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1
Blom, Martijn J. W., Patrick Steegstra, and Philippe M. Vereecken. "Internal Mass Transport Induced Voltage Losses during Water Electrolysis on Interconnected Nickel Nanowire Mesh Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 44 (2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02441681mtgabs.
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Nickel nanowire mesh electrodes offer great potential for water electrolysis in alkaline environment, given their high internal surface area, mechanical strength, and alkaline resistance. Here we use a nickel nanowire mesh with a specific area of 26 m2/cm3, resulting in ~100-fold area enhancement for a 4µm thick nanowire mesh, compared to planar nickel. This highly benefits geometric current density, potentially into a regime where mass transport is the main limiting factor. Therefore, we performed a systematic study of electrode behaviour under various mass transport conditions to decouple kinetic and mass transfer related contributions to electrode voltage losses. An electrochemical flow cell was designed to measure the nanowire mesh electrode performance under optimal mass transport conditions. The cell provided electrolyte flow through the nanomesh, enabling convective supply of reagent into the nanopores as well as convective removal of reaction products. Facilitated by the inherent strength of the nanowire mesh, superficial flow velocities up to 1 cm/s could be obtained, with which geometric current densities as high as 320 mA/cm2 could be measured in the kinetically limited (flowrate independent) regime. Internal mass transport limitations were isolated by use of an inverted rotating disk electrode (iRDE). Koutecky-Levich analysis was performed to compensate for external mass transfer contributions on both nanowire mesh electrodes and planar electrodes. The nanowire mesh as iRDE resembles operating conditions in an electrolyzer, whereas the planar electrode provides a well-defined benchmark area for the electrode surface activity. For both the oxygen evolution reaction as the hydrogen evolution reaction, mass transport limitations were studies as function of current density and electrolyte (NaOH) concentration. Nanowire mesh electrode operation in the presence of internal mass transport limitations was compared to the non-limited condition and planar benchmark, from which the electrode effectiveness factor could be calculated. A 1-d simplified model of the electrode was used to explain the observed phenomena and to provide guidance for design optimization.
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Gnapowski, Ernest, Sebastian Gnapowski, and Paweł Tomiło. "Boundary Layer Control with a Plasma Actuator Utilizing a Large GND Mesh Electrode and Two HV Electrode Configurations." Sensors 25, no. 1 (2024): 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010105.
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This article presents the results of experimental studies on the influence of the geometry of high-voltage plasma actuator electrodes on the change in flow in the boundary layer and their influence on the change in the lift coefficient. The plasma actuator used in the described experimental studies has a completely different structure. The experimental model of the plasma actuator uses a large mesh ground electrode and different geometries of the high-voltage electrodes, namely copper solid electrodes and mesh electrodes (the use of mesh electrodes, large GND and HV is a new solution). The plasma actuator was placed directly on the surface of the wing model with the SD 7003 profile. The wing model with the plasma actuator was placed in the wind tunnel. All experimental tests carried out were carried out for various configurations. The DBD plasma actuator was powered by a high-voltage power supply with a voltage range from Vp = 7.5–15 kV. The use of a high-voltage mesh electrode allowed for an increase in the lift coefficient (CL) for the angle of attack α = 5 degrees and the air flow velocity in the range from V = 5 m/s to 20 m/s, while the use of copper electrodes HV with the plasma actuator turned off and on, were very small (close to zero). The experimental studies were conducted for Reynolds numbers in the range of Re = 87,985–351,939.
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Chung, Ji Hong, Dong Kee Sohn, and Han Seo Ko. "Study on the Influence of Central Hole Diameter in a Wire Mesh Electrode on Ionic Wind Characteristics." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (2023): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081614.
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Ionic wind, which is generated by a corona discharge, is a promising field that offers significant advantages by directly converting electrical energy into kinetic energy. Because of the electrical characteristics of ionic wind, most studies aiming to improve the performance of ionic wind generators have focused on modifying the geometry of electrode configurations. A mesh-type electrode is one of the electrodes used as a collecting electrode in an ionic wind generator. Using a mesh electrode results in decreased momentum of the ionic wind and increased pressure drop due to frictional loss of the flow. In this study, to minimize the reduction in momentum, a mesh electrode with a central hole was proposed and investigated. Experiments were conducted with the configuration of a needle and mesh with the central hole. These experiments analyzed the effect of the central hole diameter and the distance between the needle and the mesh electrodes on the electrical and physical characteristics of the ionic wind. The addition of the central hole led to a higher average velocity and lower current, thus resulting in increased energy conversion efficiency. The presented configuration offers a simple geometry without electrical and physical interference from complex configurations, and it is considered to have the potential to improve energy conversion efficiency and optimize ionic wind flow.
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Jovic, Vladimir, Borka Jovic, Nevenka Elezovic, and Ljiljana Gajic-Krstajic. "Corrected accelerated service life test of electrodeposited NiSn alloys and Ni as cathodes for industrial alkaline water electrolysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 11 (2019): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190515074j.
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The ?corrected accelerated service life test for hydrogen evolution reaction? (CASLT-HER), designed for application of certain electrode materials as cathodes in the cell for alkaline water electrolysis in 30 % KOH at 80 ?C, was performed at electrodeposited NiSn alloy and Ni 40 mesh electrodes. The Ni 40 mesh was slightly etched, while the NiSn alloy coating was electrodeposited from the bath containing pyrophosphate, glycine, SnCl2 and NiCl2 onto Ni 40 mesh to the thickness of approximately 40 ?m. It is shown that the NiSn cathode possess from maximum 0.77 V to minimum 0.30 V better overpotential than the Ni 40 mesh electrode during the 5 years of their exploitation at the conditions of industrial alkaline water electrolysis. It is also shown that both electrodes should be held at j = ?0.3 A cm-2 for at least 5 h in order to establish stable overpotential response. The limiting overpotential values for applying cyclic voltammetry (CVs, to mimic ?polarity inversion?) should be determined in a separate experiment before the CASLT-HER and should be adjusted during the application of CVs.
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Kwon, Eunji, and In Soo Choi. "The Effect of Organic Additive on Electrochemical Fabrication of Micro-Structured Electrode for Reverse Electrodialysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (2024): 4631. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674631mtgabs.
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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a type of salinity gradient power generation technology that is a renewable energy source that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. RED uses seawater and salt differences to produce electrical energy. Intensive research is needed to develop electrodes with excellent conductivity to reduce electrode resistance and increase performance when operating reverse electrodialysis. Conventionally, the state of the art electrode is prepared by electrodepositing Pt on metal substrate, such as Ti mesh (Pt/Ti mesh) in acidic medium. However, due to the dimension of porous mesh structure, it is difficult to form an uniform Pt layer with high coverage via normal potential- or current-controlled electrodeposition. In response to this, this research proposes an additive-induced electrodeposition for the preparation of Pt/Ti mesh electrode. A trisodium citrate (TSC) is chosen to be an additive. TSC plays both as a leveler and a suppressor and therefore it helps to control the kinetics of electrochemical process. The effect of TSC and its content on the physicochemical and electrochemical property of Pt/Ti electrode is addressed. The RED single cell test is conducted with the electrodes manufactured according to the TSC content, and the performance is compared and analyzed accordingly.
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Yu, Mei Hui, Hui Min Meng, and Ying Xue. "Nano-Mesh Structured Mn-Based Oxide/Conducting Polymer Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor." Materials Science Forum 859 (May 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.859.104.
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In this work, modified nano-mesh structured Mn-based oxide electrode material and the supercapacitors are researched. Three types of conducting polymers, i.e. polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythiophene (PTs) are considered to modify Mn-based oxide electrodes. The results of field emission scanning electron microscope show that conducting polymer film can form porous structure on Mn-based oxide electrode, this special structure is beneficial to the improvement of specific surface area, so that the specific capacitance can be increased. The specific capacitance of the supercapacitors assembled by Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer composite electrodes are tested, resulting that the maximum initial specific capacitance is 843 F g-1, cycle life is 105 times. Compared to supercapacitors assembled by general Mn-based oxide electrodes, this Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer material electrode can improve the specific capacitance up to 1.4~1.9 times, and the conductivity and cycle stability can be increased at the same time.
