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Academic literature on the topic 'Mescalina'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mescalina"
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Jerí, F. Raúl, Carlos Carbajal, and César Sánchez M. "Efectos nocivos de fármacos simpaticomiméticos en un grupo de adolescentes." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 54, no. 2 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v54i2.5021.
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Se presentan 35 observaciones clínicas de jóvenes que usaron drogas alucinógenas durante dos a cuatro años en su mayoría. La proporción de varones era el triple en comparación con las mujeres, casi todos procedían de hogares bien integrados y pertenecían a un nivel socio-económico alto o mediano. Las drogas empleadas fueron marihuana, LSD, barbitúricos, mescalina, afetamina, metaqualona y alcohol, en diversas combinaciones. La totalidad de estos jóvenes presentaron signos de perturbaciones psicológicas, generalmente disturbios de la personalidad, antes de iniciarse en el uso de alucinógenos. En esta serie se ha comprobado que los fármacos simpaticomiméticos (marihuana, LSD, mescalina y anfetamina) pueden desencadenar graves cuadros psicóticos agudos, sub-agudos y crónicos. Es necesario que las autoridades de Salud establezcan programas integrales de prevención y tratamiento de las adicciones en la juventud, para controlar la pandemia que actualmente extiéndese por las principales ciudades del Perú.
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Baldera-Aguayo, Pedro A., and Víctor M. Reyna Pinedo. "ESTUDIO FITOQUÍMICO DE Echinopsis peruviana." Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú 80, no. 3 (2014): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v80i3.229.
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El cactus “San Pedro Macho” (Echinopsis peruviana o también conocido como Trichocereus peruviana) debe en parte su nombre y su importancia a su similaridad, tanto taxonómica como en su contenido de alcaloides, con el muy conocido cactus “San Pedro Hembra” (Echinopsis pachanoi) o comúnmente denominado “San Pedro”, el cual es la especie más importante entre las plantas empleadas en Medicina Tradicional (MT) en el norte del Perú. Este trabajo fitoquímico de la especie Echinopsis peruviana cultivada en Perú comprende el análisis cualitativo de sus metabolitos secundarios, la cuantificación total de alcaloides y el aislamiento del alcaloide mescalina como su sal, el sulfato dihidratado, a partir de la corteza de los tallos del cactus E. peruviana. Las técnicas ESI-MS; RMN 1H, 13C; IR; UV; análisis porcentual de elementos y Cromatografía en Capa Fina (CCF) fueron empleadas para caracterizar al compuesto aislado.
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Assunção, Teodoro Rennó. "Lotófagos (Odisseia IX, 82-104): comida floral fácil e risco de desistência." Classica - Revista Brasileira de Estudos Clássicos 29, no. 1 (2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.24277/classica.v29i1.416.
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Este artigo propõe uma tradução e um comentário do episódio dos Lotófagos na Odisseia (IX, 82-104), atentando tanto para sua organização interna enquanto episódio de viagem com uma cena típica de hospitalidade (resumida apenas à oferta de comida), quanto para sua posição e especificidade no conjunto das viagens maravilhosas de Odisseu (cantos IX a XII) e no conjunto da Odisseia. Ele tenta definir os significados possíveis de lōtós (“lótus”), tais como apresentados por Heródoto e Teofrasto, em confronto com os poucos dados presentes na Odisseia (convergindo em ser ele uma planta não cultivada e colhida), e – o que é mais importante – tenta definir também os efeitos do consumo do lótus, que são como os de uma droga perigosa (como o haxixe, o ópio ou a mescalina) que suprime a vontade de agir, ameaçando retrospectivamente o retorno de Odisseu e a própria narrativa da Odisseia.
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Carod Artal, Francisco Javier, and Carolina Benigna Vázquez Cabrera. "Mescalina y ritual del cactus de san Pedro: evidencias arqueológicas y etnográficas en el norte de Perú." Revista de Neurología 42, no. 08 (2006): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.33588/rn.4208.2006040.
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Jerí, Raúl, José Sánchez, and Alejandro Arellano. "Ensayo con el azacyclonol en algunas reacciones psicóticas agudas." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 40, no. 1 (2014): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v40i1.10724.
