Relevant bibliographies by topics / Merging Unit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Merging Unit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Merging Unit"

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Wang, Yi Ming, and Jian Cheng Tan. "Design of a Synthesized Merging Unit Based on IEC 61850-9-2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2223.

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To meet the requirements of smart substations for digital information, integrated functions and compact structure, the definitions of merging units in IEC 60044-8 and IEC 61850-9-1/2 were analyzed. Based on the analysis, this paper described a realization of merging units used in the electronic transformers. The hardware and software architectures of merging unit were proposed. According to the design, the merging unit realizes synchronization of sampling pulse, receiving and processing of sampled values, and data transmission. An additional function of phasor measurement was included, which makes it a synthesized device between the process level and the bay level of the digital substation. The data packets were captured and analyzed by Wireshark, corresponding with IEC 61850-9-2, which demonstrates the high flexibility and utility value of the merging unit.
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Liu, Hai Tao, Ming Yu Huang, and Yong Hao Zhang. "Merging Unit Performance Evaluation of Intelligent Substation Based on the Triangular Fuzzy Number." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 5559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5559.

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According to the deficient situation of study in merging unit performance evaluation, this paper set up a comprehensive evaluation model for merging unit performance evaluation. Introduced triangular fuzzy number and determined the index weight through certain processing conversion, and set up a scientific system of performance indicators, and then selected normal distribution as the membership function. On this basis, this paper established a hierarchical and sub-aims comprehensive evaluation model. Finally, the model was applied for evaluating a merging unit performance. The evaluation result showed that the weight was effective and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was simple and reliable.
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Del Prete, S., A. Delle Femine, D. Gallo, C. Landi, and M. Luiso. "Implementation of a distributed Stand Alone Merging Unit." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1065 (August 2018): 052042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/5/052042.

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Shu, Zhan, Xia Cai, Bo Chen, Ning Zhou, and Yongchun Su. "Research of intelligent substation merging unit calibration equipment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 199 (May 2017): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/199/1/012037.

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Wang, Y., J. H. Liu, and L. S. Li. "Assembly sequences merging based on assembly unit partitioning." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 45, no. 7-8 (March 14, 2009): 808–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-1993-z.

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Han, Ying, Long Hua Mu, and Wei Zhuang. "Design and Application of New Merging Unit Based on Dual CPU." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1724.

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For the increasing development of smart grid and the basic requirements of smart substations for digital information, networked communication platform and standardized information sharing, it’s very necessary to do research on the merging unit, which is the important equipment in process layer of substations. In order to adapt to the development of smart substations, according to IEC61850-9-2 standards, a new merging unit based on dsPIC30F6014 and STM32F107 is designed in this paper and each function module is designed and analyzed. DsPIC is responsible for data receiving and processing and the controlling of logical state. STM32F107 is responsible for the synchronization of merging unit and Ethernet communication. Time-synchronization based on IEEE1588 precision time protocol is especially introduced in this paper.
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Fan, Chen, Yi Min Ni, and Guo Qing Zhao. "The Development about Multifunction Merging Unit Used in Smart Substation." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1391.

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The merging unit is used to realize the digitalization and sharing of the data of process and is widely used with the electronic voltage transformer (EVT) and electronic current transformer (ECT). As the construction of smart substation which is presented by the state grid company of china, a serial new requirements and needs about the merging unit are proposed and the merging unit which only sends the sampling value can not meet it. The new demands of the smart substation are analyzed, The design of hardware and the implement of the function are presented. The multifunction which including the model of sampling, the data catenation, the acquisition of status signal through GOOSE , the voltage parallel and switching and the synchronization of device are analyzed in detailed. At the end, the function of intelligent diagnosis and debug is introduced. The device has been used in the project of smart substation and takes good effect.
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Cipolletta, Giuliano, Antonio Delle Femine, Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, and Mario Luiso. "Design and Characterization of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i1.753.

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<p class="Abstract">Merging Units (MUs) play a key role in enhancing the levels of security and the reliability of power systems, allowing for advanced remote diagnostics. Some of the benefits are a more efficient transmission of electricity and a better integration with renewable energy systems. In this article, an implementation of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit (SAMU), compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 standard and based on a low-cost ARM microcontroller, is described. It acquires two signals, one voltage and one current, and it sends the samples over the ethernet connection. A high-resolution Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC), synchronised to the Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) through a Global Positioning System (GPS) disciplined oscillator, is used. The opportune insulation and conditioning stage have been designed. Several tests have been performed, varying amplitude, frequency, and phase of the input signals, in order to evaluate the metrological performance of the proposed SAMU and they are here discussed.</p>
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Li, Xuan, Qiaozhu Zhai, and Xiaohong Guan. "Robust transmission constrained unit commitment: a column merging method." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 2968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6314.

