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1
Herrera-Mejía, María Juliana, Alfonso Tullio Sarmiento, and Luz Indira Sotelo-Díaz. "Predictive model of microorganism mesophiles in processed meat products during storage under fluctuating temperatures1." DYNA 86, no. 208 (2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n208.66777.
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The aim of this investigation was to develop a predictive model of microorganism mesophiles in processed meat products during storage under fluctuating temperatures between 1°C to 7°C to establish the shelf removal date of the products based on mesophile limits established by Colombian Technical Standard NTC 1325 of 2008 for non-canned processed meat products. The variables used in the model were as follows: temperature, storage time and population of microorganisms at the beginning of storage. The S curve of the growth of the microorganisms was approximated by sections using a multivariate quadratic regression equation. The model achieved 91% accuracy for the prediction of the shelf removal date. In terms of practicality, the model offers a simpler alternative to traditional models for the prediction of microorganisms that require a greater amount of parameters and data.
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BAI, YONG, LESTER A. WILSON, and BONITA A. GLATZ. "Quality of Commercial Shelf-Stable Soymilk Products†." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 9 (1998): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.9.1161.
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Four brands of shelf-stable soymilks (three lots each) were evaluated for their quality. All samples were tested for trypsin inhibitor activity, microbial load (coliforms, aerobio mesophiles, and psychrotrophs), solids content, pH, color, and viscosity. Storage stability at 5°C of the opened original containers was evaluated by microbiological analyses. Physical properties were consistent among three lots of the same brand, but varied among brands. Trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 3.43 to 10.35 mg/g dried soymilk. The pH values of the soymilks varied between 6.41 and 7.34. Viscosity was measured between 16.5 and 26.4 mPa. Solids content varied considerably among soymilks, from 6.88 to 12.37% (wt/vol). Freshly opened commercial soymilk contained fewer than one microorganism per ml in all microbial counts. During storage at 5°C, microbial counts increased sharply after 2 to 3 weeks. A single microorganism predominated in each stored sample. Shelf life (defined as the time during which aerobio mesophile counts remained below 106 CFU/ml) varied from 3 to 4 weeks. The appearance and pH of soymilks remained unchanged even after 4 weeks of storage. Five types of microorganisms were found in stored soymilk samples; none of them produced acid.
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DasSarma, P., V. J. Laye, J. Harvey, et al. "Survival of halophilic Archaea in Earth's cold stratosphere." International Journal of Astrobiology 16, no. 4 (2016): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000410.
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AbstractHalophilic Archaea are known to tolerate multiple extreme conditions on Earth and have been proposed as models for astrobiology. In order to assess the importance of cold-adaptation of these microorganisms in surviving stratospheric conditions, we launched live, liquid cultures of two species, the mesophilic model Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 and the cold-adapted Antarctic isolate Halorubrum lacusprofundi ATCC 49239, on helium balloons. After return to Earth, the cold-adapted species showed nearly complete survival while the mesophilic species exhibited slightly reduced viability. Parallel studies found that the cold-adapted species was also better able to survive freezing and thawing in the laboratory. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis was used to compare the two haloarchaea at optimum growth temperatures versus low temperatures supporting growth. The cold-adapted species displayed perturbation of a majority of genes upon cold temperature exposure, divided evenly between up-regulated and down-regulated genes, while the mesophile exhibited perturbation of only a fifth of its genes, with nearly two-thirds being down-regulated. These results underscore the importance of genetic responses of H. lacusprofundi to cold temperature for enhanced survival in the stratosphere.
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Cusick, Kathleen D., Baochuan Lin, Anthony P. Malanoski, et al. "Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Growth and Physiology of an Extremophile Cultured with Dielectric Heating." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 20 (2016): 6233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02020-16.
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ABSTRACTThe effect of microwave frequency electromagnetic fields on living microorganisms is an active and highly contested area of research. One of the major drawbacks to using mesophilic organisms to study microwave radiation effects is the unavoidable heating of the organism, which has limited the scale (<5 ml) and duration (<1 h) of experiments. However, the negative effects of heating a mesophile can be mitigated by employing thermophiles (organisms able to grow at temperatures of >60°C). This study identified changes in global gene expression profiles during the growth ofThermus scotoductusSA-01 at 65°C using dielectric (2.45 GHz, i.e., microwave) heating. RNA sequencing was performed on cultures at 8, 14, and 24 h after inoculation to determine the molecular mechanisms contributing to long-term cellular growth and survival under microwave heating conditions. Over the course of growth, genes associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and defense mechanisms were upregulated; the number of repressed genes with unknown function increased; and at all time points, transposases were upregulated. Genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and elongation were also upregulated, consistent with the distinct elongated cell morphology observed after 24 h using microwave heating. Analysis of the global differential gene expression data enabled the identification of molecular processes specific to the response ofT. scotoductusSA-01 to dielectric heating during growth.IMPORTANCEThe residual heating of living organisms in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum has complicated the identification of radiation-only effects using microorganisms for 50 years. A majority of the previous experiments used either mature cells or short exposure times with low-energy high-frequency radiation. Using global differential gene expression data, we identified molecular processes unique to dielectric heating usingThermus scotoductusSA-01 cultured over 30 h in a commercial microwave digestor. Genes associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and defense mechanisms were upregulated; the number of repressed genes with unknown function increased; and at all time points, transposases were upregulated. These findings serve as a platform for future studies with mesophiles in order to better understand the response of microorganisms to microwave radiation.
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Monpoeho, S., A. Maul, C. Bonnin, et al. "Clearance of Human-Pathogenic Viruses from Sludge: Study of Four Stabilization Processes by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and Cell Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (2004): 5434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5434-5440.2004.
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ABSTRACT Sludges derived from wastewater treatment are foul-smelling, biologically unstable substances. As well as containing numerous pathogenic microorganisms, they also consist of organic matter that can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Legislation nevertheless requires sludges to be virologically tested prior to spreading by the counting of infectious enterovirus particles. This method, based on culture of enterovirus on BGM cells, is lengthy and not very sensitive. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative method of genome quantification for all enteroviruses that is applicable to verifying the elimination of viruses in complex samples such as sludges. Our complete protocol was compared to the official method, consisting of enterovirus enumeration with the most probable number of cythopathic unit (MPNCU) assay through the study of four stabilization procedures: liming, composting, heat treatment, and mesophile anaerobic digestion. Enterovirus quantities at the start of the stabilization procedures were between 37 and 288 MPNCU/g on the one scale and between 4 and 5 log genome copies/g on the other. It was shown that all procedures except mesophile anaerobic digestion were highly effective in the elimination of enterovirus particles and genomes in wastewater sludges. Reduction of viruses by mesophile anaerobic digestion was by only 1 log (infectious particles and genomes). In conclusion, stabilization processes can indeed be checked by virological quality control of sludges with gene amplification. However, the infectivity of genomes needs to be confirmed with cell culture or a correlation model if the virological risk inherent in the agricultural use of such sludges is to be fully addressed.
