Academic literature on the topic 'Mesofil'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mesofil"
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Astuti, Yuni, Devi Anugrah, and Hilman Faruq. "EFEKTIVITAS FERMENTASI BAHAN ORGANIK DALAM PENGELUPASAN JARINGAN MESOFIL DAUN KUPU-KUPU (Bauhinia purpurea L.)." JURNAL BIOSAINS 6, no. 2 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.15796.
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Daun Kupu-kupu (Bauhinia purpurea) memiliki tekstur tulang daun yang indah dan kuat untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan kerajinan lukisan. Ketersediaannya melimpah di lingkungan karena banyak ditemui sebagai tanaman peneduh jalan. Pembuatan tulang daun menggunakan bahan kimia dapat mencemari lingkungan sehingga perlu adanya bahan organik yang ramah lingkungan untuk mempercepat proses pengelupasan jaringan mesofil daun. Desain penelitian Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dalam penelitian eksperimental ini terdiri dari empat perlakuan dengan enam ulangan. Daun Kupu-Kupu segar direndam dalam empat larutan bahan organik yaitu: 1) enceng gondok; 2) air cucian beras (air leri); 3) jerami padi; dan 4) lumpur. Enceng gondok dan jerami padi difermentasi terlebih dulu dengan campuran larutan EM4, gula, dan dedek. Selanjutnya perendaman daun dalam seluruh bahan organik dilakukan selama 14 hari. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini berupa persentase luas permukan daun yang mengelupas diukur menggunakan kuadran dengan skala 10x10 cm. Data persentase luas pengelupasan daging daun diuji normalitas dan homogenitasnya. Data diuji ANOVA satu faktor dilanjutkan uji Tukey untuk mengetahui bahan organik yang lebih efektif dalam pengelupasan mesofil daun Kupu-Kupu. Berdasarkan hasil uji ANOVA diperoleh Fhitung sebesar 3,380. Bila dibandingkan dengan Ftabel (3,098) pada α=0,05, maka Fhitung>Ftabel, artinya terdapat perbedaan pengaruh berbagai bahan organik terhadap pengelupasan mesofil daun Kupu-Kupu. Bahan organik berupa fermentasi jerami, air leri, dan lumpur efektif dalam mengelupaskan mesofil daun. Rata-rata persentase tertinggi ditemukan pada media fermentasi jerami padi (87%). Bahan organik yang digunakan bersifat ramah lingkungan. Faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah suhu, pH media rendaman, dan keberadaan mikroorganisme. Pengidentifikasian jenis mikroorganisme mengalami kendala sehingga diperlukan penelitian lanjutan.
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Utami, Edy Setiti Wida. "Pengaruh penambahan enzim dan waktu inkubasi terhadap jumlah protoplas mesofil daun anggrek Dendrobium Sp." Journal of Biological Researches 1, no. 2 (1995): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.1.2.19951.
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Mutaqin, Lusi, Dzulfikar DLH, Farid Husin, and Heda Melinda Nataprawira. "PENGARUH DURASI PENYIMPANAN ASI DALAM RUANGAN TERHADAP KUALITAS ASI (STUDI DI LINGKUNGAN KOMUNITAS)." Jurnal Kesehatan Prima 13, no. 1 (2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i1.213.
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Air Susu Ibu (ASI) memiliki manfaat kekebalan bagi bayi, sehingga pemerintah merekomendasikan pemberian ASI ekslusif. Salah satu faktor penyebab rendahnya cakupan ASI Ekslusif adalah karena ibu bekerja. Memerah dan menyimpan ASI dalam ruangan dianggap tidak aman oleh keluarga karena takut basi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh durasi penyimpanan ASI pada 0, 4, 6, dan 8 jam dalam ruangan terhadap kualitas ASI yang dilakukan di lingkungan komunitas dengan melakukan uji laboratorium. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik dengan melibatkan 35 ibu menyusui di Kelurahan Taman Sari Kota Bandung. Pengambilan sampel ASI 50 ml dari setiap subjek penelitian, dan dibagi menjadi 4 (ASI 0, 4, 6, dan 8 jam), kemudian dilakukan uji leboratorium Total Plate Count (TPC) mesofil aerob, enterobacter, jamur, dan identifikasi bakteri patogen. Analisis data dengan menggunakan uji Mc. Nemar untuk melihat pengaruh durasi waktu penyimpanan ASI dalam ruangan terhadap kualitas ASI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sampel ASI dengan jumlah total bakteri mesofil aerob > 10 pangkat 5 CFU/ml pada 0 dan 4 jam adalah 2,9%, pada 6 jam 5,7%, dan meningkat menjadi 8,6% pada penyimpanan 8 jam. Sampel ASI dengan jumlah total enterobacter > 10 CFU/ml pada sampel ASI 0 jam adalah 2,9%, pada 4 dan 6 jam 5,7%, dan meningkat menjadi 71,4 % pada penyimpanan ASI 8 jam. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada nya pengaruh durasi penyimpanan terhadap penurunan kualitas ASI 0-4 jam (p=0,032), 0-6 jam (p=0,032), dan 0-8 jam (p=0,002). Kesimpulan : Pada komunitas ini, secara bakteriologis penyimpanan ASI perah aman untuk jangka waktu 6 jam. Semakin lama ASI disimpan dalam ruangan, semakin menurun kualitas ASI.
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Ningsih, Rita, Ireng Darwati, Rita Megia, and Ika Roostika. "Karakter Anatomi Daun Kultur Purwoceng Pascakonservasi In Vitro." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 17, no. 1 (2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v17n1.2011.p30-39.
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<p>Leaf Anatomy Characteristic of Pruatjan Cultures Post In Vitro. Evaluation of anatomical characteristics regenerant planlet of purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) cultivated on conservation medium was observed to determine the difference of characteristics performance of the planlet grown on conservation medium and those that was maintained on the normal medium. Stomata was microscopically observed on abaxial leaf paradermal section that preparated by whole mount method and leaf structure on cross section by paraffin method. The result showed that stomata density was greater on the planlets regenerated in the conservation medium but stomata length was lower than those on the normal medium. Upper epidermis, mesofil and lower epidermis length of the regenerant on the conservation medium were lower than those on the normal medium. Sorbitol and paclobutrazol applied reduced the performance of regenerated spesies than those of planlet maintained on the normal medium. Combination of both application resulted in anatomical character differences on the plants regenerated on normal medium.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Pengujian terhadap karakter anatomi daun regeneran purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) pasca penyimpanan dalam medium konservasi telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakter anatomi daun regeneran pascakonservasi dalam medium dengan penambahan kombinasi sorbitol dan paklobutrazol selama 4 dan 8 bulan. Selanjutnya daun regeneran tersebut dibandingkan dengan daun regeneran dalam medium normal (kontrol). Pengamatan stomata dan struktur daun dilakukan secara mikroskopis masing-masing terhadap sayatan paradermal daun yang dibuat melalui metode whole mount dan sayatan melintang yang dibuat melalui metode paraffin. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan anatomi daun regeneran yang dikultur pada medium konservasi dan daun regeneran pada medium normal (kontrol). Densitas stomata daun regeneran yang tumbuh pada media konservasi rata-rata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daun regeneran pada media kontrol, tetapi stomata lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan daun regeneran pada media kontrol. Panjang epidermis atas, mesofil, dan epidermis lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penurunan daya regenerasi berkorelasi dengan perbedaan karakter anatomi. Pengaruh sorbitol dan paklobutrazol selama periode konservasi masih bertahan (persisten) pada tanaman regeneran. Kombinasi perlakuan keduanya menghasilkan perbedaan karakter anatomi pada daun regeneran purwoceng.</p>
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Riyadi, Imron. "Isolasi Protoplas Tanaman Kacang Panjang secara Enzimatis." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 12, no. 2 (2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v12n2.2006.p62-68.
