Academic literature on the topic 'Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence"
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Vukmirović, Dragan, and Dejana Kresović. "The transformative potential of generative artificial intelligence." Napredak 5, no. 2 (2024): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak5-52069.
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This paper analyses the transformative potential of generative artificial intelligence at macro, meso, and micro levels of social and economic structures. The aim is to determine the impact of these technologies on various aspects of society and economy, including business operations and the labour market. The potential of new technologies to increase productivity, transform business models, and create new professional roles has been examined through a comprehensive analysis of data and studies. It has been concluded that generative artificial intelligence can fundamentally change the labour market, globally increase gross domestic product, and improve both the public and private sectors. The paper provides insights into future trends and regulatory and structural changes that are necessary for optimising the application of generative AI.
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Serpa, Sandro, Ljubisa Micic, Anđelka Štilić, and Zoran Mastilo. "Sociology of Artificial Intelligence for Social Sustainability in the Digital Age." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (2025): 37. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2025-0003.
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Sociology offers a valuable lens through which to examine the societal transformations taking place in the age of artificial intelligence. By analysing micro-, meso- and macro-social levels, sociology can shed light on how AI affects processes such as socialisation, education, training, employment, communication, leisure and work. Furthermore, the impact of AI on social sustainability is a critical concern. This paper proposes a reflexive analysis of the sociology of AI to explore its potential contributions to social sustainability in the digital age. It considers the challenges associated with accessing and promoting digital literacy for AI, both as consumers and producers. It also considers the implications for sociology as a scientific discipline, encompassing both research methodologies and the products of inquiry. Through this analysis, the paper seeks to provide insights into how the sociology of AI can contribute to a more sustainable society in the digital age, and to identify the obstacles that need to be overcome to achieve this goal. Received: 22 May 2024 / Accepted: 22 December 2024 / Published: 11 January 2025
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LaPalme, Matthew L., Sigal G. Barsade, Marc A. Brackett, and James L. Floman. "The Meso-Expression Test (MET): A Novel Assessment of Emotion Perception." Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 7 (2023): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11070145.
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Emotion perception is a primary facet of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the underpinning of interpersonal communication. In this study, we examined meso-expressions—the everyday, moderate-intensity emotions communicated through the face, voice, and body. We theoretically distinguished meso-expressions from other well-known emotion research paradigms (i.e., macro-expression and micro-expressions). In Study 1, we demonstrated that people can reliably discriminate between meso-expressions, and we created a corpus of 914 unique video displays of meso-expressions across a race- and gender-diverse set of expressors. In Study 2, we developed a novel video-based assessment of emotion perception ability: The Meso-Expression Test (MET). In this study, we found that the MET is psychometrically valid and demonstrated measurement equivalence across Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White perceiver groups and across men and women. In Study 3, we examined the construct validity of the MET and showed that it converged with other well-known measures of emotion perception and diverged from cognitive ability. Finally, in Study 4, we showed that the MET is positively related to important psychosocial outcomes, including social well-being, social connectedness, and empathic concern and is negatively related to alexithymia, stress, depression, anxiety, and adverse social interactions. We conclude with a discussion focused on the implications of our findings for EI ability research and the practical applications of the MET.
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Rahmawati, Fiqih. "Collaboration of Artificial Intelligence and Journalists in Online Media from the Perspective of Human-Machine Communication." Kalijaga Journal of Communication 6, no. 1 (2024): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/kjc.61.06.2024.
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This study aims to analyze the collaboration between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and journalists in online media using the Human-Machine Communication (HMC) approach. The research method used is a literature study. Data is processed using Miles and Huberman data analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that AI is used in three primary stages of journalism: news gathering, news production, and news distribution. At the news gathering stage, AI assists journalists in collecting news materials from various sources and analyzing audience interest in specific topics. AI is used in news script creation, editing, and proofreading at the news production stage. AI chatbots and NLP programs help with automatic news writing and factual verification. Meanwhile, at the news distribution stage, AI is used for content personalization, news recommendations, and SEO optimization in online media. From the HMC perspective, collaboration between AI and journalists can be conceptualized as a unidirectional and two-way process. Collaboration between AI and journalists in a social context also occurs at the micro, meso, and macro levels, where interactions between humans and machines affect the social situation, the immediate reality of individuals, and the structure of society as a whole.
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SHCHERBAKOVA, ELENA SERGEEVNA, and ALEKSEY IVANOVICH SHINKEVICH. "TRENDS IN THE SUCCESS OF STARTUPS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN STIMULATING INNOVATION WITHIN THE «SIX-SPIRAL» MODEL." MANAGING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, no. 2 (2025): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.55421/2499992x_2025_2_12.
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In order to identify global trends in economic development and the transition to Industry 5.0, the Russian economic system is tested at three levels: macro, meso and micro in five planes: country, industry, region, system element and client. At the country level, Russia's profile is visualized based on seven areas according to the methodology of the Global AI Index, posted on the UK news portal Tortoise Media for 62 countries, in terms of innovation, investment and implementation. For the second level, light industry was selected as one of the promising sectors of the Russian economy. The innovation ecosystem at the regional level is revealed through new key elements within the framework of the strategy for the socio-economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan until 2030: market, social and personnel opportunities, financial, non-financial and «soft» support measures. The next level - «system element» is limited to student startups financed from 2022 to 2024 by the Russian Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in Science and Technology...
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Mykhalchuk, Nataliya, and Eduard Ivashkevych. "Psycholinguistic Features of the Development of Social Intelligence of the Teacher." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 23, no. 1 (2018): 242–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1211618.