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Kong, Yuan, and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos. "Intelligent merging unit: DSE-based online instrumentation channel error correction." Electric Power Systems Research 200 (November 2021): 107468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107468.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Merging Unit"

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Ziegler, Jiří. "Testování jednotek Merging Unit v sestavě s proudovými a napěťovými převodníky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242066.

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The diploma thesis is focused on testing and design of a test system of merging unit which provides digital output according to IEC 61850-9-2. The parameters and distinguishing features of the test system are based on functional principles of merging unit and standards dealing with the testing of transducers. The proposed test system is based on modular PXI Express system from National Instruments. The desing is performed with respect to the possibility of generating test signals and measurements for voltage up to 38.4 kV and current up to 2000 A. The proposed test system meets the criteria for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.5. Assuming of calibration designed test system as a whole, this test setup has the potential to meet the technical requirements for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.1.
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Rabuzin, Tin. "Shaft Current Protection." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177353.

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Shaft current protection in hydro and turbo generators is an important generatorprotection issue. Currents owing in the generator shaft might damagegenerator bearings which, in turn, could reduce operating time and cause largenancial losses. Therefore, it is important to prevent operation of the generatorunder conditions of high shaft currents.In this project, task was to develop measurement and protection system thatis able to operate under certain conditions. Measurement device has to be ableto accurately measure currents lower than 1 A in a generator shaft that canvary in diameter from 16 cm up to 3 m. Also, those currents might appear infrequencies equal to multiples of line frequency. Device is to be located in alimited space and in a proximity of the generator. Thus, stray ux is expectedwhich might inuence measurements. Furthermore, since currents that haveto be measured are low, output of a measurement device is usually a low levelsignal. Such signal had to be catered for and adapted in a way that it can beused with numerical relay. After literature review and overview of possible solutions, Rogowski coil waschosen as the measurement device which will be further analysed. Two othercurrent transformers were considered which served as a good comparison withRogowski coil. Several dierent tests and measurements were made on mentionedmeasurement devices. Also, it was investigated how IEC61850-9-2 andMerging Unit (MU) could be used in this application. Upon this investigation,complete protection systems were assembled in the laboratory and they weretested. To asses the behaviour of dierent systems in the real environment, test installationwas built in the hydro power plant, Hallstahammar. This installationincluded traditional systems, with measurement signals connected to the relaya,and the one which utilized concepts of Process Bus and Merging Unit. Measurementsand tests that were made there served as a nal proof of successfulnessof protection systems. Results showed that Rogowski coil was a suitable choice for a measurementdevice due to its benecial mechanical and electrical properties. Also, tests madewith actual shaft current showed advantages of using Rogowski coil in pair withMerging Unit and process bus over traditional protection systems. Nevertheless,it was conrmed that both types of systems satisfy project requirements.
Skydd mot axelstrommar i vattenkraft- och turbo-generatorer ar mycket viktiga. Strommar kan uppkomma i generatoraxeln beroende pamagnetisk osymmetri istatorkarnan. Denna osymmetri ger upphov till en inducerad spanning i axelnsom sedan kan ge en axel-strom vid kortslutning av isolationen som rotornslager vilar pa. Om axel-strommen gar genom generatorns lager, kan lagretskadas allvarligt. Detta kommer i sin tur minska drifttiden och orsaka storaekonomiska forluster vid produktionsbortfall. Darfor ar det viktigt att detekteraom det gar axelstrommar genom generatorns lager. Examensarbetets mal var att utveckla ett mat- och skyddssystem for att detekteraaxel-strommar. Den matande enheten maste kunna detektera strommarmindre an 1 A i generatoraxeln vilken kan variera i diameter fran 16 cm upp till3 m. Dessutom kan dessa strommar ha frekvenser lika med eller multiplar avkraftnatets frekvens (50 eller 60Hz). Den matande enheten skall vidare kunnamonteras i ett trangt utrymme och i narhet av generatorns stator. Lackodefran statorn kan forvantas vara stort, och detta kan antas ha stor paverkanpamatningarna. Eftersom axelstrommen som mats ar lag, ar utsignalen franden matande enheten vanligtvis en lagnivasignal. Denna laga signalnivamasteanpassas saatt den kan anvandas i ett numeriskt rela, vilka vanligtvis kraverhogre energinivaer paingangsignalerna.Efter genomford litteraturstudie och oversikt over mojliga losningar, konkluderadesdet att en losning med Rogowski spole som matanordning borde varaintressant, och denna analyserades ytterligare. Tvastromtransformatorer medkonventionell konstruktion med karna av elektroplat valdes som jamforelse medlosningen baserad paRogowski spole. Flera olika tester och matningar gjordes. Dessutom undersoktes hur en process-bus losning enligt IEC61850-9-2LE meden Merging Unit (MU) skulle kunna anvandas i denna tillampning. Vid alladessa undersokningar har kompletta system for matning och skydd monteratsoch testats i laboratoriemiljo.For att registrera funktionen for de olika systemlosningarna i en verkligmiljo, monterades det kompletta systemet fran laboratorietesterna in i ett vattenkraftverki Hallstahammar. I detta vattenkraftverk ingar traditionella skydd-, styrnings- och kontroll-system och aven en aldre losning for att skydda generatornmot axelstrommar. Darmed kunde man jamfora prestanda mellan deolika losningarna baserade pastromtransformatorer av konventionell konstruktionmed karna av elektroplat och losningen med Rogowski spole. Signalerfran bada givarna anslots till ett numeriskt rela, och anslutning av Rogowskispolen gjordes aven via en MU till det numeriska relat. Matningar och testersom gjordes i kraftstationen kunde tas som ett slutligt bevis paatt de olikalosningarna baserade pa Rogowski spole ar en framtida losning for ett valfungerande axel-stroms skydd for generatorer. Resultaten visar att Rogowskispolen ar ett lampligt val aven med avseendepadess fordelaktiga mekaniska och elektriska egenskaper. Testerna som gjordesmed en verklig axel-strom visade tydligt fordelarna med att anvanda Rogowskispolen i kombination med MU och process bus jamfort med traditionella skyddssystem. Det ska dock understrykas att bade systemet med och det utan MUuppfyllde projektets krav.
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Zhao, Pengcheng. "IEC 61850-9-2 Process Bus Communication Interface for Light Weight Merging Unit Testing Environment." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103283.

