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Journal articles on the topic 'Meridional overturning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lumpkin, Rick, and Kevin Speer. "Global Ocean Meridional Overturning." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 10 (2007): 2550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3130.1.

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Abstract A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, freshwater, and other chemical transports, and to constrain boundary currents and dense overflows. The 18 boxes defined by these sections are divided into 45 isopycnal (neutral density) layers. Diapycnal transfers within the boxes are allowed, representing advective fluxes and mixing processes. Air–sea fluxes at the surface produce transfers bet

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2

Back, Amanda, and Joseph A. Biello. "Effect of Overturning Circulation on Long Equatorial Waves: A Low-Frequency Cutoff." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 5 (2018): 1721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0173.1.

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Zonally long tropical waves in the presence of a large-scale meridional and vertical overturning circulation are studied in an idealized model based on the intraseasonal multiscale moist dynamics (IMMD) theory. The model consists of a system of shallow-water equations describing barotropic and first baroclinic vertical modes coupled to one another by the zonally symmetric, time-independent background circulation. To isolate the effects of the meridional circulation alone, an idealized background flow is chosen to mimic the meridional and vertical components of the flow of the Hadley cell; the

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3

Bingham, Rory J., Chris W. Hughes, Vassil Roussenov, and Richard G. Williams. "Meridional coherence of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 23 (2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031731.

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4

Pinardi, Nadia, Paola Cessi, Federica Borile, and Christopher L. P. Wolfe. "The Mediterranean Sea Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 7 (2019): 1699–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0254.1.

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AbstractThe time-mean zonal and meridional overturning circulations of the entire Mediterranean Sea are studied in both the Eulerian and residual frameworks. The overturning is characterized by cells in the vertical and either zonal or meridional planes with clockwise circulations in the upper water column and counterclockwise circulations in the deep and abyssal regions. The zonal overturning is composed of an upper clockwise cell in the top 600 m of the water column related to the classical Wüst cell and two additional deep clockwise cells, one corresponding to the outflow of the dense Aegea

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5

Perez, Renellys C., Molly O. Baringer, Shenfu Dong, et al. "Measuring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (2015): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.14.

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AbstractThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) plays a crucial role in redistributing heat and salt throughout the global oceans. Achieving a more complete understanding of the behavior of the AMOC system requires a comprehensive observational network that spans the entire Atlantic basin. This article describes several different types of observational systems that are used by scientists of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and their partners at other national and international institutions to study the complex nature of the AMOC. The article also highlig

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6

Rayner, Darren, Joël J. M. Hirschi, Torsten Kanzow, et al. "Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58, no. 17-18 (2011): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.056.

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7

Samelson, R. M. "A Simple Dynamical Model of the Warm-Water Branch of the Middepth Meridional Overturning Cell." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 5 (2009): 1216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo4081.1.

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Abstract A reduced-gravity model is presented of the warm-water branch of the middepth meridional overturning circulation in a rectangular basin with a circumpolar connection. The model describes the balance between production of warm water by Ekman advection across the circumpolar current, dissipation of warm water by eddy fluxes southward across the current, and the net production or dissipation of warm water by diabatic processes north of the current. The results emphasize the role of the eastern boundary condition in setting the thermocline structure north of the current and the nonlinear

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8

Cessi, Paola. "The Global Overturning Circulation." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (2019): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095241.

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In this article, I use the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean version 4 (ECCO4) reanalysis to estimate the residual meridional overturning circulation, zonally averaged, over the separate Atlantic and Indo-Pacific sectors. The abyssal component of this estimate differs quantitatively from previously published estimates that use comparable observations, indicating that this component is still undersampled. I also review recent conceptual models of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and of the mid-depth and abyssal stratification. These theories show that dynamics in

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9

de Boer, A. M., J. R. Toggweiler, and D. M. Sigman. "Atlantic Dominance of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 2 (2008): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3731.1.

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Abstract North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy–driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Using an idealized geometry ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy moisture balance model, various climatic forcings are tested for their effect on the strength and structure of the ov

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10

Bire, Suyash, and Christopher L. P. Wolfe. "The Role of Eddies in the Zonal and Meridional Overturning Circulations of Buoyancy-Forced Basins." Journal of Physical Oceanography 51, no. 2 (2021): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0025.1.