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The authors of the research worked out the structure of the teacher’s social intelligence, identified and substantiated psychological determinants for the development of personal qualities of teachers, the peculiarities of using by the teachers the cognitive styles of activities which would determine the high level of the development of social intelligence. It was shown that a social intelligence of a teacher was a complex personality neoplasms, which contained cognitive, systemic and integral substructures. Systemic substructures are communicative and prognostic competences which in their turn contain integral components, in particular, mechanisms of anticipation, decentralization, intellectual initiation, decision-making, planning, control and self-control, reflection and etc. At the same time, the communicative competence and the ability of a teacher that are a part of substructure of cognitive competence of a specialist are presented, first of all, on the micro-level of social intelligence (the ability to understand and to predict the effects of the behaviour of people, the ability to summarize logically important features and various nonverbal reactions of a person; the ability to understand changes in verbal reactions of a person depending on the context of social situation, which caused them; the ability to understand the logic of the development of the situation of interpersonal interaction, the importance of the behavior of different people in these situations, and also a personal and intellectual reflection). Meanwhile, the prognostic competence and empathy are presented on the meso-level, whereas the mechanisms of anticipation, decentralization, intellectual initiation, decision-making, planning, control and self-control, reflection, etc., ensuring the functioning of social intelligence, are on the macro-level.
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Wilkens, Uta. "Artificial intelligence in the workplace – A double-edged sword." International Journal of Information and Learning Technology 37, no. 5 (2020): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijilt-02-2020-0022.
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PurposeThe aim of this paper is to outline how artificial intelligence (AI) can augment learning process in the workplace and where there are limitations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a theoretical-based outline with reference to individual and organizational learning theory, which are related to machine learning methods as they are currently in use in the workplace. Based on these theoretical insights, the paper presents a qualitative evaluation of the augmentation potential of AI to assist individual and organizational learning in the workplace.FindingsThe core outcome is that there is an augmentation potential of AI to enhance individual learning and development in the workplace, which however should not be overestimated. AI has a complementarity to individual intelligence, which can lead to an advancement, especially in quality, accuracy and precision. Moreover, AI has a potential to support individual competence development and organizational learning processes. However, a further outcome is that AI in the workplace is a double-edged sword, as it easily shows reinforcement effects in individual and organizational learning, which have a backside of unintended effects.Research limitations/implicationsThe conceptual outline makes use of examples for illustrating phenomenon but needs further empirical analysis. The research focus on the meso level of the workplace does not fully refer to macro level outcomes.Practical implicationsThe practical implication is that it is a matter of socio-technical job design to integrate AI in the workplace in a valuable manner. There is a need to keep the human-in-the-loop and to complement AI-based learning approaches with non-AI counterparts to reach augmentation.Originality/valueThe paper faces workplace learning from an interdisciplinary perspective and bridges insights from learning theory with methods from the machine learning community. It directs the social science discourse on AI, which is often on macro level to the meso level of the workplace and related issues for job design and therefore provides a complementary perspective.
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Amran, Alfian. "The Role of Intelligence in Mitigating the Covid-19 Pandemic in the South Sumatera Province." Dinasti International Journal of Management Science 6, no. 2 (2024): 309–15. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijms.v6i2.3683.
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The problem of this thesis is what the provincial government's policies and the role of intelligence are in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic in South Sumatra. To analyze the problem, Ryan Nugroho's public policy theory is used, which states that public policy consists of macro, meso and micro policies. Analyzing the role of intelligence using Biddle and Thomas consists of four dimensions, namely the people who take part in social interactions, the behavior that appears in these interactions, position and relationships. Qualitative research methods were used to collect data with sources from the Governor of South Sumatra, Head of the Health Service, Head of BNPB, Regents and Mayors, Hospital Leaders, District Heads and Village Heads, Head of South Sumatra BINDA, KABAGDUKOPS and members of POSDASouth Sumatra Province's policy takes the form of macro policy, namely Law of the Republic of Indonesia number 17 of 2023 concerning health. Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability. South Sumatra province's meso policy in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic refers to the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Health Regulation number 23 of 2023 concerning guidelines for handling the 2019 corona virus disease (COVID- 19), South Sumatra governor's regulation number 37 of 2020 concerning guidelines for adapting new habits to society productive and safe in the situation of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) in South Sumatra Province, and micro policies ensure that economic transactions continue to run by implementing health protocols, the Governor of South Sumatra also invites Regents and Mayors to continue to facilitate community activities while adhering to health protocols. The active intelligence role played by KABINDA, KABAGDUKOPS and BINDA SUMSEL in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic, mass vaccination activities and providing mask assistance shows BIN's involvement in supporting the response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Novolodskaya, Galina. "Reproduction of Competitive Human Capital as a Factor of Ensuring Russia's Economic Security in the Global Economy." Baikal Research Journal 14, no. 3 (2023): 1128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2023.14(3).1128-1142.
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The growing interest in the study of the reproduction of competitive human capital is caused by the destabilization of the political, social and economic situation in the world in the conditions of pandemics and the sanctions policy of the countries of the «golden billion». The implementing of artificial intelligence leads to the reduction of even the elite layer in the labor market, such as IT specialists. Enterprises of basic industries and related industries face a decrease in demand and reduce staff. The digitization of processes results in personnel reductions in sectors that provide financial, informational, and other services. Job cuts — reduction in disposable income — reduction in demand — reduction in economic growth — reduction in investment resources and opportunities: all this requires the search for new levers to improve efficiency and life security. The analysis of modern economic scientific literature shows an underestimation of the reproduction characteristics of a specific factor and investment resource — a person, his creative component in the process of its productive use. The reproductive perspective allows for the alignment of interests among all parties involved in the production process within a company, the creation of value-added chains at regional and national levels, and serves as a key factor in increasing their competitiveness in global markets. This approach fits well with the search for mechanisms to ensure economic security at all three levels: micro, meso and macro in the global economy of a multipolar world.
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Qin, Wenke, Wenpeng Li, Zhuohao Zhang, Weiya Chen, and Min Wan. "Landscape Character Classification with a Deep Neural Network: A Case Study of the Jianghan Plain." Land 13, no. 12 (2024): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13122024.
