Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Merina (peuple de Madagascar) – Anthropologie'
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Randriamananoro-Rabesahala, Charlotte Liliane. "Le site d'Ambohimanga-Rova : approche anthropologique de la civilisation merina, Madagascar." La Réunion, 2002. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/02_15_Rabesahala.pdf.
Full textRafidimalala, Isabelle Odette. "Logiques migratoires sur les hautes terres centrales de Madagascar : le cas des Zanakantitra de Ramainandro, depuis le début du XIXème siècle." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INAL0025.
Full textThe degree of mobility within the Merina region is showed by the first agrarian reform leaded by the King Andrianampoinimerina in order to ensure the limits of the kingdom and organize its expansion in the 18th century. Territories, called lohombitany are at that time allotted to some groups by way of reward for the loyalty and service towards the sovereign. The Ramainandro, part of the Merina tribe are an excellent topic for a study about the contribution of migration. Their grouping in the west of the Ankaratra massif, due to the acquisition of a lohombitany under Radama I, conferred them a distinct status, confirmed by the emergence of the Christian intelligentsia and monks. Two main reasons can explain the exceptional rise of this tribe: on one hand, the catalyst role of the Christian missionary who chose Ramainandro as one of its favorite field; on the second hand, the French recognition resulting from the support given by a fraction of the group which helped to weaken the anti-French insurrection of the Menalamba, on the beginning of colonization. Currently, they continue to migrate without breaking with the territory assigned to them, retaining their identity in a remarkable way. The attachment to ancestral shrine and ancestral lands is an irrefutable proof of territorial belonging and group identity. In addition, the group carried out a detailed genealogy in order to justify their right to the lohombitany in question. Moreover, powerful networks of associations are founded to claim the status of Ramainandro. The genealogical study, biographical and life stories help to discover the portrait of Ramainandro tribe as formerly belonging to the groups of Ambodirano and Imerina
Nativel, Didier. "Maisons royales, demeures des grands à Madagascar : l'inscription de la réussite sociale dans l'espace urbain de Tananarive au XIXe siècle." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070144.
Full textMerina and domestic architecture has known deep changes throughout the nineteenth century. The shape and conceiving of the places dans houses of those who belonged to the tananarive elite was mostly breaking with the past. The buildings of a bigger and bigger size started being erected in more varied and resistant materials (brick and stone at the end of the century). Those technical dans cultural breaks were decided more than undergone by the sovereigns dans the powerful, strenthening their power indeed by increasing the mobilization of the population, the merina craftsmen, but also of the european architects, to the advantage of the latter-besides, palaces and spacious dwellings have displayed the mastery of higher prestigious techniques and aesthetics from abroad, i. E the indian ocean, the west. Standing out in 1895, france has had to manage with those various contributions which make the capital of the colony a truly original place where tradition and modernity mix
Ratrimoarivony-Rakotondrainibe, Mamy. "Relation entre la société et l'éducation avant la colonisation dans la province de l'Imérina à Madagascar." Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05H031.
Full textRazafindralambo, Lolona Nathalie. "La notion d'esclave en Imerina (Madagascar) : ancienne servitude et aspects actuels de la dépendance." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100183.
Full textThe old merina society was divided into four hierarchical groups. The andevo ("slaves") formed the lowest rank. Despite the 1896 abolition of slavery, the term "andevo" is still used in present-day Imerina along with the other terms which designated the former masters. The former slaves who did not leave the villages of their masters alter abolition, had to legitimize their presence. They adopted former master criteria of identity: ancestors, tomb and land. In spite of this newly acquired identity former slave descendants do not obtain the same position as former master descendants. The latter keep the former in their ancient position of dependants in order to maintain their own position as ancient dominants
Razafiarison, Aina Andrianavalona. "Apports des traditions particulières dans la compréhension des successions royales merina (XVIe-XIXe siècle) Madagascar." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010539.
Full textRaison-Jourde, Françoise. "Construction nationale, idéntité chrétienne et modernité : Le premier XIXè siècle malgache." Lyon 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO31006.