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AbstractThe zonal and meridional overturning circulations of buoyancy-forced basins are studied in an eddy-resolving model. The zonal overturning circulation (ZOC) is driven by the meridional gradient of buoyancy at the surface and stratification at the southern boundary. The ZOC, in turn, produces zonal buoyancy gradients through upwelling and downwelling at the western and eastern boundaries, respectively. The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is driven by these zonal gradients rather than being directly driven by meridional gradients. Eddies lead to a broadening of the upwelling and

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11

Furue, Ryo, and Masahiro Endoh. "Effects of the Pacific Diapycnal Mixing and Wind Stress on the Global and Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 10 (2005): 1876–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2792.1.

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Abstract Numerical experiments are conducted using an idealized basin to investigate roles of the deep vertical diffusivity and wind stress of the Pacific Ocean in the global and Pacific meridional overturning circulation. The Pacific middepth diffusivity is found to be enhancing the global meridional overturning circulation; when this part of diffusivity is reduced to the background value, not only is the layered circulation of the Pacific greatly weakened, but also the production of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is significantly reduced. The deeper pa

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12

Munday, David R., Helen L. Johnson, and David P. Marshall. "Eddy Saturation of Equilibrated Circumpolar Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 3 (2013): 507–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-095.1.

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Abstract This study uses a sector configuration of an ocean general circulation model to examine the sensitivity of circumpolar transport and meridional overturning to changes in Southern Ocean wind stress and global diapycnal mixing. At eddy-permitting, and finer, resolution, the sensitivity of circumpolar transport to forcing magnitude is drastically reduced. At sufficiently high resolution, there is little or no sensitivity of circumpolar transport to wind stress, even in the limit of no wind. In contrast, the meridional overturning circulation continues to vary with Southern Ocean wind str

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13

Spall, Michael A., and David Nieves. "Wind-Forced Variability of the Remote Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 2 (2020): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0190.1.

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AbstractThe mechanisms by which time-dependent wind stress anomalies at midlatitudes can force variability in the meridional overturning circulation at low latitudes are explored. It is shown that winds are effective at forcing remote variability in the overturning circulation when forcing periods are near the midlatitude baroclinic Rossby wave basin-crossing time. Remote overturning is required by an imbalance in the midlatitude mass storage and release resulting from the dependence of the Rossby wave phase speed on latitude. A heuristic theory is developed that predicts the strength and freq

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14

Elipot, Shane, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Chris W. Hughes, and Josh K. Willis. "The Observed North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Its Meridional Coherence and Ocean Bottom Pressure." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 2 (2014): 517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-026.1.

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Abstract Analyses of meridional transport time series from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (RAPID MOC) array at 26°N and from Argo float and altimetry data at 41°N reveal that, at semiannual and longer time scales, the contribution from the western boundary dominates the variability of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC), defined as the transport in the upper 1000 m of the ocean. Because the variability of the western boundary contribution is associated with a geostrophic overturning, it is reflected in independent estimates of transports fro

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15

Johnson, Helen L., and David P. Marshall. "Global Teleconnections of Meridional Overturning Circulation Anomalies." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 7 (2004): 1702–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1702:gtomoc>2.0.co;2.

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16

Samelson, R. M. "Simple Mechanistic Models of Middepth Meridional Overturning." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 9 (2004): 2096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<2096:smmomm>2.0.co;2.

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17

Sinha, Bablu, Adam T. Blaker, Joël J. M. Hirschi, et al. "Mountain ranges favour vigorous Atlantic meridional overturning." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 2 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050485.

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18

Sime, Louise C., David P. Stevens, Karen J. Heywood, and Kevin I. C. Oliver. "A Decomposition of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 12 (2006): 2253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2974.1.

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Abstract A decomposition of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) cells into geostrophic vertical shears, Ekman, and bottom pressure–dependent (or external mode) circulation components is presented. The decomposition requires the following information: 1) a density profile wherever bathymetry changes to construct the vertical shears component, 2) the zonal-mean zonal wind stress for the Ekman component, and 3) the mean depth-independent velocity information over each isobath to construct the external mode. The decomposition is applied to the third-generation Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmo

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19

Viebahn, Jan, and Carsten Eden. "Standing Eddies in the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 9 (2012): 1486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-087.1.

