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1

Siddique, Md Abu Bakkar, Sudip Saha, Kallol Bose, Sudipta Ghorai, and Kalimuddin Khan. "Mermaid Syndrome." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 38, no. 2 (2019): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v38i2.18802.

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We report a case of sirenomelia baby (Mermaid syndrome) born to a twenty three years old female at 37 weeks of gestation. Sirenomelia is characterized by fusion of the lower limbs with absent kidneys, absent external genitalia and other gastrointestinal defects. It results from the failure of normal vascular supply from the lower aorta in vitro, maternal Diabetes mellitus has been associated with caudal regression syndrome and sirenomelia.
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2

Defrin, Defrin, Calvindra Leenesa, and Marcella Marcella. "Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)." Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Science 4, no. 2 (2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/obgynia.v4n2.243.

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Abstract Objective: To report a rare fetal abnormalities case Method: Case report Case: Reported case of a 37-year-old patient came to the emergency room at RSIA Siti Hawa Padang with complaints of inpartu signs in the last 8 hours before entering the hospital. After the examination, the diagnosis was G3P2A0L3 35-36 weeks of preterm parturient active phase of first stage + twice previous CS + breech presentation. Then, the patient was planned for an emergency CS at 07.50 am. Born babies with genitalia form was not identified, BW: 2030 grams, BH: 30 cm, Scoring Apgar: 3/5, there are congenital
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3

Sandhu, AvneetSingh, Gyan Ranjan, Shashank Singh, and Santosh Kumar. "MERMAID BABY SYNDROME WITH GENU RECURVATUM." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 5 (2017): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/4142.

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4

Trivedi, Swati, Oby Nagar, J. P. Soni, Shashank Trivedi, and Prasoon Rastogi. "A case report of sirenomelia with two umbilical arteries: an unusual finding in a rare case." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 9 (2021): 3640. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213505.

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Sirenomelia also known as Mermaid syndrome is a rarely encountered fusion anomaly of the caudal region of body often associated with Potter’s facies, single umbilical artery and various visceral abnormalities which make it irreconcilable with life. Here we report a case of sirenomelia delivered in our tertiary care hospital by lower segment cesarean section to a 24 year old third gravida with no previous live issues. No high risk factors could be identified with the mother including diabetes mellitus. Baby was born alive with Potter’s facies. Both the lower limbs were merging into each other l
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5

Defrin, Defrin, Calvindra Leenesa, and Marcella Marcella. "Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)." Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Science 4, no. 2 (2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/obgynia.v4i2.243.

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Objective: To report a rare fetal abnormalities caseMethod: Case reportCase: Reported case of a 37-year-old patient came to the emergency room at RSIA Siti Hawa Padang with complaints of inpartu signs in the last 8 hours before entering the hospital. After the examination, the diagnosis was G3P2A0L3 35-36 weeks of preterm parturient active phase of first stage + twice previous CS + breech presentation. Then, the patient was planned for an emergency CS at 07.50 am. Born babies with genitalia form was not identified, BW: 2030 grams, BH: 30 cm, Scoring Apgar: 3/5, there are congenital abnormaliti
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6

Riazat, Muhammad Imran, Bharti Kewlani, Jamaleddin Abujennah, and Farhana Sharif. "Sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome): a rare congenital disorder." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 11 (2019): e229970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-229970.

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Sirenomelia, also known as mermaid syndrome, is an extremely rare congenital disorder involving the lower spine and lower limbs. We present a case of a grand multiparous with poorly controlled gestational diabetes who delivered a live baby weighing 2.43 kg at 38 weeks’ gestation. The baby was noted to have significant respiratory distress, and resuscitation was promptly commenced. Severe congenital abnormalities indicative of sirenomelia were obvious and after availability of antenatal records which indicated an extremely poor prognosis, resuscitative efforts were aborted. The baby was handed
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7

Bhattacherjee A, Haque R, Shahabuddin M, Noor ZB, Akhter P, and Samad A. "Mermaid baby: Fairy tale in practical." Journal of Sylhet Women’s Medical College 14, Number 1 (2024): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jswmc2024v14-01-18.

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Sirenomelia, also called Mermaid syndrome is a rare and fatal anomaly which is characterized by a single lower extremity featuring a Mermaid like appearance where head and trunk is like humans and lower extremity is like tail of a fish. It is associated with other gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary and other organ abnormalities. Most patients die shortly after birth. The exact cause of Sirenomelia is unknown. Here we present a newborn baby with Sirenomelia. Mother had bad obstetric history, antenatal ultrasonography revealed severe oligohydramnios and renal agenesis. On examination there was dy
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8

Ram Jeewan Singh, Bijay Kumar Suman, Keerthana Bachala, Amit Kumar, Rashi Rashi, and Amit Kumar Sinha. "Mermaid baby or sirenomelia: a lethal congenital anomaly." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 10, no. 5 (2023): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20231152.

