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Journal articles on the topic 'Meridional ocean circulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cunningham, Stuart A. "Southern Ocean circulation." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (2005): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.265.

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The Discovery Investigations of the 1930s provided a compelling description of the main elements of the Southern Ocean circulation. Over the intervening years, this has been extended to include ideas on ocean dynamics based on physical principles. In the modern description, the Southern Ocean has two main circulations that are intimately linked: a zonal (west-east) circumpolar circulation and a meridional (north-south) overturning circulation. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports around 140 million cubic metres per second west to east around Antarctica. This zonal circulation connects

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2

Lumpkin, Rick, and Kevin Speer. "Global Ocean Meridional Overturning." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 10 (2007): 2550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3130.1.

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Abstract A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, freshwater, and other chemical transports, and to constrain boundary currents and dense overflows. The 18 boxes defined by these sections are divided into 45 isopycnal (neutral density) layers. Diapycnal transfers within the boxes are allowed, representing advective fluxes and mixing processes. Air–sea fluxes at the surface produce transfers bet

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3

Yang, Hu, Gerrit Lohmann, Xiaoxu Shi, and Chao Li. "Enhanced Mid-Latitude Meridional Heat Imbalance Induced by the Ocean." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (2019): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120746.

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The heat imbalance is the fundamental driver for the atmospheric circulation. Therefore, it is crucially important to understand how it responds to global warming. In this study, the role of the ocean in reshaping the atmospheric meridional heat imbalance is explored based on observations and climate simulations. We found that ocean tends to strengthen the meridional heat imbalance over the mid-latitudes. This is primarily because of the uneven ocean heat uptake between the subtropical and subpolar oceans. Under global warming, the subtropical ocean absorbs relatively less heat as the water th

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4

Antico, Andrés, Olivier Marchal, Lawrence A. Mysak, and Françoise Vimeux. "Milankovitch Forcing and Meridional Moisture Flux in the Atmosphere: Insight from a Zonally Averaged Ocean–Atmosphere Model." Journal of Climate 23, no. 18 (2010): 4841–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3273.1.

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Abstract A 1-Myr-long time-dependent solution of a zonally averaged ocean–atmosphere model subject to Milankovitch forcing is examined to gain insight into long-term changes in the planetary-scale meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere. The model components are a one-dimensional (latitudinal) atmospheric energy balance model with an active hydrological cycle and an ocean circulation model representing four basins (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans). This study finds that the inclusion of an active hydrological cycle does not significantly modify the responses of annual-mean ai

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5

Jayne, Steven R. "The Impact of Abyssal Mixing Parameterizations in an Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 7 (2009): 1756–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4085.1.

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Abstract A parameterization of vertical diffusivity in ocean general circulation models has been implemented in the ocean model component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The parameterization represents the dynamics of the mixing in the abyssal ocean arising from the breaking of internal waves generated by the tides forcing stratified flow over rough topography. This parameterization is explored over a range of parameters and compared to the more traditional ad hoc specification of the vertical diffusivity. Diapycnal mixing in the ocean is thought to be one of the primary controls

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6

Schmittner, Andreas, Tiago A. M. Silva, Klaus Fraedrich, Edilbert Kirk, and Frank Lunkeit. "Effects of Mountains and Ice Sheets on Global Ocean Circulation*." Journal of Climate 24, no. 11 (2011): 2814–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3982.1.

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Abstract The impact of mountains and ice sheets on the large-scale circulation of the world’s oceans is investigated in a series of simulations with a new coupled ocean–atmosphere model [Oregon State University–University of Victoria model (OSUVic)], in which the height of orography is scaled from 1.5 times the actual height (at T42 resolution) to 0 (no mountains). The results suggest that the effects of mountains and ice sheets on the buoyancy and momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the surface ocean determine the present pattern of deep ocean circulation. Higher mountains reduce water v

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7

de Boer, A. M., J. R. Toggweiler, and D. M. Sigman. "Atlantic Dominance of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (2008): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3731.1.