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<p>The technique, kind and concentration of enzyme that were appro-priate and optimum affected the isolation process and rendement result of plant protoplasts. A research was conducted to enhance the protoplast rendements of long bean (Vigna sinensis, L.) that was isolated by enzyme Cellulase RS and Macerozyme R-10 as single and combination in a solution. Concentrations of enzyme were used as much as 2.0-3.0% w/v for Cellulase RS and 0.4-0.6% w/v for Macerozyme R-10. Those solutions contain mannitol 25 mM as osmotycum. Isolation process was done on shaker with 50 rpm (rotation per minute) speed in dark room for 3 hours. Results show that C3 treatment (concentration of Cellulase RS enzyme as much as 3.0% w/v) yielded protoplasts density 17.40 x 105 protoplasts/ g fresh weight of mesophyl and M2 treatment (concentration of Macerozyme R-10 enzyme as much as 0.5% w/v) resulted 17.46 x 105 protoplasts/g. As a whole, the best treat-ment was achieved by C2M2 (combination between Cellulase RS as much as 2.5% and Macerozyme R-10 enzyme as much as 0.5% w/v) which resulted protoplasts density 32.67 x 105 protoplasts/g fresh weight of mesophyl</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Teknik, jenis, dan konsentrasi enzim yang tepat dan optimum berpengaruh dalam proses isolasi dan hasil rendemen protoplas tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan rendemen protoplas kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.) yang diisolasi dengan enzim Cellulase RS dan Macerozyme R-10 secara individu dan penggabungan dua enzim dalam satu larutan. Konsentrasi enzim yang digunakan adalah 2,0-3,0% b/v untuk Cellulase RS dan 0,4-0,6% b/v untuk Macerozyme R-10. Zat osmotikum yang digunakan adalah mannitol 25 mM. Proses isolasi dilakukan di atas gyotoric shaker dengan kecepatan 50 ppm (putaran per menit) dalam kondisi gelap selama 3 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan C3 (konsentrasi enzim Cellulase RS 3,0% b/v) menghasilkan densitas 17,40 x 105 protoplas/g dan perlakuan M2 (konsentrasi enzim Macerozyme R-10 0,5% b/v) menghasilkan densitas 17,46 x 105 protoplas/g berat segar mesofil daun. Secara keseluruhan, perlakuan terbaik dicapai oleh C2M2 (konsentrasi enzim Cellulase RS 2,5% dan enzim Macerozyme R-10 0,5% b/v) yang menghasilkan densitas 32,67 x 105 protoplas/g berat segar mesofil daun.</p>
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Novitasari, Rifni. "PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN SARI BUAH MARKISA DENGAN SARI TERUNG PIRUS TERHADAP MUTU SIRUP YANG DIHASILKAN." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN 1, no. 1 (2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jtp.v1i1.36.
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Penelitian tentang “ Pengaruh Perbandingan Sari Markisa dengan Sari Buah Terung Pirus terhadap Sirup yang Dihasilkan.” Telah dilakukan si Laboratorium Teknologi Pangan , Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Islam Indagiri Hilir, Tembilahan pada bulan Juli – Agustus 2011. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat perbandingan sari buah yang optimal sehingga dihasilkan sirup dengan karakteristik yang baik serta memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh SNI.Rancangan percobaan yang dipakai adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah A (perbandingan sari markisa : sari terung pirus = 2 : 1) ; B (perbandingan sari markisa : sari terung pirus = 2 : 2) ; C (perbandingan sari markisa : sari terung pirus = 2: 3) dan D (perbandingan sari markisa : sari terung pirus = 2 : 4). Kemudian sirup yang dihasilkan diamati kadar gula, total asam, kadar vitamin c, pH, nilai terhadap organoleptik, viscositas, total padatan terlarut, lempeng total dan stabilitas suspensi. Hasil pengamatan tersebut kemudian dilakukan analisis sidik ragam dan uji lanjutan dengan metoda Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) pada taraf 5%.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pencampuran sari buah markisa dengan sari buah terung pirus berpengaruh terhadap: total asam, kadar vitamin C, viscositas larutan, padatan terlarut dan tingkat penerimaan panelis secara organoleptik dari segi rasa dan aroma serta tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar gula dan pH larutan. Pada tingkat perbandingan sari markisa dengan terung pirus = 2 : 2 (perlawanan B) terbukti lebih diminati dari uji organoleptik, dengan hasil analisa : kadar gula 70.15 0Brix, total asam 5,4 , kadar vitamin C 16,02%, pH 4,1 , viscositas 35,21 Cps, total padatan 77,28% dan negative terhadap pertumbuhan mesofil aerob juga pengendapan selama penyimpanan.
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DAMAYANTI, FITRI, IKA ROOSTIKA, and MUHAMMAD MANSUR. "Kajian Morfologi, Sitologi, dan Struktur Anatomi Daun Nepenthes spp. asal Kalimantan Barat." Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi 8, no. 2 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v8i2.3862.
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<p class="5abstrak">The objective was to describe morphology, structure of anatomy, and cytology characters of the five species as well as to determine their differences each other. In the present study five Nepenthes from West Kalimantan were evaluated: <em>N. veitchii, N. negleta, N. bicalcarata, N. clipeata, </em>and<em> N. hirsuta</em>. Morfology analysis of five species Nepenthes showed different morphology in particular shape of pitcher that each species have a unique pitcher. Cytology analysis showed high variation between species. In general, it was demonstrated that <em>N. bicalcarata</em> tended to have bigger epidermal cells and stomata. <em>N. bicalcarata</em> had aktinocytik tipe of stomata and <em>N. clipeata</em>, <em>N. veitchii, N. hirsuta</em>, and <em>N. negleta</em> had anomocytik tipe of stomata. Stomata only had on the lower surface except <em>N. negleta</em> had stomata on the upper too. <em>N. negleta</em> had the higher of density and index stomata. The result of transversal showed variation of mesofil tissue (parenchim of palisade and spons). Epidermis cell was conducted in one layer with hipoepidermis cell more than one layer with the biggest size than epidermis cell. <em>N. veitchii</em> had more tricoma from the others species.</p>
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Taluta, Hesty Ester, Hanny L. Rampe, and Marhaenus J. Rumondor. "Pengukuran Panjang dan Lebar Pori Stomata Daun Beberapa Varietas Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Jurnal MIPA 6, no. 2 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.6.2.2017.16835.