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Abstract The role of standing eddies for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is discussed. The time-mean isopycnal meridional streamfunction is decomposed into a time- and zonal-mean part, a standing-eddy part, and a transient-eddy part. It turns out that the construction of an isopycnal MOC with an exactly vanishing standing-eddy part has to be performed by zonal integration along depth-dependent horizontal isolines of time-mean density. In contrast, zonal integration along time-mean geostrophic streamlines generally only leads to an isopycnal MOC with a reduced standing-eddy part. A

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20

Jones, C. S., and Paola Cessi. "Interbasin Transport of the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 4 (2016): 1157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0197.1.

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AbstractThe meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is studied in an idealized domain with two basins connected by a circumpolar channel in the southernmost region. Flow is forced at the surface by longitude-independent wind stress, freshwater flux, and fast temperature relaxation to prescribed profiles. The only longitudinal asymmetry is that one basin is twice as wide as the other. Two states, a preferred one with sinking in the narrow basin and an asymmetrically forced one with sinking in the wide basin, are compared. In both cases, sinking is compensated by upwelling everywhere else, incl

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21

Kunze, Eric. "The Internal-Wave-Driven Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 11 (2017): 2673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0142.1.

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AbstractThe upwelling diapycnal limb of the ocean’s meridional overturning circulation is driven by divergence of diabatic turbulent buoyancy fluxes 〈w′b′〉 across density surfaces. A global assessment of zonally averaged internal-wave-driven turbulent diapycnal buoyancy fluxes from a strain-based finescale parameterization is used to infer mean diapycnal transports in the interior and near the bottom boundary. Bulk interior diabatic transports dominate above 2500-m depth (buoyancies |B| = gγn/ρ0 < 0.267 m s−2, neutral densities γn < 27.9 kg m−3), upwelling at 10–11 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1)

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22

Carton, James A., and Sirpa Hakkinen. "Introduction to: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58, no. 17-18 (2011): 1741–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.055.

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23

Butler, E. D., K. I. C. Oliver, J. J. M. Hirschi, and J. V. Mecking. "Reconstructing global overturning from meridional density gradients." Climate Dynamics 46, no. 7-8 (2015): 2593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2719-6.

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24

Olson, R., S. I. An, Y. Fan, J. P. Evans, and L. Caesar. "North Atlantic observations sharpen meridional overturning projections." Climate Dynamics 50, no. 11-12 (2017): 4171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3867-7.

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25

Jayne, Steven R. "The Impact of Abyssal Mixing Parameterizations in an Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 7 (2009): 1756–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4085.1.

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Abstract A parameterization of vertical diffusivity in ocean general circulation models has been implemented in the ocean model component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The parameterization represents the dynamics of the mixing in the abyssal ocean arising from the breaking of internal waves generated by the tides forcing stratified flow over rough topography. This parameterization is explored over a range of parameters and compared to the more traditional ad hoc specification of the vertical diffusivity. Diapycnal mixing in the ocean is thought to be one of the primary controls

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26

Sijp, Willem P., and Matthew H. England. "The effect of low ancient greenhouse climate temperature gradients on the ocean's overturning circulation." Climate of the Past 12, no. 2 (2016): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-543-2016.

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Abstract. We examine whether the reduced meridional temperature gradients of past greenhouse climates might have reduced oceanic overturning, leading to a more quiescent subsurface ocean. A substantial reduction of the pole-to-Equator temperature difference is achieved in a coupled climate model via an altered radiative balance in the atmosphere. Contrary to expectations, we find that the meridional overturning circulation and deep ocean kinetic energy remain relatively unaffected. Reducing the wind strength also has remarkably little effect on the overturning. Instead, overturning strength de

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Sijp, W. P., and M. H. England. "The effect of low ancient greenhouse climate temperature gradients on the ocean's overturning circulation." Climate of the Past Discussions 11, no. 5 (2015): 4787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-4787-2015.

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Abstract. We examine whether the reduced meridional temperature gradients of past greenhouse climates might have reduced oceanic overturning, leading to a more quiescent subsurface ocean. A substantial reduction of the pole to equator temperature difference is achieved in a coupled climate model via an altered radiative balance in the atmosphere. Contrary to expectations, we find that the meridional overturning circulation and deep ocean kinetic energy remain relatively unaffected. Reducing the wind strength also has remarkably little effect on the overturning. Instead, overturning strength de

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Morrison, Adele K., and Andrew McC. Hogg. "On the Relationship between Southern Ocean Overturning and ACC Transport." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 1 (2013): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-057.1.