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Abstract North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy–driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Using an idealized geometry ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy moisture balance model, various climatic forcings are tested for their effect on the strength and structure of the ov

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8

Corvec, Shawn, and Christopher G. Fletcher. "Changes to the tropical circulation in the mid-Pliocene and their implications for future climate." Climate of the Past 13, no. 2 (2017): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-135-2017.

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Abstract. The two components of the tropical overturning circulation, the meridional Hadley circulation (HC) and the zonal Walker circulation (WC), are key to the re-distribution of moisture, heat and mass in the atmosphere. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ∼ 3.3–3 Ma) is considered a very rough analogue of near-term future climate change, yet changes to the tropical overturning circulations in the mPWP are poorly understood. Here, climate model simulations from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) are analyzed to show that the tropical overturning circulations in the mPWP w

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9

Gao, Ya, Dong Chen, and Huijun Wang. "Interdecadal Change in the Relationship between Northern and Southern Hemisphere Meridional Circulation over the Western Pacific Ocean." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101106.

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The western North Pacific monsoon in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the local Hadley circulation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) are important components of the vertical meridional circulation over the western Pacific Ocean. Here, we define the SH meridional circulation (SHMC) and NH meridional circulation (NHMC) and investigate their relationship over the western Pacific Ocean. Although they are consistent integrally in the climatological circulation, the NHMC and SHMC do not have a positive change relationship but a significantly negative relationship. In addition, this negative correlatio

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10

Piecuch, Christopher G., and Rui M. Ponte. "Importance of Circulation Changes to Atlantic Heat Storage Rates on Seasonal and Interannual Time Scales." Journal of Climate 25, no. 1 (2012): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00123.1.

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Abstract Ocean heat budgets and transports are diagnosed to elucidate the importance of general circulation changes to Atlantic Ocean heat storage rates. The focus is on low- and midlatitude regions and on seasonal and interannual time scales. An estimate of the ocean state over 1993–2004, produced by a coarse-resolution general circulation model fit to observations via the method of Lagrange multipliers, is used. Meridional heat transports are first decomposed into contributions from time-mean and time-variable velocity and temperature and second from zonally symmetric baroclinic (overturning

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11

You, Aming, Mulun Wang, and Yue Yu. "Ocean circulation response to rapid climate change." Applied and Computational Engineering 85, no. 1 (2024): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/85/20240970.

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In recent years, the trend of global warming has been significant, with changes occurring in the atmosphere, oceans, wind fields, and other areas due to climate change. To predict the future response of ocean circulation to climate change under the influence of global warming trends, this work is based on the response of ocean circulation to ancient climate change. Through research and analysis of three factors, including The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC) index, salinity and temperature, combined with various data and chart analysis, the response mechanism of ocean circulat

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Baker, J. A., M. J. Bell, L. C. Jackson, G. K. Vallis, A. J. Watson, and R. A. Wood. "Continued Atlantic overturning circulation even under climate extremes." Nature 638, no. 8052 (2025): 987–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08544-0.

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Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), vital for northwards heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean, is projected to weaken owing to global warming1, with significant global climate impacts2. However, the extent of AMOC weakening is uncertain with wide variation across climate models1,3,4 and some statistical indicators suggesting an imminent collapse5. Here we show that the AMOC is resilient to extreme greenhouse gas and North Atlantic freshwater forcings across 34 climate models. Upwelling in the Southern Ocean, driven by persistent Southern Ocean winds, sustains a wea

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13

Wunsch, Carl, and Patrick Heimbach. "The Global Zonally Integrated Ocean Circulation, 1992–2006: Seasonal and Decadal Variability." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 2 (2009): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo4012.1.