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Khatri, Ishwor, Qiming Liu, Ryo Ishikawa, Keiji Ueno, and Hajime Shirai. "Self assembled silver nanowire mesh as top electrode for organic–inorganic hybrid solar cell." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (2014): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0564.
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We prepare transparent, selfassembled polygonal silver nanowire (AgNW) mesh by bubble template and use as top electrode for a poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(stylenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/n-Si hybrid solar cell. Devices were fabricated by pressing the self-assembled AgNW and ITO electrodes onto the surface of the PEDOT:PSS and device performances were compared. In identical transmittances of ITO and self-assembled AgNW (i.e., 87% transmittance at wavelength of 550 nm), the self-assembled AgNW mesh electrodes shows lower sheet resistance (8 Ω/square) with enhanced transparency in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. As a result, a device performance with an efficiency of 9.60% was obtained with the self-assembled electrode compared to 9.07% efficiency from the indium–tin oxide (ITO) electrode under 100 mW/cm2 of AM 1.5 illumination. This study suggests the potential application of a self-assembled AgNW electrode as the transparent conducting electrode for future optoelectronic devices.
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Zhan, Ruochen, Shaopeng Guo, Luning Xu, and Li Han. "PID controller design for manipulating electrorheological valves with mesh electrodes using in 2D matrix display." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2853, no. 1 (2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2853/1/012029.
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Abstract The electrorheological (ER) valve with parallel electrodes structure has an inherent characteristic. The electrodes gap is the same as its flow channel gap, which causes a strong coupling relationship between the applied voltages and the flow rates of the ER valve. If flow rates of ER valves in the condition of turn on operational mode were increased, their applied voltages were increased necessarily for keeping their shutdown operational mode, which brings a bunch of problems of product costs and dimensions, especially when multiple ER valves with different operational modes work together, such as application of ER valves matrix used in 2D matrix displays. The mesh electrodes structure can decouple the relationship between the electrodes gap and the flow channel gap of parallel electrodes structure. However, due to the complexity of mesh electrodes structure, a mathematic model is difficult to be established theoretically. And, a mathematic model of ER valve with mesh electrodes plays a vital role in designing its controller. By analyzing the composition elements of an ER valve with mesh electrodes, a semi experimental model was established using the parametric identification toolbox of MATLAB. The consistency between the output of recognition model and the output of validation data reaches 93.46%. Subsequently the PID controller for ER valves with mesh electrodes was designed to meet the operational demands of a 2D matrix display using Simulink. The constrain of simulation was that the pressures of flow channel inlets of ER valves, the dynamic responses of ER valves with mesh electrodes kept stable and within its operational range. The results will be helpful for applications of ER valves with mesh electrodes.
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Valerii, Kotok, and Kovalenko Vadym. "SELECTION OF THE FORMATION MODE OF A ZINC MESH ELECTRODE FOR AN ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF ENERGY RECOVERY." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 6 (104) (2020): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.200559.
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Zinc mesh electrode was proposed for creating a prototype of an electrochromic device capable of recuperating energy spent on coloration. The search for a suitable formation regime of the mesh electrode with required capacity was realized using several approaches: use of multiwire substrates, deposition of zinc from different electrolytes, change in the composition of pasted electrodes. Deposition of zinc from a simple sulfate electrolyte yielded good deposits, however, their capacity wasn’t sufficient. The use of the alkaline zincate electrolyte yielded deposits with developed surface and higher capacity, but the deposits had dark color, poor adhesion and were falling off the substrate. The pasted electrode with a paste of zinc oxide, graphite and polyvinyl butyral demonstrated the highest capacity of – 0.83 mA∙h. The proposed method for forming the zinc mesh electrode was used to develop a prototype of electrochromic devices capable of recuperating electrical energy. The assembled prototype with the described electrodes demonstrated stable characteristics at a coloration degree of 50 %. The prototype was also capable of working as an energy storage unit and was used to power an LED
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Chen, Dazheng, Gang Fan, Hongxiao Zhang, et al. "Efficient Ni/Au Mesh Transparent Electrodes for ITO-Free Planar Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (2019): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070932.
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Indium thin oxide (ITO)-free planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated at a low temperature (150 °C) in this work based on the transparent electrode of photolithography processed nickel/gold (Ni/Au) mesh and the high conductivity polymer, PH1000. Ultrathin Au was introduced to increase the conductivity of metal mesh, and the optimal hexagonal Ni (30 nm)/Au (10 nm) mesh (line width of 5 μm) shows a transmittance close to 80% in the visible light region and a sheet resistance lower than 16.9 Ω/sq. The conductive polymer PH1000 not only smooths the raised surface of the metal mesh but also enhances the charge collection ability of metal mesh. The fabricated PSCs have the typical planar structure (glass/Ni-Au mesh/PH1000/PEDOT:PSS/MAyFA1−yPbIxCl3−x/PCBM/BCP/Ag) and the champion PSC (0.09 cm2) obtains a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.88%, negligible current hysteresis, steady current density and PCE outputs, and good process repeatability. Its photovoltaic performance and stability are comparable to the reference PSC based on the ITO electrodes (PCE = 15.70%), which demonstrates that the Ni/Au mesh transparent electrodes are a promising ITO alternative to fabricate efficient PSCs. The relatively lower performance of Ni/Au based PSC results from the relatively slower charge extraction and stronger charge recombination than the ITO based PSC. Further, we tried to fabricate the large area (1 cm2) device and achieve a PCE over 6% with negligible hysteresis and steady current density and PCE outputs. The improvements of perovskite film quality and interface modification should be an effective approach to further enhance the device performance of Ni/Au based PSCs, and the Ni/Au mesh electrode may find wider applications in PSCs and flexible devices.
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Wadhawan, Jay D., Peter J. Welford, Kamran Yunus, Adrian C. Fisher, and Richard G. Compton. "Voltammetry at micro-mesh electrodes." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 14, no. 4 (2003): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532003000400004.
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Zoric, Josip, and Ivo Roušar. "Calculation of the Primary Current Distribution in Cells with Curved Electrodes Using the Finite Difference, Conservative Scheme, and Finite Element Methods." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 11 (1996): 1563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19961563.
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The primary current distribution was calculated in cells with a curvilinear shape of the electrodes by the finite difference (FDM), the conservative scheme (CS), and the finite element methods (FEM). These methods were used for the solutions of the Laplace equation (LE) for a 2D cross-section of a cell consisting of two concentric cylinders (tubes) as electrodes and the inter-electrode space filled with electrolyte. For this cell the analytical solution of LE is known. The local current density on the approximated shape of the electrodes was calculated. The error in the normalized local current density relative to the mean was 5.2%, 52% or 0.2% with FDM using a 64 o 64 mesh, CS using 64 o 64 mesh or FEM using 969 nodes, respectively. Also the boundary element method (BEM) has been used. With 199 elements at the electrode the error in the normalized current density was 0.2%. Taking into account the simplicity of programming and the possibility of using previously developed modules in other calculations, FEM and BEM showed the best performance.
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Zhang, Jiahui, Jingyu Huang, Luning Xu, and Li Han. "Design and simulation of non-uniform electric field using mesh electrodes for electrorheological micro valves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2369, no. 1 (2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2369/1/012041.
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The refresh rate of two-dimensional tactile information for visual impaired people using electrorheological (ER) technology is directly related to the flow rate of an ER valve. The bigger the flow rate is, the faster the tactile information is refreshed. For a parallel electrodes ER valve configuration, due to the limitation of Braille standard to the width of ER valve, the gap of flow channel which is also the gap of parallel electrodes is the only adjustable parameter to benefit the flow rate and at same time enhance operating voltages which contribute a big part of costs to a two-dimensional tactile information display system. A new mesh electrodes configuration is introduced to decouple the flow rate from the gap of electrodes while the flow cross section is determined by parameters of mesh electrodes. A quantity of effective electric field strength of an ER interaction space unit is used to evaluate the anisotropy electric field governed by mesh electrodes. The influences of geometrical parameters of mesh electrodes and applied voltages on the effective electric field strength were analyzed by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the effective electric field strength increases with applied voltages and wire diameters, and decreases with electrodes gap and mesh clearances. These results provide fundamental laws for designing an ER micro valve governed by non-uniform electric field to some ER applications.