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Grounded in the theoretical and methodological frameworks of landscape character identification from the European Landscape Map (LANMAP) and landscape character assessment (LCA), this study developed an AI-based tool for landscape character analysis to classify the Jianghan Plain’s landscape more effectively. The proposed method leveraged a deep learning model, the artificial intelligence-based landscape character (AI-LC) classifier, along with specific naming and coding rules for the unique landscape character of the Jianghan Plain. Experimental results showed a significant improvement in classification accuracy, reaching 89% and 86% compared to traditional methods. The classifier identified 10 macro-level and 18 meso-level landscape character types within the region, which were further categorized into four primary zones—a lake network river basin, a hillfront terrace, surrounding mountains, and a lake network island hill—based on natural and social features. These advancements contributed to the theoretical framework of landscape character assessment, offering practical insights for landscape planning and conservation while highlighting AI’s transformative potential in environmental research and management.
Books on the topic "Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence"
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Bahareva, Ol'ga, Al'fiya Yusupova, and Artur Al'muhametov. Data Economics: Medical Information Systems. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2167462.
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The textbook is devoted to the data economy, based on the provision of data-based goods and services, using digital resources and end-to-end technologies in business models, which requires the creation of a state, regional, and corporate digital infrastructure in the national economy, including a digital healthcare circuit, the use of supercomputers, high-speed Internet 6G, quantum computing, and blockchain technology. artificial intelligence algorithms in innovative digital business models of organizations to create added value and improve the efficiency of organizations, including medical organizations in the healthcare system at the meso- and macro-levels of the economy. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. For students of higher educational institutions, researchers and government officials.
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Weisband, Edward. One Mind, Heart, and Spirit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677886.003.0004.
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This chapter presents the reductionist traps in applying psychosocial theory to political and social analysis whenever the analytical concept of “mass mind” is applied in the context of political history to explain intersectarian violence. It thus outlines the methodological risks in efforts to dehistoricize explanations of collective behavior on the basis of presumed immutable psychosocial forces that “psychologize” violent behaviors by conflating macro-, meso-, and microlevels of analysis. This chapter emphasizes the methodological fallacies attached to levels of analysis by indicating the risks entailed in psychologizing groups and sociologizing individuals. Analysis also indicates the importance of examining collective violence through methods of interpretation that include the psychodynamics of reification, “theft-enjoyment,” and cultural styles of the macabresque.
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Vallas, Steven P. The Puzzle of Precarity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0011.
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Social scientific efforts to understand the political and economic forces generating precarious employment have been mired in uncertainty. In this context, the Doellgast–Lillie–Pulignano (D–L–P) model represents an important step forward in both theoretical and empirical terms. This concluding chapter scrutinizes the authors’ theoretical model and assesses the present volume’s empirical applications of it. Building on the strengths of the D–L–P model, the chapter identifies several lines of analysis that can fruitfully extend our understanding of the dynamics of precarization, whether at the micro-, meso-, or macro-social levels of analysis. Especially needed are studies that explore the dynamics of organizational fields as these shape employer strategy and state policy towards employment. Such analysis will hopefully shed light on the perils and possibilities that workers’ organizations face as they struggle to cope with the demands of neoliberal capitalism.
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Timmers, Renee, Freya Bailes, and Helena Daffern, eds. Together in Music. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860761.001.0001.
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Together in music develops insight into the musical ensemble as an intense form of teamwork, as finely coordinated joint action, and as an emotionally and socially rewarding experience that enables positive outcomes for wellbeing and development. By investigating processes related to group music-making at meso-, micro-, and macro-level, it offers a platform for synthesis across disciplinary and methodological approaches, and the definition of a new level of understanding that is holistic and considers interrelationships between levels of analysis. The book combines review chapters that summarize the state of the art with case studies that present research outcomes. While most chapters focus on Western classical or contemporary music, the themes that run through the book have broad relevance, which include the role of embodiment and emergence, relationships between the social and the musical, multi-dimensionality of experiences, and technologies to investigate and support collaboration and interaction in ensembles.
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Liu, James H., and Felicia Pratto. Colonization, Decolonization, and Power: Ruptures and Critical Junctures Out of Dominance. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.11.
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Colonization and decolonization are theorized at the intersection of Critical Junctures Theory and Power Basis Theory. This framework allows human agency to be conceptualized at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels, where individuals act on behalf of collectives. Their actions decide whether critical junctures in history (moments of potential for substantive change) result in continuity (no change), anchoring (continuity amid change with new elements), or rupture. We apply this framework to European colonization of the world, which is the temporal scene for contemporary social justice. Several critical junctures in New Zealand history are analyzed as part of its historical trajectory and narrated through changes in its symbology (system of meaning) and technology of state, as well as the identity space it encompasses (indigenous Māori and British colonizers). The impact of this historical trajectory on the social structure of New Zealand, including its national identity and government, is considered and connected to the overarching theoretical framework.
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van, José. The Platform Society as a Contested Concept. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.003.0002.
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The first chapter lays out the “platform society” as a contested concept, embroidering on Airbnb as an example. The term refers to an emerging society in which social, economic, and interpersonal traffic is largely channeled by a global online platform ecosystem that is fueled by data and organized through algorithms. Platforms are defined and approached at three levels: the micro-level of individual platforms, the meso-level of the platform ecosystem, and the macro-level of platform geopolitics. The American-based ecosystem is mostly governed by five big tech companies (Alphabet-Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft) whose platform services are central to its overall design and the distribution of data flows. Besides the dominant tech companies, there are also state and civil society actors active in governing the platform society. The question is: who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values in societies that are increasingly organized through online systems?
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Wells, Anjanette, Vetta L. Sanders Thompson, Will Ross, Carol Camp Yeakey, and Sheri Notaro. Poverty and Place. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978725898.