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IEC 61850 is an international standard for communication networks for substation [1]. As a part of the IEC 61850 series, IEC 61850 Part 9-2 was introduced in 2004 and updated to a stable version in 2011 [2]. Part 9-2 de nes the specfic communication service mapping for the transmission of sampled values from process equipment [3]. The interface between process equipment and bay level devices is named as Merging Unit (MU) [4]. The 9-2 standard is a newly updated standard which has not yet been implemented in large scale. Therefore it is new or unfamiliar to many engineers working with substation automation systems. A project which is aimed to develop a light weight IEC 61850-9-2 MU testing environment is conducted in ICS department in KTH. The project can be also referred as "soft" MU project and consists of two parts. Part A is to implement conventional power system model, instrument transformer, and analog to digital converter [5]. This thesis project is Part B of the light weight merging unit (MU) testing tool project. This project is focusing on developing the 9-2 process bus communication interface for the "soft" MU project. The digitalized measurements such as current and voltage from Project A are encoded into 9-2 sampled values (SV) Ethernet stream by the process bus interface. The project is executed in the following steps. Firstly, the interface is programmed by C language under Linux environment. Secondly, the process bus communication interface is embedded into Matlab so that Part A and Part B can be combined as one system. To evaluate the light weight IEC 61850-9-2 MU testing environment, the "soft" MU is connected to a process bus network with one IED. The IED used in this thesis project is RET 670 which is a product of ABB Substation Automation. The four steps over current protection and two Windings transformer dierential protection in RET 670 is tested. The evaluation work is also demonstrated in this report.
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Anombem, Uzoamaka. "Evaluation of IEC 61850 process bus architecture and reliability." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/evaluation-of-iec-61850-process-bus-architecture-and-reliability(9d2f7b22-6177-4e4b-9612-4ff996a0bb51).html.