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Lee, Kwangseok, Moonsu Kim, Jung-Hyung Park, Bonggi Choi, and Woonbong Hwang. "Development of Micro-Nano Structured Electrodes for Enhanced Reactivity: Improving Efficiency Through Nano-Bubble Generation." Applied Sciences 14, no. 21 (2024): 9952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14219952.
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This study focuses on developing high-performance electrodes by applying micro/nano structures to aluminum mesh electrodes and evaluating their electrochemical performance through the electroflotation process. First, the most suitable electrode material for electroflotation was selected, followed by the application of micro-nano structures to analyze bubble generation and size distribution in comparison to conventional electrodes. The bubble generation rate and size were used to predict electroflotation efficiency, which was then validated through experiments. The developed electrodes demonstrated a ninefold reduction in purification time compared to traditional electrodes and achieved higher wastewater treatment efficiency than spontaneous flotation. This research highlights the potential of micro-nano structured electrodes to enhance electroflotation processes and offers valuable insights for industrial applications.
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Paulisch, Melanie Cornelia, Marcus Gebhard, David Franzen, et al. "Operando Laboratory X-Ray Imaging of Silver-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes during Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Highly Alkaline Media." Materials 12, no. 17 (2019): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172686.
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Operando laboratory X-ray radiographies were carried out for imaging of two different silver-based gas diffusion electrodes containing an electroconductive Ni mesh structure, one gas diffusion electrode composed of 95 wt.% Ag and 5 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene and one composed of 97 wt.% Ag and 3 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene, under different operating parameters. Thereby, correlations of their electrochemical behavior and the transport of the 30 wt.% NaOH electrolyte through the gas diffusion electrodes were revealed. The work was divided into two parts. In the first step, the microstructure of the gas diffusion electrodes was analyzed ex situ by a combination of focused ion beam technology and synchrotron as well as laboratory X-ray tomography and radiography. In the second step, operando laboratory X-ray radiographies were performed during chronoamperometric measurements at different potentials. The combination of the ex situ microstructural analyses and the operando measurements reveals the impact of the microstructure on the electrolyte transport through the gas diffusion electrodes. Hence, an impact of the Ni mesh structure within the gas diffusion electrode on the droplet formation could be shown. Moreover, it could be observed that increasing overpotentials cause increasing electrolyte transport velocities and faster droplet formation due to electrowetting. In general, higher electrolyte transport velocities were found for the gas diffusion electrode with 97 wt.% Ag in contrast to that with 95 wt.% Ag.
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Anas, Muhammad, Mardiana Napirah, Wa Ode Sitti Ilmawati, et al. "The Utilization of Candlenut Shell-Based Activated Charcoal as the Electrode of Capacitive Deionization (CDI) for Seawater Desalination." Science and Technology Indonesia 9, no. 1 (2024): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.1.86-93.
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Activated carbon or activated charcoal is one of the best materials that can be used as a constituent of CDI electrodes, not only because of its various advantageous properties but also because it can be sourced abundantly from plant waste. This research aims to determine the effect of the thickness of the candlenut shell activated charcoal electrode and the particle size of the activated carbon used on the capacitive deionization (CDI) performance in seawater desalination. Candlenut shell-based activated charcoal is obtained in three stages, namely preparation, carbonization, and activation. The carbonization stage was done by using a pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of 400°C for 8 hours. The activation was done with the activator of H3PO4 67%. The variation of thickness was 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm while the variation of particle size was 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, and 200 mesh. The results showed that the higher capacitance was obtained with the thinner electrodes, where the best value was the thinnest electrode, 6 mm, which produced the highest capacitance, 122.96 nF. For the desalination of seawater, it is shown that the finest particle/smallest particle size will result in the best desalination performance, where 200 mesh particle size will result in the decrease of salinity from 34% to 4%. That is 88.23% decrease in salinity. Therefore, the using of candlenut shell-based activated carbon as the electrode in CDI is proven to be able to obtain good performance in seawater desalination.
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Lin, Cong, Wuxin Li, Cengceng Fang, et al. "Formation of the regularly arranged tubular pores during electrophoretic deposition." Materials Science-Poland 35, no. 1 (2017): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2017-0013.
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AbstractThe formation mechanism of regularly arranged tubular pores during an acid-based electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process was explored by studying the influence of gauze electrodes and suspension properties on the pore structures. The gauze electrodes can change the intensity of electrical field on the electrode surface, and thus control the pore locations. The mesh size not only restricts the ultimate pore size, but also determines the regularity of the pores. Under specific experimental conditions, a critical value of mesh size for attaining the regularity of the pores arrangement can be determined. Meanwhile, the pore structures can be controlled by a combination of pH value and zeta potential of the suspensions. The strength of the acidity is also one of the determinants to the final structures.
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Gamero-Quijano, Alonso, Grégoire Herzog, and Micheál D. Scanlon. "Aqueous surface chemistry of gold mesh electrodes in a closed bipolar electrochemical cell." Electrochimica Acta 330 (November 18, 2019): 135328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135328.
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The influence of the bipolar electrode on the voltammetry observed with a closed bipolar electrochemical cell (CBPEC) goes far beyond simply conducting electrons between the two electrolyte solutions. The surface of each pole of the bipolar electrode may contain redox active functional groups that generate misleading or interfering electrochemical responses. Herein, a 4-electrode CBPEC configuration was studied with the opposite poles of the bipolar electrode resting in separate aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions. Using gold mesh wire electrodes as the poles, we systematically investigated the many experimental variables that influence the observed voltammetry upon addition of a reductant (decamethylferrocene) to the organic phase. External bias of the driving electrodes forced electrons released by decamethylferrocene at the organic pole to flow along the bipolar electrode and reduce redox active surface functional groups at the aqueous pole, such as oxide or hydroxide groups, or carry out the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The 4-electrode CBPEC configuration diminishes capacitive currents, permitting observation of voltammetric signals from electron transfer processes related to surface functional groups at the aqueous pole at much lower scan rates than possible with working electrodes in conventional 3-electrode electrochemical cells. Surface modification, by oxidative or reductive electrochemical pre-treatment, changes the potential window experienced by the aqueous pole in the 4-electrode CBPEC in terms of its position <em>versus</em> the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and dynamic range. In a related observation, the electrochemical responses from the surface functional groups on the aqueous pole completely disappear after oxidative pre-treatment, but remain after reductive pre-treatment. The flow of electrons from decamethylferrocene to the surface of the aqueous pole is limited in magnitude, by the decamethylferrocene concentration, and kinetically limited, due to decamethylferrocene diffusion to the organic pole, in comparison to the infinite supply of electrons delivered to the surface of a working electrode in a 3-electrode cell. This unique feature of the 4-electrode CBPEC facilitates a very gradual evolution of the surface chemistry at the aqueous pole, for example from fully oxidised after oxidative pre-treatment to a more reduced state after repetitive cyclic voltammetry cycling. Perspective applications of this slow, controlled release of electrons to the electrode surface include spectroelectrochemical analysis of intermediate states for the reduction of metal salts to nanoparticles, or conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to reduced products at catalytic sites. The use of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes in CBPEC experiments for specific reactions is recommended to avoid misleading or interfering electrochemical responses from redox active functional groups prevalent on metallic surfaces. However, the electronic bridge to implement entirely depends on the reaction under study, as ITO also has drawbacks such as a lack of electrocatalytic activity and the requirement of an overpotential due to its semiconducting nature.
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Richtr, Přemysl, Jaromír Hnát, Petr Mazur, Šárka Paušová, and Karel Bouzek. "Nickel-cobalt spinel-based oxygen evolution electrode for zinc-air flow battery." Journal of Luminescence 272 (February 27, 2025): 120618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.115835.
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Following dataset provides all measured data that were collected on nickel (Ni) based electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction. The electrodes were following: nickel (Ni) pristine mesh (PM), catalysed mesh (CM), nickel pristine foam (PF), catalysed foam (CF). Catalyst was NiCo2O4. Firstly, the catalysed electrodes were prepared and characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. The electrodes were characterized in three different arrangements: in electrolysis non-flow arrangement, in a flow electrolysis cell and in ZAFB according to the manuscript.
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Kuleshov, V. N., S. V. Kurochkin, N. V. Kuleshov, et al. "ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS WITH ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRODES." Электрохимия 59, no. 11 (2023): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0424857023110105.