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This bookexamines ways in which cancer health disparities exist due to class and context inequities even in the most advanced society of the world. This volume, while articulating health disparities in the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area, including East St. Louis, Illinois, seeks to move beyond deficit models to focus on health equity. As cancer disparities continue to persist for low-income and women of color, the promotion and attainment of health equity becomes a matter of paramount importance. The volume demonstrates the importance of place and the historical inequity in socio-environmental settings that have contributed to marked health disparities. Through original research, this volume demonstrates that addressing the causes and contributors to women’s health disparities is a complex process that requires intervention from a socio-ecological framework, at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of influence. The book highlights critical aspects of a practical multidimensional model of community engagement with important influences of the various levels of research, policy and practice. More pointedly, the authors support a new model of community engagement that focuses on individuals in their broader ecological context. In so doing, they seek to advance the art and science of community engagement and collaboration, while disavowing the ‘parachute’ model of research, policy and practice that reinforces and sustains the problems associated with the status quo. The bookconcludes with broader national policy considerations in the face of the erosion of the social safety net for America’s citizenry.
Book chapters on the topic "Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence"
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Nielsen, Stine Piilgaard Porner, and Ole Hammerslev. "Introduction: Transformations of European Welfare States and Social Rights." In Transformations of European Welfare States and Social Rights. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46637-3_1.
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AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we outline the literature in which the anthology is positioned and the anthology’s contribution hereto. We account for the questions addressed in the anthology and its structure based on three sections that each analyses transformations of European welfare states and social rights from macro, meso and micro level perspectives, respectively. As described in the chapter and illustrated throughout the anthology, the three levels are interlinked: Macro level welfare state transformations influence the meso level of public encounters between welfare professionals and citizens, and on micro level, these encounters have real effect for, for example, citizens’ access to social rights. Linking the levels, the anthology contributes with analytical insights into welfare state transformations and social rights.
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Ney, Steven. "The Governance of Social Innovation: Connecting Meso and Macro Levels of Analysis." In The Science of Stories. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137485861_10.
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Griessler, Erich, and Vincent Blok. "Conclusion: Implementation of Responsible Research and Innovation by Social Labs. Lessons from the Micro-, Meso- and Macro Perspective." In Putting Responsible Research and Innovation into Practice. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14710-4_14.
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AbstractIn this concluding chapter, we want to take a broader perspective and, based on the contributions to this book, identify the key lessons from the NewHoRRIzon project about RRI implementation in general and via Social Labs in particular. From a bird’s eye perspective, the NewHoRRIzon Social Labs can be seen as interventions that depend on and are affected by several interrelated levels which might be separated roughly in the micro-level of Social Labs, the meso level of organisations, and the macro-level of national and European research and innovation systems and policy making.
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Zhong, Fang. "Four Levels of Service Design, “Interaction, Function, Organization, and Social Transition”: Cases of the Agrifood System in China." In Design Research Foundations. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78884-0_9.
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Abstract With the development of China’s service economy, service design has attracted increasing attention, and professional design institutions regard it as the direction of innovation. However, there is an obvious gap between the application of service design in industry and the academic research of service design. In this paper, service design is analyzed on four different levels: (1) the micro-level, or the interaction/user experience design; (2) the meso-level, or the inward functional design; (3) outward organizational design; and (4) the macro-level social transition design, aimed at changing the environment in which service organizations are located. This paper describes the present situation of service design in China’s agrifood system and discusses both the current opportunities and challenges of service design at these four levels.
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Spini, Dario, and Mattia Vacchiano. "Synthesis: Vulnerability in Context." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_13.
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AbstractVulnerability lies in the articulation of different levels. Constraints or opportunities, resources or stressors to people’ lives unfold at the intersection of micro-individual processes and macro-structural levels during the life course. This section explores five directions through which LIVES addresses these interactions across different meso-level contexts: (1) Vandecasteele and colleagues explain how socio-economic inequalities are structured across neighborhoods and communities, emphasising the importance of geographical contexts; (2) Hoffman and colleagues study inequalities in mental health by considering people’s relational contexts and the interaction between their networks and their social identities; (3) Bonvin and colleagues explain how the implementation of social policies depends on the functioning of organisations and the working conditions of those social agents who are in contact with vulnerable groups; (4) Burton-Jeangros and Vagnoli look at how the vulnerability of HIV-positive women is influenced and negotiated within medical and institutional contexts; (5) Rossier and colleagues focus on the importance of the family context and the structure of opportunities and constraints it provides during the life course. Together, looking at urban, relational and organisational contexts, these studies show important facets of vulnerability at the meso level.
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Czerniewicz, Laura, and Lucila Carvalho. "Open, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE): An Equity View." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2080-6_93.
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AbstractUnderstanding how equity manifests in open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) requires us to grapple with several coexisting trends, including the changing forms of teaching and learning provision, the advent of a post-digital society and education, the datafication of education, inequality in society at large, and digital inequities. Most of these trends are social in nature, yet they shape, and are shaped by, the educational sector. It is at the intersection of these coexisting trends that equity issues in ODDE are raised and become apparent, reinforced by the uneven distribution of technology in society, and with deep roots in economic and social inequities. Current scholarship foregrounds these nested relationships and entanglements, as well as their intersection with power relations and contestations which play out across ODDE at macro, meso, and micro levels.
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Czerniewicz, Laura, and Lucila Carvalho. "Open, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE) – An Equity View." In Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_93-1.
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AbstractUnderstanding how equity manifests in open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) requires us to grapple with several coexisting trends, including the changing forms of teaching and learning provision, the advent of a post-digital society and education, the datafication of education, inequality in society at large, and digital inequities. Most of these trends are social in nature, yet they shape, and are shaped by, the educational sector. It is at the intersection of these coexisting trends that equity issues in ODDE are raised and become apparent, reinforced by the uneven distribution of technology in society, and with deep roots in economic and social inequities. Current scholarship foregrounds these nested relationships and entanglements, as well as their intersection with power relations and contestations which play out across ODDE at macro, meso, and micro levels.