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Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan bernilai ekonomi tinggi, dan sebagai tanaman kacang-kacangan terpenting kedua setelah kedelai.Pori stomata merupakan tempat terjadinya pertukaran gas dan air antara atmosfer dengan sistem ruang antar sel yang berada pada jaringan mesofil di bawah epidermis.Setiap varietas tanaman kacang tanah memiliki respon terhadap faktor lingkungan yang berbeda seperti ketahanan terhadap cekaman fisilogis termasuk kemampuan membuka dan menutupnya stomata.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur panjang dan lebar pori stomata daun beberapa varietas kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaeaL.). Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah plastikFakultas MIPA Unsrat selama 30 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat varietas memiliki panjang dan lebar stomata yang lebih panjang adalah varietas Gajah 81,80 ± 28,72 µm, varietas Lokal 79,81 ± 24,85 µm, varietas Jerapah 69,28 ± 22,60 µm dan varietas Kelinci 57,22 ± 25,02 µm. Lebar pori stomata yang membuka lebih besar adalah varietas Lokal 31,13 ± 9,77 µm, varietas Gajah 29,22 ± 3,71 µm, varietas Jerapah 27,72 ± 11,65 µm dan varietas Kelinci 21,32 ± 12,78 µm.Peanut are one of the high value food plants and as the second highest bean crop after soybeans. The Pore of Stomata plays was a place of gas and water exchange between the atmosphere and the intercellular space located in the mesophyll tissue beneath the epidermis. Each variety of peanut crops has responses to different environmental factors such as resistance to physical stress, including the ability to open and close the stomata. This study aims to measure the length and width of stomata pores of several peanut varieties (Arachis hypogaea L.). The research was conducted in plastic house of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Unsrat for 30 days. The results showed that the four varieties had length and stomatal length 81,80 ± 28,72 μm, followed by local varieties 79,81 ± 24,85 μm, giraffe varieties 69,28 ± 22,60 μm and 57,22 ± rabbit varieties 25.02 μm. Stomatal pore 31.13 ± 9.77 μm, followed by elephant varieties 29.22 ± 3.71 μm, giraffe varieties 27.72 ± 11.65 μm and rabbit varieties 21.32 ± 12.78 μm.
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Wulansari, Tri Yuni Indah, and Asih Perwita Dewi. "Struktur Anatomi Daun Phyllanthaceae di Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 14, no. 1 (2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v14i1.14395.
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Abstrak Pengenalan ciri makhluk hidup dalam praktik identifikasi sebagian besar menggunakan ciri morfologi. Ciri anatomi memperkuat ciri morfologi atau menyelesaikan permasalahan kerancuan identifikasi secara morfologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter anatomi daun pada 11 spesies famili Phyllanthaceae yang ditemukan di wilayah eksplorasi Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pembuatan preparat paradermal dan transversal helai dan tangkai daun. Karakter yang diamati pada setiap preparat adalah karakter paradermal yaitu epidermis dan derivatnya, karakter transversal meliputi bentuk dan jumlah lapisan epidermis, mesofil, keberadaan kristal dan karakter khusus spesies serta bentuk berkas pengangkut pada tulang daun dan tangkai daun. Berdasarkan preparat paradermal daun diperoleh tipe daun hipostomatik dengan tipe stomata umumnya parasitik dan anomositik, dan ditemukan variasi tipe stomata anisositik pada Baccaurea nanihua dan Antidesma excavatum. Pada preparat transversal diperoleh tipe daun dorsiventral, bentuk epidermis dan jaringan tiang yang beragam. Pada organ tangkai daun, ditemukan empat tipe berkas pengangkut, yaitu bentuk lonjong dengan dua tambahan berkas pengangkut, bentuk dasar menyerupai ginjal, bentuk semi-lunar, dan bentuk lonjong dengan satu berkas pengangkut. Abstract Morphological characters are commonly used as a tool for plant identification. Anatomical characters can also be used as additional characters to provide strong descriptions of morphological characters and to resolve unclear identification of morphological characters. This study aims to identify leaf anatomical characters of 11 species of Phyllanthaceae family collected from the Banggai Kepulauan Regency. The characters are observed in each slide were paradermal characters, namely epidermis and its derivatives; transverse characters including the shape and number of epidermal layers, mesophyll, presence of crystals and species-specific characters as well as the shape of the vascular bundle on the midrib and petiole. The observation on paradermal section of lamina showed that all species have hypostomatic leaf, parasitic and anomocytic stomata types with variation of the anisocytic types were found in Baccaurea nanihua and Antidesma excavatum.Observation of the transverse section showed dorsiventral leaf types, size variation of upper epidermal cells as well as variations of palisade cells. The observation on transverse section of the petiole showed four types of vascular bundles in the petiole: oval shape along with two small separated vascular, the kidney – like shape, the semi-lunar shape and oval single vascular bundle.
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Dardengo, Juliana De Freitas Encinas, Ana Aparecida Bandini Rossi, Ivone Vieira da Silva, Marcos José Gomes Pessoa, and Carolina Joana da Silva. "ANÁLISE DA INFLUÊNCIA LUMINOSA NOS ASPECTOS ANATÔMICOS DE FOLHAS DE Theobroma speciosum WILLD EX SPRENG. (MALVACEAE)." Ciência Florestal 27, no. 3 (2017): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509828634.
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O conhecimento anatômico de espécies do gênero Theobroma é importante para o estabelecimento e manutenção de coleções de germoplasma, tendo em vista estudos agronômicos e fitopatológicos e programas de melhoramento genético. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a anatomia das folhas de Theobroma speciosum, registrando as diferenças estruturais observadas entre folhas de sol e folhas de sombra. Folhas de indivíduos de Theobroma speciosum foram coletadas no Parque Nacional do Juruena e em pastagens na zona rural do município de Alta Floresta – MT. Foram analisados a espessura do mesofilo foliar, dos parênquimas paliçádico e lacunoso, da nervura mediana e do feixe vascular. A análise de agrupamento foi realizada utilizando o método Hierárquico UPGMA, com base na distância euclidiana média padronizada. Foram observados tricomas glandulares do tipo claviforme e estrelados sésseis. A epiderme é unisseriada, o mesofilo é dorsiventral, entretanto os parênquimas são pouco distintos. Feixes vasculares colaterais estão dispersos no mesofilo, formando bainhas que se estendem até as epidermes. A nervura central, em secção transversal, possui formato biconvexo, com sistema vascular fechado envolto por bainha esclerenquimática. A constituição do mesofilo das folhas variou com o ambiente. Plantas expostas a pleno sol apresentam células mais alongadas no parênquima paliçádico, parênquima lacunoso com mais camadas e maior quantidade de tricomas, enquanto que as folhas de sombra apresentaram células com muitos espaços intercelulares no mesofilo. O dendrograma mostrou a formação de dois grupos distintos: o grupo I composto pelas plantas do Parque e o grupo II pelas plantas das pastagens. Tal agrupamento demonstrou alterações anatômicas significativas ocasionadas pelas variações da intensidade luminosa sobre as folhas, o que evidenciou grande capacidade adaptativa de Theobroma speciosum.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mesofil"
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Karlsson, Niklas. "Foderbetor och kogödsel som substrat för biogasproduktion; anaerob mesofil samrötning i labbskala." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4791.
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<p>One of Sweden’s sixteen national environmental objectives strives to decrease the impact on the climate. By 2020, green house gas emissions should be 40 % less compared to the levels of 1990 and a minimum of 50 % of the energy consumption should come from renewable energy sources. Because of this there is a great need of increasing the production of renewable energy. This is where biogas comes in as a competitive alternative. However, there is a problem. Substrates for biogas production have become a scarcity due to the increasing demand for biogas that has been expressed lately.</p><p> The objective is to co-digest fodder beet and cow manure in order to find the best methane yielding mixture(s), and based on these results be able suggest whether fodder beets are a suitable substrate to use in a greater extent. This might prove to be one possible way in dealing with today’s substrate shortage. The mesophilic co-digestion has been performed in lab scale, where seven glass bottles (800ml) have served as digesters. Several analyses of important parameters i.e. gas production and composition, carbon/nitrogen-ratio, total solids and pH have been performed during and after the digestion tests.</p><p> The best results (25-28 % methane) were obtained when 5-15 % beets were added to the digester. This shows that fodder beets is best used as a supplement in a smaller extent. Results also show that, when using fodder beets as substrate, two of the most important process parameters to control are pH and buffer capacity (alkalinity/volatile organic acid ratio). This is because the digester easily gets acidic.</p><p> Based on these results it’s hard to suggest fodder beet usage in a greater extent when being mixed with only cow manure for biogas production. This is especially true for smaller biogas plants where the possibility of observation often is limited or deficient. However, because of the rapid initial degradation and gas production, fodder beets would make a good complement in digesters where more persistent substrates with slower gas production are being digested. Also, since fodder beets are rich in carbon and poor in nitrogen they would also make a good complement when one desire to increase the carbon/nitrogen-ratio in the digester</p>
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Andersson, Johanna. "Optimering av driftstemperatur vid mesofil rötning av slam : - funktionskontroll vid Uppsalas reningsverk." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-381615.