Full textThis work is a reassesment of precolonial history during the xixth century when the malagasy kingdom became christian. First concerned by technological and intellectual improvements (1817-1835), then offensed by their religious teaching, the power became christian in 1869 at the end of a process which is still mysterious. The approach also concerns minor groups of christians like the catholics. The purpose is to understand the evolution of the state, of the elites, of the peasants and of the conquered territories. After 1869 the work focuses on the territorial and social progression of protestantism which owes much to the pattern of the parish and to the lively interactions between town and country life. It compares the new means of communication : primary schools, secondary schools, books and reviews, with the traditional means, mainly kabary (speeches) and singing which are far more important in their impact. The last part of the work is devoted to the reactions of the rural population. Everybody wants to be baptised like the queen, but the blow of several epudemics leads the crowds to an interpretation in terms of punishment by the ancestors. The famadihana is a ceremony more and more practised to please the ancestors
Rolland, Dominique. "Matitanana : anthropologie historique du royaume Antemoro." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0084.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the study of the evolution of the antemoro kingdom of the matitanana (madagascar) the state has been crated by different waves of emigration that came probably from islamic indonesia around the xvth century the first part of the thesis is an historical account of the organisation of the differant hierarchical categories (nobles, specialists of ritual, peasants, parias) wich are strongly interdependant. After the xixth century lower-classes riot, the categories became impermeable ; but, nowadays, the field work reveals that lower classes are, though free from the domination of upper classes, have difficulties in form a new position in society. They continue to perpetuate former relationship at the symbolical level. This thesis proposes an historiccal and anthropological vision of this syncretic society, and poses the question of the diffusioin of political patterns on the east ern malagasy coast. The antemoro were not the only islamic people who attempted to settle on that coast ; the thesis suggest why they where so successful where others were not
Tisseau, Violaine. "Le pain et le riz : métis et métissage, entre "Européens" et Malgaches, dans les Hautes Terres centrales de Madagascar aux 19e et 20e siècles." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070063.
Full textThe purpose of our work is to show how metis in the Central Highlands of Madagascar were able to reclassify relatively easily thanks to a sociality partly free from the control of colonial authorities and to Merina society organization. In the first part, we show how miscegenation emerges as a source of concern for the colonial authorities. Merina society, considered a closed one, bas built itself in connection with foreigners. Métis only become a threat - although more fantasized than real - after identities crystallize at the dawn of official colonization and after the foundations of the colony are set up. In a second part, we explain how the various actors of the colonization try to contain the "question des metis". First they regard it as a social problem that needs to be addressed by taking care of the metis, then as a legal problem which leads to establish the "metis" category as a legal one. Parents of metis and metis evolve in a colonial space that is strongly structured by these two actions, but they take advantage of it by developing strategies to acquire French citizenship. Finally, while the authorities see the metis group as homogeneous, we show that this view is partly wrong by studying their matrimonial strategies, living standards and lifestyles. The way they live day-to-day is indeed representative of their reclassifying into one or another of the existing communities, and their mobilizing of their various identities depending upon the situations
Raharison, Lucien. "Héritage foncier, évolution du paysage agraire et de la paysannerie en Imenina (hautes terres centrales de Madagascar) de la fin du 19e siècle aux années 1990." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070018.
Full textIn this study, we would to show clearly, on the one hand, the predominance of the succession over the landownership in Imerina(high land in Central Madagascar), in spite of, on the other hand, the development of the sale of land. The two most practiced modes of access to landownership in Imerina seem to be contradictory whereas in fact they are complementary. The sale of land seems at first sight, contrary to patriony of inheritance principles. The sale of land is one of adaptations to customary principles in order to preserve the social bond despite the economic difficulties in the sense that the sale of lands is not allowed except by local people's agreement. There is endo-transferability but not exo-transferability. In that sense the land is not (or not entirely) a property, therefore we can't talk about land market. Seing an integral part of standards a value System, centuries old practice, the inheritance has evolved with the time. Until when will the rule of endo-transferability resist to the pressure of market and to the obligation of the permanent revival of social bonds ? Problems of ration evolution between inheritance, sales of land and other mode of access to landownership involve in having interest both in customary right and in contemporary one on its every aspect. Other factors have also to be taken into account within a entire scope of the custom. In our methodology, we have worked on source of documents such as: Land registry Lists and records of local delegates, monographies. All those things have been examined and completed by the investigations
Razafindrazaka, Harilanto. "Le peuplement humain de Madagascar : anthropologie génétique de trois groupes traditionnels." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1377/.