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Widmer, Eric D., Marie Baeriswyl, and Olga Ganjour. "Synthesis: Overcoming Vulnerability? The Constitution and Activation of Reserves throughout Life Trajectories." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_19.
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AbstractThis chapter emphasize several dimensions of resources as reserves. Lifelong dynamics are crucial for the understanding of vulnerability development across adulthood. The chapters of this section all contribute empirically to the understanding of resource dynamics through the life course. They tackle important issues regarding long-term processes of resilience and vulnerability. They show the importance of developing a lifelong perspective on resources when dealing with various outcomes (i.e., health, well-being, income, social capital). The contributions highlight the existence of a diversity of individual reserves to avoid or deal with critical events. This diversity refers to various levels: micro (e.g., educational, psycho-social), meso (e.g. relational) and macro (e.g. social policies). The systematic accumulation of (dis)advantages across life course is questioned, and, conversely, the existence of individual reserves making dynamics of resilience for more vulnerable individuals possible. The impact of socio-historical contexts on reserve dynamics will be considered, enabling the consideration of historical time as a critical factor stressed by the life course paradigm.
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Gheorghiev, Olga, and Dino Numerato. "Migration to the Czech Republic: Personal Stories About Running from and Running Towards." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14009-9_8.
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AbstractThe chapter focuses on micro perspectives expressed in individual trajectories of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers (MRAs) in the Czech Republic. Drawing on 14 in-depth biographic interviews with MRAs, this chapter analyses biographies of labour market integration. Particular attention is given to critical moments or those critical life junctures we name turning points that generate epiphanic, life-changing experiences. This approach is inspired by Denzin’s conceptualisation of epiphanies. The chapter is structured as follows. We first provide background information on barriers to labour market integration at macro-, meso-, and micro- levels. Next, the chapter introduces the methodological approach and elaborates on the process of recruitment and interviewing. We then discuss the various contexts in which turning points and epiphanic experiences were described by the interviewed migrants. More specifically, we explore the critical junctures that led our participants to the decision of migrating. Next, we focus on epiphanies related to positioning in terms of social status and professional aspirations and, finally, we look at the transformative impacts of social interactions structured by discrimination.
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Rossier, Jérôme, Ieva Urbanaviciute, Fabian Gander, Jenny Hofmann, Jonas Masdonati, and Willibald Ruch. "Vulnerabilities and Psychological Adjustment Resources in Career Development." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_16.
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AbstractTo describe vulnerabilities and resources in career development, it is important to consider a life-span and life-long perspective, the different layers of a person’s self, and the interaction between the person and the surrounding environment. To this end, macro- (i.e., public policies, labor market transformations), meso- (i.e., family structure, organizations), and micro-level (i.e., personal factors) determinants have to be considered. The impact of these different levels in our contemporary word leads to a destandardization of career paths and to an increase in the number and complexity of career transitions posing a challenge to people because of the associated risk of marginalization, especially for disadvantaged and vulnerable populations. To understand the dynamics of career development and related adjustment processes, it is important to consider the interplay between work-related vulnerabilities and employees’ adjustment resources. Several contextual resources, such as peer support, or personal resources, such as adaptability, are known to promote work-related and general well-being. This carries important implications for policy-making, promoting life-long learning and guidance, decent and sustainable work, and social inclusion. Moreover, it informs various interventions, in particular those aimed at increasing access to life-long guidance for all.
Conference papers on the topic "Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence"
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Buletova, N. E. "Statistical Study Of Inter-Sectoral Structure At Macro- And Meso-Levels Of National Economy." In II International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.02.3.
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Kumar, Ajitabh. "Joint Optimization of Well Placement and Control Using Multi-Stage, Multi-Swarm PSO." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22045-ms.
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Abstract Evolutionary optimization algorithms, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), have been successfully applied in oil industry for production planning and control. Such optimization studies are quite challenging due to large number of decision variables, production scenarios, and subsurface uncertainties. In this work, multi-stage, multi-swarm PSO (MS2PSO) algorithm is proposed to fix certain issues with canonical PSO algorithm such as premature convergence, excessive influence of global best solution, and oscillation. Multiple experiments are conducted using Olympus benchmark to compare the efficacy of algorithms. Results from canonical PSO are first compared with two PSO variations in which hyperparameters are tuned to prioritize exploration in early phase and exploitation in late phase. Firstly, linearly decreasing inertia weight (LDIW-PSO) is used to have greater weight of current particle position during initial iterations, and vice versa. Then, time-varying acceleration coefficients (TVAC-PSO) are used to have greater weight of personal best and lesser weight of global best during the initial iterations, and vice versa. Next, a two-stage multi-swarm PSO (2SPSO) is used where multiple-swarms of the first stage collapse into a single swarm in the second stage. Finally, MS2PSO with multiple stages and multiple swarms is used in which swarms recursively collapse after each stage. Multiple swarm strategy ensures that diversity is retained within the population and multiple modes are explored. Staging ensures that local optima found during initial stage does not lead to premature convergence. Optimization test case comprises of 90 control variables of which 72 are well control related and 18 are well placement related. Swarm intelligence refers to global patterns emerging from simple interactions among population. Algorithmic rules at micro level lead to social interaction at meso level, which then further leads to collective behavior at macro level. It is observed that different algorithm designs have their own benefits and drawbacks. Decreasing inertia weight in LDIW-PSO enables exploration in early stages and convergence around global best in the later stages. TVAC-PSO on the other hand restricts social learning and aids exploration in the early iterations. Social learning component is increased as run progresses, and population moves towards global best. 2SPSO aids in exploring multi-modal objective space, thus preventing premature convergence to a local optima. Swarms collapse into one group in the second stage, and run finally converges towards global best. Multiple swarms and stages in MS2PSO ensure that diversity in population is maintained throughout the run which enables continuous learning, and thus mitigates premature convergence. Both 2SPSO and MS2PSO are found to be helpful for problems with high dimensions and multiple modes where greater degree of exploration is desired. Commercial cloud computing and parallel programming were used to handle high computational workload and reduce run-time from weeks to days. Coefficients of canonical PSO are tuned in LDIW-PSO and TVAC-PSO, which helps in mitigating issues like premature convergence and oscillation. Two-stage PSO (2SPSO) where multiple swarms of first stage collapse into one in second stage, and multi-stage multi-swarm PSO (MS2PSO) where swarms recursively collapse into one are proposed. These algorithms modify the social behavior at meso scale based on number of swarms, number of stages and iterations in each stage.