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För att minska klimatpåverkan är energisnåla processer och användning av fossilfria bränslen viktigt. Vid stabilisering av avloppsslam vid reningsverk är en vanlig metod rötning som förutom att ta hand om slammet även producerar biogas, ett fossilfritt bränsle med låga växthusgasutsläpp. Processer som drivs inom det mesofila temperaturområdet har visat sig vara stabila och ger en jämn gasproduktion. Det mesofila området sträcker sig mellan 25–40°C men de flesta processer drivs mellan 35–40°C. Den här studien undersöker möjligheten att sänka temperaturen inom det mesofila området för att få en lägre energiförbrukning och en energisnålare process. Då det är viktigt att biogasproduktionen inte försämras av en sänkt temperatur har skillnad i utrötningsgrad, metanpotential och utrötningstid undersökts vid tre olika temperaturer (32, 34,5 samt 37,5°C) via satsvisa utrötningsförsök. Utöver påverkan på biogasproduktionen har en energibalansberäkning utförts för rötkamrarna vid Uppsala reningsverk. Detta ger ett mått på hur stora vinster i värmeenergi en sänkt temperatur kan leda till. En betydande kostnad vid reningsverk är avvattningen av slam och det är därför viktigt att den inte riskerar att försämras om temperaturen sänks. Ett filtreringsförsök som mäter CST (Capillary Suction Time) ger ett mått på slammets avvattningsegenskaper och har därför utförts vid tre olika temperaturer. Resultaten visade ingen försämring i biogasproduktion vid en sänkning till 34,5°C och en minskning i metanpotential med 11 % vid en sänkning till 32°C. Nedbrytningshastigheten försämrades inte vid en sänkt temperatur. Vinster i form av lägre värmeförbrukning uppgick till 14 % vid sänkning till 34,5°C och 27 % vid sänkning till 32°C. Avvattningsförsöket visade ingen försämrad avvattning vid lägre temperaturer. Den här studien visar att det finns en möjlighet att sänka temperaturen i rötkammaren vid reningsverket i Uppsala och på så sätt sänka energiförbrukningen. För att bekräfta resultaten bör även kontinuerliga försök utföras men denna studie visar att det är möjligt att få en lyckad nedbrytning även i lägre mesofila temperaturer. Resultatet öppnar upp för fortsatta undersökningar om temperaturförändringar inom det mesofila området och kan leda till en optimering av rötningsprocessen och möjlighet att få en effektiv och energisnål produktion av biogas.<br>Energy efficient processes and the use of fossil free fuels play an important role in order to reduce the impact of climate change. Anaerobic digestion is a common way for stabilizing sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). One of the benefits with anaerobic digestion is that it also produces biogas, a fossil free fuel with low greenhouse gas emissions. An operational temperature within the mesophilic range has proven to give a stable process with an unfluctuating production of gas. The mesophilic temperature range between 25-40°C but most processes are operated between 35-40°C. This study investigates the opportunity to lower the temperature within the mesophilic range in order to reduce energy consumption. It is important to maintain the production of biogas with a lower temperature. Therefore, the reduction in VS-content (VS-volatile solids), methane yield and time for degradation was determined by a BMP-experiment (BMP-Biochemical Methane Potential) in three different temperatures (32, 34.5 and 37.5°C). In order to quantify the reduction in heat consumption with lower operational temperatures the change in heat balance for a full-scale WWTP in Uppsala was calculated. A major part of the operational cost is dewatering of sludge and it is therefore important that it does not deteriorate with a lower temperature. The effect on the dewaterability at different temperatures was examined by a filterability test measuring CST (capillary suction time). The results from the study showed no significant difference in methane yield between 37.5°C and 34.5°C. The methane yield at 32°C was 11 % lower compared to 37.5°C but the degradation kinetic was not affected by a temperature change. The reduction in heat consumption was 14 % when the temperature was reduced to 34.5°C and 27 % when it was reduced to 32°C. The filterability test did not show a deterioration with lower temperatures. The study showed that it is possible to reduce the operational temperature for anaerobic digestion at the WWTP in Uppsala in order to reduce the energy consumption. To confirm these results a continuously experiment should be done, but this study shows that it is possible to get a successful degradation in a lower mesophilic temperature. This leads the way for further investigations within the mesophilic range and could lead to optimizing anaerobic digestion and the opportunity to get an energy efficient production of biogas.
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Hallin, Sara. "Biogasproduktion genom tvåstegsrötning av drankvatten." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11182.
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<p>During the 19-century a global warming has been observed, which includes increases in global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of ice and snow, and rising global sea level. There is a clear connection between emissions of greenhouse gases caused by the human and the increase in temperature. Climatic changes caused by global warming can be stopped trough decreased emission of fossil fuels, for example by an increased use of biogas. Biogas is a renewable energy source which is produced through anaerobic (oxygen free) digestion of organic material. The gas is a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and can be among others used as fuel in vehicles. Greengas is biogas produced from grains.</p><p>The aim with this master’s thesis was to investigate a two-stage process for digestion of a rest by product from ethanol production, called drankvatten. Laboratory experiments were carried out with two process sets, each with two continues stirred tank reactors (CSTR). The process consisted of a thermophilic (55ºC) reactor as the first step in which the substrate was added. Afterwards there was a mesophilic (38ºC) second reactor in which the material from the first reactor was further degraded to produce more gas. The results were intended to be used for an assessment of whether a two-stage process is more efficient then a single-stage process in a full-scale production facility. One of the reasons to have a thermophilic first reactor is that the material has an average temperature around 80 ºC when it arrives to the facility today.</p><p>It was proved that a two-stage process with this type of substrate generated a higher gas production but the improvements weren’t big enough to motivate a reconstruction of the facility into a two-stage process. The thermophilic process was stable with a retention time of 15 days and a loading rate of 6 g VS/(l•dygn). This retention time was the shortest which was achieved during that loading rate. During earlier mesophilic experiments a higher loading rate was achieved however the used retention time was longer. On the basis of this work no conclusions could be drawn whether a thermophilic process could withstand a higher loading rate then a mesophilic one. Longer adaptation times is probably needed to reach higher loading rates. In this work it also has been studied if it’s necessary to have continues mixing in the biogas reactors. The conclusion of this experiment is that continues mixing isn’t necessary, which results in less mixing and in that way less energy costs.</p>
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Simensen, Ebba. "Ska HEMAB investera i en egen rötning av avloppsslam i Härnösand vid Kattastrand?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299641.