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As the use of renewable energy and the implementation of smart grids becomemore prevalent in Europe, there will be a need to ensure that the quality ofpower supply is not compromised during the integration of distributedgeneration to the main grid. Europe's electricity networks should be flexible,accessible, reliable and economic. In the UK, National Grid has standardisedits substation protection and control equipment commissioning andreplacement policies, yet issues affecting system long life availability remain,one reason being long outage periods during substation secondary equipmentinstallation, commissioning and maintenance. The present use of directhardwired point to point connections between the primary power system plantequipment and substation secondary system protection and control devicesdoes not allow for easy upgrading or replacement of these substationsecondary devices without an outage of the primary plant or substation. Outage and the consequent availability problems associated with secondaryequipment can be addressed by the open utility communication architecturestandard IEC 61850. A well-designed simple, highly reliable, secure, flexibleand long-life communication IEC 61850-based architecture can help mitigatethe impact of using protection and control IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices).Faulty IEDs can be replaced with little or no interruption to the overall operationof the substation. Interoperability is a key feature of the adoption of IEC 61850in substations. IEC 61850-compliant protection and control devices cancommunicate with one another, even if they made from different manufacturers. This thesis has proposed a simple, long life IEC 61850 based communicationarchitecture which is expected to be flexible and robust enough to cope withboth growth and outages. Reliability analyses have been carried out on varioushypothetical applications of the proposed process bus architecture to NationalGrid substation bays. A detailed description of how to determine the optimalprocess bus architecture using the life cycle cost evaluation technique has beenprovided. The design and implementation of a test bed used for evaluating theperformance characteristics of merging units has been presented. The resultsof the tests have been fed back to National Grid and the manufacturers, whomay then use the data to assist with the drafting of a Merging Unit Test BedSpecification, and also to help the manufacturers to make refinements to themerging units in order to make interoperability more readily achievable.
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Kherroubi, Zine el abidine. "Novel off-board decision-making strategy for connected and autonomous vehicles (Use case highway : on-ramp merging)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1331.

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L'insertion sur autoroute est un défi pour réaliser une conduite entièrement automatisée (Niveau 4 de conduite autonome). La combinaison des technologies de communication et de conduite autonome, qui sous-tend la notion de Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV), peut améliorer considérablement les performances de sécurité lors de l'insertion sur autoroute. Cependant, même avec l'émergence des véhicules CAVs, certaines contraintes clés doivent être prises en compte afin de réaliser une insertion sécurisée sur autoroute. Tout d'abord, les véhicules conduits par des conducteurs humains seront toujours présents sur la route, et il faudra peut-être des décennies avant que tous les véhicules commercialisés ne soient entièrement autonomes et connectés. Aussi, les capteurs embarqués des véhicules peuvent fournir des données inexactes ou incomplètes en raison des limites des capteurs et des angles morts, en particulier dans de telles situations de conduite critiques. Afin de résoudre ces problèmes, la présente thèse propose une nouvelle solution utilisant une unité de bord de route (Road-Side Unit (RSU)) permettant une insertion entièrement automatisée sur autoroute pour véhicules connectés et automatisés. Notre approche est basée sur un réseau de neurones artificiels (ANN) pour prédire l'intention des conducteurs. Cette prédiction est utilisée comme état d'entrée pour un agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) qui fournit l'accélération longitudinale pour le véhicule qui s'insère. Afin d'y parvenir, nous montrons d'abord comment l'unité Road-Side Unit peut-être utilisée pour améliorer la perception dans la zone d'insertion sur autoroute. Ensuite, nous proposons un modèle de reconnaissance d'intention du conducteur qui peut prédire le comportement des véhicules conduits par des conducteurs humains sur la voie principale de l'autoroute, avec une précision de 99%. Nous utilisons la sortie de ce modèle comme état d'entrée pour entrainer un agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (TD3) qui apprend une politique de conduite « sûre » et « coopérative » pour effectuer l'insertion sur autoroute. Nous montrons que notre stratégie de prise de décision améliore les performances par rapport aux solutions proposées dans l'état de l'art
Merging in the highway on-ramp is a significant challenge toward realizing fully automated driving (level 4 of autonomous driving). The combination of communication technology and autonomous driving technology, which underpins the notion of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), may improve greatly safety performances when performing highway on-ramp merging. However, even with the emergence of CAVs vehicles, some keys constraints should be considered to achieve a safe on-ramp merging. First, human-driven vehicles will still be present on the road, and it may take decades before all the commercialized vehicles will be fully autonomous and connected. Also, on-board vehicle sensors may provide inaccurate or incomplete data due to sensors limitations and blind spots, especially in such critical situations. To resolve these issues, the present thesis introduces a novel solution that uses an off-board Road-Side Unit (RSU) to realize fully automated highway on-ramp merging for connected and automated vehicles. Our proposed approach is based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict drivers’ intentions. This prediction is used as an input state to a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent that outputs the longitudinal acceleration for the merging vehicle. To achieve this, we first show how the road-side unit may be used to enhance perception in the on-ramp zone. We then propose a driver intention model that can predict the behavior of the human-driven vehicles in the main highway lane, with 99% accuracy. We use the output of this model as an input state to train a Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (TD3) agent that learns « safe » and « cooperative » driving policy to perform highway on-ramp merging. We show that our proposed decision-making strategy improves performance compared to the solutions proposed previously
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Bajánek, Tomáš. "Systém chránění s využitím výstupu z elektronického senzorického systému měření proudu a napětí." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-363725.