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The article is devoted to the creation of a new generation element base for aqueous alkaline electrolyzers with anion-exchange membranes. As a result of the research, two new membranes and various types of electrodes have been proposed, which significantly increase the purity of the generated electrolysis gases and the operating outlet pressure directly at the outlet of the electrolysis module while maintaining low values of specific energy consumption. In this case, the electrolysis module consists entirely of electrode-membrane blocks. Their composition includes components tested in industrial alkaline electrolysis, which distinguishes them from known analogues in chemical resistance. Various types of catalysts that can be used as part of membrane-electrode blocks are considered separately. The results of express tests of electrodes made of stainless steel 12X18H10T are presented, the oxidation process of chromium, which is part of the alloy, is shown, which leads to a decrease in its corrosion resistance. When testing electrodes based on a steel mesh coated with a protective layer of nickel, extensive pitting corrosion was detected on the anode during its operation at high current densities. As an alternative, electrodes made of nickel mesh are proposed. These samples showed excellent corrosion resistance and high adhesion to electrodeposited catalysts. Catalytic coatings consisting of nickel or nickel-cobalt powder with additionally chemically precipitated phosphorus were investigated as catalysts.
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Raja Seman, Raja Noor Amalina, Rose Farahiyan Munawar, Jeeferie Abd Razak, et al. "Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of Carbon Based Electrochemical Capacitor in Aqueous Electrolytes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.452.
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In this study, a mixture of activated carbon (AC) and graphene (G) was coated onto the stainless steel (SS) mesh to produce an electrode for the electrochemical capacitor (EC). Different materials, such as carbon nanotube (CNT) mixed with G, were also used in this experiment to compare the electrochemical properties of both electrodes. The electrochemical properties of the electrode were determined by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV curves of the AC/G electrodes showed good capacitive behaviour, and the highest capacitance values obtained for AC/G and CNT/G electrodes in 1M H2SO4 at 1 mVs-1 were 13 Fg-1 and 4.34 Fg-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest capacitance values obtained in 6M KOH at 1 mVs-1 were 14 Fg-1 and 12.07 Fg-1 for AC/G and CNT/G electrodes, respectively.
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HONG, JIANXUN, JIANPING CHEN, XINWAN LI, and AILUN YE. "EFFECTS OF THE BIAS-CONTROLLED GRID ON PERFORMANCES OF THE CORONA POLING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 14 (2005): 2205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205029766.
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The corona poling system for electro-optic polymers with a bias-controlled grid is experimentally studied. The relationship between the corona threshold voltage and the grid bias voltage is researched. There is a minimum in the corona threshold voltage versus grid bias voltage curve. Effects of the grid bias voltage, the mesh size and the grid electrode position on performances of the poling system are discussed and analyzed. The experimental results show that the grid electrode can enlarge the corona discharge dynamic range and control the poling current in a wide range, grid electrodes with different mesh sizes and grid-plate gaps have different effects on performances of the poling system, and the grid electrode should be near the plate electrode to acquire stable corona discharge.
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Lai, Yong, Yan Liu, and Dao Xun Ma. "The Influence of Preparation Method and Electrode on Properties of Carbon Fiber Electrically Conductive Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1035.
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This paper studied the influence of preparation method and electrode on properties of carbon fiber electrically conductive concrete by testing flexural strength and electrical resistance. Carbon fiber electrically conductive concrete is prepared by using dry mix method and wet mix method, the electrodes of which are stainless steel mesh and stainless steel sheet. The results show that the wet mix method of carbon fiber electrically conductive concrete is better than the dry mix method. The stainless steel sheet used as electrode in electrically conductive concrete is better than the stainless steel mesh. The long-term electrical resistivity of carbon fiber electrically conductive concrete is a constant value.
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Russo, Andrea, Jens Oluf Jensen, Mikkel Rykær Kraglund, Wenjing (Angela) Zhang, and EunAe Cho. "Fibrous Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 45 (2024): 3156. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02453156mtgabs.
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The development of thin alkaline ion-conducting membranes with low internal resistance has highlighted the potential to reach high current densities in conventional alkaline electrolyzers. As membrane resistances drop with new novel separators, the necessity of using high surface area 3D porous electrodes without inactive regions in the form of large holes becomes evident, to be able to reach performances comparable to PEM or AEM systems. To improve electrodes many researchers are moving towards high surface area nickel foams, as opposed to more conventional mesh or perforated plate-based electrode materials. While nickel foams have more surface area compared with their mesh counterparts, the specific surface areas are is still relatively low unless further surface enhancements are carried out in the form of rough coatings. Additionally, the total electrode thickness remains substantial, potentially resulting in mass transport issues, gas entrapment, and additional ionic ohmic losses within the porous structure. However, the absence of blind spots should lead to a significant increase in active catalytic area, corresponding to a higher performance. This work demonstrates how to take the supporting structural morphology to the next step, by developing finely porous electrodes based on a polymer skeleton, coated with a thin homogenous layer of nickel phosphorous. This approach both enhances the accessible electrochemical surface area and reduces the environmental impact as the amount of nickel used is significantly decreased. The developed finely porous structures result in an order of magnitude larger surface area, at approximately one-tenth of the electrode thickness. As an additional benefit, the diffusion path length for the evolved gasses is reduced, promoting mass transport properties, and helping to avoid commonly labeled bubble resistances, as well as potentially suppressing supersaturation effects.
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Pieters, Thomas A., Christopher R. Conner, and Nitin Tandon. "Recursive grid partitioning on a cortical surface model: an optimized technique for the localization of implanted subdural electrodes." Journal of Neurosurgery 118, no. 5 (2013): 1086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.2.jns121450.
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Object Precise localization of subdural electrodes (SDEs) is essential for the interpretation of data from intracranial electrocorticography recordings. Blood and fluid accumulation underneath the craniotomy flap leads to a nonlinear deformation of the brain surface and of the SDE array on postoperative CT scans and adversely impacts the accurate localization of electrodes located underneath the craniotomy. Older methods that localize electrodes based on their identification on a postimplantation CT scan with coregistration to a preimplantation MR image can result in significant problems with accuracy of the electrode localization. The authors report 3 novel methods that rely on the creation of a set of 3D mesh models to depict the pial surface and a smoothed pial envelope. Two of these new methods are designed to localize electrodes, and they are compared with 6 methods currently in use to determine their relative accuracy and reliability. Methods The first method involves manually localizing each electrode using digital photographs obtained at surgery. This is highly accurate, but requires time intensive, operator-dependent input. The second uses 4 electrodes localized manually in conjunction with an automated, recursive partitioning technique to localize the entire electrode array. The authors evaluated the accuracy of previously published methods by applying the methods to their data and comparing them against the photograph-based localization. Finally, the authors further enhanced the usability of these methods by using automatic parcellation techniques to assign anatomical labels to individual electrodes as well as by generating an inflated cortical surface model while still preserving electrode locations relative to the cortical anatomy. Results The recursive grid partitioning had the least error compared with older methods (672 electrodes, 6.4-mm maximum electrode error, 2.0-mm mean error, p < 10−18). The maximum errors derived using prior methods of localization ranged from 8.2 to 11.7 mm for an individual electrode, with mean errors ranging between 2.9 and 4.1 mm depending on the method used. The authors also noted a larger error in all methods that used CT scans alone to localize electrodes compared with those that used both postoperative CT and postoperative MRI. The large mean errors reported with these methods are liable to affect intermodal data comparisons (for example, with functional mapping techniques) and may impact surgical decision making. Conclusions The authors have presented several aspects of using new techniques to visualize electrodes implanted for localizing epilepsy. The ability to use automated labeling schemas to denote which gyrus a particular electrode overlies is potentially of great utility in planning resections and in corroborating the results of extraoperative stimulation mapping. Dilation of the pial mesh model provides, for the first time, a sense of the cortical surface not sampled by the electrode, and the potential roles this “electrophysiologically hidden” cortex may play in both eloquent function and seizure onset.
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Nishio, Yuki, Ryuta Misumi, and Shigenori Mitsushima. "Relationship between Resistance Due to Bubbles and Electrode Shape in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 42 (2024): 2773. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02422773mtgabs.