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Projektets syfte är att undersöka om HEMAB ska investera i rötning av Kattastrands avloppsslam, för att reducera mängd avloppsslam och samtidigt utvinna biogas. För att avgöra om rötning av Kattastrands avloppsslam är möjligt har en teknisk lösning för rötningen tagits fram. En ekonomisk kalkyl för den tekniska lösningar har även tagits fram. Undersökningen har även baserats på tillståndsgivning, samarbeten lokalt/regionalt och situations- och samhällsplanering. Kattastrands avloppsslam har valts att våtrötas i ett steg, vid en mesofilt temperatur på 37 °C. Rötkammaren har en volym på 855 m3, vilket motsvarar en brädd på 10 m och en höjd på 11,9 m. Rötkammaren placeras förslagsvis på HEMAB:s mark sydost om reningsverkets två befintliga processbyggnader. Rötning av slam vid Kattastrand anses inte påverka närområdet nämnvärt. Investeringsbehovet för rötanläggningen är 5,02 miljoner kr, vilket ger en investeringskostnad på 256 tusen kr per år. Rötanläggningen har även en årlig driftkostnad på 109 tusen kr. Om den producerade biogasen används för tillverkning av värme eller kraftvärme kan elen och/eller värmen användas för att täcka rötanläggningens el och/eller värmekostnader. Det skulle resultera i att driftkostnaderna för rötanläggningen kraftigt sjunker. Om rötningen medför en anmälnings- eller tillståndsplikt måste utredas av Västernorrlands länsstyrelse. Samarbeten lokalt/regionalt är möjligt vid dimensionering av en större rötkammare, men hur ett sådant samarbete skulle se ut måste undersökas vidare. Möjligheten att röta Kattastrands avloppsslam ses som god och jag rekommenderar därför HEMAB att fortsätta undersöka möjligheten att börja röta Kattastrands avloppsslam.<br>The purpose of this project is to investigate whether HEMAB should invest in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at Kattastrand. The gool is to reduce the amount of sewage sludge while at the same time producing biogas. A technical solution for the digestion has been developed to determine whether anaerobic digestion of the sewage sludge at Kattastrand is feasible. An economic calculation for the technical solutions has also been carried out. The study has also been based on required permits, partnership locally/regionally and site and community planning. The sewage sludge has been chosen to be digested in a wet, one step process, at a mesophilic temperature of 37 ° C. The digestion tank has a volume of 855 m3, which expected to a width of 10 m and a height of 11.9 m. Digestion of sludge at Kattastrand is not considered to affect the immediate surrounding area significantly. The investment need for the anaerobic digestion plant is 5.02 million SEK, which gives an investment cost of 256 thousand SEK per year. The digester also has an annual operating cost of 109 thousand SEK. If the biogas is used for production of heat or cogenerated electricity and heat, the operating costs will be greatly reduced. Whether the digestion entails a notification or permit requirement must be investigated by Västernorrland landsting Board. Locally and regionally partnerships are possible by dimensioning a larger digester tank, but what these partnerships could look like should be further investigated. The possibility to anaerobically digest the sewage sludge at Kattastrand is feasible and a good opportunity to reduce the amount of sewage sludge while at the same time producing biogas. Therefore, I recommend HEMAB to continue investigating the possibility of anaerobic digestion of the sewage sludge at Kattastrand.
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Lundgren, Maria. "En teoretisk granskning av ekonomiska, energioch miljömässiga för- och nackdelar med mesofil rötning av avloppsslam : Fallstudie på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33213.
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Inom VA-branschen ökar energi- och miljömedvetenheten. Detta har lett till en önskan om att ta vara på resursinnehållet i avloppsslammet, vilket kan tas tillvara genom rötning. Men precis som andra slambehandlingsmetoder har rötning flera olika föroch nackdelar. Syftet med examensarbetet är att bidra till ökad kunskap gällande de generella ekonomiska samt miljö- och energimässiga för- och nackdelarna med rötning. Den första frågan som har ställts i examensarbetet är vilka för- och nackdelar som uppstår på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk vid användning av rötning respektive utan rötning. Den andra frågan som har ställts är hur nyttjandet av produkterna som bildas vid rötning kan öka. Examensarbetet har avgränsats till att fokusera på rötningens påverkan på avloppsreningsverket. Metoderna i detta arbete har varit litteratur- och dokumentsstudier samt personlig kommunikation för att inhämta relevant information. I arbetet har även en fallstudie gjorts på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk för att hämta information och granska rötning ur en verklig situation. För att svara på frågeställningarna har två olika scenarier för Rättviks avloppsreningsverk används. Scenario 1, dagens system, och Scenario 2, framtida system där rötningen har kompletterats med en gasklocka och gasmotor. Båda scenarierna redovisar styrkor som volymminskningen och färre transporter i jämförelse med om rötning inte används. Svagheter med systemen är att det är bland annat stort värmebehov på grund av att rötkammaren inte är isolerad. Vid jämförelser mellan scenario 1 och om rötning inte används redovisas teoretiska uträkningar besparingar på cirka 265 000 kronor år 2019 tack vare användningen av rötning på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk. Jämförelsen redovisar också att volymreduceringen måste vara 13 procent eller större för rötning ska bidra till besparingar. Vid jämförelse av scenario 1 och 2 redovisas en besparing på cirka 91 000, beroende på energifördelningen hos rötningen. En av slutsatserna som kunnat dras är att det troligen är lönsamt för Rättviks avloppsreningsverk att använda rötning, tack vare volymreduceringen. En annan slutsats är att åtgärder som gasklocka och gasmotor eller uppgradering till fordonsgas skulle förbättra användandet av biogasen. Dock skulle åtgärderna eventuellt inte vara ekonomiskt försvarbar i dagsläget men önskvärda i framtiden. Då belastningen troligen är högre med mer avloppsslam, vilket bidrar till en större biogasproduktion. Även ändring av slutomhändertagande och slutanvändning kan vara lämpligt för att öka nyttjande av resurserna i slammet men även på grund av framtida lagändringar.<br>In the water and wastewater industry, energy and environmental awareness is increasing. This has led to a desire to utilize the resources that sewage sludge contains, which can be exploited by anaerobic digestion. However, just like other sludge treatment methods, digestion has several different advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this degree project has been to contribute to increased knowledge regarding the general economic, environmental and energy advantages and disadvantages of digestion. The first question posed in this degree project is what advantages and disadvantages the usage as well as the non-usage of anaerobic digestion has on the Rättvik water treatment plant. The second question posed is how the usage of the products created by anaerobic digestion can increase. The degree project has been limited to focusing on the effects of digestion on the wastewater treatment plant The methods used in this work have been literature and document studies as well as personal communication to obtain relevant information. In the degree project, a case study has been performed at Rättvik's wastewater treatment plant to retrieve information and review anaerobic digestion from a real situation. Two different scenarios from Rättvik's treatment plant have been used to answer the questions. Scenario 1, today's system and Scenario 2, the future system, digestion has been supplemented with a gas clock and gas engine. Both scenarios report strengths such as volume reductions and fewer transports compared to if no digestion is used. The weaknesses with the systems are that there is, among other things, a great need for heat. In comparisons between scenario 1 and if digestion is not used, savings of approximately SEK 265,000 in 2019 are reported from theoretical calculations due to the use of digestion at Rättvik's sewage treatment plant. The comparison also reports that the volume reduction must be 13 percent or higher for the digestion to contribute to savings. When comparing scenarios 1 and 2, a saving of about 91,000 is reported, depending on the energy distribution of the digestion. One of the conclusions that can be drawn is that it is probably profitable for Rättvik's wastewater treatment plant to use the digestion thanks to the volume reduction. Another conclusion is that measures such as gas holder and gas engine or upgrade to vehicle gas would improve the use of biogas. However, the measures may not be economically justified but desirable in the future as the load is higher and thus more sewage sludge and greater biogas production. Change of final disposal and end use may also be appropriate to increase utilization of the resources in the sludge, but also due to future legislative changes.
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Ebba, Lejeby. "Metanpotential för alger och bioslam blandat med pappersfiber." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för bygg- och energiteknik (BE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32689.