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Mermaid syndrome is a very rare, lethal congenital anomaly. It is associated with other congenital anomalies and is incompatible with life. Typical clinical features are fused lower limb from perineum to ankle and single umbilical artery. Etiology is multifactorial and is extreme form of caudal regression syndrome. When diagnosed in early gestation, termination of pregnancy may be considered.
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9

Joshi, Reetika, Veino Kuveio Duomai, and Bianchi Sangma. "Sirenomelia, the mermaid baby: a case report." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 11 (2019): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20194907.

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Sirenomelia sequence or mermaid syndrome is a rare congenital structural anomaly characterized by different degrees of fusion of lower limbs, thoracolumbar spinal anomalies, sacrococcygeal agenesis, genitourinary and anorectal atresia. The incidence of sirenomelia is 0.8-1 cases/ 105 births with male to female ratio being 3:1. A malformations patient with 40 weeks of gestation admitted with complaints of decreased fetal movements for one week. An emergency C-section was done in view of term pregnancy with severe oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth restriction with poor bishop’s score. A 1.
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10

Siddiqua, Sehereen Farhad, Sharmin Abbasi, and Abrar Saqif Hasan. "Sirenomelia: The Mermaid Syndrome-A Rare Case Report." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 8, no. 2 (2017): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v8i2.33672.

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Sirenomelia, which is also known as mermaid syndrome, is an extremely rare congenital developmental disorder characterized by anomalies of the lower spine and the lower limbs. Affected infants are born with partial or complete fusion of the legs1. Additional malformations may also occur including genitourinary abnormalities, gastrointestinal abnormalities, anomalies of the lumbarsacral spine and pelvis and absence or underdevelopment (agenesis) of one or both kidneys. Affected infants may have one foot, no feet or both feet, which may be rotated externally. The tailbone is usually absent and t
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11

Bhardwaj, Davinder, Shivendra K. Sinha, Arvinder K. Heer, and Pallavi Verma. "Sirenomelia: A Rare Congenital Anomaly." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 3 (2017): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1510.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Sirenomelia is a congenital structural anomaly characterized by abnormal development of the caudal region of the body. The peculiar characteristics of sirenomelia are complete fusion of bilateral lower limbs giving the fetus an appearance of mermaid. The other anatomical defects may be renal agenesis, gastrointestinal defects, and absent external genitalia. The outcome of the condition is usually fatal for the baby despite attempts for corrective surgery. This abnormality was initially confused with caudal regression syndrome, but later was given a new name, i.e., sirenom
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12

SUN, Yingmei. "“ 美人魚”男嬰事件之我見". International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 6, № 1 (2008): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.61457.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.2006 年底湖南省兒童醫院救治了一名“美人魚”男嬰。儘管醫務人員日夜奮戰,但這個不幸的嬰兒仍然不治夭折,醫院為此付出巨大的代價。本文從儒家觀點出發,就此事件闡述個人見解:不贊成醫院實施原本就希望渺茫的搶救行為,主張為“美人魚”男嬰提供臨終關懷照護直至其安逸、無痛苦地離去,將節省的醫療衞生資源,用於更多能夠治癒患者的有效治療上;針對“中國實際每年的出生缺陷患兒大約有50 萬-60 萬” 1 的嚴酷現實,闡明人與自然和諧相處的必要性與緊迫性。“Mermaid” syndrome is a rare medical condition in which an infant is born with his/her legs fused together from trunk to heels.“ Mermaid” syndrome is almost always fatal within days of birth due to serious defects in vital organs and complications associated with abnormal kidney and bladder development. In 200
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13

Santosa, Qodri, Setya Dian Kartika, Irwan Nuryadin, and Alfi Muntafiah. "Sirenomelia or “mermaid syndrome”: an extremely rare case in Indonesiasia." Paediatrica Indonesiana 63, no. 1 (2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi63.1.2023.45-50.

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Sirenomelia, also known as mermaid syndrome, is a very rare lethal congenital disorder with multisystem malformations, characterized by fusion of the lower limbs. Here we report a preterm neonate with fusion of the lower limbs. The baby was born by cesarean section to a 27-year-old primigravida mother at 35 weeks and 3 days’ gestation. There was no maternal history of hypertension, heart disease, asthma, or diabetes mellitus. At birth, the infant did not cry, had weak tone, a heart rate (HR) of <60 beats per minute (BPM), an Apgar score of 1/2, and a birth weight of 2,300 grams. The infant
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14

Tamene, Ayanaw, and Mandefro Molla. "Sirenomelia: A case report." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2210925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221092560.