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Introduction An inherent challenge with alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the increased overvoltage due to bubbles covering the electrode surface at high current densities. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and quantify the effect of air bubbles on electrolysis voltage to develop strategies for reducing overpotentials. In this paper, we present a method that uses electrochemical measurements to quantify the bubble-induced overpotential relative to the total overpotential by dividing the voltage applied across the cell by the resistive component. Experiments A reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) was used as the reference electrode and Ni was used as both the cathode and anode. Two electrode shapes, viz. wire (φ = 500 µm) and expanded metal (width: 30 mm; height: 4 mm), were used. The current density i geo was normalized by dividing the input current value by the electrode area S geo. In the setup, 2M KOH was used as the electrolyte, and the temperature of the solution was 30 °C. After pretreatment, cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed at a scan rate of 5 mV s −1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed with i geo ranging from 0.03 to 1.2 Acm−2, an amplitude of 8%, and a frequency range of 1.25 × 10 5 to 1 Hz.The solution resistances were determined from Cole–Cole plots and corrected for potential losses. Results and discussion The cell voltage E cell, composed of the theoretical decomposition voltage U 0, voltage iR m due to the diaphragm and the solution and bubbles near the diaphragm, cathode overvoltage ηc , and anode overvoltage ηa , is expressed by equation (1): E cell＝U 0＋iR m＋η c＋η a (1) Here, ηc and ηa can be expressed as the sum of resistance due to electrochemical reaction and mass transfer resistance as shown in equations (2) and (3): η c＝η el,c＋iR c (2), η a＝η el,a＋iR a (3) where ηel represents the reaction overvoltage caused by the performance of the electrode catalysis and is calculated from the Tafel slope ΔT f of the polarization curve and the exchange current density i 0 using equation (4): log10 i geo＝log10 i 0＋η el /ΔT f (4) where R c and R a are the mass transfer resistances derived from the hydrogen and oxygen bubbles generated by the electrolytic reactions, respectively. Fig. 1 shows the changes in the cell voltage and the corresponding resistance components with current density for the wire and mesh electrodes. Irrespective of the electrode shape, in the low current density region (|i geo| < 0.03 Acm−2), U 0 and ηel mainly account for most of the cell voltage. As i geo increased, the number of bubbles increased, leading to an increase in the proportion of resistance component derived from the bubbles in the cell voltage. Therefore, the calculated ratios ψ (= (iR c + iR a+ iR m) / (E cell− U 0 )) of the overvoltage, originating from the bubble and diaphragm (iR c + iR a+ iR m), to the total overpotential (E cell− U 0 ) at a high current density of | | = 1.2 Acm−2 were ψ wire = 33.3% for the wire electrode and ψ mesh = 51.2% for the expanded mesh. The overvoltage caused by the bubbles was greater for the mesh electrodes than for the wire electrodes. This suggests that for mesh electrodes, ψ increases due to entrapment of air bubbles in the electrode openings. Based on equivalent circuit models [1, 2], the overvoltage (iR c + iR a+ iR m) derived from the bubbles and diaphragm that contribute to the cell voltage E cell is divided into ohmic resistance and diffusion resistance components. R c and R a are expressed as the sums of the ohmic resistance increases R sb , c and R sb , a in the solution between the bubbles near the electrode and the diffusion resistances R bub (cathode) and R d (anode) owing to the dense coverage of the bubbles on the electrode surface. Considering that R m is the sum of the resistance R mb due to the bubbles remaining near the diaphragm and resistance R m0 of the diaphragm. We quantified the resistance derived from bubbles via equivalent circuit model analyses. The results indicate that at high current densities, the adverse effect of the resistance derived from bubbles (R sb , c, R sb , a, R bub, R d, R m) is more on mesh electrodes than on wire electrodes. Acknowledgments A part of this study was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO, JPNP20003). References [1] H. Ikeda, R. Misumi, Y. Nishiki, Y. Kuroda, S. Mitsushima, Electrochimica Acta, 430,141053 2022 [2] D. Kitajima, R. Misumi, S. Mitsushima, 47th Electrolysis Technology Symposium, 11, 2023. Figure 1
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Iqbal, Arshad, Khadija Qureshi, Imran Nazir Unar, and Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti. "Efficient Removal of Chromium and Lead from Tanneries Effluent of Korangi Industrial Area Karachi Using Rotating Disk Mesh as Anode Electrode Electrocoagulation." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 24, no. 2 (2023): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2023.12.11.
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The aim of this study was to examine the best electrode design for the electrocoagulation process with the best removal performance, reduced passivation on the electrode surface, and lower energy consumption requirements for removing Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) from leather tannery effluent. Three different electrodes were compared: non-rotating disk electrode (NRDE), rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating disk mesh electrode (RDME). All electrodes were used to observe a reduction in passivation on the electrode surface and its effects on the removal performance of Cr and Pb. The material used for the electrodes was iron. The maximum removal efficiency obtained was Cr = 87.9% and Pb = 97.5% under the following operating conditions: pH = 7, treatment time = 90 min, current density = 6.57 mA/cm², and RPM = 80. The results show that the electrical energy requirement for treating chromium and lead using RDME was 4.5 kWh/m³, which was found to be lower than the energy requirement observed in various other studies for treating tannery effluent. According to the results, RDME shows the highest removal performance with lower specific energy consumption compared to NRDE and RDE. RDME can be efficiently employed at a larger scale for treating leather tannery effluent.
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Uzaki, Kenshiro, Shyam S. Pandey, Yuhei Ogomi, and Shuzi Hayase. "Tandem Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Consisting of Floating Electrode Supported by Non-Conductive Glass Mesh." Advances in Science and Technology 74 (October 2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.74.157.
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A tandem dye-sensitized solar cell consisting of two electrodes in one cell is reported. The tandem cell (Cell TAN GF) has a floating electrode (bottom cell) and a TiO2 electrode prepared on a F doped SnO2 glass (top cell). The floating electrode is a flexible and self-standing composite film consisting of a porous titania/dye layer supported by a glass mesh. The Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE) curve for the Cell TAN GF had two peaks corresponding to visible absorptions of the two dyes. The open circuit voltage (Voc) of the Cell TAN GF (0.82 V) was higher than that of the corresponding single cell (0.6-0.64 V). These results demonstrated that the Cell TAN GF has a potential for tandem cells. The Voc of Cell TAN GF was almost the same as that of Cell TAN (0.88 V) in which the glass mesh was replaced by a conductive stainless steel mesh having a protective layer, leading to the conclusion that a conductive layer is not necessarily needed.
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Árnason, Jón Andri, Ragnhildur Guðmundsdóttir-Korchai, Yonatan Afework Tesfahunegn, and Þórður Helgason. "Novelle approach to simulating spinal cord stimulation during tSCS using CT images and FEM." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 10, no. 4 (2024): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2024-2009.
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Abstract Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) offers non-invasive relief for chronic pain and improves motor function in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients. However, its mechanisms are not currently fully understood, and patientspecific factors, such as Body mass index (BMI) and age, complicate treatments. This paper aims to understand tSCS better by developing a novel Finite Element Model (FEM) of the human body using CT scans. Three subjects (sex, male, female, male. Age: 26, 27, 64. BMI: 38.9, 24.1, 28.4) underwent a CT scan, performed on a Cannon Aquilion Prime (Slice thickness [mm]: 0.8, Voxel size [mm3]: 0.564, 0.328, 0.527), which imaged the trunk of the body, from top of the abdomen to the bottom of the pelvis. The images were then used in Materialize Mimics Research 21.0 to create 3D images of individual organs, skin, fat, muscles, skeleton, and spinal cord. After pre-processing in Autodesk Meshmixer, the models were converted into solid CAD objects in Ansys SpaceClaim R2021 and combined into a single abdominal model. Ansys Maxwell R2021 was then used for simulations. Five different two-electrode configurations were tested in the prototype phase with a simplified model setup. The positive electrodes were placed over the (Thoracic) T10, T12, (Lumbar) L2 and L4 vertebrae sequentially, with the negative electrode over (Sacral) S2. The simulations took on average 47.4 hours. A marked decline in electrical current penetration depth was observed as the electrodes were placed closer together which was consistent with known current distribution patterns. A preliminary validation test was also performed using a lamb’s thigh. Two electrodes were placed a known distance apart and a stimulation was given, needle electrodes were then inserted in a grid-like pattern to obtain voltage values. The setup was recreated and simulated in Ansys Maxwell. The resulting average percent difference was 44.93 ± 33.3 % (5Vpp Square wave) and 35.02 ± 23.38 % (5V DC). In both instances, the highest difference was at the edges of the electrodes and the lowest difference in the midpoint between electrodes. Later versions of FEM models incorporated more organs and had improved on previous mesh generation flaws, but encountered new mesh generation errors which could not be rectified before the conclusion of the master’s project. Despite complications, this project has provided a pipeline for creating similar models and shown their usability. Future work will involve overcoming the current mesh generation errors, reducing calculation time, and performing a thorough validation test.