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Reid, I. N., W. B. Sparks, S. Lubow, et al. "Terrestrial models for extraterrestrial life: methanogens and halophiles at Martian temperatures." International Journal of Astrobiology 5, no. 2 (2006): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550406002916.
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Cold environments are common throughout the Galaxy. We are conducting a series of experiments designed to probe the low-temperature limits for growth in selected methanogenic and halophilic Archaea. This paper presents initial results for two mesophiles, a methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, and a halophile, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, and for two Antarctic cold-adapted Archaea, a methanogen, Methanococcoides burtonii, and a halophile, Halorubrum lacusprofundi. Neither mesophile is active at temperatures below 5 °C, but both cold-adapted microorganisms show significant growth at sub-zero temperatures (−2 °C and −1 °C, respectively), extending previous low-temperature limits for both species by 4–5 °C. At low temperatures, both H. lacusprofundi and M. burtonii form multicellular aggregates, which appear to be embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. This is the first detection of this phenomenon in Antarctic species of Archaea at cold temperatures. The low-temperature limits for both psychrophilic species fall within the temperature range experienced on present-day Mars and could permit survival and growth, particularly in sub-surface environments. We also discuss the results of our experiments in the context of known exoplanet systems, several of which include planets that intersect the Habitable Zone. In most cases, those planets follow orbits with significant eccentricity, leading to substantial temperature excursions. However, a handful of the known gas giant exoplanets could potentially harbour habitable terrestrial moons.
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KIM, HYE-JUNG, DONG SUN LEE, and HYUN-DONG PAIK. "Characterization of Bacillus cereus Isolates from Raw Soybean Sprouts." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 5 (2004): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.5.1031.
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Raw soybean sprouts, which are used as ingredients in cook-chilled products, were analyzed to evaluate the incidence of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, psychrotrophic microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, coliforms, and spore-forming microorganisms Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium perfringens. Mesophilic microorganisms on raw soybean sprouts were present in large populations, 5.5 × 106 to 1.4 × 108 CFU/g, and psychrotrophic microorganisms were found to be more numerous than the other groups. Coliforms accounted for 15% of mesophilic microorganism counts on average, and the average for spore-forming microorganisms was 5.2 × 102 CFU/g. B. cereus was isolated from 12 of 17 soybean sprout samples, whereas C. botulinum and C. perfringens were not isolated. B. cereus was isolated in greater numbers at 30° C compared with other temperatures and was not isolated at 4° C. Of the 55 strains isolated from soybean sprouts, 52 were positive for starch hydrolysis, and only 3 strains did not hydrolyze starch. Among the 55 strains of B. cereus isolates, 53 showed the ability to produce diarrheal enterotoxin by CRET-RPLA.
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Doi, Roy H. "Cellulases of Mesophilic Microorganisms." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1125, no. 1 (2008): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1419.002.
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Martineli, Thaís Mioto, Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior, Natacha Deboni Cereser, Marita Vedovelli Cardozo, Cristianne Lino Fontoura, and Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri. "Microbiological counting in lamb carcasses from an abattoir in São Paulo, Brazil." Ciência Rural 39, no. 6 (2009): 1836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009000600030.
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The consumption of lamb meat in Brazil has increased in the last years but little information about the microbiological quality of this product is available. To evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of lamb carcasses, the quantification of microorganism populations indicators (mesophiles and psychrotrophs; total and thermotolerant coliforms; Escherichia coli; moulds and yeasts) and the pathogenic microorganisms indentification (Salmonella sp. and Listeria spp.) were performed. A total of 60 lamb carcasses were sampled from one abattoir in São Paulo. Swab samples were collected from three points (forequarter, back and hindquarter) on the muscle surface after carcasses final washing. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive evaluation of the results whose counts were grouped by intervals of microorganism populations. Counts ranged from 1.0 x 10¹ to 8.0 x 10(4) colony-forming unit cm-2 (CFU cm-2) for mesophiles; 1.0 x 10(0) to 4.4 x 10(4)CFU cm-2 for psychrotrophs; < 1.0 x 10(0) to 4.4 x 10(4)CFU cm-2 for moulds and yeasts; < 0.3 to > 32.0 most probable number/cm² (MPN cm-2) for total and thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli. Salmonella sp. and Listeria spp. were not found in any of the carcasses. Most carcasses presented low counts for all microorganisms. Overall results may be explained by the small size of the industry where the study was taken. Results suggest that good microbiological quality lamb meat is possible to be obtained, but improvement in hygienic-sanitary conditions is still required.
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Schmiedt, Jhennifer Arruda, Leonardo Ereno Tadielo, Thiago Henrique Bellé, et al. "Influence of time and storage temperature on raw milk deteriorating microbiota." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 57, no. 1 (2020): e156883. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.156883.
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The quality of raw milk depends on initial microbial contamination and conditions of storage until industry processing. Considering the influence of time and storage temperature on raw milk microbiota, the objective of this work was to quantify and monitor the multiplication of these groups under different conditions. For this purpose, 41 samples of raw milk were collected immediately after milking, stored in the following storage conditions: 25 °C/2 h; 35 °C/2 h; 7 °C/24 h; 7 °C/48 h and 7 °C/60 h and analyses of aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic and proteolytic psychrotrophic microorganisms. The milk samples analyzed in the study had an initial mean count of mesophilic aerobes of 5.38 Log CFU/mL at Time Zero. The milk stored at 25 °C/2 h and 35 °C/2 h kept the mesophilic aerobic counts within the limits established by the legislation (5.48 Log CFU/mL), with an increase in counts of psychrotrophic and proteolytic microorganisms. When stored at 7 °C/24 h and 7 °C/48 h, the count of mesophiles exceeded the established parameters. A significant increase in the count of proteolytic psychrotrophs and psychrotrophs was also observed during storage at 7 °C from 24 h. The results of this study indicate that the temperature of 7 °C is not suitable for the milk conservation, since it was not able to control the microbial multiplication. Thus, the results contribute to the change in milk storage temperature proposed by the new Brazilian legislation.
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Pereira, Elisângela Borsoi, Magali Soares dos Santos Pozza, Paula Martins Olivo, et al. "Microbiota indigenous milk, mesophilic lipolytic and proteolytic colonial cheese matured, produced at different times of the year." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 18, no. 4 (2017): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402017000400006.