Full textIntra- and inter-group relationships: the groups are genetically well-differentiated and this is not just reflected in their ways of life, as it has been suggested previously. The demonstration of important interior migrations reveals the complexity in defining Malagasy groups and the relationships among them. The comparison of genetic data from the Mikea and the two Vezo groups showed that the front of neolithisation (the expansion of farmers) had already absorbed the hunter-gatherers as a genetically distinct population. The same process of absorption is found between hunter-gatherers and some fishermen, since the Mikea are distinct from the South Vezo, but similar to the North Vezo with whom they share numerous lineages reflecting significant gene flow. In addition, for both genetic systems studied, bilateral endogamy was confirmed in the descendants of the highlander royal lineage. The hypothesis of an Austronesian vector is revealed though the comparison of maternal lineages with ethnohistoric data. Origins: A sex-specific bias in the Austronesian component is present, since the contribution of the maternal lineages to the gene pool is greater than that of the paternal lineages. Concerning the African component, it has a greater diversity than the Austronesian component, in the paternal and maternal lineages. The imprints of Middle Eastern ancestors are also detected, and they also show a sex-specific bias. Phylogeographic approaches: the complete mitochondrial DNA sequencing revealed a new haplogroup, the «Malagasy motif». It owes its name to its relationship to the Polynesian motif, which is present in up to 90% of the Pacific islanders. The «Malagasy motif» is absent in Pacific populations, thus rejecting ancient hypotheses on the Polynesian origins of the Austronesian component of the Malagasy. A new branch, the haplogroup M23, appeared to have an African and/or Eurasian (between the Middle East and India) limited distribution. The estimated age of this haplogroup (1. 7-3. 9 103; 95% CI 0-8. 2 103) suggests that this rare lineage could represent a pre-Austronesian presence. Discussion Contrary to the conclusions of some ethnographic data in recent years, the ethnic groups are well-defined and precise approaches to sampling populations are required. The endogamous group descending from the royal lineage retains traces of ancient matrilocal structures inherited from the first Austronesian ancestors. Regarding the geographic distribution, the phylogenetic classification and molecular datation of the new M23 branch reveal a more complex history of the island’s settlement than has previously been envisaged. The new branch and the Malagasy motif offer future opportunities to gain a better understanding of the geographic distribution of the ancestors of the Malagasy. Regarding the origins of the two main components of the Malagasy gene pool, a major origin is situated in the central region of the Indonesian archipelago, while the African origins are strongly related to the Bantu presence in East Africa. The dominance of paternal haplogroups reflects the expansion of the Bantu, which could be linked to the slave trade
Razafindrakoto, Jobonina. "La valiha de Madagascar : tradition et modernité en Imerina de 1820 à 1995 (études organologique, acoustique et socio-historique)." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040049.
Full textEthnomusicology, as a scientific project, was, from the beginning, interested in similarities between spoken and musical languages. As a matter of fact, we may consider the musical instrument as a part of the musical production. So, we established a possible approach of the Malagasy culture based upon the acoustic object itself (organology allowed us to study its structure). Widespread in Madagascar, under different names, valiha is a secular instrument which came to us through many organologic and sociologic transformations. Made in Imerina, central highlands of the island, today very occidentalised, this study reveals a surprising paradox between tradition and modernity. That way, our monography on valiha tries to enlighten evolution of musical practices reported in Imerina from 1820 to 1995. On the one hand, we emphasized the historical point of view to point out how Merina people adapt themselves to change. On the other hand, we choosed specialities related to ethnomusicology like musical acoustics (which explains how the instrument and their sonorities are built) and semiology (which explains how the instrument can be symbolized). This wide set of descriptive and analytic tools had to be used to achieve this synthetic work on valiha. This synthesis gave us a thorough knowledge of Malagasy culture authenticity
Herimanitra, Lyla. "Anthropologie de la filière Raphia : de la Brousse Malgache à Paris : acheter et vendre aux risques de la tradition et du fihavanana." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070020.