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Abstract The zonally integrated meridional and vertical velocities as well as the enthalpy transports and fluxes in a least squares adjusted general circulation model are used to estimate the top-to-bottom oceanic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and its variability from 1992 to 2006. A variety of simple theories all produce time scales suggesting that the mid- and high-latitude oceans should respond to atmospheric driving only over several decades. In practice, little change is seen in the MOC and associated heat transport except very close to the sea surface, at depth near the equato

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14

Nikurashin, Maxim, and Geoffrey Vallis. "A Theory of the Interhemispheric Meridional Overturning Circulation and Associated Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 10 (2012): 1652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0189.1.

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Abstract A quantitative theoretical model of the meridional overturning circulation and associated deep stratification in an interhemispheric, single-basin ocean with a circumpolar channel is presented. The theory includes the effects of wind, eddies, and diapycnal mixing and predicts the deep stratification and overturning streamfunction in terms of the surface forcing and other parameters of the problem. It relies on a matching among three regions: the circumpolar channel at high southern latitudes, a region of isopycnal outcrop at high northern latitudes, and the ocean basin between. The th

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15

Marshall, David P., and Helen R. Pillar. "Momentum Balance of the Wind-Driven and Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 5 (2011): 960–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4528.1.

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Abstract When a force is applied to the ocean, fluid parcels are accelerated both locally, by the applied force, and nonlocally, by the pressure gradient forces established to maintain continuity and satisfy the kinematic boundary condition. The net acceleration can be represented through a “rotational force” in the rotational component of the momentum equation. This approach elucidates the correspondence between momentum and vorticity descriptions of the large-scale ocean circulation: if two terms balance pointwise in the rotational momentum equation, then the equivalent two terms balance poi

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Mignac, Davi, David Ferreira, and Keith Haines. "South Atlantic meridional transports from NEMO-based simulations and reanalyses." Ocean Science 14, no. 1 (2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-53-2018.

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Abstract. The meridional heat transport (MHT) of the South Atlantic plays a key role in the global heat budget: it is the only equatorward basin-scale ocean heat transport and it sets the northward direction of the global cross-equatorial transport. Its strength and variability, however, are not well known. The South Atlantic transports are evaluated for four state-of-the-art global ocean reanalyses (ORAs) and two free-running models (FRMs) in the period 1997–2010. All products employ the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Oceans (NEMO) model, and the ORAs share very similar configurations.

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Döös, K. "The wind-driven overturning circulation of the World Ocean." Ocean Science Discussions 2, no. 5 (2005): 473–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-2-473-2005.

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Abstract. The wind driven aspects of the meridional overturning circulation of the world ocean and the Conveyor Belt is studied making use of a simple analytical model. The model consists of three reduced gravity layers with an inviscid Sverdrupian interior and a western boundary layer. The net north-south exchange is made possible by setting appropriate western boundary conditions, so that most of the transport is confined to the western boundary layer, while the interior is the Sverdrupian solution to the wind stress. The flow across the equator is made possible by the change of potential vo

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18

Cullum, Jodie, David P. Stevens, and Manoj M. Joshi. "Importance of ocean salinity for climate and habitability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (2016): 4278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522034113.

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Modeling studies of terrestrial extrasolar planetary climates are now including the effects of ocean circulation due to a recognition of the importance of oceans for climate; indeed, the peak equator-pole ocean heat transport on Earth peaks at almost half that of the atmosphere. However, such studies have made the assumption that fundamental oceanic properties, such as salinity, temperature, and depth, are similar to Earth. This assumption results in Earth-like circulations: a meridional overturning with warm water moving poleward at the surface, being cooled, sinking at high latitudes, and tr

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19

Bryden, H. L., B. A. King, G. D. McCarthy, and E. L. McDonagh. "Impact of a 30% reduction in Atlantic meridional overturning during 2009–2010." Ocean Science 10, no. 4 (2014): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-683-2014.