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SUMMARY Cheese is the oldest form of preserving milk nutrients having nutritional, economic and cultural importance. The objective of this study was to identify the best time of the year for production, and period, in months, for maturation of traditional colonial cheese, through analysis of water activity, weight loss and counts of lactic acid, mesophilic microorganisms—proteolytic and lipolytic. Records of temperature and relative humidity (RH) were maintained. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a double factorial scheme, considering production periods and maturation times. For all production periods evaluated, there was a significant reduction in the periods for water activity values. The counts of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 104 to 109 CFU/g. There was also stability in the number of colonies for lipolytic mesophilic microorganisms, until the third month of maturation. Low counts of proteolytic mesophiles were observed for the samples produced in May and June (5.70 and 5.53 log), respectively. The production period for the months of May and June corresponding to RH of 80% and average temperatures of 15°C were the most effective for production. Due to the presence of Listeria, it is recommended to respect the minimum time of 60 days of maturation for commercialization.
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Ramos, Cleusa Fernandes, Andreia Assuncao Soares, Isabela Carvalho dos Santos, et al. "Heat Treatment Reduces Bacterial Contamination of Medicinal Plants Grown in A Community Garden." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 3 (2020): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.3.20.
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The verification of microorganisms that indicate contamination of medicinal plants cultivated in vegetable gardens is fundamental to contribute and improve the conditions and management of the garden, providing safer and healthier food for the consumer population. The study aims to evaluate the bacteriological quality of Cymbopogon citratus, Aloysia citriodora, Plectranthus barbalus, Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F., Sedum dendroideum, and Peumus boldus cultivated in community gardens. Six samples were randomly collected from each plant and sent to the Laboratory of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Public Health at Universidade Paranaense-UNIPAR, for bacteriological analysis (aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, total coliforms and coliforms at 45ºC. The cold extract (room temperature) of the medicinal plants evaluated, the Plectranthus barbalus had the highest mean for aerobic mesophiles (1.26 CFU/g x 106) and the Cymbopogon citratus second highest mean for aerobic mesophiles (9.80 CFU/g x 105). In the coliform count at 45°C, the highest mean was found in the Aloysia citriodora (2.90 CFU/g x 103) and it presented the second lowest mean for coliforms at 45°C (0.63 CFU/g x 103) and was zero for total coliforms. Regarding the hot extract (95°C-100°C) of the medicinal plants evaluated, a significantly higher aerobic mesophiles count was found for Aloysia citriodora when compared with Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F., Sedum dendroideum and Peumus boldus, not differing statistically from Cymbopogon citratus and Plectranthus barbalus. It was found that medicinal plants are contaminated but, since they are indicated as teas (infusion), they are safe for their consumers because the risk of bacteriological contamination can be considerably eliminated or reduced due to the boiling process.
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Cunha, A. F., A. D. Lage, M. M. Pereira e Araújo, et al. "ATP-Bioluminescence as a method to evaluated microbiological quality of UHT milk." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 6 (2014): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-7396.
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New approaches are needed to quickly indicate possible contamination of UHT milk, among them the technique of ATP-Bioluminescence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the results of culture methods with the results of ATP-Bioluminescence technique of 102 UHT whole milk samples incubated at 48, 72, and 168 hours. UHT milk samples were analyzed for the presence of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic microorganisms using Plate Count Agar (PCA), Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) media and PetrifilmTM Aerobic Count (AC) plates. The ATP-Bioluminescence technique was applied through the Microbial Luminescent Screening (MLS) system. Significant correlations were found between counts of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms on PCA, PetrifilmTM AC, BHI and results of ATP bioluminescence technique (P≤0.05). The ATP-Bioluminescence technique had higher correlation with counting method in PCA than BHI media. At lower pass/fail limits of Relative Light Units (60, 50, 45 and 40 RLU), the number of samples identified as positive increased and statistically agreed with aerobic mesophilic microorganism counts (P>0.05). For the dairy industry, the ATP-Bioluminescence technique may become an important tool that assists the official methods to quickly monitor the microbiological quality of UHT milk though this will likely require a threshold below 150 RLU.
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Liu, Hong Chang, Jin Lan Xia, Zhen Yuan Nie, et al. "Evolution of Leaching Products on the Surface of Chalcopyrite by Mesophiles and Thermophiles Based on SR-XRD and XANES Spectroscopy." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.282.
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The bioleaching experiments of chalcopyrite were conducted with single and mixed mesophiles (30 °C) and moderate thermophiles (45 °C) and extreme thermophile (65 °C), respectively, and analyzed by synchrotron radiation (SR) based X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The results showed that the copper extraction of chalcopyrite could be significantly promoted by bioleaching microorganisms, and the promotion effects for both the mixed cultures grown at different temperature and the different cells grown at the same temperature were significantly different. The surface of chalcopyrite after bioleached by the mixed or sole cultures are serious corroded and became complicated. More S0 was found to form in the sole cultures of specific iron-oxidizing microorganism L. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms A. thiooxidans and A. caldus cultures. Jarosite and secondary minerals (chalcocite and covellite) were detected for the mixed cultures and sole cultures of iron/sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. The evolution of chalcocite and covellite were just relevant to the potential of leaching solution, no matter which cultures were used, where chalcocite could be formed at Eh value less than 500 mV and then converted to covellite at Eh value ~550 mV.
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Tabla, Rafael, Antonia Gómez, José E. Rebollo, and Isidro Roa. "Salt influence on surface microorganisms and ripening of soft ewe cheese." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 2 (2015): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029915000023.
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The effect of different brining treatments on salt uptake and diffusion during the first 30 d of ripening was determined in soft ewe cheese. Additionally, salt influence on surface microorganisms and physicochemical parameters was evaluated. Cheeses were placed into different brine solutions (14, 18 and 24°Bé) at 5 and 10 °C for 1, 2 or 3 h. Samples from rind, outer core and inner core were analysed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 d. Complete salt diffusion from rind to the inner core took about 15 d. The resulting salt gradient favoured the development of a pH gradient from the surface to the inner core. Salt concentration also had a significant effect on the growth of surface microorganisms (mesophiles, pseudomonads and halotolerants). However, mould and yeasts were not affected throughout ripening by the salt levels achieved. Brine salting by immersion for 3 h at 10 °C in 24°B brine was found to be the most suitable treatment to control pseudomonads in cheese rind, as spoilage microorganism.
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Onet, Aurelia, and Cristian Onet. "Study of the microbiological activity in the agrocenosis from Crisurilor Plain." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 53 (May 6, 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/53/2131.