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At present, there is a widespread use of alternative measurement technologies in electrical networks that include current and voltage sensors. Their use is closely related to the use of IEC 61850-9-2 for data transfer of measured values within the substation for the purpose of protection and measurement. The use of sensors and communication standard IEC 61850 together with high-speed Ethernet will simplify the concept of the arrangement of protection terminals in substations and enable the development of a new protection system based on central protection. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms, which use the SV according to IEC 61850-9-2, and their implementation into the central protection model. Thesis describes development in the field of protection of substations and the currently available solutions using IEC 61850-9-2 and the principle of central protection. Thesis explains algorithms for selected protection functions - overcurrent protection, negative sequence overcurrent protection, logic busbar protection and differential protection. Further, thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in LabView development environment in the form of a central protection model. The model processes data from a process bus according to IEC 61850-9-2 and sends a GOOSE message over Ethernet in the event of a failure. To verify the correct function of the programmed protection algorithms, a testing procedure was developed using OMICRON 256plus, the current sensor and the merging unit. The results of the testing of the central protection model and the proposed algorithms were compared with the results of testing the currently used protections. At the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of central protection for protecting substations and the possibility of further utilization of the central protection model. The thesis highlights a new way of protecting the electrification system using digital data from MU transferred via the process bus described in IEC 61850-9-2.
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Greene, Lawrence E. "U.S. Coast Guard reorganization : why merging the field units is not enough to remain Semper Paratus (always ready) /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FGreene.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Christopher Bellavita, Susan Hocevar. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-123) Also available online.
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Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa. "Distanční ochrana využívající digitální vstupní data." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414159.

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Standard IEC 61850-9-2 definuje přenos vzorkovaných měřených hodnot (sampled measured values, SMV) prostřednictvím sítě Ethernet a využití SMV získaných ze slučovacích jednotek nebo přístrojových transformátorů. Implementace IEC 61850-9-2 závisí na vlastnostech datového souboru, jakými jsou časová synchronizace, počet vzorků a časový interval. Dizertační práce je zaměřena na algoritmy chránění a analýzu vlivu standardu IEC61850-9-2LE na fyzická zařízení ochran s analogově/digitálními vstupními daty o proudu a napětí. S ohledem na narůstající míru interakce mezi fyzickými zařízeními a komunikačními prvky byl navržen test pro analýzu komunikace pro rozvodnu využívající konvenční metody (analogové vstupy) a metody digitální založené na standardu IEC 61850-9-2. Práce dále popisuje funkci slučovací jednotky využívající standard IEC61850-9-2LE. Navržená metoda definuje zdroj SMV a analyzuje přenos dat. V rámci práce byl za využití softwaru Matlab naprogramován algoritmus ochrany. Vytvořený model je schopen vyhodnotit vliv harmonického zkreslení na funkci digitálních ochran a vliv přesycení proudového transformátoru na distanční ochranu. V práci jsou zhodnoceny i možnosti zrychlení testování systémů chránění s využitím neuronové sítě. Závěrečná kapitola se zabývá aplikacemi v reálném čase, využívajícími data z rozvodny v blízkosti Vysokého učení technického v Brně. K přenosu dat z rozvodny do univerzitní laboratoře je zde využíváno SMV přenášených optickým kabelem o délce 16 km. Aplikace je vytvořena v programu Matlab a je schopna číst data z ethernetového portu, dekódovat je, převést z formátu ASCII do desítkové soustavy a poté vykreslit průběhy proudu a napětí. Mezi vlastnosti aplikace se řadí jednoduchost použití, schopnost implementace funkcí distanční ochrany, výpočet RMS hodnot proudu a napětí a harmonického zkreslení, harmonická analýza prostřednictvím rychlé Fourierovy transformace a výpočet impedance poruchové smyčky. Všechny výpočty běží v reálném čase a provedena je i citlivostní analýza modelu.
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Pieters, Willem Diederick. "Monitoring, protection, and voltage control of parallel power transformers based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3067.