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Abstract. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation comprises warm upper waters flowing northward, becoming colder and denser until they form deep water in the Labrador and Nordic Seas that then returns southward through the North and South Atlantic. The ocean heat transport associated with this circulation is 1.3 PW, accounting for 25% of the maximum combined atmosphere–ocean heat transport necessary to balance the Earth's radiation budget. We have been monitoring the circulation at 25° N since 2004. A 30% slowdown in the circulation for 14 months during 2009–2010 reduced northward ocea

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Bryden, H. L., B. A. King, G. D. McCarthy, and E. L. McDonagh. "Impact of a 30% reduction in Atlantic meridional overturning during 2009–2010." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 2 (2014): 789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-789-2014.

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Abstract. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation comprises warm upper waters flowing northward, becoming colder and denser until they form deep water in the Labrador and Nordic Seas that then returns southward through the North and South Atlantic. The ocean heat transport associated with this circulation is 1.3 PW, accounting for 25% of the maximum combined atmosphere–ocean heat transport necessary to balance the earth's radiation budget. We have been monitoring the circulation at 25° N since 2004. A 30% slowdown in the circulation for 15 months during 2009–2010 reduced northward ocea

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21

Munday, David R., Helen L. Johnson, and David P. Marshall. "Eddy Saturation of Equilibrated Circumpolar Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 3 (2013): 507–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-095.1.

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Abstract This study uses a sector configuration of an ocean general circulation model to examine the sensitivity of circumpolar transport and meridional overturning to changes in Southern Ocean wind stress and global diapycnal mixing. At eddy-permitting, and finer, resolution, the sensitivity of circumpolar transport to forcing magnitude is drastically reduced. At sufficiently high resolution, there is little or no sensitivity of circumpolar transport to wind stress, even in the limit of no wind. In contrast, the meridional overturning circulation continues to vary with Southern Ocean wind str

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Perez, Renellys C., Molly O. Baringer, Shenfu Dong, et al. "Measuring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (2015): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.14.

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AbstractThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) plays a crucial role in redistributing heat and salt throughout the global oceans. Achieving a more complete understanding of the behavior of the AMOC system requires a comprehensive observational network that spans the entire Atlantic basin. This article describes several different types of observational systems that are used by scientists of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and their partners at other national and international institutions to study the complex nature of the AMOC. The article also highlig

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Sévellec, Florian, Thierry Huck, Mahdi Ben Jelloul, Nicolas Grima, Jérôme Vialard, and Anthony Weaver. "Optimal Surface Salinity Perturbations of the Meridional Overturning and Heat Transport in a Global Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 12 (2008): 2739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3875.1.

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Abstract Recent observations and modeling studies have stressed the influence of surface salinity perturbations on the North Atlantic circulation over the past few decades. As a step toward the estimation of the sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to salinity anomalies, optimal initial surface salinity perturbations are computed and described for a realistic mean state of a global ocean general circulation model [Océan Parallélisé (OPA)]; optimality is defined successively with respect to the meridional overturning circulation intensity and the meridional heat transport maximum. Althou

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Scheen, Jeemijn, and Thomas F. Stocker. "Effect of changing ocean circulation on deep ocean temperature in the last millennium." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 4 (2020): 925–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-925-2020.

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Abstract. Paleoreconstructions and modern observations provide us with anomalies of surface temperature over the past millennium. The history of deep ocean temperatures is much less well-known and was simulated in a recent study for the past 2000 years under forced surface temperature anomalies and fixed ocean circulation. In this study, we simulate the past 800 years with an illustrative forcing scenario in the Bern3D ocean model, which enables us to assess the impact of changes in ocean circulation on deep ocean temperature. We quantify the effect of changing ocean circulation by comparing t

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Lutsko, Nicholas J., John Marshall, and Brian Green. "Modulation of Monsoon Circulations by Cross-Equatorial Ocean Heat Transport." Journal of Climate 32, no. 12 (2019): 3471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0623.1.