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The seasonal variations of soil microorganisms depend on changes in the soil chemical properties and the microbiological processes of soil are determined in main by different cropping systems, soil management and season. Investigation of the microbiological properties of a haplic luvisol, under different cultivation conditions showed that anthropogenic factors such as fertilization and treatments with pesticides was favourable for certain microorganisms while others were inhibited by these factors. In order the quantitative occurence of microorganism was aerobic mesophilic heterotrophs (105–107 cellsxg-1 dry matter soil) were followed by Actinomycetes, yeast and mould (103–106 cellsxg-1 dry matter soil), nitrogen fixing bacteria (102–105 cellsxg-1 dry matter soil) and nitrifying bacteria (10-1–103 cellsxg-1 dry matter soil). The highest values of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophs were found in cropland and undisturbed meadow of haplic luvisol. Actinomycetes are more developed in undisturbed soils than in the cultivated soils. The number of yeast and mould was high in the apricot tree orchard, and Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria were identified in a small number in all the soil variants studied. Among the total number of aerobic microorganisms, pH and humus content statistically proved relationship was established. Total number of yeast and mould depends on the proportion of 10.89% by moisture content and pH. The numerical presence of Azotobacter depends in a proportion of 9.6% by the ammonia nitrogen content and pH variations. The numerical presence of nitrifying bacteria depends in a proportion of 1.69% by the nitric nitrogen content and humus content variation.
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Sarukhanov, A., A. Morozova, N. Vasilyeva та D. Krylenkin. "Effect of Varying Intensity of Ionizing γ- and Electronic Radiation on the Microbiological Contamination and Antioxidant Activity of Cocoa Powder". Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, № 11 (2019): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/26.
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The effect of cocoa powder exposure to irradiation by various types of ionizing radiation on the amount of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeast and molds was studied. Doses of 12 kGy is found to be enough for reducing amount of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeast and molds below normative documents’ limits. The activity of flavonoids in irradiated and control samples of cocoa powder was also evaluated via spectrophotometric analysis. A conclusion about the possibility of implementing ionizing radiation for reducing amount of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeast and molds in cocoa powder without the loss of quality was made.
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Polyakova, S. P., А. Е. Bazhenova, М. А. Pesterev, N. V. Linovskaya, and T. V. Savenkova. "INFLUENCE OF THE MICROORGANISMS WITH LIPOLITYC ACTIVITY ON THE COCOA-CONTAINING CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS QUALITY." Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2018/2/52-55.
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One of the main reasons of the confectionery product organoleptic parameters is microorganism activity. Growth most of them can be prevented or inhibited by the control of initial content. The influence of microorganisms with lypolityc activity to the cocoa-containing confectionery production quality was determined and the mathematic correlations were established, according which can be predicted changing of production characteristics on the basis of them initial content. Quantity of the mesophyll aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms (QMA&OAM) were determined in accordance with GOST 33536-2015. Some microorganism colonies were separated by the thinning stroke inoculating on the solid nutrient agar. Testing cultures have been grown by the surface cultivation method on solid mediums and on liquid nutrient mediums (submerged cultivation). For the microorganisms studying was used microscopical method, biochemical characteristics were estimated by the standard methods. The conclusion about genus and species of the cultures was prepared on the basis of identification by mean the 16S rRNA analysis. The cocoa-containing product models were created which shown the organoleptic spoilage processes. For the basis was chosen mixture of the cocoa powder, sugar powder, and fats of the lauric types and four formulas A,B,C and D of the confectionery and coca-containing glazes analogues with minimum and maximum content of the total evaporated residue cocoa which is the regulated merit rate of the coca-containing confectionery products. Based upon the experimental results was determined dependence of the cocoa-containing confectionery products acidity change which can be used for prediction of them quality changes.
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Michałkiewicz, Michał, Izabela Kruszelnicka, and Małgorzata Widomska. "The Variability of the Concentration of Bioaerosols Above the Chambers of Biological Wastewater Treatment." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 2 (2018): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0018.
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Abstract The article presents the results of research over microorganisms (psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria and microscopic fungi) found in wastewater in denitrification and nitrification chambers and specifies the proportion of these microorganisms in bioaerosol at various levels above wastewater level (20, 50 and 100 cm). In the denitrification chamber (anoxic) in 1 cm3 of sewage there were on average 30.35 · 106 CFU of mesophilic bacteria, 72.88 · 106 CFU of psychrophilic bacteria, and 37.3 · 105 CFU of microscopic fungi. In the nitrification chamber, where the oxygen concentration ranged from 0.37 to 2.32 mg O2·dm−3 of wastewater, the number of microorganisms was lower. In 1 cm3 of wastewater there were on average 20.2 · 106 CFU of mesophilic bacteria, 51.76 · 106 CFU of psychrophilic bacteria, and 15.22 · 105 CFU of microscopic fungi. In sewage bioaerosols above these chambers, higher numbers of psychrophilic bacteria than mesophilic ones and microscopic fungi were reported. At the same time differences in the number of microorganisms at different heights above the surface of wastewater could be observed in bioaerosol, as well as between the chambers of the bioreactor. It was found that most frequently the amount of microorganisms decreased with height. The percentage emission ratio (ER) of microorganisms in bioaerosols coming from wastewater accounted for only a fraction of a percent and ranged from 1.13 · 10−8 % (microscopic fungi over the denitrification chamber) to 24.53 · 10−9 % (psychrophilic bacteria over the denitrification chamber). It was found that the process of mixing, aeration of wastewater, have an effect on the emission of microorganisms.
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Rodrigues, Laura Beatriz, Luciana Ruschel Dos Santos, Natalie Nadin Rizzo, et al. "ATP-Bioluminescence and Conventional Microbiology for Hygiene Evaluation of Cutting Room Surfaces in Poultry Slaughterhouse." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86204.