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Abstract The eddy field in the Southern Ocean offsets the impact of strengthening winds on the meridional overturning circulation and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport. There is widespread belief that the sensitivities of the overturning and ACC transport are dynamically linked, with limitation of the ACC transport response implying limitation of the overturning response. Here, an idealized numerical model is employed to investigate the response of the large-scale circulation in the Southern Ocean to wind stress perturbations at eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving scales. Significant

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Luo, Y., R. Francois, and S. E. Allen. "Sediment <sup>231</sup>Pa/<sup>230</sup>Th as a recorder of the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: insights from a 2-D model." Ocean Science 6, no. 1 (2010): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-381-2010.

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Abstract. A two dimensional scavenging model is used to investigate the patterns of sediment 231Pa/230Th generated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and further advance the application of this proxy for ocean paleocirculation studies. The scavenging parameters and the geometry of the overturning circulation cell have been chosen so that the model generates meridional sections of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa consistent with published water column profiles and an additional 12 previously unpublished profiles measured in the North and Equatorial Atlantic. The processes that g

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Luo, Y., R. Francois, and S. E. Allen. "Sediment <sup>231</sup>Pa/<sup>230</sup>Th as a recorder of the rate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: insights from a 2-D model." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (2009): 2755–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2755-2009.

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Abstract. A two dimensional scavenging-circulation model is used to investigate the patterns of sediment 231Pa/230Th generated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and further advance the application of this proxy for ocean paleocirculation studies. The scavenging parameters and the geometry of the overturning circulation cell have been chosen so that the model generates meridional sections of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa consistent with published water column profiles and an additional 12 previously unpublished profiles measured in the North and Equatorial Atlantic. The proc

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Bugnion, Véronique, Chris Hill, and Peter H. Stone. "An Adjoint Analysis of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Hybrid Coupled Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 15 (2006): 3751–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3821.1.

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Abstract Multicentury sensitivities in a realistic geometry global ocean general circulation model are analyzed using an adjoint technique. This paper takes advantage of the adjoint model’s ability to generate maps of the sensitivity of a diagnostic (i.e., the meridional overturning’s strength) to all model parameters. This property of adjoints is used to review several theories, which have been elaborated to explain the strength of the North Atlantic’s meridional overturning. This paper demonstrates the profound impact of boundary conditions in permitting or suppressing mechanisms within a re

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Döös, Kristofer, and Johan Nilsson. "Analysis of the Meridional Energy Transport by Atmospheric Overturning Circulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 8 (2011): 1806–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3493.1.

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Abstract The atmospheric meridional overturning circulation is computed using the interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. Meridional mass transport streamfunctions are calculated not only using pressure as a vertical coordinate but also using temperature, specific humidity, and geopotential height as generalized vertical coordinates. Moreover, mass transport streamfunctions are calculated using the latent, the dry static, or the moist static energy as generalized vertical coordinates. The total meridional energy transport can be obtained by in

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Sévellec, Florian, and Thierry Huck. "Geostrophic Closure of the Zonally Averaged Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 3 (2016): 895–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0148.1.

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AbstractIt is typically assumed that the meridional density gradient in the North Atlantic is well and positively correlated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). In numerical “water-hosing” experiments, for example, imposing an anomalous freshwater flux in the Northern Hemisphere leads to a slowdown of the AMOC. However, on planetary scale, the first-order dynamics are linked to the geostrophic balance, relating the north–south pressure gradient to the zonal circulation. In this study, these two approaches are reconciled. At steady state and under geostrophic dynamics,

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Cromwell, D., A. G. P. Shaw, P. Challenor, R. E. Houseago-Stokes, and R. Tokmakian. "Towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation from space." Ocean Science 3, no. 2 (2007): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-3-223-2007.

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Abstract. We present a step towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), i.e. the full-depth water mass transport, in the North Atlantic using satellite data. Using the Parallel Ocean Climate Model, we simulate satellite observations of ocean bottom pressure and sea surface height (SSH) over the 20-year period from 1979–1998, and use a linear model to estimate the MOC. As much as 93.5% of the variability in the smoothed transport is thereby explained. This increases to 98% when SSH and bottom pressure are first smoothed. We present initial studies of predicting the time evol

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Cromwell, D., A. G. P. Shaw, P. Challenor, R. Houseago-Stokes, and R. Tokmakian. "Towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation from space." Ocean Science Discussions 3, no. 5 (2006): 1623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-3-1623-2006.

