresh-Start, os ativos e passivos das empresas combinantes são combinados pelo fair value. Pelo Método Push-Down Accounting, os ativos e passivos da empresa adquirida são avaliados e contabilizados pelo fair value em sua contabilidade, para em seguida serem combinados na nova entidade. Este estudo tem por objetivo principal explorar os métodos utilizados no mercado internacional e principalmente norte-americano, a fim de combinar as Demonstrações Contábeis de empresas fusionadas ou incorporadas, e aplicar os métodos de União de Participações, de Compra e o Push-Down Accounting em um único caso hipotético, para se conhecer os seus reflexos nas Demonstrações Contábeis da entidade combinada. Na comparação aplicada dos três métodos, o Push-Down Accounting revelou-se como uma variante do Método de Compra (Purchase Method). O Método de União de Participações (Pooling of Interests) sugere uma completa comunhão dos interesses das empresas combinantes sem o reconhecimento de qualquer aumento da potencialidade de geração de benefícios futuros. Já o Método de Compra se assemelha a uma simples transação de compra que reconhece de forma objetiva, na data da combinação, o potencial mínimo de geração de benefícios futuros da empresa adquirida para a entidade combinada.A business combination occurs when two or more companies merge at one single time to form a new accounting entity. Two accounting methods for business combinations are generally accepted in the international market - the Pooling of Interests Method and the Purchase Method. But these two methods should not be considered as accounting alternatives for the same combination. To determine which of the two methods should be used in a business combination the nature of the transaction should be analyzed, that is, whether it is a purchase or a pooling of interests.On the one hand, in accordance with the Pooling of Interests Method, the assets and liabilities of the combining companies are combined in the new entity making use of their historical value. In accordance with the Purchase Method, on the other hand, the purchased company\'s assets and liabilities are combined in the new entity making use of their fair value.Apart from these two methods, two other methods are used, even though less frequently - the Fresh-Start Method and the Push-Down Accounting Method. In accordance with the Fresh-Start Method, the combining companies\' assets and liabilities are combined making use of their fair value. In accordance with the Push-Down Accounting Method, the purchased company\'s assets and liabilities are first re-evaluated by its accounting making use of their fair value, in order to be subsequently combined in the new entity.The main objective of this study is an exploration of the methods used in the international and mainly North-American markets for combining the Financial Statements of merged or acquired companies, and an application of the Pooling of Interests, Purchase and Push-Down Accounting Methods to one single hypothetical case, in order to know its effects on the Combined Financial Statements. In the comparison of the three methods, the Push-Down Accounting Method proved to be a variant of the Purchase Method. The Pooling of Interests Method suggests a complete pooling of the combining companies\' interests, without recognizing any increase in the potential for generating future benefits. The Purchase Method in turn is similar to a simple purchase transaction which objectively recognizes, at the combination date, the minimum potential of the purchased company for generating future benefits for the combined entity.
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Ching-JuChen and 陳靜如. "The Impact of Merger Patterns on Subsequent Accounting Restatement." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m8wz4p.
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碩士國立成功大學
會計學系
102
This paper research the impact of merger patterns on subsequent accounting restatement . This study adopts the Input-Output based method, considering the industry interrelated between corporations , to divide mergers into four different types: Pure horizontal mergers, Pure vertical mergers, Mixed Vertical and Horizontal Mergers, Conglomerate mergers.
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Govender, Avishkar. "Accounting earnings quality and merger & acquisition performance in South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11977.
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This paper examines the relationship between the quality of accountings earnings and long-run performance for South African acquirers in the context of market-to-book value classifications. Glamour acquirers show significant earnings momentum prior to acquisition; however this momentum is not sustainable. In the period after the acquisition glamour acquirers exhibit a decreasing earnings trend and it is found that South African value acquirers outperform value acquirer’s post-acquisition. This paper does not however identify the determinant of this phenomenon as the hypothesis that the pre-acquisition earnings momentum of glamour acquirers is in part bolstered by their aggressive investments is rejected.
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Chen, He-Rong, and 陳赫榮. "The Relationship of Merger Declaration and The Accounting Approaches of Goodwill." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13322130514837223154.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
會計學研究所
103
The purpose of this study is to extend the current research of the cumulative abnormal return caused by the announcement of M&A event. We observed the effect by event study method with comprehension of Hypotheses in M&A Theory. Based on researches of the relationship between policies releasing and cumulative abnormal return, we analyzed how investors reacted in M&A declaration if the financial indices quality of merging companies are changed by R.O.C. GAAP No. 35 releasing. The measurement of an enterprise’s asset, liability, and profit ability would be affected when change in industrial environment occurs, such as the releasing of new business laws or policies. Based on the Rational Expectations Theory, investors would make stock reevaluations as a response of receiving the information of environmental changing, as a result, cumulative abnormal return will be captured before and after the changing event happens. Besides, according to the Theory of Mergers & Acquisition, the announcement of M&A event would also make investors generate another reasonable stock price based on the expectation of event consequences. I used 81 listed companies involved in the merging events during 2000 to 2013 as the samples. The result of the study showed that the releasing of R.O.C. GAAP No. 35 would increase the referring value of the acquirer’s total asset and net income during the day before and after the announcement of merging events. In addition, the released GAAP would decrease the referring value of the acquirer’s goodwill-to-assets ratio.
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Mnyandu, Nozipho Phindile. "Measuring accounting performance of South African mergers and acquisitions." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23797.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Finance and Investment, June 2016This study examines long-term performance of publicly-listed South African acquiring firms that participated in Merger and Acquisition transactions. In an effort to close the gap in South African literature of long-term M&A performance, the study used key financial ratios in calculating the change of financial position before and after each M&A transaction or in other words, before and after the 2007 recession. The sample included 10 acquiring companies that performed 18 acquisitions during the period, 2007 and 2009. Subsequently, accounting performance in the form of Profitability, Efficiency, Liquidity, Leverage/Solvency and Investment ratios, were then analysed three years before and after each M&A transaction. Furthermore, the Paired Comparison Test was used to test for significant differences in ratios, between pre- and post-M&A performance of each acquirer. The results suggest that overall, Mergers and Acquisitions do not significantly improve financial performance of South African acquirers after each M&A transaction.
GR2018