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Abstract Motivated by observations of southward ocean heat transport (OHT) in the northern Indian Ocean during summer, the role of the ocean in modulating monsoon circulations is explored by coupling an atmospheric model to a slab ocean with an interactive representation of OHT and an idealized subtropical continent. Southward OHT by the cross-equatorial cells is caused by Ekman flow driven by southwesterly monsoon winds in the summer months, cooling sea surface temperatures (SSTs) south of the continent. This increases the reversed meridional surface gradient of moist static energy, shifting

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Dong, Shenfu, Silvia Garzoli, and Molly Baringer. "The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 8 (2011): 1498–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4549.1.

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Abstract The interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 S

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Zhang, Zhongshi, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, et al. "Mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation simulated in PlioMIP2." Climate of the Past 17, no. 1 (2021): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021.

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Abstract. In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2), coupled climate models have been used to simulate an interglacial climate during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (mPWP; 3.264 to 3.025 Ma). Here, we compare the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), poleward ocean heat transport and sea surface warming in the Atlantic simulated with these models. In PlioMIP2, all models simulate an intensified mid-Pliocene AMOC. However, there is no consistent response in the simulated Atlantic ocean heat transport nor in the depth of the Atlantic overturning cell. The mod

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Ashkenazy, Yosef, Hezi Gildor, Martin Losch, and Eli Tziperman. "Ocean Circulation under Globally Glaciated Snowball Earth Conditions: Steady-State Solutions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 1 (2014): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-086.1.

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Abstract Between ~750 and 635 million years ago, during the Neoproterozoic era, the earth experienced at least two significant, possibly global, glaciations, termed “Snowball Earth.” While many studies have focused on the dynamics and the role of the atmosphere and ice flow over the ocean in these events, only a few have investigated the related associated ocean circulation, and no study has examined the ocean circulation under a thick (~1 km deep) sea ice cover, driven by geothermal heat flux. Here, a thick sea ice–flow model coupled to an ocean general circulation model is used to study the

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Bugnion, Véronique, Chris Hill, and Peter H. Stone. "An Adjoint Analysis of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in an Ocean Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 15 (2006): 3732–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3787.1.

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Abstract Using the adjoint of a fully three-dimensional primitive equation ocean model in an idealized geometry, spatial variations in the sensitivity to surface boundary forcing of the meridional overturning circulation’s strength are studied. Steady-state sensitivities to diapycnal mixing, wind stress, freshwater, and heat forcing are examined. Three different, commonly used, boundary-forcing scenarios are studied, both with and without wind forcing. Almost identical circulation is achieved in each scenario, but the sensitivity patterns show major (quantitative and qualitative) differences.

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Sijp, Willem P., and Matthew H. England. "The effect of low ancient greenhouse climate temperature gradients on the ocean's overturning circulation." Climate of the Past 12, no. 2 (2016): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-543-2016.

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Abstract. We examine whether the reduced meridional temperature gradients of past greenhouse climates might have reduced oceanic overturning, leading to a more quiescent subsurface ocean. A substantial reduction of the pole-to-Equator temperature difference is achieved in a coupled climate model via an altered radiative balance in the atmosphere. Contrary to expectations, we find that the meridional overturning circulation and deep ocean kinetic energy remain relatively unaffected. Reducing the wind strength also has remarkably little effect on the overturning. Instead, overturning strength de

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Sijp, W. P., and M. H. England. "The effect of low ancient greenhouse climate temperature gradients on the ocean's overturning circulation." Climate of the Past Discussions 11, no. 5 (2015): 4787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-4787-2015.

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Abstract. We examine whether the reduced meridional temperature gradients of past greenhouse climates might have reduced oceanic overturning, leading to a more quiescent subsurface ocean. A substantial reduction of the pole to equator temperature difference is achieved in a coupled climate model via an altered radiative balance in the atmosphere. Contrary to expectations, we find that the meridional overturning circulation and deep ocean kinetic energy remain relatively unaffected. Reducing the wind strength also has remarkably little effect on the overturning. Instead, overturning strength de

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Sévellec, Florian, and Alexey V. Fedorov. "Millennial Variability in an Idealized Ocean Model: Predicting the AMOC Regime Shifts." Journal of Climate 27, no. 10 (2014): 3551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00450.1.