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Thesis (MEng (Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
The purpose of an electrical power system is to supply electrical energy to the customers. Power transformers are required to transform the system voltage from generation to transmission and distribution levels. Protection and control systems must ensure that power system high voltage equipment such as transformers operate and deliver save, reliable and secure electricity supply. The aim of the project research work is to develop and implement a strategy, methods and algorithms for monitoring, protection and voltage control of parallel power transformers based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus standard. NamPower is a power utility in Namibia. The IEC 61850 protocol for electrical substation automation system is used for the protection and control of 5 power transformers operated in parallel in an existing substation system. The IEC 61850-9-2 process bus standard is however not used in regards of Sampled Values (SV). Protection and control devices are connected to a substation communication network, routers and switches using fibre optic linked Ethernet. Inductive Current Transformers (CTs) and Voltage Transformers (VTs) secondary circuits are hardwired to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and fibre optic links are not used for this purpose at process level communication. The research focuses on the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard with Merging Units (MUs) and sampled values to improve the existing implemented protection and control system at NamPower. This includes substation communication networks and MUs used for transformer protection, voltage regulator control and cooling fan control. At the present the CTs located at the transformer bushings and switchgear and the VTs located at the switchgear are hardwired to the inputs on protection and control IEDs. The research focuses on issues with the copper wires for voltage and currents signals and how these issues can be eliminated by using the MUs and the SV protocol. The MUs which are considered in this Thesis is to improve the voltage regulator control and the control of the cooling fan motors. The voltage regulator control IED is situated at the tap change motor drive of the On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC). The IED of each transformer is required to regulate the voltage level of the secondary side bus bar it is connected to. All the regulating IEDs are required to communicate with each other and collectively to control the bus bar voltage depending on the switching configuration of the parallel transformers. The control circuit for controlling the cooling fan motors is hardwired. Temperature analogue signal input into a programmable automation controller IED can be used for controlling the transformer cooling fans. A strategy, methods and algorithms for transformer protection, voltage regulator control and cooling fan motor control of parallel power transformers need to be developed and implemented based on IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Power utilities and distributors can benefit from interpretation of the IEC 61850-9-2 standard and implementing MUs and SV in substations. MUs can be included in the power transformer protection, automation and control systems. A cost reduction in high voltage equipment, substation installation and commissioning costs and better performance of protection and control system are anticipated.
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Li, Shang-Che, and 李尚哲. "Study and Implementation of Merging Unit Prototype Using Embedded Controller and IEC-61850." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9z22q9.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
104
After International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defined IEC-61850, it becomes a new reference for digital substation and creates a substantial market for electronic instruments. Many countries in Europe or America adopts IEC-61850 as the new standard for their substation in the future. On the other hand, State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) referred to IEC-61850 and published similar technical documents. In the conventional substations, analog instruments are used to implement function of protection or measurement with copper used as wires. However, EMI problems become more important as time goes by. Besides, there could be problems resulted from different manufacturer such as compatibility and interoperability between devices, and these are implicit cost for power corporation. Therefore, IEC-61850 defines basic rules that manufactures must follow and it adopts optical fiber as media to reduce the effect of EMI. Merging Unit is to convert the values sampled from potential transformer or current transformer to a special format to fulfill Sampled Value protocol, specified in IEC-61850-9-2. After converted, the data is sent to Ethernet process bus, and the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) connected to the Ethernet apply this data to implement protection and measurement. In this research, embedded controller, CompactRIO-9067 developed by National Instruments, is adopted as the development platform of Merging Unit because of the advantage of modularization and a suite of Intelligent Development Environment (IDE) to help us save a lot of time on layout and system integration. The prototype of Merging Unit in this thesis uses GPS as the source of time synchronization, also it completes the sampling of voltage and the transmitting of data packets under Sampled Valued protocol. The future work is about sampling current and using IEEE 1588 as second source of time synchronization.
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Books on the topic "Merging Unit"

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Merging mission and unity. Philadelphia, Pa: Geneva Press, 1986.