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Background: The hygiene procedures in poultry slaughterhouses consist in the use of hot water, detergent and sanitizing, configuring Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP). These actions control contamination in food processing environments, especially by pathogenic microorganisms, which cause diseases with impact on public health and economic losses. The microbiological control of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, are used as indicators of contamination. The hygienic-sanitary conditions on the surfaces of the poultry slaughterhouse cuttting room were evaluated, before and after cleaning and sanitizing procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Conventional microbiology (Rodac plates and sponge for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and ATP-Bioluminescence were used to analyze the action of hot water and the active principles peracetic acid, quaternary ammonia and biguanide in the standard pre-operational hygiene procedure in the cutting room of the poultry slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection with slaughter capacity of more than 20.000 birds/h. The evaluations were performed on three lines of chicken thigh cuts at the same time and in a completely randomized manner on stainless steel surfaces, polyurethane belts and polyethylene boards. Samples were made in four replicates at the three surface totaling 108 assay for each microorganism. The samples were collected at the end of the cuttingprocess, before and after washing the surfaces with hot water (between 45 and 50ºC) and after sanitization with 0.5% peracetic acid, 2% quaternary ammonia and 1% biguanide. The ATP-Bioluminescence method detected organic matter at all collected points and Rodac plates allowed a better recovery of microorganisms than sponges for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, E. coli and S. aureus. There was a reduction of contamination after the action of hot water and, after using quaternary ammonia and peracetic acid, there was no isolation of E. coli and S. aureus on all evaluated surfaces.Discussion: The use of different methods of analysis for monitoring the hygiene and sanitary status of contact surfaces with chicken cuts allows greater flexibility in relation to hygiene control. The use of the bioluminescent ATP detection method allows detecting in seconds extremely low levels of contamination, allowing a quick determination of the cleaning efficiency on the surfaces and evaluation of the hygiene programs. Conventional microbiology methods, on the other hand, provideindicators of contamination by different microorganisms on food contact surfaces. Both are applicable in SSOP monitoring programs and sanitary conditions of the contact surfaces in food producing establishments. The significant reduction of microorganisms on surfaces after cleaning, found in this study, demonstrates the importance of operational hygiene inthe maintenance of microbial contamination below the recommended limits, and to reconcile the ATP-Bioluminescence methodologies and Rodac plates can bring benefits to the control of this contamination, and the use of ATP-bioluminescence makes possible taking immediate corrective measures after the evaluation of sanitation procedures.Keywords: ATP-Bioluminescence, Rodac plates, Escherichia coli, mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus.
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Herceg, Z., E. Juraga, B. Sobota-Šalamon, and A. Režek-Jambrak. "Inactivation of mesophilic bacteria in milk by means of high intensity ultrasound using response surface methodology." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 2 (2012): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/93/2011-cjfs.
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High-intensity ultrasound was used to investigate the inactivation of microorganisms in raw bovine milk. Raw bovine milk with 4% of milk fat was treated with ultrasonic probe that was 12 mm in diameter and with 20 kHz frequency immerged in milk directly. In the ultrasound treatment, three parameters were varied according to the statistical experimental design. The centre composite design was used to design and optimise the experimental parameters: temperature (20, 40, and 60&deg;C), amplitude (120, 90, and 60 &micro;m), and time (6, 9, and 12 min). All analyses were performed immediately after sonication and after 3 days and 5 days of storage under refrigeration at 4&deg;C. The factors that seem to affect substantially the inactivation of microorganisms in using ultrasound are the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves, the exposure/contact time with the microorganisms, and the temperature of the treatment. The results achieved indicate a significant inactivation of microorganisms under longer periods of the treatment with ultrasonic probe, particularly in combination of higher temperature and amplitude. The output optimal value of total bacteria count was defined by Statgraphics where the lowest bacteria count was 3.688 log CFU/ml for the following specific ultrasound parameters: amplitude 120 &mu;m, treatment time 9.84 min, and temperature 45.34&deg;C. &nbsp;
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Voća, N., T. Krička, T. Ćosić, V. Rupić, Ž. Jukić, and S. Kalambura. "Digested residue as a fertilizer after the mesophilic process of anaerobic digestion." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 6 (2011): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3584-pse.
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The aim of this paper is to determine the difference in quality of the digested residue after the process of anaerobic digestion by using different input raw materials. The research was conducted in the Republic of Austria on four facilities for biogas production. The raw materials used for biogas production were chicken manure, pig manure, Sudan grass and organic household waste. The research included chemical analysis and bacteriological tests of the samples taken. It was found that the digested residue in all of the samples, all of which are mildly alkaline, contains a low level of dry matter, 70% of which is organic matter. Biogenic elements were present in moderate concentration; the values of heavy metals were within approved limits. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the digested residues of all input materials can be used in agricultural production, especially so in plant production and grassland cultivation. Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms were found in the digested residue samples, but there were no cryophilic microorganisms and no pathogenic bacteria.
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Dias, F. S., I. F. Santos, R. M. Franco, and E. R. Nascimento. "Bacterial microbiota present in the gallbladder of cattle and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolates." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 3 (2014): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41625422.
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Pathogenic microorganisms can reside transiently or permanently in the gallbladder of cattle. Thus, during slaughter, more attention should be given to the gastrointestinal tract, especially to the accessory organ, the gallbladder. The main aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota present in bile and gallbladder epithelium of cattle slaughtered in a slaughtering plant under sanitary conditions and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in strains of the genus Staphylococcus. Thirty intact gallbladders were collected and the in bile and epithelium were researched for the presence of Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AMHB), Staphylococcusspp., total Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. The frequency of isolation of the microorganism mentioned above were, respectively: 23.02%, 14.39%, 13.67%, 24.46%, 0% and 24.46%. Concerning both gallbladder environments, the frequency of isolation of the microorganisms in the epithelium was 64.03%, and in the bile 35.97%, with no statistical difference, but with significant difference between the population averages. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, strains of Staphylococcusfrom both bile and gallbladder epithelium showed sensitivity to the antimicrobials: penicillin G, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. The observation that the gallbladder supports a high frequency of microorganisms brings us to the possible fact that cattle might be a persistent carrier of pathogens of great importance to public health.
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Barahona, Sergio, Cristina Dorador, and Francisco Remonsellez. "Identification and Characterization of a Psychrotolerant Acidithiobacillus Strain from Chilean Altiplano." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.74.
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Mesophilic iron and sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles are commonly used for the extraction of base metals from low-grade sulfide ores in some copper Chilean mines. However, relatively little is known about their activities in cold environments. Some natural ecosystems present in the Andes Mountains, such as the Chilean Altiplano, meet environmental conditions for the growth of psychrotolerant leaching microorganisms. In this work, we obtained enrichment cultures of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms from an acid river in the Chilean Altiplano. Molecular identification was performed using PCR products of bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries, and the sequences analysis revealed the presence of a microorganism related to the recently described psychrotolerantAcidithiobacillus ferrivorans. TheAcidithiobacillusstrain was able to grow at temperatures ranging between 4 and 30°C, and pH values ranged between 1.7 and 2.5. According to the energy sources, this microorganism was able to grow using ferric iron, sulfur, thiosulfate and tetrathionate. Optimal growth was observed in presence of ferric ion, where the culture reached a potential redox value of 600 mV and a cellular number of 3×107cells/mL. Molecular analysis of variants of gene encoding for rusticyanin showed thatrusBgene was amplified fromA. ferrivoransstrain and no PCR product was obtained for therusAgene. Our description is consistent with data previously reported forA. ferrivoransstrains. Finally, results of this study highlight the importance and potential of novel native bacterial species proficient in mineral oxidation under low-temperature conditions.