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Abstract A salient feature of paleorecords of the last glacial interval in the North Atlantic is pronounced millennial variability, commonly known as Dansgaard–Oeschger events. It is believed that these events are related to variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport. Here, the authors formulate a new low-order model, based on the Howard–Malkus loop representation of ocean circulation, capable of reproducing millennial variability and its chaotic dynamics realistically. It is shown that even in this chaotic model changes in the state of the meridional over

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OLBERS, DIRK, DANIEL BOROWSKI, CHRISTOPH VÖLKER, and JORG-OLAF WÖLFF. "The dynamical balance, transport and circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (2004): 439–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002251.

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The physical elements of the circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are reviewed. A picture of the circulation is sketched by means of recent observations from the WOCE decade. We present and discuss the role of forcing functions (wind stress, surface buoyancy flux) in the dynamical balance of the flow and in the meridional circulation and study their relation to the ACC transport. The physics of form stress at tilted isopycnals and at the ocean bottom are elucidated as central mechanisms in the momentum balance. We explain the failure of the Sverdrup balance in the ACC circula

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Cromwell, D., A. G. P. Shaw, P. Challenor, R. E. Houseago-Stokes, and R. Tokmakian. "Towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation from space." Ocean Science 3, no. 2 (2007): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-3-223-2007.

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Abstract. We present a step towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), i.e. the full-depth water mass transport, in the North Atlantic using satellite data. Using the Parallel Ocean Climate Model, we simulate satellite observations of ocean bottom pressure and sea surface height (SSH) over the 20-year period from 1979–1998, and use a linear model to estimate the MOC. As much as 93.5% of the variability in the smoothed transport is thereby explained. This increases to 98% when SSH and bottom pressure are first smoothed. We present initial studies of predicting the time evol

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Cromwell, D., A. G. P. Shaw, P. Challenor, R. Houseago-Stokes, and R. Tokmakian. "Towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation from space." Ocean Science Discussions 3, no. 5 (2006): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-3-1623-2006.

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Abstract. We present a step towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), i.e. the full-depth water mass transport, in the North Atlantic using satellite data. Using the Parallel Ocean Climate Model, we simulate satellite observations of ocean bottom pressure and sea surface height (SSH) over the 20-year period from 1979–1998, and use a linear model to estimate the MOC. As much as 93.5% of the variability in the smoothed transport is thereby explained. This increases to 98% when SSH and bottom pressure are first smoothed. We present initial studies of predicting the time evol

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O'Neill, Cameron M., Andrew McC Hogg, Michael J. Ellwood, Bradley N. Opdyke, and Stephen M. Eggins. "Sequential changes in ocean circulation and biological export productivity during the last glacial–interglacial cycle: a model–data study." Climate of the Past 17, no. 1 (2021): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-171-2021.

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Abstract. We conduct a model–data analysis of the marine carbon cycle to understand and quantify the drivers of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the last glacial–interglacial cycle. We use a carbon cycle box model, “SCP-M”, combined with multiple proxy data for the atmosphere and ocean, to test for variations in ocean circulation and Southern Ocean biological export productivity across marine isotope stages spanning 130 000 years ago to the present. The model is constrained by proxy data associated with a range of environmental conditions including sea surface temperature, salinity, ocean

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Treguier, A. M., J. Le Sommer, J. M. Molines, and B. de Cuevas. "Response of the Southern Ocean to the Southern Annular Mode: Interannual Variability and Multidecadal Trend." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 7 (2010): 1659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4364.1.