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Kamenskii, Mikhail A., Svetlana N. Eliseeva та Veniamin V. Kondratiev. "The Electrochemical Performance of δ-MnO2 Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: The Role of Current Collector". ECS Transactions 105, № 1 (2021): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0135ecst.
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Electrochemical properties of δ-MnO2-based cathode materials were studied in dependence on current collector used for electrode casting (stainless steel mesh, carbon paper and titanium foil) by galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements and cyclic voltammetry. It was shown that δ-MnO2-based electrodes cast on carbon paper demonstrate the most stable electrochemical performance in comparison with two other current collectors. This can be explained by corrosion of steel and passivation of titanium in mild aqueous electrolytes. Detailed study of carbon paper as current collector shows that pressing of electrodes leads to decreasing the porosity and fast capacity fading.
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Lee, Jung-Yong, Stephen T. Connor, Yi Cui, and Peter Peumans. "Solution-Processed Metal Nanowire Mesh Transparent Electrodes." Nano Letters 8, no. 2 (2008): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl073296g.
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SAKURAI, Yasuo, Tomoaki IKARASHI, Takeshi NAKADA, and Kazuya EDAMURA. "Proposal of ECF-Pump Using Mesh Electrodes." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B 78, no. 786 (2012): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.78.291.
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Kummer, Matthias, and Jon R. Kirchhoff. "Graphite-coated metal mesh optically transparent electrodes." Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 24 (1993): 3720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00072a029.
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Mohanraj, John, Chetan R. Singh, Tanaji P. Gujar, C. David Heinrich, and Mukundan Thelakkat. "Nanostructured Hybrid Metal Mesh as Transparent Conducting Electrodes: Selection Criteria Verification in Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071783.
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Nanostructured metal mesh structures demonstrating excellent conductivity and high transparency are one of the promising transparent conducting electrode (TCE) alternatives for indium tin oxide (ITO). Often, these metal nanostructures are to be employed as hybrids along with a conducting filler layer to collect charge carriers from the network voids and to minimize current and voltage losses. The influence of filler layers on dictating the extent of such ohmic loss is complex. Here, we used a general numerical model to correlate the sheet resistance of the filler, lateral charge transport distance in network voids, metal mesh line width and ohmic losses in optoelectronic devices. To verify this correlation, we prepared gold or copper network electrodes with different line widths and different filler layers, and applied them as TCEs in perovskite solar cells. We show that the photovoltaic parameters scale with the hybrid metal network TCE properties and an Au-network or Cu-network with aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) filler can replace ITO very well, validating our theoretical predictions. Thus, the proposed model could be employed to select an appropriate filler layer for a specific metal mesh electrode geometry and dimensions to overcome the possible ohmic losses in optoelectronic devices.
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Jo, Seung-Taek, Jin Wook Shin, Walter Commerell, et al. "Characterization of Transparent Electrodes with Ag Metal-mesh using MATLAB." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 62, no. 6 (2024): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2024.62.6.464.
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It is well-known that optical transparence and electric resistance have a trade-off relationship in transparent electrodes. For this reason, developing methods to predict this relation have been important in various fields of academic research as well as for industrial applications. Herein, we suggest a simple method which reveals the relationship between optical transparence and electric resistance using MATLAB, based on the geometric characteristics of a random metal network. Ag metal-mesh transparent electrodes were fabricated with various conditions using colloidal silica cracked-templates and a Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering system. MATLAB software was used to analyze structural images of the Ag mesh network, automatically quantifying the density and width of the Ag meshes. From these data, the transparency and sheet resistance values of the Ag mesh electrodes were predicted and compared with measured values. Regarding transparency, the introduction of fitting parameters revealed minimal differences between the experimental and predicted values obtained from the structure images. Although the predicted sheet resistance was slightly different than the real measured values due to atomic defects or imperfections in the crystals of the Ag-mesh network, it was possible to observe a similar trend between the measured and predicted sheet resistances with changes in the fractional coverage area of the Ag-mesh network.
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Norikawa, Yutaro, Masatoshi Iizuka, and Toshiyuki Nohira. "Electrolytic Separation of Iodine from LiCl–KCl–LiBr–LiI Melt and Recovery of Iodine Gas with Copper." ECS Transactions 109, no. 14 (2022): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10914.0165ecst.
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The separation and recovery of iodine from LiCl–KCl–LiBr–LiI melt was investigated at 723 K. Cyclic voltammograms at a glass-like carbon electrode showed that I2 gas generates at more negative potential compared with Cl2 and Br2 gases. Potentiostatic electrolysis for I2 gas generation was conducted at glassy carbon and Au electrodes, where the generated I2 gas was collected by a Cu mesh placed at the top of the cell. XRD confirmed that the Cu mesh changed to CuI. At a glass-like carbon electrode, recovery efficiencies of iodine were 64% and 97% at 3.2 V and 3.3 V vs. Li+/Li, respectively. The recovery efficiency at an Au electrode was 93%. However, a part of the Au electrode dissolved into the melt. Finally, a continuous recovery method was proposed, in which the generated I2 gas was recovered by several independently recoverable Cu meshes packed in a borosilicate gas outlet tube.
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Kosri, Elyana, Fatimah Ibrahim, Aung Thiha, and Marc Madou. "Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (2022): 4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234171.
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Micro and nano interdigitated electrode array (µ/n-IDEA) configurations are prominent working electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors/biosensors, as their design benefits sensor achievement. This paper reviews µ/n-IDEA as working electrodes in four-electrode electrochemical sensors in terms of two-dimensional (2D) planar IDEA and three-dimensional (3D) IDEA configurations using carbon or metal as the starting materials. In this regard, the enhancement of IDEAs-based biosensors focuses on controlling the width and gap measurements between the adjacent fingers and increases the IDEA’s height. Several distinctive methods used to expand the surface area of 3D IDEAs, such as a unique 3D IDEA design, integration of mesh, microchannel, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT), and nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. More notably, the conventional four-electrode system, consisting of reference and counter electrodes will be compared to the highly novel two-electrode system that adopts IDEA’s shape. Compared to the 2D planar IDEA, the expansion of the surface area in 3D IDEAs demonstrated significant changes in the performance of electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current IDEAs-based electrochemical biosensors and their potential solutions for future directions are presented herein.
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Qi, Liangfei, Jia Li, Chaoting Zhu, Ye Yang, Shijin Zhao, and Weijie Song. "Realization of a flexible and mechanically robust Ag mesh transparent electrode and its application in a PDLC device." RSC Advances 6, no. 16 (2016): 13531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21988d.
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In this paper, flexible Ag electrodes with a hexagonal micromesh structure were fabricated on PET substrate using a photolithography technique. The Ag mesh electrodes were firstly applied to a polymer dispersed liquid crystal device.
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Morariu (Popescu), Mina-Ionela, Mircea Nicolaescu, Iosif Hulka, et al. "Fabrication of Cu2O/CuO Nanowires by One-Step Thermal Oxidation of Flexible Copper Mesh for Supercapacitor Applications." Batteries 10, no. 7 (2024): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070246.