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Bogdanović, Jelena. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465186.003.0007.

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The conclusion summarizes the major findings that reveal the canopy as a spatial and symbolic unit of sacred space. The creation and framing of sacred space in Byzantine-rite churches was achieved by the means of a canopy on multiple levels and scales. By featuring canopies as essential architectural and ontological constructs in the Byzantine church, the study calls for wider discussions about the additive and modular design processes in the Byzantine domain and beyond. The book claims that such a design was based on a canopy as a spatial unit and diagrammatic architectural parti. It emphasizes the fine merging of the total design of Byzantine churches within canopies, inclusive of their form and associated values. Canopies uncover the diagrammatic reasoning behind their tectonics and creation, which in turn alter how we perceived the aesthetics, spirituality, and meaning of Byzantine churches, as evidenced in Byzantine reasoning about space and the frame.
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Service, Moody's Investors, and Mergent FIS Inc, eds. Mergent unit investment trusts: Annual payment record. New York, N.Y: Moody's Investors Service, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Merging Unit"

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Qiao, Zheng, Bujuan Li, Yikang Zu, and Yanqin Sun. "Research and Design of Merging Unit of Electronic Transducer." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 647–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48768-6_73.

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Wang, Chengnan, Haoliang Hu, Dong Li, Junchang Huang, and Xiaofei Li. "Research and Test of the Error Self-monitoring Merging Unit." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1239–47. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1532-1_131.

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Backhus, Jana, Ichigaku Takigawa, Hideyuki Imai, Mineichi Kudo, and Masanori Sugimoto. "Reducing Redundancy with Unit Merging for Self-constructive Normalized Gaussian Networks." In Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2016, 444–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44778-0_52.

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Graebener, Josefine B., Apurva Badithela, and Richard M. Murray. "Towards Better Test Coverage: Merging Unit Tests for Autonomous Systems$$^{\dagger }$$." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 133–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06773-0_7.

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Lee, Hong Hee, Gwan Su Kim, Jung Hoon Lee, and Byung Jin Kim. "Real-Time Communications on IEC 61850 Process Bus Based Distributed Sampled Measured Values Applications in Merging Unit." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1250–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87442-3_154.

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Carpita, Maurizio, and Silvia Golia. "Prediction of wine sensorial quality: a classification problem." In Proceedings e report, 235–38. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.44.

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When dealing with a wine, it is of interest to be able to predict its quality based on chemical and/or sensory variables. There is no agreement on what wine quality means, or how it should be assessed and it is often viewed in intrinsic (physicochemical, sensory) or extrinsic (price, prestige, context) terms (Jackson, 2017). In this paper, the wine quality was evaluated by experienced judges who scored the wine on the base of a 0-10 scale, with 0 meaning very bad and 10 excellent, so, the resulting variable was categorical. The models applied to predict this variable provide the prediction of the occurrence probabilities of each of its categories. Nevertheless, jointly with this probabilities’ record, the practitioners need the predicted value (category) of the variable, so the statistical problem to be covered refers to the way in which this probabilities’ record is transformed into a single value. In this paper we compare the predictive performances of the default method (Bayes Classifier - BC), which assigns a unit to the most likely category, and other two methods (Maximum Difference Classifier and Maximum Ratio Classifier). The BC is the optimal criterion if one is interested in the accuracy of the classification, but, given that it favors the prevalent category most, when there is not a category of interest, it cannot be the best choice. The data under study concern the quality of the red variant of the Portuguese "Vinho Verde" wine (Cortez et al., 2009), measured on a 0-10 scale. Nevertheless, only 6 scores were used, with 2 scores with a very few number of observations, so this is the right context for predictive performance comparisons. In the study, we investigated different merging of categories and we used 11 explanatory variables to estimate the probabilities’ record of the wine quality variable.
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Wang, Ziheng, Xiongkuo Min, Fangyu Shi, Ruinian Jin, Saida S. Nawrin, Ichen Yu, and Ryoichi Nagatomi. "SMESwin Unet: Merging CNN and Transformer for Medical Image Segmentation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 517–26. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16443-9_50.