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Abstract. We present a step towards measuring the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), i.e. the full-depth water mass transport, in the North Atlantic using satellite data. Using the Parallel Ocean Climate Model, we simulate satellite observations of ocean bottom pressure and sea surface height (SSH) over the 20-year period from 1979–1998, and use a linear model to estimate the MOC. As much as 93.5% of the variability in the smoothed transport is thereby explained. This increases to 98% when SSH and bottom pressure are first smoothed. We present initial studies of predicting the time evol

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Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Jonathan Bamber, and Kjetil Våge. "Greenland Melt and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Oceanography 29, no. 4 (2016): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.96.

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Boos, William R., Jeffery R. Scott, and Kerry A. Emanuel. "Transient Diapycnal Mixing and the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 1 (2004): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0334:tdmatm>2.0.co;2.

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Larson, Sarah M., Martha W. Buckley, and Amy C. Clement. "Extracting the Buoyancy-Driven Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Climate 33, no. 11 (2020): 4697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0590.1.

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AbstractVariations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) driven by buoyancy forcing are typically characterized as having a low-frequency time scale, interhemispheric structure, cross-equatorial heat transport, and linkages to the strength of Northern Hemisphere gyre circulations and the Gulf Stream. This study first tests whether these attributes ascribed to the AMOC are reproduced in a coupled model that is mechanically decoupled and, hence, is only buoyancy coupled. Overall, the mechanically decoupled model reproduces these attributes, with the exception that in the subp

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Hogg, Andrew McC, Henk A. Dijkstra, and Juan A. Saenz. "The Energetics of a Collapsing Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 7 (2013): 1512–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0212.1.

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Abstract A well-studied example of natural climate variability is the impact of large freshwater input to the polar oceans, simulating glacial melt release or an amplification of the hydrological cycle. Such forcing can reduce, or entirely eliminate, the formation of deep water in the polar latitudes and thereby weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). This study uses a series of idealized, eddy-permitting numerical simulations to analyze the energetic constraints on the Atlantic Ocean's response to anomalous freshwater forcing. In this model, the changes in MOC are not co

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Bentsen, M., H. Drange, T. Furevik, and T. Zhou. "Simulated variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation." Climate Dynamics 22, no. 6-7 (2004): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0397-x.

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Zhang, N., J. Lan, and F. Cui. "The shallow meridional overturning circulation of the South China Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 2 (2014): 1191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-1191-2014.

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Abstract. In this paper, the structure and formation mechanism of the annual-mean shallow meridional overturning circulation of the South China Sea (SCS) are investigated. A distinct clockwise overturning circulation is present above 400 m in the SCS on the climatological annual mean scale. The shallow meridional overturning circulation consists of downwelling in the northern SCS, a southward subsurface branch supplying upwelling in the southern SCS and a northward return flow of surface water. The formation mechanism is explored by studying causes of the branches constituting the meridional o

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Elipot, Shane, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Chris W. Hughes, Sofia Olhede, and Matthias Lankhorst. "Observed Basin-Scale Response of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Wind Stress Forcing." Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (2017): 2029–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0664.1.

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Abstract The response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to wind stress forcing is investigated from an observational standpoint, using four time series of overturning transports below and relative to 1000 m, overlapping by 3.6 yr. These time series are derived from four mooring arrays located on the western boundary of the North Atlantic: the RAPID Western Atlantic Variability Experiment (WAVE) array (42.5°N), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Line W array (39°N), RAPID–MOC/MOCHA (26.5°N), and the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) array (1

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Corvec, Shawn, and Christopher G. Fletcher. "Changes to the tropical circulation in the mid-Pliocene and their implications for future climate." Climate of the Past 13, no. 2 (2017): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-135-2017.

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Abstract. The two components of the tropical overturning circulation, the meridional Hadley circulation (HC) and the zonal Walker circulation (WC), are key to the re-distribution of moisture, heat and mass in the atmosphere. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ∼ 3.3–3 Ma) is considered a very rough analogue of near-term future climate change, yet changes to the tropical overturning circulations in the mPWP are poorly understood. Here, climate model simulations from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) are analyzed to show that the tropical overturning circulations in the mPWP w

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Hughes, Graham O., Andrew Mc C. Hogg, and Ross W. Griffiths. "Available Potential Energy and Irreversible Mixing in the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 12 (2009): 3130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4162.1.