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In this thesis the methane gas potential of three different substrates, two algaes Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata and biosludge mixed with paper fiber was studied. This was done by batch experiments in a laboratory environment to examine the gas production and composition of the produced gas. Biogas production is a complex anaerobic digestion process in which various microorganisms decompose the substrate in steps and at the end produce biogas and a residue. Many factors affect the production of gas, for example the substrate content, temperature and pH in the digester. The analysis of methane potential were divided into two experiments. In experiment 1 substrates were digested along with inoculum from Växjö waste water treatment plant in a temperature of about 37 ˚C. In experiment 2 substrates were digested along with inoculum from Kalmar Biogas AB at about 52 ˚C. Both experiments contained 15 bottles each with three replicates for each substrate: only inoculum, inoculum + Algae 1 (Saccharina latissima), inoculum + Algae 2 (Laminaria digitata), inoculum + Paper (biosolids mixed with paper fiber), inoculum + Reference (Cellulose). The inoculum and the reference were running to assess the quality of the inoculum. Mixtures between the inoculum and the substrate was first set to 5:1 and then 4:1, based on the material's VS-concentration. All experiments went on until gas production was minimal. For experiment 1 ,with the ratio of 5:1, the end results of the accumulated methane for Algae 1, Algae 2, Paper and Reference were 315, 313, 88 and 381 Nml CH4/g VS substrate respetively. The batch with inoculum + Paper was ended after seven days because the difference between inoculum + Paper and only inoculum was small. In experiment 1, with a ratio of 4:1, inoculum + Reference and inoculum batches were not prepared mainly because of lack of space.The batch with only inoculum was assumed to give the same results as in experiment 1, with the ratio of 5:1. The end results of the accumulated methane for Algae 1, Algae 2 and Paper were: 199, 214 and 41 Nml/g VS substrate repectively For experiment 2, with the ratio of 5:1, the end results of accumulated methane for Algae 1, Algae 2, Paper and Reference were: 191, 183, 33, 243 Nml/g VS substrate respectively In experiment 2, with the ratio 4:1, the end result of accumulated methane for Algae 1, Algea 2, Paper and Reference were: 288, 179, 18, 337 Nml/g VS substrate respectively.<br>I detta examensarbete studerades metanpotentialen för algerna Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata samt bioslam blandat med pappersfiber. Detta gjordes i satsvisa försök i laboratoriemiljö där gasproduktionen och sammansättning av den producerade gasen undersöktes. Biogasproduktion sker i en anaerob rötningsprocess och är ett komplext förlopp där olika mikroorganismer sönderdelar substratet i flera steg för att slutligen bilda biogas samt en rötrest. Många faktorer så som substratets kemiska innehåll, temperatur och pH i rötkammaren påverkar produktionen av biogas. Analysen av metanpotential delades in i två försök. I försök 1 rötades substraten tillsammans med ymp från Växjö avloppsreningsverk vid en temperatur på cirka 37 ˚C. I försök 2 rötades substraten tillsammans med ymp från Kalmar Biogas AB vid cirka 52˚C. Båda försöken bestod av 15 stycken flaskor vardera med tre replikat för varje exmperiment: endast ymp, ymp + Alg 1 (Saccharina latissima), ymp + Alg 2 (Laminaria digitata), ymp + Papper (bioslam blandad med papperfiber) samt ymp + Referens (Cellulosa). Ymp och referenssubstratet kördes för att bedöma ympens kvalitet. Blandningar mellan ymp och substrat valdes först till 5:1 och därefter till 4:1, baserat på materialens VS-halter. Alla försök pågick tills gasproduktionen var minimal. För försök 1 med kvot 5:1 var slutresultatet av den ackumulerande metanmängden för Alg 1, Alg 2, Papper respektive Referens 315, 313, 88 respektivt 381 Nml/g VS substrat. Försöket med papper avslutades redan efter sju dagar eftersom skillnaden i metanmängd mellan flaskorna med ymp + Papper samt flaskor endast ymp var mycket liten. I försök 1 med kvot 4:1 rötades inte referenssubstratet och endast ymp främst på grund av platsbrist. Här antogs istället att endast ymp skulle ge samma resultat som i föregående försök med mesofil temperatur. Slutresultatet för försök 1 med kvot 4:1 blev 199, 214 samt 41 Nml CH4/g VS substrat för Alg 1, Alg 2 samt Papper. För försök 2 med kvoten 5:1 blev slutresultaten (den ackumulerade metanmängden) för Alg 1, Alg 2, Papper respektive Referens 191, 183, 33 respektive 243 Nml/g VS substrat. I försök 2 med kvoten 4:1 blev slutresultaten för Alg 1, Alg 2, Papper respektive Referens 288, 179, 18 respektive 337 Nml CH4/g VS substrat.
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Forkman, Tova. "Biogaspotential vid samrötningav mikroalger och blandslam från Västerås kommunala reningsverk." Thesis, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232954.
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Because of the increasing trends in energy consumption and increased environmental awareness, greater focus has been placed on improvement and development of renewable energy sources. An already proven and accepted method is biogas production from anaerobic digestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants. In the waste water treatment process solid material and dissolved pollutants are separated from the water, forming a sludge. The sludge is separated from the process and stabilized during anaerobic digestion or aerobic aeration. Most often, mesophilic anaerobic digestion is used. Because of degradation by microorganisms, biogas with a high content of methane is formed during the digestion. To optimize the process different studies with co-digestion with sludge and other substrate have been made. It has been showed, in earlier research studies, that co-digestion with microalgae and sewage sludge results in a synergistic effect with increased biogas production. As the microalgae are microorganisms which use photosynthesis they contain stored energy from sun light. The stored energy will be available when the microalgae are digested in mesophilic conditions. In contrast to other biomass suitable for co-digestion microalgae have the advantage of being able to grow in waste water and reduce the pollutants in the water phase. Cultivation of microalgae will therefore not compete with the cultivation of food production and at the same time has the possibility to decrease the electricity- and heat consumption at the wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to investigate how a possible synergetic effect between microalgae and sewage sludge effects the biogas production and the process stability. The microalgae was cultivated in municipal waste water from the WWTP in Umeå (Sweden) and the sludge was collected from the WWTP in Västerås (Sweden). The fermenters used was of the type DOLLY© and the active volume was 5 dm3. The temperature in the fermenters was kept at 37 °C and the study was divided into two periods. During the first period the hydraulic retention time was 15 days and the organic loading rate 2.4 g VS dm-3 d-1. During the second period the hydraulicretention time was kept at 10 days and the organic loading rate was 3.5 g VS dm-3 d-1. The result showed an increase with 54.6 % in methane production per reduced VS in the fermenter with co-digestion compared to the fermenter where only sludge was digested. Period one showed the highest increase. The result also showed a good process stability for both fermenters during the whole experiment. This study shows that there are reasons for continued investigations about co-digestion with microalgae and sewage sludge for an increased biogas production.<br>På grund av ökande el- och värmeförbrukning och ökat miljöengagemang har större fokus lagts på förbättring och utveckling av förnyelsebara källor för el- och värmeproduktion. En redan beprövad och accepterad metod för framställning av förnyelsebar energi är från biogasproduktion vid kommunala reningsverk. Vid rening av avloppsvatten avskiljs fasta partiklar och lösta föroreningar och bildar ett slam som separeras från vattnet. Slammet kan sedan stabiliseras anaerobt genom rötning eller aerobt genom luftning. En ofta använd metod vid konventionella reningsverk är mesofil anaerob rötning. Vid rötningen bryts material ner av mikroorganismer och genererar biogas som framförallt innehåller metan och koldioxid. För att optimera en sådan process och därmed kunna utvinna mer gas har det tidigare undersökts hur samrötning med olika material påverkar biogasproduktionen. Det har visat sig i forskningsförsök att samrötning med mikroalger och orötat blandslam ger en synergieffekt och mer biogas produceras. Mikroalgerna innehåller lagrad energi från solljus, då de är fotosyntesiserande organismer. Den lagrade energin har visat sig bli tillgänglig vid mesofil anaerob nedbrytning. Till skillnad från annan biomassa som undersökts för samrötning kan mikroalgerna odlas på avloppsreningsverken och fungera som en del av reningsprocessen då mikroalgerna tar upp näringsämnen ur vattnet de växer i. På det sättet undviks konkurrens om odlingsmark för livsmedel och så blir reningsprocessen på avloppsreningsverken mer el- och värmeeffektiv. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om eventuell synergieffekt mellan mikroalgerna och slammet påverkar biogasproduktionen och processtabiliteten vid mesofil anaerob rötning. Mikroalgerna som användes var odlade på mekaniskt renat spillvatten från Umeås reningsverk och slammet som användes hämtades ifrån Västerås reningsverk. Rötkamrarna som användes var av modellen DOLLY© med en aktiv volym på 5 dm3. Temperaturen i rötkamrarna hölls kring 37°C och studien var uppdelad i två perioder. Under period ett var den hydrauliska uppehållstiden 15 dygn och den organiska belastningen 2,4 g VS dm-3 d-1, medan period två hade en hydraulisk uppehållstid på 10 dygn och en organisk belastning på 3,5 g VS dm-3 d-1. Resultaten visade att metangasproduktionen per tillförd mängd organiskt material var lägre vid samrötning jämfört med rötning av enbart slam. Metangasproduktionen per reducerad mängd organiskt material ökade med upp till 54,6 % vid samrötningen jämfört med rötning av enbart slam. Period ett gav upphov till den största ökningen. Processen hölls stabil även vid inblandning av mikroalger, under både period ett och två. Studien visar att det finns ett underlag för fortsatta studier kring samrötning av mikroalger och slam för en ökad biogasproduktion.