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Lisowski, Krzysztof, and Dorota Szaban. "Strategies for merging local government units – from the socialization of power to non-participation." In Designing and Implementing Public Policy of Contemporary Polish Society, 101–14. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737013697.101.

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Getoš Kalac, Anna-Maria. "Violence in the Balkans: Regional Commons and Country Specifics." In Violence in the Balkans, 57–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74494-6_5.

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AbstractThis chapter presents first findings from the BHS by providing data on main incident, offender, victim, and procedural characteristics of (lethal) violence in six countries of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans: Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Romania, and Slovenia. The discussion will concentrate on regional commons, as well as country specifics with a particular focus on comparison between completed and attempted homicides. In terms of the type of violence, only the most relevant ones will be analyzed, whereby this relates to both the most prevalent and most interesting for the regional context. Thus, certain methodological aspects, like those related to missing data and the merging of datasets with different counting units, will be presented. Bearing in mind the overall scope of the BHS with more than 200 different variables, this chapter clearly presents but a fraction of all findings. Nevertheless, it is a solid starting point for future topic-wise more focused in-depth analyses, and will hopefully deliver food for thought on new lines of (lethal) violence and homicide research.
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Kundassery, Smart, and Babu C. A. "Role of Free and Open Source GIS in River Rejuvenation." In Research Anthology on Usage and Development of Open Source Software, 447–65. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9158-1.ch025.

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Rivers represent one of the sources of freshwater. The existence and survival of humanity is intricately connected with the availability of freshwater resources. It is valuable to provide comprehensive information of all water resources through online geo-visual interfaces. Specific web slices can be of use, such as the illustration of headwater sources along with details of streams of various orders and tributaries up to the point of merging with the sea downstream. Since the local self-government departments, Grama Panchayat, can play a crucial role, they too are eager to know the details of the drainage network flowing within each administration unit. The possibilities emerging out of integration of free and open source GIS is enormous and can eventually succeed in bringing forth a ray of hope to the forlorn riverine ecosystem.
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Conference papers on the topic "Merging Unit"

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Gurbiel, M., P. Komarnicki, Z. A. Styczynski, F. W. Gatzen, and C. Dzienis. "Merging unit accuracy testing." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275894.

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Ma, WenJun, LongHua Mu, Pei Ao, and Xin ZhanG. "New type merging unit for digital substation." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apap.2011.6180614.

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Wu, Yiming, Nicholas Honeth, Lars Nordstrom, and Zhanpeng Shi. "Software merging unit based IED functional test platform." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7285783.

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Xule, Zhang, Xiong Qianzhu, and Wei ShaoPeng. "Research on engineering application of DC merging unit." In 2019 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispec48194.2019.8975322.

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Ouyang, Fan, Weijun Zhu, Hui Li, Wenwu Liang, Hao Xu, and Liqiang Xu. "Study on Calibration System for Merging Unit Test Equipments." In 2019 IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei247390.2019.9061939.

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Tao, Rukui, Baochen Jiang, and Chengyou Wang. "Sampling rate conversion and data synchronization in big merging unit." In 2011 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drpt.2011.5993949.

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Yaojia, Yang, Zhang Kai, Peng Hui, Hu Yingjun, and Xiaotao. "Analysis of the Quantization Error of Electronic Transformer Merging Unit." In 2015 Fifth International Conference on Instrumentation & Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control (IMCCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imccc.2015.149.

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Xiaobin, Liang, Zhou Jie, Yang Yongbiao, Shen Jian, Xie Li, and Zhou Bin. "Development of new kind of Merging Unit based on Iec61850." In 2008 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2008.5211703.

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Xiao, Xia, Yan Xu, Feng Pan, and Ken Xu. "Synchronization method based on FPGA for merging unit of the electronic transformers." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274765.

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Xiong, Qian-Zhu, Hao-Liang Hu, Den-Gyun Li, Chun-Yan Yang, Qi Nie, He LI, Zi-Li Xu, and Shu-Han Zhang. "THE RESEARCH ON CALIBRATION TECHNOLOGY OF DIGITAL-INPUT MERGING UNIT WITH INTERPOLATION." In 2015 International Conference on Energy and Mechanical Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814749503_0146.

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