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Abstract The authors evaluate the response of the Southern Ocean to the variability and multidecadal trend of the southern annular mode (SAM) from 1972 to 2001 in a global eddy-permitting model of the DRAKKAR project. The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is correlated with the SAM at interannual time scales but exhibits a drift because of the thermodynamic adjustment of the model (the ACC transport decreases because of a low renewal rate of dense waters around Antarctica). The interannual variability of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the ACC transport are uncorrelated, b

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Assad, Luiz Paulo de Freitas, Carina Stefoni Böck, Rogerio Neder Candella, and Luiz Landau. "Influence of El Niño Wind Stress Anomalies on South Brazil Bight Ocean Volume Transports." International Journal of Oceanography 2015 (February 3, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/965314.

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The knowledge of wind stress variability could represent an important contribution to understand the variability over upper layer ocean volume transports. The South Brazilian Bight (SBB) circulation had been studied by numerous researchers who predominantly attempted to estimate its meridional volume transport. The main objective and contribution of this study is to identify and quantify possible interannual variability in the ocean volume transport in the SBB induced by the sea surface wind stress field. A low resolution ocean global circulation model was implemented to investigate the volume

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Drijfhout, Sybren S., and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato. "The Zonal Dimension of the Indian Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (2008): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3640.1.

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Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the deep Indian Ocean is investigated with an eddy-permitting ocean model. The amplitude of the modeled deep Indian Ocean MOC is 5.6 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), a broadly realistic but somewhat weak overturning. Although the model parameterization of diapycnal mixing is inaccurate, the model’s short spinup allows the effective diapycnal velocity (the sum of model drift and the explicitly modeled diapycnal velocity) to resemble the true, real-ocean diapycnal velocity. For this reason, the model is able to re

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Wu, Yang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Zhaomin Wang. "Impact of Synoptic Atmospheric Forcing on the Mean Ocean Circulation." Journal of Climate 29, no. 16 (2016): 5709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0819.1.

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Abstract The impact of synoptic atmospheric forcing on the mean ocean circulation is investigated by comparing simulations of a global eddy-permitting ocean–sea ice model forced with and without synoptic atmospheric phenomena. Consistent with previous studies, transient atmospheric motions such as weather systems are found to contribute significantly to the time-mean wind stress and surface heat loss at mid- and high latitudes owing to the nonlinear nature of air–sea turbulent fluxes. Including synoptic atmospheric forcing in the model has led to a number of significant changes. For example, w

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Zhang, Z. S., K. H. Nisancioglu, M. A. Chandler, et al. "Mid-pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation not unlike modern." Climate of the Past 9, no. 4 (2013): 1495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1495-2013.

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Abstract. In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), eight state-of-the-art coupled climate models have simulated the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP, 3.264 to 3.025 Ma). Here, we compare the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), northward ocean heat transport and ocean stratification simulated with these models. None of the models participating in PlioMIP simulates a strong mid-Pliocene AMOC as suggested by earlier proxy studies. Rather, there is no consistent increase in AMOC maximum among the PlioMIP models. The only consistent change in AMOC is a shoaling of the

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Zhang, Z. S., K. H. Nisancioglu, M. A. Chandler, et al. "Mid-pliocene Atlantic meridional overturning circulation not unlike modern?" Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 2 (2013): 1297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1297-2013.

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Abstract. In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), eight state-of-the-art coupled climate models have simulated the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP, 3.264 to 3.025 Ma). Here, we compare the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), northward ocean heat transport and ocean stratification simulated with these models. None of the models participating in the PlioMIP simulates a strong mid-Pliocene AMOC as suggested by earlier proxy studies. Rather, there is no consistent increase in AMOC maximum among the PlioMIP models. The only consistent change in AMOC is a shoaling of

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Jungclaus, Johann H., Helmuth Haak, Mojib Latif, and Uwe Mikolajewicz. "Arctic–North Atlantic Interactions and Multidecadal Variability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Climate 18, no. 19 (2005): 4013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3462.1.

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Abstract Analyses of a 500-yr control integration with the non-flux-adjusted coupled atmosphere–sea ice–ocean model ECHAM5/Max-Planck-Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) show pronounced multidecadal fluctuations of the Atlantic overturning circulation and the associated meridional heat transport. The period of the oscillations is about 70–80 yr. The low-frequency variability of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) contributes substantially to sea surface temperature and sea ice fluctuations in the North Atlantic. The strength of the overturning circulation is related to the convective activ

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Viebahn, Jan, and Carsten Eden. "Standing Eddies in the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 9 (2012): 1486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-087.1.