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Backlund, Sofia. "Avsättningsalternativ för avloppsslam utifrån effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod i Avesta kommun : med fokus på hygienisering och miljömässig nytta." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19947.
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Avloppsslam innehåller näringsämnen, som bör återföras till naturen för att skapa ett så kallat näringskretslopp. Genom att optimera hygieniseringen av avloppsslam med effektivare behandlingsmetod kan avloppsslam bli mer lämpligt att avsättas ur ett bättre ekonomiskt- och miljömässigt perspektiv. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka och bedöma om effektiviseringav befintlig slambehandling är möjlig för att uppnå tillräcklig hygienisering. Utifrån den effektiviserade slambehandlingsmetoden utreda möjliga avsättningsalternativ som lämpar sig bäst för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. En litteraturöversikt utfördes för att öka kunskapen och förståelsen av avloppsslam, desshantering och avsättning. Fallstudien är utformad med kvalitativ metod och informationen har inhämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar, myndigheter, rapporter, examensarbeten och personligkontakt som komplement för att erhålla en god förståelse. Uppgradering av mesofil rötning av avloppsslam vid 37 °C till termofil rötning, 55 °C – 65 °C innebär förhöjd temperatur; det kräver mer energi och ökade energikostnader. Komponenter av den mesofila rötningsprocessen kommer att behöva uppgraderas eller bytas ut och därför tillkommer extra kostnader som också behöver ses över. Fördelarna med termofil rötning inkluderar kortvariga uppehållstider, mindre rötkammare och slammet blir tillräckligt hygieniserat. Ett framtidsscenario är framtaget utifrån effektiviserad slambehandling där två avsättningsalternativ är mest lämpliga för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. Gödsel till produktiv mark är ett av de föreslagna alternativ som tillåter fosforn återvinnas och återanvändas. Om inte termofil rötning som effektivisering hade erhållit tillräcklig hygienisering borde andra komplementerande processer ha införts, exempelvis komposteringstrumma eller pastörisering. En fullständig kostnadsjämförelse mellan befintlig slambehandlingsmetod och mer effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod är dock nästan omöjlig att utföra då alla kostnader beror på val av komponenter och faktorer. Denna fallstudie bidrar med ett underlag som kan ge större möjligheter för Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB att välja den mest lämpliga avsättningen för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun i framtiden.<br>Sewage sludge contains nutrients, which should be returned to nature to create a so-called nutrient circulation. By optimizing sanitisation of sewage sludge with effective treatment methods, sewage sludge can be more appropriately disposed from a better economic- and environmental perspective. The aim of this work was to investigate and judge the efficiency of existing sludge treatment is possible to achieve a sufficent sanitation. Based on the streamlined sludge treatment method investigate the disposal options that is best suited for sewage sludge in Avesta town. A literature review was conducted to increase the knowledge and understanding of sewage sludge, its treatment and disposal. The case study is formed with qualitative method and information which has been collected from the scientific articles, authorities, reports, theses and personal contact as a complement to obtain a good understanding. Upgrading of mesophilic digestion of sludge at 37 ° C to thermophilic digestion at 55 ° C - 65 ° C means increased temperature; this requires more energy and hence increases energy costs. Components of the mesophilic digestion process need to be upgraded or replaced and therefore additional costs should also be considered. The advantages of the thermophilic digestion include short residence time, smaller digester and sludge becomes sufficiently disinfected. A future scenario is developed based on more efficient sludge treatment where two disposal options are most appropriate for the sewage sludge in Avesta town. Returning digestate to productive land is one of those suggested alternatives that allows phosphorus to be recovered and recycled. If not thermophilic digestion as streamlining is not effective enough for sufficient sludge sanitation, other complementary processes have to be introduced, for instance, composting drum or pasteurization. A full cost comparison between the existing sludge treatment and more efficient sludge treatment method is, however, almost impossible to be performed when all costs depend on the choice of components, factors and so on. This case study contributes with first-hand information that can provide greater opportunities for Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB to select the most appropriate options for sewage sludge disposal in Avesta town in the future.
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Sylla, Ibrahima. "high loaded anaerobic mesophilic digestion of sewage sludge : An evaluation of the critical organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time for the anaerobic digestion process at Käppala Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52406.
Full textAbstract:
Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has, during a few years, observed an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in the mesophilic anaerobic digester R100, due to an increased load to the WWTP. The digestion of primary sludge at Käppala WWTP is today high loaded, with a high organic loading rate (OLR) and low hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study aims to evaluate the effect of the maximum OLR and the minimum HRT for the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and to investigate further actions that can be taken into consideration in case of process problems in the digestion. The study consists of (a) a practical laboratory experiment of 6 pilot-scale reactors to investigate how the process stability is affected when the OLR increases and the HRT decreases. (b) A mass balance calculation based on the energy potential in the feeding sludge and the digested sludge. (c) A study of the filterability of the digested sludge. (d) The construction of a forecasting model in Excel, to predict when digester R100 will reach its maximum OLR and minimum HRT. The result of the study shows that the maximum OLR for Käppala conditions is 4.9 g VS dm-3 d-1, meaning that R100 will reach its maximum organic load around the year 2031. An OLR of 4.5-4.9 and an HRT of 12 days is optimal for R100, according to the present study. Keeping the anaerobic digestion process in balance is vital when it comes to the outcome of energy in the anaerobic digestion process. Pushing the process to produce more gas can become counterproductive since a high OLR can lead to process imbalance, which in turn leads to low biogas production. Imbalance in the digestion process can occur fast; therefore, the margin for overload in the anaerobic digestion process must be significant. The methane concentration in the converted biogas and the pH level in the reactor are the best stability parameters for the conditions at Käppala. Ammonia is the less efficient stability parameter since it did not predict or detect any instability during the experimental process. Furthermore, the OLR and HRT have a significant impact on the needed quantity for dewatering polymer. The higher digestion of organic material in the sludge, the bigger the need for the polymer to take care of the rest material.