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Salakhova, Y. "ОЦЕНКА ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ПРИГРАНИЧНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВИТЕБСКОГО РЕГИОНА". У Perspektivy social`no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia prigranichnyh regionov 2019. Институт экономики - обособленное подразделение Федерального исследовательского центра "Карельский научный центр Российской академии наук", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36867/br.2019.77.93.050.
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Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты категории человеческий потенциал . Выявлены факторы повышения качественного уровня человеческого потенциала, основные направления инвестиций в человеческий потенциал на макро и мезо уровнях. Определена его роль в развитии приграничных территорий. Theoretical aspects of the category human potential are considered. The factors of improving the quality of human potential, the main directions of investment in human potential at the macro and meso levels are identified. Its role in the development of border areas is defined.
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Faust, Maria. "Revitalizing Eastern and Western Online Communication: A Micro-Meso-Macro Link of Temporal Digital Change." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.2-2.
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This paper explains in a de-westernized sense (Gunaratne, 2010) how internet-mediated communication changes the way we deal with and plan time both individually and culturally in Germany and China. Therefore, it blends Western and Eastern culture and media theories. The paper focuses on two distinct phenomena: temporal change due to social media, and Online journalism, as the core of Internet-mediated communication (for Germany 39% communication, media use 24% Projektgruppe ARD/ZDF-Multimedia, 2016; for China 90.7% instant messaging, 82% Internet news China Internet Network Information Center, 2017), with other temporal change via smart devices touched upon (Ash, 2018). General research on time in post modern societies, recently more focused on media’s temporal change phenomena (e.g. Barker, 2012; Barker, 2018; Castells, 2010; Eriksen, 2001; Hartmann, 2016; Hassan, 2003; Innis, 2004; Neverla, 2010a, 2010b; Nowotny, 1995; Rantanen, 2005; Wajcman, 2010; Wajcman and Dodd) has not yet linked the different societal and cultural levels of temporal change. Thus, we suggest the following to fill this research gap: For a micro perspective the notions of network theories (e.g. Granovetter, 1973; Schönhuth, 2013), media synchronicity (Dennis, Fuller, and Valacich, 2008) and the idea of permanent connectivity (Sonnentag, Reinecke, Mata, and Vorderer, 2018; van Dijck, 2013; Vorderer, Krömer, and Schneider, 2016) are linked. On a meso level, institutional change in Online journalism with a focus on acceleration is modeled (Ananny, 2016; Bødker and Sonnevend, 2017; Dimmick, Feaster, and Hoplamazian, 2011; Krüger, 2014; Neuberger, 2010). On a macro level, mediatization theory (Couldry and Hepp, 2017; Krotz, 2001, 2012) and recent acceleration theory (Rosa, 2005, 2012, 2017) is discussed. The levels are systematically linked suggesting a micro-meso-macro-link (Quandt, 2010) to then ask if and how many of the dimensions of the construct temporal understanding (Faust, 2016) can be changed through Internet-mediated communication. Temporal understanding consists of nine dimensions: General past, general future, instrumental experience (monochronicity), fatalism, interacting experience (polychronicity), pace of life, future as planned expectation and result of proximal goals as well as future as trust based interacting expectation and result of present positive behavior. Temporal understanding integrates the anthropological construct of polychronicity (Bluedorn, Kalliath, Strube, and Martin, 1999; Hall, 1984; Lindquist and Kaufman-Scarborough, 2007), pace of life (Levine, 1998) and temporal horizon (Klapproth, 2011) into a broader framework which goes beyond Western biased constructs through the theory driven incorporation of Confucian notions (Chinese Culture Connection, 1987). Finally, meta trends are laid out.
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Corbisiero, Fabio, and Antonella Avolio. "Migrazioni e networks urbani." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7987.
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Ripercorrendo l’ampio dibattito sul tema emerge quanto numerose siano le definizioni di
 integrazione elaborate dagli studiosi che si sono occupati di migrazioni. Soprattutto in anni più
 recenti, in forza dei rilevanti cambiamenti dei fenomeni migratori in atto, in molti concordano che
 questi processi sono aperti a molteplici esiti, in gran parte collegati a fattori di contesto politico,
 sociale, economico e culturale. Questi diversi fattori rappresentano altrettante dimensioni con
 cui si può guardare all’integrazione, che pertanto si configura come concetto multidimensionale,
 oltre che dinamico, e che può essere declinato a diversi livelli di analisi. Il livello relazionale
 (livello meso) rappresenta il punto di convergenza di fattori di integrazione macro e micro: i
 percorsi di inserimento urbano spesso dipendono dall’efficacia delle reti nelle quali si è inseriti.