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Se presentan en esta comunicación los primeros resultados de un ensayo con el azacyclonol en algunas reaccionas psicóticas agudas. El azacyclonol es una de las drogas más recientes para el tratamiento de las psicosis. Tiene acción sobre el sistema nervioso central, inhibiendo probablemente la serotonina y por tanto produce efectos similares a la reserpina y a la clorpromazina. La actividad fundamental consiste en que anula las alteraciones clínicas y bio-eléctricas producidas por las drogas alucinóqenos (ácido lisérgico y mescalina). En diversas psicosis tóxicas y en reacciones esquizofrénicas agudas ha hecho desaparecer los trastornos mentales, algunas veces, en un tiempo extremadamente corto. Ciertas reacciones psicóticas han remitido durante la primero inyección endovenoso del preparado. En este trabajo, el primero que se hace en el país, se usó azacyclonol por vía endovenosa y oral en 11 casos, 5 sufrían de esquizofrenia paranoide, 3 de psicosis paranoide, 2 de psicosis tóxicas y 1 de una reacción obsesiva en la involución. Todos los casos eran recientes, con excepción de uno. El tiempo de observación ha variado entre 3-40 días, la dosis promedio fue de 100 mgs. diarios y los resultados han sido buenos en 1, regulares en 3 y nulos en 7 casos. Sin embargo, la serie es demasiado pequeña y el tiempo de observación muy breve para establecer conclusiones. El azacyclonol no produjo cambios electro-encefalográficos en cuatro pacientes estudiados, empleando electrodos corticales y basales, en los que se hizo la investigación antes y hasta dos horas después de la inyección endovenosa de 100-200 mgs.
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Halberstadt, Adam L., Muhammad Chatha, Stephen J. Chapman, and Simon D. Brandt. "Comparison of the behavioral effects of mescaline analogs using the head twitch response in mice." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 3 (2019): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119826610.
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Background: In recent years, there has been increasing scientific interest in the effects and pharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. While a large amount of experimental work has been conducted to characterize the behavioral response to hallucinogens in rodents, there has been little systematic investigation of mescaline and its analogs. The hallucinogenic potency of mescaline is increased by α-methylation and by homologation of the 4-methoxy group but it not clear whether these structural modifications have similar effects on the activity of mescaline in rodent models. Methods: In the present study, the head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavior induced by serotonergic hallucinogens, was used to assess the effects of mescaline and several analogs in C57BL/6J mice. HTR experiments were conducted with mescaline, escaline (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine) and proscaline (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenylethylamine), their α-methyl homologs TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), 3C-E (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and 3C-P (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine), and the 2,4,5-substituted regioisomers TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), MEM (4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and MPM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine). Results: TMA induced the HTR and was twice as potent as mescaline. For both mescaline and TMA, replacing the 4-methoxy substituent with an ethoxy or propoxy group increased potency in the HTR assay. By contrast, although TMA-2 also induced the HTR with twice the potency of mescaline, potency was not altered by homologation of the 4-alkoxy group in TMA-2. Conclusions: The potency relationships for these compounds in mice closely parallel the human hallucinogenic data. These findings are consistent with evidence that 2,4,5- and 3,4,5-substituted phenylalkylamine hallucinogens exhibit distinct structure-activity relationships. These results provide additional evidence that the HTR assay can be used to investigate the structure-activity relationships of serotonergic hallucinogens.
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LeBlanc, Robert, Sohan De Silva, and Martin Terry. "Analysis of over-the-counter analgesics purported to contain mescaline from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii: Cactaceae)." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 15, no. 1 (2021): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v15.i1.1055.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate samples of commercial over-the-counter products purported to contain extracts from peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), a vulnerable species. Samples were extracted with organic solvent and then washed to remove impurities. The extracts of these products were subjected to an analysis by real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to determine the presence or absence of the alkaloid mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine mescaline concentrations in the samples and to provide quantitative evidence of the concentration—if any—of mescaline in the products. If a detectable level of mescaline—a stable and abundant alkaloid of L. williamsii—was found in a given extract, then it was inferred that L. williamsii was present in the corresponding topical product. The results of this investigation show that most consumers who purchase the products in question are being defrauded if they believe they are buying L. williamsii-based medicines. The lack of mescaline—implying the lack of peyote—in these products suggests that wild populations of the vulnerable cactus L. williamsii, though currently being decimated on a massive scale in Mexico and the U.S. for other purposes, are rarely harvested for use in topical analgesic products. This conclusion is based on the finding that less than 5% of the ostensible L. williamsii-containing topical analgesic products that were analyzed in this study actually contained mescaline.