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DELUCCA, A. J., and M. S. PALMGREN. "Mesophilic Microorganisms and Endotoxin Levels on Developing Cotton Plants." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 47, no. 8 (1986): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668691390016.
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Bhattacharyya, D., M. Hsieh, H. Francis, R. I. Kermode, A. M. Khalid, and H. M. I. Aleem. "Biological desulfurization of coal by mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3, no. 2-3 (1990): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(90)90047-8.
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Bruzaroski, Samera Rafaela, Raquel Pinheiro de Souza, Pamela da Silva Pasquim, Rafael Fagnani, and Elsa Helena Walter de Santana. "Influence of storage temperature on the population of microorganisms in raw sheep milk and its physical-chemical profile." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 12 (2020): e27691210796. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.10796.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physical-chemical profile of raw sheep milk and the influence of storage temperature on the population of microorganisms. Sheep milk samples were collected from the milk cans (500 mL/sample) and were evaluated the physical-chemical composition: fat, protein, lactose, ash content, total dry matter (TDM), cryoscopy index (°H), titratable acidity, and somatic cell count (SCC). After the samples were stored at 4°C and 9°C (72 h) and the titratable acidity, the population of the deteriorating microorganisms and quality indicators were determined. PetrifilmTM (3M do Brasil Ltda) were used for the mesophilic aerobic count (37°C/48 h), total coliforms (37°C/24 h), Escherichia coli (37°C/48 h), and enterobacteria (37°C/24 h). For psychrotrophic bacteria, was used Plate Count Agar (7ºC/10 days) and for Pseudomonas spp., CFC-supplemented Pseudomonas agar base (25ºC/48 h). Average values for raw milk were 6.28% fat, 83.46% moisture, 16.52% TDM, 0.92% ash, 5.30% protein, 4.43% lactose, a cryoscopy index of -0.575°H, and SCC of 3.38 x 106 cells/mL. Milk acidity values were higher (0.24 g lactic acid/100 ml) with 72 hours of storage. The higher the temperature and/or storage time, the higher the counts of psychrotrophic, Pseudomonas spp., and enterobacteria, for mesophilic aerobic only the storage time. Refrigeration at 4ºC and a reduction of storage time are important to control the microorganism’s population that compromise the quality, shelf life, and food safety of sheep milk and dairy products.
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Orlova, T. N., R. V. Dorofeev, A. N. Irkitova, I. A. Funk, and A. V. Grebenshchikova. "Biological features of lactic acid bacteria in distinct ecological niches." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (2019): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_112.
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Lactic acid bacteria are ubiquitous and occupy various ecological niches. These microorganisms are widely used in various industries due to their high and diverse enzymatic activity. Industry collections of microorganisms with technological valuable properties are created for the construction of bacterial sourdough compositions. The aim of our study was to study mesophilic Lactococci isolated from various ecological niches. Only 9 cultures (out of 100 strains of mesophilic Lactococci isolated from plants) can be attributed to promising for further use in industry. The proportion of strains with industrially valuable properties among animal lactobacilli was 19% higher. Therefore, objects of animal origin are the most appropriate source for isolation of mesophilic Lactococci strains, promising for use in the dairy industry.
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Kushkevych, Ivan, Jiří Cejnar, Monika Vítězová, Tomáš Vítěz, Dani Dordević, and Yannick J. Bomble. "Occurrence of Thermophilic Microorganisms in Different Full Scale Biogas Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010283.
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Background: In recent years, various substrates have been tested to increase the sustainable production of biomethane. The effect of these substrates on methanogenesis has been investigated mainly in small volume fermenters and were, for the most part, focused on studying the diversity of mesophilic microorganisms. However, studies of thermophilic communities in large scale operating mesophilic biogas plants do not yet exist. Methods: Microbiological, biochemical, biophysical methods, and statistical analysis were used to track thermophilic communities in mesophilic anaerobic digesters. Results: The diversity of the main thermophile genera in eight biogas plants located in the Czech Republic using different input substrates was investigated. In total, 19 thermophilic genera were detected after 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The highest percentage (40.8%) of thermophiles was found in the Modřice biogas plant where the input substrate was primary sludge and biological sludge (50/50, w/w %). The smallest percentage (1.87%) of thermophiles was found in the Čejč biogas plant with the input substrate being maize silage and liquid pig manure (80/20, w/w %). Conclusions: The composition of the anaerobic consortia in anaerobic digesters is an important factor for the biogas plant operator. The present study can help characterizing the impact of input feeds on the composition of microbial communities in these plants.
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Malimon, Z., M. Kukhtyn, N. Grynevych, and N. Mekh. "Analysis of the insemination of the mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora of frozen fish." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(149) (May 30, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2019-149-1-22-29.