 Questo contributo presenta i risultati di una ricerca condotta nel quartiere Mercato a Napoli, che
 ha avuto come oggetto di analisi l’integrazione della comunità cabardina, attraverso la
 metodologia e gli strumenti della Social Network Analysis. There are many definitions of integration developed by scholars of migration. They agree –
 especially in recent years, due to the significant changes in migration – that these processes are
 open to multiple outcomes, largely related political, social, economic and cultural factors. These
 different factors represent the different dimension which you can look to the integration; a term
 that appears as a multidimensional concept, as well as dynamic, and can be declined at
 different levels of analysis. The relational level (meso-level) represents the point of convergence
 between macro and micro factors of integration. In fact, the urban integration processes often
 depend on the effectiveness of their own social networks. This paper presents the results of a
 survey in the Mercato neighborhood (Naples). The aim is to analyze the integration of
 Kabardians community, through Social Network Analysis methods.
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Shumilova, Polina Vitalevna. "Factors of formation of psychological readiness for motherhood." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, chair Irina Pavlovna Shkriabko. Publishing house Sreda, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31483/r-138228.
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The article examines the key factors of the formation of the maternal position among women, analyzes various aspects of the formation of motherhood as a systemic education. The interrelation of biological and social determinants in the formation of maternal behavior is investigated, the mechanisms of influence of instinctive and cultural factors on the development of the maternal sphere are revealed. Special attention is paid to the stages of the ontogenesis of the maternal sphere, starting from the prenatal period and ending with the formation of an individual style of emotional support for the child. The paper presents the levels of formation of motherhood: the macro level (social norms and stereotypes), the meso level (parental family influence), the micro level (own family) and the level of a specific personality. Such important components as the prototype of motherhood, productive motives (economic, social, psychological), and factors contributing to the emergence and manifestation of the maternal instinct are considered. The research can be useful for psychologists, sociologists, specialists in the field of family psychology and anyone who is interested in the formation of a maternal position and the psychological aspects of parenthood.
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Laramie, Olivia, Alexander Colby, Hailey Pensky, Samantha Doonan, and Julie Johnson. "Responsible Vendor Training as a Macro-Level Prevention Tool– A Case Study of the Massachusetts Cannabis Industry." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.19.
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As of March 2022, adult-use cannabis is legal in 18 states and medical-use is legal for certain patients in 37 states. Unlike the illicit market(s), legal market(s) present new opportunities to embed public health strategies in varying levels of policy and regulation, such as Public Awareness Campaigns or Responsible Vendor Training (RVT). Using the Social Ecological Model (SEM) as a guiding framework, we conceptualize state-implemented public health strategies as operating at the macro-level through public policy or regulations, and interacting within and across varying social environments to impact individual behaviors. Macro-level prevention and intervention tools that aim to reduce and prevent adverse cannabis outcomes, such as developing cannabis use disorder and cannabis impaired driving, are imperative to more safely implement cannabis legalization. RVT programs are an under-studied, yet critical macro- level intervention, in many new cannabis industries that sell varying cannabis products with both known and unknown effects on the human body. RVT programs, operated by varying education providers and curriculums, are trainings provided to cannabis industry employees (“agents”) involved in the handling and sale of cannabis. Training may include, but is not limited to, learning the law and regulations, identifying fake identification cards (IDs), health effects of cannabis, and other public health and safety practices. At the implementation level, RVT training may affect individual change by shaping industry employees’ perceptions of their role in order to better support public health, clarifying the latest research on health effects, and roleplaying judgement-free strategies to provide public health education. Currently, 31 states have RVT programs, however, Massachusetts is currently the only state with both legalized adult-use and medical markets that mandates an RVT program by regulation [935 CMR 500 and 935 CMR 501]. As of February 2022, Massachusetts certified 22 RVT program vendors and trained 10,142 out of 23,772 (42.7%) agents in the medical and adult-use workforce. RVT programs have the potential to counteract potential unsafe cannabis use behaviors following cannabis legalization implementation. However, the effectiveness of RVT programs is largely unknown. Guided by the SEM, this presentation will take a holistic view of the overlapping social environments surrounding an individual, to assess the potential of RVT programs operating at the macro-level to interact across social levels, including meso- and individual-levels, in order to prevent adverse outcomes (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). This presentation provides a theoretical model and potential quantifiable metrics of study for researchers to better assess RVT program effectiveness. To reduce potential health and safety risks of cannabis legalization, policymakers and regulators can embed varying public health strategies in legal cannabis markets, including RVT programs. It is imperative that research assist policymakers and regulators to assess the effectiveness of current RVT programs to ensure RVT program(s) have the intended public health outcomes, in order to facilitate evidence-based cannabis policy in these new and emerging cannabis markets.
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TAUBER, Gabriel-Virgil, and Sergiu-Adrian VASILE. "The Importance of Combating Fake News and its Impact in the Digital Age." In International Conference on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime. Romanian Association for Information Security Assurance, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19107/cybercon.2024.18.
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In an era of massive digitization and technologization, information represents the quintessence of success on all levels and in all fields. With a major power and influence in achieving success, disinformation, however, gains in the last period of time more followers who, through different methods and means, manage to manipulate and control different social categories in order to achieve the intended goal. There is currently a risk that a piece of information (fake news) will cause harm and damage not only at the individual level but also at the macro level, destabilizing order and national security. As we will show in this article, with the help of artificial intelligence, with the help of each individual, among cooperation at the international level and among an education appropriate to the century in which we live, we can hope to counteract and diminish this phenomenon that it can also have geopolitical consequences and more.
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Cellucci, Cristiana. "Adaptability as a multi-scale strategy for the regeneration of the built environment through circular economy perspective." In 5th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004112.