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Gärdeklint, Sylla Ibrahima Sory. "HIGH LOADED ANAEROBIC MESOPHILIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE : An evaluation of the critical organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time for the anaerobic digestion process at Käppala Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52283.
Full textAbstract:
Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has, during a few years, observed an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in the mesophilic anaerobic digester R100, due to an increased load to the WWTP. The digestion of primary sludge at Käppala WWTP is today high loaded, with a high organic loading rate (OLR) and low hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study aims to evaluate the effect of the maximum OLR and the minimum HRT for the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and to investigate further actions that can be taken into consideration in case of process problems in the digestion. The study consists of (a) a practical laboratory experiment of 6 pilot-scale reactors to investigate how the process stability is affected when the OLR increases and the HRT decreases. (b) A mass balance calculation based on the energy potential in the feeding sludge and the digested sludge. (c) A study of the filterability of the digested sludge. (d) The construction of a forecasting model in Excel, to predict when digester R100 will reach its maximum OLR and minimum HRT. The result of the study shows that the maximum OLR for Käppala conditions is 4.9 g VS dm-3 d-1, meaning that R100 will reach its maximum organic load around the year 2031. An OLR of 4.5-4.9 and an HRT of 12 days is optimal for R100, according to the present study. Keeping the anaerobic digestion process in balance is vital when it comes to the outcome of energy in the anaerobic digestion process. Pushing the process to produce more gas can become counterproductive since a high OLR can lead to process imbalance, which in turn leads to low biogas production. Imbalance in the digestion process can occur fast; therefore, the margin for overload in the anaerobic digestion process must be significant. The methane concentration in the converted biogas and the pH level in the reactor are the best stability parameters for the conditions at Käppala. Ammonia is the less efficient stability parameter since it did not predict or detect any instability during the experimental process. Furthermore, the OLR and HRT have a significant impact on the needed quantity for dewatering polymer. The higher digestion of organic material in the sludge, the bigger the need for the polymer to take care of the rest material.
Books on the topic "Mesofil"
1
Martins, Fernando Roberto. Estrutura de uma floresta mesófila. Editora da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1991.
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2
Vencl, Slavomil, and Jiří Fröhlich. Nejstarší osídlení jižních Čech: Paleolit a mesolit. Edited by Archeologický ústav (Akademie věd České republiky). Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR, 2006.
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3
Cerbo, Ester. Proodi e mesodi nella teoria degli antichi e nella prassi teatrale tragica. GEI, 1994.
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4
Doma, Hansraj. Aspects of saccadic eye-movements towards or away from photopic, mesopic, or scotopic stimuli. University of Toronto, Department of Physiology, 1986.
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5
Puig, Henri. Arboles y arbustos del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Reserva El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México. Instituto de Ecología, 1993.
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6
ha-medinah, Israel Miśrad mevaḳer. Duaḥ ʻal ha-biḳoret be-Ḥevrat Pi gelilot mesofe nefṭ ṿe-tsinorot be-ʻe. m. Mevaḳer ha-medinah, 1992.
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7
1938-, Puig Henri, and Bracho Rosa, eds. El Bosque mesofilo de Montaña de Tamaulipas. Instituto de Ecología, 1987.
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10
Êóðòè, ×åçàð. UÇITESJ ALBANSKOMU JAZYKU - MESONI SHQIP: Learn Albanian. BookSurge Publishing, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mesofil"
1
Gooch, Jan W. "Mesopic Vision." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7332.
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van Bommel, Wout. "Mesopic Vision." In Road Lighting. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11466-8_6.
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Baral, Suman. "TF Model for Mesonic Matters." In Thomas-Fermi Model for Mesons and Noise Subtraction Techniques in Lattice QCD. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30904-6_2.
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Khanh, Tran Quoc, Peter Bodrogi, Stefan Brückner, Nils Haferkemper, and Christoph Schiller. "Mesopic Perceptual Aspects of LED Lighting." In LED Lighting. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527670147.ch6.
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Motoba, T. "Mesonic Weak Decays of Light Hypernuclei." In Mesons and Light Nuclei. Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7617-7_49.
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Melde, T., R. F. Wagenbrunn, and W. Plessas. "Relativistic Study of Mesonic Baryon Resonance Decays." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’02. Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6728-1_8.
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Iwasaki, Masahiko. "Experimental Investigations of Mesonic Bound States in Nuclei." In Particle and Nuclear Physics at J-PARC. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00961-7_8.
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Stocker, W., and D. B. Ion. "Electromagnetic and Mesonic Cherenkov Effects in Nuclear Media." In NATO ASI Series. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2431-1_27.
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Viénot, Françoise, and Alain Chiron. "Mesopic luminous matches of protanopic and deuteranopic observers." In Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3774-4_49.
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Scheufens, P., and H. Scheibner. "Mesopic Deuteranopic Vision: Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional." In Colour Vision Deficiencies VIII. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4275-2_46.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Mesofil"
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Kwak, Youngshin, Lindsay W. MacDonald, and M. Ronnier Luo. "Mesopic color appearance." In Electronic Imaging 2003, edited by Bernice E. Rogowitz and Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.477371.
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Yaguchi, Hirohisa. "Mesopic color reproduction." In ICO20:Illumination, Radiation, and Color Technologies, edited by Dazun Zhao, M. R. Luo, and Hirohisa Yaguchi. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.668054.
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Kurasawa, Haruki. "Mesonic nuclear collective states." In HADRONS AND NUCLEI: First International Symposium. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1425485.
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VENTURELLI, L. "STUDY OF MESONIC AND NON-MESONIC DECAY OF Λ-HYPERNUCLEI AT DAΦNE". У Proceedings of the Conference “Bologna 2000: Structure of the Nucleus at the Dawn of the Century”. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810922_0018.
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Lewis, Alan L. "Vision at Mesopic Light Levels." In Frontiers in Optics. OSA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2008.fmj3.
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LAINE, M. "MESONIC CORRELATORS IN HOT QCD." In Proceedings of the SEWM2004 Meeting. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702159_0007.
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Barbur, J. L., J. A. Harlow, A. Hurden, and P. Smith. "Visual performance in the mesopic range." In Vision Science and its Applications. OSA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1999.sae2.
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Dubach, J. "The non-mesonic decay of hypernuclei." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 150. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36195.
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Diekmann, B. "Recent results in photoproduced mesonic states." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 132. AIP, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.35351.
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"Five Dimensional Mesonic String Cosmological Models." In 4th International Conference on Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics. International Institute of Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iie.e1215029.
Full textReports on the topic "Mesofil"
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Ribon, Alberto. Misura delle Oscillation Dei Mesoni $B^0_d$$-$$\bar{B}^0_d$ all'esperimento CDF. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1156555.
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Miller, Robert E., Thompson II, Baldwin William T., et al. Prospective Evaluation of Mesopic Night Vision and Night Vision Goggle Visual Acuity After Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK). Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435075.
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Start, G., J. Cate, J. Sagendorf, et al. Idaho Field Experiment 1981. Volume 3. Comparison of trajectories, tracer concentration patterns and MESODIF model calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5911091.
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