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This study focuses on the growth of Cu2O/CuO nanowires by one-step thermal oxidation using a flexible copper mesh at oxidation temperatures in the range of 300 to 600 °C in a controlled atmosphere of mixed-flow Ar and O2 gases. Thermal oxidation is one of the simplest used methods to obtain nanowires on a metal surface, offering advantages such as low production costs and the ability to produce metal oxides on a large scale without the use of hazardous chemical compounds. The growth of metal oxides on a conductive substrate, forming metal/oxide structures, has proven to be an effective method for enhancing charge-transfer efficiency. The as-synthesized Cu/Cu2O/CuO (Nw) electrodes were structurally and morphologically characterized using techniques such as XRD and SEM/EDX analysis to investigate the structure modification and morphologies of the materials. The supercapacitor properties of the as-developed Cu/Cu2O/CuO (Nw) electrodes were then examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CV curves show that the Cu/Cu2O/CuO (Nw) structure acts as a positive electrode, and, at a scan rate of 5 mV s −1, the highest capacitance values reached 26.158 mF cm−2 for the electrode oxidized at a temperature of 300 °C. The assessment of the flexibility of the electrodes was performed at various bending angles, including 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°. The GCD analysis revealed a maximum specific capacitance of 21.198 mF cm−2 at a low power density of 0.5 mA cm−2 for the oxidation temperature of 300 °C. The cycle life assessment of the all of the as-obtained Cu/Cu2O/CuO (Nw) electrodes over 500 cycles was performed by GCD analysis, which confirmed their electrochemical stability.
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Winslow, Nolan Kyle, Alexander Scott Himstead, and Sumeet Vadera. "Early case series with placement of NeuroOne Evo stereoelectroencephalography depth electrodes and review of other Food and Drug Administration-approved products." Surgical Neurology International 15 (December 6, 2024): 454. https://doi.org/10.25259/sni_277_2024.
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Background: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a common diagnostic surgical procedure for patients with medically refractory epilepsy. We aimed to describe our initial experience with the recently released NeuroOne Evo SEEG electrode product (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) and review technical specifications for other currently approved depth SEEG electrodes. Methods: We performed a record review on the first five patients implanted with NeuroOne Evo SEEG electrode product using the robotic stereotactic assistance robot platform and described our surgical technique in detail. We recorded technical specifications of all currently Food and Drug Administration-approved SEEG electrodes for comparison. Results: Our initial 5 surgical patients were reviewed. The average total time of operation was 92 min, with an average of 16.8 electrodes. The estimated time per electrode insertion was <2 min. There were no intracranial hemorrhages or hardware complications noted during monitoring. Monitoring provided diagnostic information in all patients, and removal and incision healing proceeded without issues. Conclusion: NeuroOne SEEG electrodes can be implanted with efficiency and provide a valuable additional tool for the epilepsy surgeon. A tapered drill bit prevents the bolt from being placed beyond the inner cortex and may reduce the risk of brain contusion or inadvertent advancement of anchor bolts, and the electrode internal stylet also affords the potential to reduce the number of trajectory passes. MeSH Terms: Epilepsy, EEG, Drug-resistant Epilepsy, Intracranial EEG
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Ahangarnokolaei, M. A., H. Ganjidoust, and B. Ayati. "Optimization of parameters of electrocoagulation/flotation process for removal of Acid Red 14 with mesh stainless steel electrodes." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 2 (2017): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.091.
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Abstract Dyes are persistent compounds that are not easily biodegraded and are considered as carcinogenic. Electro-coagulation and electro-flotation method, due to its adaptability and compatibility with the environment, is regarded as one of the appropriate methods for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing dye. In this study in which stainless steel mesh electrodes with a horizontal arrangement are used, the most important parameters affecting the performance of the simultaneous system of electro-coagulation and electro-flotation, including electrodes area, of distance between electrodes, electrical conductivity of the solution, type of electrolyte, and initial pH were examined. The effect of every one of these parameters in color removal efficiency of Acid Red 14 from artificial wastewater, energy consumption and anode was determined and their values were optimized. The area of the electrode equals 20.5 cm2, the distance between the electrodes is 0.5 cm, electrical conductivity 3,600 μS/cm, and initial pH 7 were selected as the optimum values, and dye removal efficiency of 99% with initial concentration of 150 mg/L and electric current density 40 mA/cm2 (0.8 A) were obtained under optimum conditions and within 20 minutes. The advantages of this method are low energy and material consumption, and low sludge production.
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Saltos-González, Joan, Wilber Saltos-Aráuz, and Hugo Adrián Pico-Mera. "Optimization design of ground grid mesh of 69/13,8 KV substation using ETAP." Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (2023): e23038. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v4i3.693.
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This scientific document presents the analysis and optimization of the mesh of the grounding system of a 69 / 13.8 kV substation in Ecuador. The mesh is made up of horizontal and vertical conductors connected with vertical electrodes buried under the ground of the substation. The function of the structure is to effectively dissipate the high short-circuit currents generated in the system. The objective is to determine the safety parameters of the ground mesh by comparing the mesh design analysis using the IEEE method and the Finite Element Analysis (FEM) method. These two methods are used differently to determine the electrical parameters of the ground mesh, the step voltage and touch voltage, the number of horizontal conductors, the number of vertical conductors, the number of electrodes, and the earth resistance of the Substation. ETAP 16.0 software is used for analysis. First, the maximum short-circuit current of the substation of 69 / 13.8 kV is determined. Second, the analysis is performed to determine the input and output parameters of the ground mesh structure using the IEEE and FEM methods. It ends with the results of the optimization of each of the specific methods, making a comparison of the two methods used and giving a recommendation regarding the best method for the design of the ground mesh.
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Huang, Kuo-Wei, Sabbir Sattar, Jiang F. Zhong, Cheng-Hsu Chou, Hsiung-Kuang Tsai, and Pei-Yu Chiou. "Electrodes for Microfluidic Integrated Optoelectronic Tweezers." Advances in OptoElectronics 2011 (October 11, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/375451.
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We report on two types of electrodes that enable the integration of optoelectronic tweezers (OETs) with multilayer poly(dimethylsilane)- (PDMS-) based microfluidic devices. Both types of electrodes, Au-mesh and single-walled carbon nanotube- (SWNT-) embedded PDMS thin film, are optically transparent, electrically conductive, and can be mechanically deformed and provide interfaces to form strong covalent bonding between an OET device and PDMS through standard oxygen plasma treatment. Au-mesh electrodes provide high electrical conductivity and high transparency but are lack of flexibility and allow only small deformation. On the other hand, SWNT-embedded PDMS thin film electrodes provide not only electrical conductivity but also optical transparency and can undergo large mechanical deformation repeatedly without failure. This enables, for the first time, microfluidic integrated OET with on-chip valve and pump functions, which is a critical step for OET-based platforms to conduct more complex and multistep biological and biochemical analyses.
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Yadavalli, SIVA RAM PRASAD, Aravind Kumar Chandiran, and Raghuram Chetty. "Electrochemically Deposited Tin on High Surface Area Copper Foam for Enhanced Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552306mtgabs.
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Conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels has received widespread attention as a way to tackle the increased CO2 emissions (Gattrell, Gupta and Co, 2006) and this also resulted in a reduction of dependence on fossil fuels . There are different techniques for CO2 conversion to value-added products, where electrochemical reduction (ECR) of carbon dioxide into chemical fuels is identified as a promising way since energy efficiency is high and the products, especially the chemical fuels can be readily stored. Among the variety of metallic electrodes, especially transition metals investigated for activity towards ECR of CO2, tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), Indium (In) were found to be selective towards formic acid production. However, it was found that these metals show a low catalytic activity. To enhance the performance of CO2 reduction, three dimensional (3D) porous foam structured catalysts can be employed by increasing the active surface area. These 3D porous foam structures of metallic catalyst can be achieved by electrodeposition process by tuning the deposition parameters such that the evolving hydrogen during deposition can act as a dynamic template to fabricate 3D metal deposit structures with high surface areas (Shin, Dong and Liu, 2003). In this work, a 3D foam of copper is electrochemically deposited onto Cu foil (f-Cu) and Cu mesh (f-Cu mesh). Further, the deposition parameters for the electrodeposition of Sn on 3D Cu foam (Sn/f-Cu) were optimized to investigate the activity towards the ECR of CO2. SEM and EDX technique were employed for the physical characterization of the electrodes, while the produced formic acid from the reactions was quantified using ion chromatography. The results indicated that Sn/f-Cu mesh electrode showed better performance for ECR of CO2 to formic acid compared to Sn deposited copper foil (Sn/Cu) and bare copper foam. It was observed that Sn/f-Cu mesh achieved 83 % maximum faradaic efficiency at -1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. However, a highest rate of formic acid production of 350 µmol/hr.cm2 was achieved at -1.8 V vs Ag/AgCl which is nearly seven times higher than Sn/Cu at the same potential. A similar analysis is going to be performed with the other formic acid selective catalysts like Bi/f-Cu mesh and In/f-Cu mesh. Based on the above analysis on faradaic efficiency against various electrodes, an optimized electrode will be identified and used in scaled-up electrolyser for CO2 reduction. References Gattrell, M., Gupta, N. and Co, A. (2006) ‘A review of the aqueous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons at copper’, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, pp. 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.05.013. Shin, H. C., Dong, J. and Liu, M. (2003) ‘Nanoporous Structures Prepared by an Electrochemical Deposition Process’, Advanced Materials, 15(19), pp. 1610–1614. doi: 10.1002/adma.200305160.