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Since its founding documents, sustainability has recognized collective well-being and environmental protection as the key to the development of society and, at the same time, the main challenge in the relationships between human activities and the limited capacity of ecosystems to support them. For a long time, it was believed that natural and anthropic systems responded to perturbations gradually through a slow adaptive process. Today, we know that vulnerability (economic, social, environmental and health) projects us into a condition of sudden discontinuity, unpredictable and uncontrollable immersive events, in which every single fragility is related to the "whole" and every single action produces an eco or a cascading effect on the well-being of users and the health of the planet. The global crisis scenarios, the conditions of uncertainty and reality complexity, the limited resources and the variability of the framework of the needs show the failure of a "rigid" conception-organization of the built environment often forced to reorganize itself as a result of stressful events for reach acceptable levels of efficiency or to show its fragility (seismic, hydro-geological, climatic, social) by undermining the concepts of stability (environmental, economic and social security) we are used to. Precisely in urban areas, a context in which human health-planetary health relationships express their effects more than elsewhere, it is necessary to intercept new solutions and rules to deal with the direct consequences (deterioration of surface materials, structures, reduction of energy performance) and indirect (loss of identity, interruption of socio-economic activities, loss of livability and conditions of well-being) of climate change on urban centres. Although the literature recognizes the need for impact forecasting tools, it appears increasingly important to support strategies aimed at increasing adaptability understood as a characteristic of the designed system that allows its transformation/modification, increasing its performance qualities and its life span useful. In this sense, adaptability is one of the fundamental requisites for a holistic-circular regeneration and redevelopment of neighbourhoods and architectures, conceived as products that are not "disposable" but "error-friendliness" or "prone to error" and structured to "regenerate" following damage or decompensation through actions of transformation, repair, maintenance, reuse, reconditioning, etc.A paradigm shift is needed in the interpretation of adaptive intervention as a "regenerative process", understood not only as a solution for the restoration/maintenance of acceptable performance conditions - in a linear vision of the life cycle of the designed system - but a moment of "reset /restart" in which the action (of transformability, maintainability, replaceability, reversibility, mitigation/compensation, etc.) underlies a set of strategies structured in a circular process (Refuse, Rethink, Reduce, Re-use, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle, Recover). In this sense, interventions on the built environment constitute an opportunity to lead cities towards an ecological transition, if considered both as adaptive actions of external (environmental, social and economic) and internal vulnerabilities (variability linked to user needs) but also as interferences (of circular micro processes) to the linear process with which cities have been conceived and evolved, to constitute a step towards the creation of a potentially regenerative and resilient built environment. The paper is part of a study on the topic of sustainable regeneration and redevelopment of existing buildings and urban areas. It explores the implications between the need for adaptive regeneration to ensure both the adequate levels of performance and functionality of the space (indoor, outdoor space ) with its components/materials and the equally urgent need to conceive such adaptive actions in a circular way. The collection, review and systematization of the literature and case studies led to the identification of a framework of adaptive/circular strategies at the micro (the single component), meso (the building) and macro (the public space) scales. The strategies were then validated in three social housing districts in three Italian cities.
Reports on the topic "Meso- and macro-levels of social intelligence"
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Moore, Mark, and Marla Spivack. The Way Forward in Analyzing National Educational Systems: A Re-Considered View. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/110.
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Low- and middle-income countries around the world face a profound educational challenge. At stake in meeting this challenge is their ability to participate effectively in an increasingly interdependent global economy, society, and polity, and to meet many other goals set out in the International Declaration of Human Rights. Turning the current challenge into an important opportunity will, by definition, require significant improvements in the productivity of national education systems. Productivity changes on this scale require innovations at all three levels of the national systems: micro (classroom pedagogy), meso (school and district management), and macro (national politics and policy) levels. This paper sets out principles for designing a process initiated and supported at the national level that can animate, guide, and evaluate the varied innovations that will help national government meet their educational goals along a path that supports their economic, social, and political goals as well.
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Penning, Nehle, Rachel Crossdale, Indre Genelyte, et al. EIWO’s methodological approaches: A field report of the qualitative interviews in EIWO project III. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789180750585.
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This field report provides detailed information on the methodological approach as well as on the process of data collection and analysis in EIWO project III – “Mechanisms and Origins of Late Working Life Exclusion”. EIWO project III is part of the qualitative part of the EIWO programme and is – together with EIWO project VI, VII, and VIII from phase II – one of the four projects in which primary data is collected. EIWO uses a mixed-methods approach in its nine sub-projects, so that quantitative and qualitative methods are used in combination to investigate – from a life course perspective – the topic of late working life and the potential of extension of working lives on different levels (micro, meso and macro level). Due to the different methodological approaches, results from some projects provide evidence for further investigations in other sub-projects, whereby, for example, results of the qualitative investigations can be validated using large data sets. In projects in the field of life course research, a mixed-methods approach is widely used because it allows for a detailed investigation of the structural, institutional and individual factors influencing the life course. EIWO project III focuses in particular on the micro level by taking the perspective of individuals and thus provides a basis on which quantitative analyses, e.g. in EIWO project IV, can be built on. “The main aims of project III are to analyse the nature and sources of inequalities in late working life employment/retirement and to identify individual/family responses and coping strategies” (Application EIWO programme). Based on these aims, the following research questions were formulated for EIWO project III: What events and circumstances can be identified over the life course that lead to social inequalities/exclusion in late working life employment from the individual perspective? What are the explanatory mechanisms? How are exclusion risks and inequalities assessed on the individual level in late working life? Do persons experience social inequalities/exclusion? If they experience exclusion/inequalities: What coping strategies are/were used to reduce inequalities/exclusion? What can be learned from individual responses as to how meso-level organisational policies and macro-level social policies help or hinder transitions? In the following, it will be described why a qualitative research approach was chosen for this project and what characterises this approach. Then, the research instruments and the inclusion criteria for the sample will be explained. The third chapter illustrates the field phase, including the recruitment phase, the final composition of the sample and the conduct of the interviews, as well as challenges that arose during the field phase and the chosen approaches. Finally, the data analysis method is discussed and the report is concluded with a short summary.