Full textThis thesis ams at studying raffia, from its extraction to its transformation into commercial goods of world standard, at raismg the human issues it creates and at bringing out the socio cultural heritages it embodies, through the real-life experience and the look of the men and women who earn their living thanks to the work raffia generates. Concretely speaking, this thesis is about trying, from an anthropologic point of view, to specify the links existing between the techniques used in the different stages for the transformation of raffia on the one hand and family, social and religious organisation on the other hand ; and to unveil the narrow and strong correlations linking the livings, their ancestors and raffia. Further than the mere description of observed situations and comportments, i consider bringing to light the direction peuple « social players » give to their lives and the symbols through which the» lives are lived concerning raffia. This work wants to reproduce the dynamics of the raffia network and to highlight the interactions of the different aspects of the social spaces touched by the exploitation of this plant fibre and its commerce. This process drives me to take the raffia path and to go back along this network. The only door to the rest of the world for these regions, and at the same time, to understand the meaning the commerce of raffia reveals concerning the madagascan traditional conception of economy. The production of raffia fibre, the inhabitants' unique source of income as well as its prints on daily life, such as life and death, are studied from the inside in their deepest recesses and subtleties
Ballarin, Marie-Pierre. "Les reliques royales sakalava : source de légitimation et enjeu de pouvoir : (Madagascar, XVIIIème-XXème)." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA070094.
Full textThe sakalava royal symbolic is expressed in the conservation of deceased kings remains. These regalia are probably a typical example of the ever present relationship to ancestors in western malagasy societies. In the sakalava societies, the cult of relics was practised by the inhabitants of the west of madagascar before the formation of dynasties. This cult will be promoted as a royal culte in the course of the constitution of the kingdoms. As medieval saints in europe, the royal ancestor, through his relics, protects not only the royal descent but also the subjects as a whole. The agricultural protection provided by the relics cult becomes an instrument of political legitimisation for the dynasties. From then onwards, the remains of the royal body are kept in a reliquary and play a fundamental role in the practice of power. Source of legitimisation or legitimising source, what role will the relics play after the lose of souvereignty that follows the merina and frenh conquests ? by 1882, the french and the merina have entered into a bitter struggle for the keeping of the relics, a useful to maintain the submission of the sakalava population. At last, in the wake of independence, the legitimising role of these regalia again applies again in the context of the new stakes of power. In moments of political crisis, the relics of the sakalava kings, and more globally, the royal symbolic, constitute the main reference of in-fights and alliances. Stressing the ambivalence between power and religion, still a relevant topic today, we will see the lasting efficiency of these ancien ideological principles in today's local context. Today, the possession of relics remains locally a major stake and a force of legitimisation. It is therefore in a broad historical context that this attempt to understand the relationship with ancestors is located
Monginot, Pauline. "Artiste ou mpanakanto ? : construction sociale et stylistique de la figure du peintre dans les villes des Hautes Terres malgaches : l'exemple de Tananarive (1880-1972)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC104.
Full textThis dissertation proposes to analyze the processes at work in the making of the painter identity in the Malagasy society, between the 1880s (when Europeans settle in Antananarivo) and 1972 (end of the first Republic of Madagascar). Painting is a recent activity in Madagascar: introduced in 1826 by Europeans, its history is deeply connected to colonization. However, painting becomes, for the merina society, an issue of defining social hierarchies and identities. Neither colonial artists, nor traditional craftsmen, Malagasy painters need yet to conform themselves to the norms imposed by colonial cultural policies, on the one hand, and by the usages granted to art in the merina society, on the other hand. They proceed between incarnating the figure of the estern artist and being mpanakanto, maker of beauty. It is a matter of analyzing the strategies established by these artists to make the most of the European and Malagasy resources in order to have a career and invent their own artistic identity. The study of the processes leading to the choices of such a career reveals the stakes and needs to which paint answers. These same processes contribute to defining the norms and models that the young discipline adopts. The history of painters questions also the role of art in the Malagasy society, whether it is on an economical (art market) or patrimonial level; the function they serve allows them to fit in society. It is also a question of considering the notions of group and individuality within a genuine “art world” [Becker ; 1988] characterized by intense transnational and regional flows. Thus, this reticular approach authorizes to rethink Malagasy Art History as pertaining to a more global perspective
Esposito, La Rossa Maurizio. "L'or et l'argent : identifications dynastiques et relations hiérarchiques dans les royautés sakalava de Madagascar." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0159.