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Ye, Qizheng, Yunfei Wu, Xingwang Li, Tian Chen, and Guiwei Shao. "Uniformity of dielectric barrier discharges using mesh electrodes." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 21, no. 6 (2012): 065008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/21/6/065008.
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Chiu, Yi, Ming Hsuan Lee, and Wei-Hung Hsu. "Flexible Electret Energy Harvester with Copper Mesh Electrodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 557 (November 27, 2014): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/557/1/012072.
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He, Xu-wen, Li-yuan Liu, Hao Wang, et al. "Electrochemical treatment of residual ammonia nitrogen in biologically pretreated coking wastewater with three-dimensional electrodes." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (2011): 2732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.600.
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The electrochemical oxidation of the residual ammonia nitrogen contained in biologically pretreated coking wastewater using three-dimensional electrode system was studied. The results show the Ti/RuO2/IrO2 anode plates and the coke have good surface characteristics for the purpose of this study. In addition, studies also show that the three-dimensional electrode system should be able to give a satisfied solution to the residual bio-refractory ammonia nitrogen in biologically pretreated coking wastewater in comparison to conventional two-dimensional electrodes. At coke size of 10–20 mesh, electrode distance of 1.0 cm and current density of 4.5 mA/cm2, the residual ammonia nitrogen in the three-dimensional electrode system was almost completely removed in 60 min.
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Qu, Danqi, Affan Malik, and Hui-Chia Yu. "Physics-Based Simulation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Complex Electrode Microstructures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022111mtgabs.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique to measure macroscopic properties of electrodes. However, the underlying connections between the obtained macroscopic properties and electrode microstructures are not well understood because of the complexity of coupled electrochemical mechanisms and microstructure morphology. In this work, we present a smoothed-boundary-method (SBM) electrochemical simulation framework to directly simulate the electrochemical dynamics with explicit consideration of electrode microstructures and extract EIS curves from the electrochemical simulations. This method uses continuous domain parameters to define the complex geometries of electrode particles and electrolyte phase in the interparticle space, thus circumventing the requirement of mesh conforming to the complex electrode microstructures in the simulations. The SBM is also utilized to calculate the double-layer capacitance that is required in the physics-based EIS simulations. The effects of the state of charge, salt concentration in electrolyte, and particle size distribution in electrode on the resulting EIS curves are examined using the SBM simulations. This simulation tool allows us to accessibly reveal the underlying connections between intrinsic material properties, microstructures, and macroscopic EIS measurements of battery electrodes.
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Tsuburaya, Kensei, Keisuke Obata, Keisuke Nagato, and Kazuhiro Takanabe. "Non-Uniform Activity at High Current Density through Stacked Mesh Substrates Due to Gas Bubbles and Ohmic Losses." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 45 (2024): 3138. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02453138mtgabs.
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Water electrolysis driven by renewable energy is a promising method to produce green hydrogen that can work as a clean energy carrier for a sustainable energy society. Various water electrolysis systems have been developed and commercialized, however, operations at high current density produce large quantity of bubbles leading to additional overpotentials. Engineering on electrodes, such as surface modifications and 3D-printed structure, is one of the strategies to minimize the bubble influence. Previous studies revealed hydrophilic and periodic structure is preferred for fast bubble departure to reduce overpotential.[1,2] Substrates with three-dimensional structures, including foams and felts, are often employed to deposit sufficient amount of electrocatalysts to minimize overpotentials at a given geometric current density. However, requirements for the substrate thickness have not yet been thoroughly discussed. In this study, we used Ni mesh substrate as a simple model structure and stacked them to vary the thickness to minimize the overpotential during oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Optimization strategy is discussed based on bubble observations, kinetics of electrocatalysts, and electrolyte conductivity. The steady state chronopotentiometries at various current densities were conducted in 1 mol kg−1 KOH at 353 K using pristine and NiFeOx coated Ni mesh (NiFeOx/NM) with various stacking number of meshes. NiFeOx was selected as a model OER electrocatalyst because of its high activity in alkaline media.[3] Tafel slope values were nearly identical among various stacking numbers in the low current density region (<100 mA cm− 2 geo) on both pristine and NiFeOx/NM. However, the value became larger in the high current density region (>500 mA cm− 2 geo) using highly stacked mesh electrodes. The measured potentials at 10 and 800 mA cm− 2 geo as a function of the stacking number were summarized in Figure 1. A monotonic decay of potential was observed at 10 mA cm− 2 geo. Tafel equation predicts surface area enlargement leads to a logarithm potential decay following their Tafel slope values (shown as dashed lines in Figure 1). Their agreements suggest the electrode surface is used uniformly through the thickness direction at 10 mA cm− 2 geo. However, volcano trends were observed at 800 mA cm− 2 geo suggesting the additional overpotential at high current density using thick electrodes. In addition, the optimum stacking number changes by the presence of the catalyst and the aperture of meshes. NiFeOx/NM showed a smaller thickness as an optimum compared to the pristine (Figure 1). The optimum thickness of the stacked electrode with 200 mesh (aperture width of 77 mm) was smaller than that using 20 mesh (aperture width of 1020 mm), which may be due to the bubble accumulation within the stacked meshes. The bubble observation using a high-speed camera was conducted to compare 20 and 200 mesh with various stacking number at 800 mA cm− 2 geo in 1 mol kg−1 KOH at 298 K. Although the average bubble size from 200 mesh was smaller than that from 20 mesh, the size was comparable to the aperture width of 200 mesh. The bubbles filled in the aperture of 200 mesh may reduce the available active sites and the ion conduction path, which can be the reason for the smaller optimum thickness using the dense mesh. To clarify the contribution from the electrocatalysts, particularly Tafel slope values, 1D numerical simulation at 800 mA cm− 2 geo without bubbles was conducted through the stacked direction assuming a porous electrode. The electrode potential no longer decreases above the thickness of 0.5 mm with Tafel slope values of 40 mV dec−1 while continuous decay is predicted with the value of 120 mV dec−1. At 800 mA cm− 2 geo, the electrolyte ohmic voltage loss builds up to 10 – 100 mV within the porous electrode, which results in the loss of local overpotential. The electrode with lower Tafel slope value easily suffers from the additional ohmic voltage loss, which localizes the active region to the near-surface and limits the benefit from the enlarged surface area through the stacking. This study highlights the necessity of substrate structure optimization based on the nature of the deposited electrocatalyst, the electrolyte conductivity, and the dynamics of the bubbles. Reference [1] T. Kou et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002955. [2] J. Das et al, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2311648. [3] C. C. L. McCrory et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 4347–4357. Figure 1
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Hsu, Wei-Hsuan, Hung-Yin Tsai, and Ying-Chen Huang. "Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene Coatings on Stainless Steel Meshes Used as Electrodes for Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9875301.
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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate low-pollution power by feeding organic matter to bacteria; MFC applications have become crucial for energy recovery and environmental protection. The electrode materials of any MFC affect its power generation capacity. In this research, nine single-chamber MFCs with various electrode configurations were investigated and compared with each other. A fabrication process for carbon-based electrode coatings was proposed, and Escherichia coli HB101 was used in the studied MFC system. The results show that applying a coat of either graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to a stainless steel mesh electrode can improve the power density and reduce the internal resistance of an MFC system. Using the proposed surface modification method, CNTs and graphene used for anodic and cathodic modification can increase power generation by approximately 3–7 and 1.5–4.5 times, respectively. Remarkably, compared to a standard MFC with an untreated anode, the internal resistances of MFCs with CNTs- and graphene-modified anodes were reduced to 18 and 30% of standard internal resistance. Measurements of the nine systems we studied clearly presented the performance levels of CNTs and graphene applied as surface modification of stainless steel mesh electrodes.