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Abstract The overturning circulation of the global oceans is examined from an energetics viewpoint. A general framework for stratified turbulence is used for this purpose; first, it highlights the importance of available potential energy in facilitating the transfer of kinetic energy to the background potential energy (defined as the adiabatically rearranged state with no motion). Next, it is shown that it is the rate of transfer between different energy reservoirs that is important for the maintenance of the ocean overturning, rather than the total amount of potential or kinetic energy. A ser

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Msadek, Rym, William E. Johns, Stephen G. Yeager, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Thomas L. Delworth, and Anthony Rosati. "The Atlantic Meridional Heat Transport at 26.5°N and Its Relationship with the MOC in the RAPID Array and the GFDL and NCAR Coupled Models." Journal of Climate 26, no. 12 (2013): 4335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00081.1.

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Abstract The link at 26.5°N between the Atlantic meridional heat transport (MHT) and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is investigated in two climate models, the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4), and compared with the recent observational estimates from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) array. Despite a stronger-than-observed MOC magnitude, both models underestimate the mean MHT at 26.5°N because of an overly diffuse thermocline. Biases result from

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Railsback, L. Bruce. "Past and possible future influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on the climate responsible for concentration of geopolitical power and wealth in the North Atlantic region." Journal of Ocean and Climate: Science, Technology and Impacts 9 (January 2019): 251601921987856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516019219878561.

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Previous research has shown that nations that controlled global-scale empires over the most recent centuries and presently possess great per-capita wealth are in Earth’s two largest regions of regular moderate rainfall. That rainfall regime is the pattern of atmospheric precipitation most supportive of agriculture and water-wheel-powered industry, both of which presumably contributed to those nations’ advancement. Those regions of regular moderate rainfall ring the North Atlantic, and this article reviews the evidence that the Gulf Stream delivers warm vapor-releasing water in the upper limb o

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Huisman, Selma E., Henk A. Dijkstra, A. S. von der Heydt, and W. P. M. de Ruijter. "Does Net E − P Set a Preference for North Atlantic Sinking?" Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 11 (2012): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0200.1.

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Abstract The present-day global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) with formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the absence of a deep-water formation in the North Pacific is often considered to be caused by the fact that the North Pacific basin is a net precipitative, while the North Atlantic is a net evaporative basin. In this paper, the authors study the effect of asymmetries in continent geometry and freshwater fluxes on the MOC both in an idealized two-dimensional model and in a global ocean model. This study approaches the problem from a multiple equilibria perspective, wh

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Treguier, A. M., J. Le Sommer, J. M. Molines, and B. de Cuevas. "Response of the Southern Ocean to the Southern Annular Mode: Interannual Variability and Multidecadal Trend." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 7 (2010): 1659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4364.1.

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Abstract The authors evaluate the response of the Southern Ocean to the variability and multidecadal trend of the southern annular mode (SAM) from 1972 to 2001 in a global eddy-permitting model of the DRAKKAR project. The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is correlated with the SAM at interannual time scales but exhibits a drift because of the thermodynamic adjustment of the model (the ACC transport decreases because of a low renewal rate of dense waters around Antarctica). The interannual variability of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the ACC transport are uncorrelated, b

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Cessi, Paola, Christopher L. Wolfe, and Bonnie C. Ludka. "Eastern-Boundary Contribution to the Residual and Meridional Overturning Circulations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 9 (2010): 2075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4426.1.

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Abstract A model of the thermocline linearized around a specified stratification and the barotropic linear wind-driven Stommel solution is constructed. The forcings are both mechanical (the surface wind stress) and thermodynamical (the surface buoyancy boundary condition). The effects of diapycnal diffusivity and of eddy fluxes of buoyancy, parameterized in terms of the large-scale buoyancy gradient, are included. The eddy fluxes of buoyancy are especially important near the boundaries where they mediate the transport in and out of the narrow ageostrophic down-/upwelling layers. The dynamics o

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Hieronymus, Magnus, Jonas Nycander, Johan Nilsson, Kristofer Döös, and Robert Hallberg. "Oceanic Overturning and Heat Transport: The Role of Background Diffusivity." Journal of Climate 32, no. 3 (2019): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0438.1.

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The role of oceanic background diapycnal diffusion for the equilibrium climate state is investigated in the global coupled climate model CM2G. Special emphasis is put on the oceanic meridional overturning and heat transport. Six runs with the model, differing only by their value of the background diffusivity, are run to steady state and the statistically steady integrations are compared. The diffusivity changes have large-scale impacts on many aspects of the climate system. Two examples are the volume-mean potential temperature, which increases by 3.6°C between the least and most diffusive run

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