Full textHistory is often told by the victors. Even the history of the defeated is recounted either by the victors or by those survivors amongst the defeated who find themselves seated on the victor’s throne. Such is the case with the history of the Zafinifotsy, or "descendants of silver", to whom this study is dedicated. Identified, by a historiographical tradition, as belonging to a minor branch of Sakalava royalty, defeated by the "descendants of gold", these descendants of silver founded a new kingdom to the north of Madagascar in the middle of the 18th century: the Antankaraña kingdom. However, a number of these descendants of silver committed suicide by drowning themselves in a bay on the northwestern coast of the island. In this region, currently ruled by a monarchy of the descendants of gold (Zafinimena), a cult of possession is practiced to honour the spirits of these drowned nobles of the silver, former rivals of the rulers of gold. Faced with the political and economic crisis that Madagascar has undergone for the last several years, clan groups and political actors negotiate their legitimacy and current position in the post-colonial context of the Malagasy republican state through these dynastic categories of gold and silver. In carrying out royal rituals, the descendants of slaves and the servants of Sakalava royalty claim a conception of loyalty and work that differs from that imposed first by colonisation and then by the postcolonial state. National government representatives, on the other hand, draw on their aristocratic origins, and more generally on the history of kings, to legitimise their controversial power amongst the population. It is the ideology of royal power and social hierarchy mobilised by these actors that this thesis examines.Through the study of oral traditions and ritual activities in the different villages where this cult is performed, I analyse the historical and ritual relations between the dynastic or clan groups participants belong to. In visiting these different sites and, more broadly, the main historical capitals of the Sakalava royalty, I have realised a regressive history of the royal dynasties in question. The regressive history, inspired by the work of Marc Bloch and Nathan Wachtel, has revealed, on the basis of the contradictions emerging from oral traditions and ritual interactions, that these royal dynasties were originally functional and relative categories used to organise royal succession. This framework grants the descendants of gold the power to reign, and the descendants of silver that of legitimising the power of the former. This ambivalent hierarchy between these two categories of nobles is, moreover, shaped by the joking relationships that link the stranger kings of gold to the masters of the earth. It is at particular historical junctures that these structural and contextual categories crystallised into dynastic designations. This process of dynastisation was primarily driven by the descendants of silver who founded the Antankaraña kingdom, i.e. those who, defeated in ancient times, took to the throne of the victor. This ethnographic example therefore represents a concrete case of the "structure of the conjuncture" theorised by Marshall Sahlins.In conclusion, this study shines a new light on the founding and organisational mechanisms of Sakalava royal power, as well as the functional and structural character of these categories of "gold" and "silver", reified into effective dynastic groups in particular historical conjunctures. More generally, this thesis provides insight into the relational and contextual nature of hierarchy and individual and collective identities in Madagascar
Neposteri, Silvia. "Memoria e potere in Madagascar : tracce di storia nella tradizione arabico-malgascia (XV-XIX secolo)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF020/document.
Full textThe thesis presents some historical episodes concerning the Malagasy antemoro group from a privileged source: the Arabico-Malagasy manuscripts or sorabe from talily genre. The aim is to rediscover the historiographical and anthropological value of a native written tradition often confined to the margins of literature. Taking into consideration the functional details to understand antemoro social organization, and the introduction of writing in Madagascar and Arabico-Malagasy alphabet, three episodes are introduced: the settlement of antemoro ancestors on the banks of the lower Matitanana through the unpublished manuscript HB-6 ( Académie des Sciences d'Outre Mer) in the fifteenth century; the wars of the French general La Case (1659-1663) through the manuscripts published by Gallieni and 61.60.212 of the Musée de l'Homme; the use of writing by antemoro nobles in the merina court service (1790 ca.1828) through diplomatic documents written by the king Radama I (1810-1828) and his collaborators. The episodes are examined in depth thanks to the European archival records, oral traditions and ethnographic reports, to communicate the micro-history of sorabe texts with general historical processes, in the long term (XV-XIX century). This allows the highlighting of historiographical value of the manuscripts and the unique historical information contained therein. At the same time, the anthropological attention permits the pointing out of the social role of the Arabico-Malagasy writing: it has been used by antemoro noble groups as a connecting tool for past, present and future to create a memory aimed at keeping political and cultural dynamics in their favor