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Abstract The role of standing eddies for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is discussed. The time-mean isopycnal meridional streamfunction is decomposed into a time- and zonal-mean part, a standing-eddy part, and a transient-eddy part. It turns out that the construction of an isopycnal MOC with an exactly vanishing standing-eddy part has to be performed by zonal integration along depth-dependent horizontal isolines of time-mean density. In contrast, zonal integration along time-mean geostrophic streamlines generally only leads to an isopycnal MOC with a reduced standing-eddy part. A

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Spence, Paul, Oleg A. Saenko, Michael Eby, and Andrew J. Weaver. "The Southern Ocean Overturning: Parameterized versus Permitted Eddies." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 7 (2009): 1634–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4120.1.

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Abstract Four versions of the same global climate model, with horizontal resolution ranging from 1.8° × 3.6° to 0.2° × 0.4°, are employed to evaluate the resolution dependence of the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation. At coarse resolutions North Atlantic Deep Water tends to upwell diabatically at low latitudes, so that the Southern Ocean is weakly coupled with the rest of the ocean. As resolution increases and eddy effects become less parameterized the interior circulation becomes more adiabatic and deep water increasingly upwells by flowing along isopycnals in the Southern Oce

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Thomas, M. D., A. M. de Boer, D. P. Stevens, and H. L. Johnson. "Upper ocean manifestations of a reducing meridional overturning circulation." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 16 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052702.

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Cunningham, Stuart A., Christopher D. Roberts, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, et al. "Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 23 (2013): 6202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058464.

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Sonnewald, M., J. J. M. Hirschi, R. Marsh, E. L. McDonagh, and B. A. King. "Atlantic meridional ocean heat transport at 26° N: impact on subtropical ocean heat content variability." Ocean Science 9, no. 6 (2013): 1057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1057-2013.

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Abstract. Local climate is significantly affected by changes in the oceanic heat content on a range of timescales. This variability is driven by heat fluxes from both the atmosphere and the ocean. In the Atlantic the meridional overturning circulation is the main contributor to the oceanic meridional heat transport for latitudes south of about 50° N. The RAPID project has been successfully monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning at 26° N since 2004. This study demonstrates how these data can be used to estimate the variability of the basin-wide ocean heat content in the upper 800 m betw

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Wu, Yang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Zhaomin Wang. "Decadal-Mean Impact of Including Ocean Surface Currents in Bulk Formulas on Surface Air–Sea Fluxes and Ocean General Circulation." Journal of Climate 30, no. 23 (2017): 9511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0001.1.

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The decadal-mean impact of including ocean surface currents in the bulk formulas on surface air–sea fluxes and the ocean general circulation is investigated for the first time using a global eddy-permitting coupled ocean–sea ice model. Although including ocean surface currents in air–sea flux calculations only weakens the surface wind stress by a few percent, it significantly reduces wind power input to both geostrophic and ageostrophic motions, and damps the eddy and mean kinetic energy throughout the water column. Furthermore, the strength of the horizontal gyre circulations and the Atlantic

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Zanna, Laure, Patrick Heimbach, Andrew M. Moore, and Eli Tziperman. "Optimal Excitation of Interannual Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability." Journal of Climate 24, no. 2 (2011): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3610.1.

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Abstract The optimal excitation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) anomalies is investigated in an ocean general circulation model with an idealized configuration. The optimal three-dimensional spatial structure of temperature and salinity perturbations, defined as the leading singular vector and generating the maximum amplification of MOC anomalies, is evaluated by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem using tangent linear and adjoint models. Despite the stable linearized dynamics, a large amplification of MOC anomalies, mostly due to the interference of nonnormal modes,

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