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Newbold, Richard, Sohan De Silva, and Martin Terry. "Correlation of mescaline concentrations in Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) with rib numbers and diameter of crown (U.S.A.)." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 14, no. 1 (2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v14.i1.901.
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Lophophora williamsii, peyote, is a small cactus growing to approximately 10 cm in diameter with a flat to dome-shaped spineless crown with fissures or ribs that develop following the Fibonacci series and whose numbers indicate relative degree of maturing. In this study crown tissue of 30 wild-collected specimens was analyzed to determine whether there was a correlation between the concentration of the primary alkaloid mescaline in crown tissue with the average diameter of the crown. We also compared mescaline concentration in three groups of ten individuals: 5 ribs (juvenile stage), 8 ribs (intermediate), and 13 ribs (elder/mature stage), since these Fibonacci numbers are the most stable and long-lasting on L. williamsii. This was designed to test the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between mescaline concentration and both diameter and rib number. Nine greenhouse-grown specimens were likewise analyzed to serve as a control group for the study. All 39 tissue samples were subjected to an alkaloid extraction procedure followed by an acid-base washing procedure. Mescaline was identified using liquid-chromatography and mass spectroscopy and then quantified using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The Pearson’s Chi-squared test showed no statistical correlation between increasing mescaline concentration and increasing rib numbers for field-collected samples and greenhouse?raised control samples. Field-collected samples: P-value of 0.392; greenhouse control samples: P-value of 0.313. Similarly, field and greenhouse samples showed no statistical correlation between mescaline concentration and average diameter of the crown. Field-collected samples: P-value of 0.251; greenhouse control samples: P-value of 0.229. This study contributes to the understanding of this vulnerable species and to approaches to its overall conservation and the preservation of Native American culture.
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Kovacic, Peter, and Ratnasamy Somanathan. "Novel, Unifying Mechanism for Mescaline in The Central Nervous System: Electrochemistry, Catechol Redox Metabolite, Receptor, Cell Signaling and Structure Activity Relationships." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2, no. 4 (2009): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.9380.
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A unifying mechanism for abused drugs has been proposed previously from the standpoint of electron transfer. Mescaline can be accommodated within the theoretical framework based on redox cycling by the catechol metabolite with its quinone counterpart. Electron transfer may play a role in electrical effects involving the nervous system in the brain. This approach is in accord with structure activity relationships involving mescaline, abused drugs, catecholamines and etoposide. Inefficient demethylation is in keeping with the various drug properties, such as requirement for high dosage and slow acting.There is a discussion of receptor binding, electrical effects, cell signaling and other modes of action. Mescaline is a nonselective, seretonin receptor agonist. 5-HTP receptors are involved in the stimulus properties. Research addresses the aspect of stereochemical requirements. Receptor binding may involve the proposed quinone metabolite and/or the amino sidechain via protonation. Electroencephalographic studies were performed on the effects of mescaline on men. Spikes are elicited by stimulation of a cortical area. The potentials likely originate in nonsynaptic dendritic membranes. Receptor-mediated signaling pathways were examined which affect mescaline behavior. The hallucinogen belongs to the class of 2AR agonists which regulate pathways in cortical neurons. The research identifies neural and signaling mechanisms responsible for the biological effects. Recently, another hallucinogen, psilocybin, has been included within the unifying mechanistic framework. This mushroom constituent is hydrolyzed to the phenol psilocin, also active, which is subsequently oxidized to an ET o-quinone or iminoquinone.
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Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Carolina Lança Pereira, and Diana Dias da Silva. "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions." Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2019): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.
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Background: Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objective: This article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response. Methods: Mescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed. Results: Although its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported. Conclusion: Most reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.