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The article presents the results of research on the dehiscence of frozen fish with mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora. Physico-chemical and organoleptic changes which appear in fish during refrigeration are connected with the life of the psychotropic group of microflora, which is more active than mesophilic. Fish are a nutrient medium for the development of microorganisms of all groups, due to its high nutritional and biological value, so the fish are perishable food products, the conditions and terms of their storage require appropriate temperature regimes to stop the development of microorganisms. The aim of the work was carrying out a comparative analysis of insemination of frozen fish with mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora to make an amend to standards according to microbiological criteria. The microbial number in frozen fish samples was estimated with the temperature of (30 ± 1) ºC incubation of crops for 72 hours (mesophilic microflora) and incubation for 10 days (psychrotrophic microflora) with the temperature (6.5 ± 0.5) ºC. It was identified that there were taken the samples from frozen fish with a quantity of mesophilic bacteria to 102 CFU/g, 1.4-1.8 times (p <0.05) more psychotropic microorganisms. The researched samples with the number of mesophilic microorganisms from 103 to 104 CFU/g were contaminated with psychotropic microflora, which in 1.7-6.8 times (p <0.05) exceeded the content of the mesophilic microflora. With such amount of mesophilic microorganisms, on average of up to 25% of samples, this had a content of psychotrophs of more than 105 CFU/g of fish. According to the content of mesophilic bacteria the samples of frozen fish, which were mathed to a certain norm of 5 × 104 CFU/g, basically in the number of psychrotrophic microflora did not correspond to this indicator, and exceeded it 2 times or more. In the cold period of the year, 63.6 ± 2.1% of frozen fish samples were mesophilic bacteria containing less than 101 CFU/g. At the same time, samples with such content mesophilic bacteria in the warm period of the year was 9.0%, or 7.0 times (p <0.05) less. In addition, in the cold period of the year, only 9.0% of samples were detected, which, according to the content of mesophilic bacteria exceeded the maximum allowable level. At the same time, during the warm period, the number of samples with an excess of mesophilic bacteria content was 27.3 ± 0.3%. Practically the same pattern was observed regarding the insemination of the psychrotrophic microflora in these periods of the year, which was characterized by the fact that in the warm period of the year, frozen fish contains a large number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. Consequently, the results of studies on the amount of microflora in the warm period of the year established 3,0 times (p <0,05) more samples of frozen fish, which, according to the content of mesophilic bacteria, exceeded the maximum permissible level compared with the cold period of the year. It was established that samples of frozen fish containing mesophilic microorganisms less than 101 CFU/g were most unevenly contaminated with psychrotrophic microflora. Among these samples, only 30.1 ± 1.4% were with the number of psychrotrophic microflora less than 101 CFU/g, at the same time, 60.0 ± 0.5% of the samples were contaminated with a psychrotrophic microflora of 101 to 105 CFU/g and 10, 0 ± 0.2% over 105 CFU/g. In the study of frozen fish samples with the number of mesophilic bacteria from 101 to 102 CFU/g revealed a coincidence in the content of psychrotrophs in only 16,7 ± 0,3% of samples, and 33,3 ± 0,3% of fish samples were with the content of psychrotrophic microflora from 102 to 103 CFU/g and 103 to 104 CFU/g and 16.7 ± 0.3% were contaminated with psychrotrophy more than 104 CFU/g. It was established that samples of frozen fish containing mesophilic microorganisms less than 101 CFU/g were most unevenly contaminated with psychrotrophic microflora. Among these samples, only 30.1 ± 1.4% were with the number of psychrotrophic microflora less than 101 CFU/g, at the same time, 60.0 ± 0.5% of the samples were contaminated with a psychrotrophic microflora of 101 to 105 CFU/g and 10, 0 ± 0.2% over 105 CFU/g. In the study of frozen fish samples with the number of mesophilic bacteria from 101 to 102 CFU/g revealed a coincidence in the content of psychrotrophs in only 16,7 ± 0,3% of samples, and 33,3 ± 0,3% of fish samples were with the content of psychrotrophic microflora from 102 to 103 CFU/g and 103 to 104 CFU/g and 16.7 ± 0.3% were contaminated with psychrotrophy more than 104 CFU/g. It was found that that the psychrotrophic microflora of frozen fish is quantitatively predominantly content of mesophilic bacteria several orders of magnitude. During the warm period of the year, more samples of frozen fish were detected in 3,0 times (p <0,05), which, according to the content of mesophilic bacteria, exceeded the maximum permissible level in comparison in the cold period of the year. It was found that 92,6 ± 2,5% of frozen fish samples were in compliance with the requirements of DSTU 4868: 2007. The fish is frozen. At the same time, during the fish evaluation, the contents of the psychrotrophic microflora showed that samples exceeding 5 × 104 CFU/g was in 2.6 times (p <0.05) more than the mesophilic bacteria content. In future the generic and species composition of the psychrotrophic microflora of frozen fish will be studied and the fish evaluating criteria according to the psychrotrophs in order to make corrections according to the microbiological criteria. Key words: frozen fish, psychrotrophic microflora, mesophilic bacteria, contamination, microbial number.
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Foltys, Vladimír, and Katarína Kirchnerová. "Mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobe sporulating microorganisms in raw cow’s milk." Open Life Sciences 1, no. 4 (2006): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-006-0037-z.
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AbstractWe studied the occurrence of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic sporulating microorganisms (MPAS) in raw cow’s milk and their relations to microflora in milk. We took 294 samples of raw cow’s milk from 14 farms during one year. Briefly the method for MPAS assessment is to inactivate the milk sample by heating it to 80-82°C for 30 minutes. Mesophilic aerobic sporulates are incubated at 30°C for 3 days-, and psychrotrophic aerobic sporulates at 7°C for 10 days. Results of studied microbiological parameters characterize the sampled milk as complying with requirements of the EU regulation 92/46 and standard STN 57 0529. MPAS count was within the span 2.5–340 CFU/ml. The average value ofMPAS was 59.4 CFU/ml, with variation coefficient 93.1%. Counts up to 50 CFU/ml were in 55.4% samples, the value was not higher than 100 in 85%, and in 3.1% of the samples the MPAS count was higher than 200. MPAS do not show correlation with any of the studied microbiological parameters; marked influences of season were not observed either. On the basis of obtained results, it is possible to support the proposal of an initial limit of maximum 200 CFU/ml for the introduction of a MPAS parameter. MPAS count found in the same dishes at incubation for mesophilic and subsequently strictly psychrophilic microorganisms was 56.9 CFU/ml on average. This represents 95.8% of total CFU sums of individual dishes at two temperatures. The correlation coefficient of these two types of results, r = 0.99,gives evidence of close dependence expressed by the linear regression equation. Use of two incubation temperatures, one after another with an identical set of dishes, enables us to exclude overestimation of results due to sporulates able to grow at both incubation temperatures.
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Trinh Tan, Frederick, David G. Cooper, Milan Marić, and James A. Nicell. "Biodegradation of a synthetic co-polyester by aerobic mesophilic microorganisms." Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, no. 8 (2008): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.005.
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Muñoz, J. A., M. L. Blázquez, F. González, et al. "Electrochemical study of enargite bioleaching by mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms." Hydrometallurgy 84, no. 3-4 (2006): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.012.
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González-Chávez, J. L., F. González, A. Ballester, and M. L. Blázquez. "Effect of mesophilic microorganisms on the electrochemical behavior of galena." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 17, no. 2 (2000): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402838.
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Silva, Allana Dayana de Souza Salvador da, Juliana Marinho de Oliveira, Steffany Marielly de Macêdo Gomes, Fernando Luiz Nunes de Oliveira, and Geíza Alves Azerêdo. "Microbiological standards for food: what has changed in 18 years?" Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (2020): e5639119839. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9839.