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Sirenomelia also known as mermaid syndrome is a partial or complete fusion of lower extremities associated with visceral anomalies. It is a rare anomaly with a poor prognosis. Maternal age less than 20 years, maternal diabetes mellitus, and monozygotic twinning are some of the known risk factors. Diagnosis can be made via antenatal ultrasound or typical physical appearance after birth. A 2200 g baby was born from 18-year-old non-consanguineous mother via assisted breech delivery. The baby had fused lower limbs with 10 toes, absent external genitalia, and a single umbilical artery. It was small
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15

Shrestha, Sandeep, Kamal Prasad Thani, Munna Keshari, Annie Shrestha, and Prashamsha Tamrakar. "SIRENOMELIA: A RARE CASE REPORT FROM RURAL HOSPITAL OF NEPAL." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 12, no. 3 (2022): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.1184.

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Sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome) is a rare congenital fetal anomaly with characteristic feature of complete or partial fusion of lower limbs. Additional malformations are genitourinary abnormalities, gastrointestinal abnormalities, anomalies of the lumbosacral spine and pelvis and absence or poor development (agenesis) of one or both kidneys. It has incidence of 0.98 to 4.2 per 100,000 live births. Since antenatal diagnosis of this universally lethal condition is possible, pregnancy can be terminated at the earliest.We report a case of sirenomelia baby born to a twenty one years old female at 41
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16

Ully, Urzêda Basílio, Liciane Nascimento De Freitas Indra, Rodrigues Vidal Isabella, Pimentel Caldeira Aline, and de Freitas Lázaro Janaína. "SIRENOMELIA: UM RELATO DE CASO." Revistaft 27, no. 127 (2023): 78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8410978.

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A sirenomelia é uma anomalia rara cuja característica principal é a fusão dos membros inferiores que gera um único membro pareado na linha média, resultando na aparência de “cauda de sereia” que confere o nome à síndrome.  Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de sirenomelia tipo III, na classificação de Stocker-Heifetz, acompanhado pelo Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, em Brasília/DF. A metodologia aplicada consiste na revisão da literatura de caráter qualit
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17

Katoch, Dr Tanvi. "Sirenomelia: A Rare Interesting Case of Mermaid Baby Syndrome." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 09, no. 07 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v9i7.07.

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18

Aditi Madhusudan Gupta, Kailas Randad, Vinaya Ajaykumar Singh, Siddhant Virbhadre, and Qudsiya Ansari. "A rare case of sirenomelia." Indian Journal of Case Reports, May 27, 2023, 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ijcr.v9i5.3993.

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Sirenomelia also called mermaid syndrome is a congenital, rare, lethal, multisystemic human malformation of unknown etiology. The characteristic feature of sirenomelia is the fusion of the lower limbs, resulting in the appearance of a mermaid’s tail, and thus the name “mermaid syndrome.” This condition is also characterized by various severe urogenital abnormalities and the presence of a singular umbilical cord blood vessel, and it is more common in infants of diabetic mothers and in monozygotic twins. The incidence is around 1 in 60,000–70,000 pregnancies. The majority of affected fetuses are
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19

Maher, James. "A Case of Postnatally Diagnosed Sirenomelia in a Patient with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Women's Health Science Journal 7, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/whsj-16000196.

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Sirenomelia, also known as mermaid syndrome, is a rare constellation of anomalies of caudal fetal development associated with fusion or complete absence of the lower limbs. The prognosis for neonatal survival is poor. Diagnosing this condition can pose a challenge due to associated oligo/anhydramnios. First-trimester transvaginal and transabdominal anatomy ultrasound performed between 11-13.6 weeks of gestational age (WGA) can evaluate fetal anatomy for anomalies. Transvaginal (TVUS) ultrasound offers the best opportunity to detect this condition. We present a case of a 1240g baby born from a
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20

Shojaee, Asiyeh, Firooze Ronnasian, Mahdiyeh Behnam, and Mansoor Salehi. "Sirenomelia: two case reports." Journal of Medical Case Reports 15, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13256-021-02699-4.

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AbstractBackgroundSirenomelia, also called mermaid syndrome, is a rare lethal multi-system congenital deformity with an incidence of one in 60,000–70,000 pregnancies. Sirenomelia is mainly characterized by the fusion of lower limbs and is widely associated with severe urogenital and gastrointestinal malformations. The presence of a single umbilical artery derived from the vitelline artery is the main anatomical feature distinguishing sirenomelia from caudal regression syndrome. First-trimester diagnosis of this disorder and induced abortion may be the safest medical option. In this report, two
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