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Objective: This study aimed to show the main changes in the microbiological standards for food, occurred after the repeal of Resolution - RDC No. 12, of January 2, 2001, by Resolution - RDC No. 331, of December 23, 2019. Methods: A comparative study of RDC was performed to identify the modifications regarding food groups, the number of sample units to be collected, indication of the number of acceptable samples, types of microorganisms, and their tolerance limits. Results: The following main changes were observed: 1) inclusion of aerobic mesophiles and enterobacteria (hygienic indicators), Escherichia coli (fecal microorganism), Cronobacter spp. (for infant foods), and microbial toxins and metabolites; 2) increased demand for tolerance limits for some food groups; and 3) the creation of specific categories for certain food groups, such as poultry meat. Conclusion: RDC No. 331, of December 23, 2019, provided more security to consumers, as it is applied to foods ready for consumption, implying greater rigor in their production, especially those easily accessible to the population, with high nutritional content and intended for groups at risks such as infants and newborns.
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Seitkamal, Kuanysh N., Nariman K. Zhappar, Valentin M. Shaikhutdinov, et al. "Bioleaching for the Removal of Arsenic from Mine Tailings by Psychrotolerant and Mesophilic Microbes at Markedly Continental Climate Temperatures." Minerals 10, no. 11 (2020): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110972.
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This study investigated the biological removal of heavy metals from mine tailings in Kazakhstan using acidophilic microorganism strains Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans 535 and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 377. The experiments were conducted in shake flasks at pH 1.6, various temperatures (28 °C, 18 °C, and 8 °C), and 10% solid concentration (w/v). The results of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that arsenic was particularly efficiently removed at 28 °C. At this temperature, A. ferrooxidans 377 was more efficient at removal than the other strain. Meanwhile, A. ferrivorans 535 was more efficient than A. ferrooxidans 377 at 8 °C. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that arsenic can be removed at a low temperature and high solid concentration. The results of this study support the idea that microorganisms can be used for removing arsenic via a combination of biooxidation and chemical methods.
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Capita, R., C. Alonso-Calleja, M. T. García Arias, B. Moreno, and M. C. García-Fernández. "Note. Effect of trisodium phosphate on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial flora attached to the skin of chicken carcasses during refrigerated storage Nota. Efecto del fosfato trisódico en los microorganismos mesófilos y psicrotrofos presentes en la piel de canales de pollo durante su almacenamiento en refrigeración." Food Science and Technology International 6, no. 4 (2000): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201320000600410.
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The potential for using trisodium phosphate (TSP) to reduce mesophilic and psychrotrophic popula tions on the skin of chicken carcasses was explored. Skin samples were immersed in sterile tap water (control) or an 8%, 10% or 12% solution of TSP at 20 °C for 15 min. Surface pH values and mesophilic and psychrotrophic plate counts were determined after 0, 1, 3 and 5 days of storage at 2° C. After washing, bacterial populations were significantly smaller in the samples treated with TSP than in the controls. The concentration of the TSP solution was a significant factor in reducing the populations of the bacteria on chicken skin. Before storage, the reduction in the presence of bacteria achieved in treated samples with respect to controls ranged between 0.95 log10 cycles and 1.78 log10 cycles in the case of mesophilic microorganisms, and 0.92 log10 cycles and 1.94 log10 cycles in the case of psychrotrophic strains. These differences between the concentrations of bacteria in samples immersed in water and those treated with TSP increased over time, ranging from 2.35 log 10 cycles to 3.08 log10 cycles (mesophilic microorganisms), and from 2.79 log10 cycles to 4.09 log10 cycles (psychrotrophic microorganisms) on day 5 of storage. The pH of the skin remained more or less constant throughout the study period, ranging between 8 and 9 in skin treated with TSP, depending on the concentration, while it was two units lower in the control samples.
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Ларионов, Геннадий, Gennadiy Larionov, Николай Кириллов, and Nikolay Kirillov. "PROCESSING OF COW UDDERS WITH MODERN MEANS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f043e91d0d6.46035118.
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The public of our country makes ever-increasing demands on milk in terms of safety and nutritional values. In accordance with the requirements of the Interstate Standard GOST 31449-2013 “Raw milk of cow. Specifications” the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms should not exceed 1.0×105 CFU/cm3, the number of somatic cells - 4.0×105 in 1 cm3 in milk. The dairy industry places high demands on milk quality, namely, on bacterial contamination. Dairy products of high quality can only be obtained from good raw materials. High bacterial contamination worsens the quality of raw milk and its processed products and creates a certain risk factor for human health. In the Chuvash Republic, studies were carried out on the use of modern domestic iodine-containing preparations and lactic acid-based preparations for the treatment of the udder of cows. At the same time, the sanitary-hygienic condition of the udder’s nipples was improved, the microbiological seeding and the number of somatic cells decreased, and the grade of milk of cows was increased. When treatment the udder of cows before milking by Violet and after milking by Lactovit, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in milk decreased by 22.9 times, the number of somatic cells - by 2.0 times. When using Monklavit-1, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms decreased by 25.0 and the number of somatic cells decreased 2.5 times. It was found that the efficiency of Monclavit-1 using is higher 1.1 times according to the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and 1.5 times according to the number of somatic cells, than treatment of the udder of cows by Violet and Lactovite. The use of modern udder treatment means allowed to improve milk quality from the second to the highest grade.
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Sawicka, J. E., B. B. Jørgensen, and V. Brüchert. "Temperature characteristics of bacterial sulfate reduction in continental shelf and slope sediments." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (2012): 673–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-673-2012.
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Abstract. The temperature responses of sulfate-reducing microbial communities were used as fingerprints for their in situ temperature adaptation, their origin, and dispersal in the deep-sea. Sediments were collected from a suite of coastal, continental shelf, and slope sediments from the southwest and southeast Atlantic and permanently cold Arctic fjords from water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 4327 m. In situ temperatures ranged from 8 °C on the shelf to 1 °C on the lower slope and in the Arctic. Temperature characteristics of the active sulfate-reducing community were determined in short-term incubations with 35S-sulfate in a temperature gradient block spanning a temperature range from 0 to 40 °C. An optimum temperature (Topt) between 27 °C and 30 °C for the South Atlantic shelf sediments and for the intertidal flat sediment from Svalbard was indicative of a psychrotolerant/mesophilic sulfate-reducing community, whereas Topt ≤ 20 °C in South Atlantic slope and Arctic shelf sediments suggested a predominantly psychrophilic community. High sulfate reduction rates (20–50%) at in-situ temperatures compared to those at Topt further support this interpretation, and point to the importance of the ambient temperature regime for regulating the short-term temperature response of sulfate-reducing communities. A number of cold (<4 °C) continental slope sediments showed broad temperature optima reaching as high as 30 °C suggesting the additional presence of apparently mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. Since the temperature characteristics of these mesophiles do not fit with the permanently cold deep-sea environment, we suggest that these mesophilic microorganisms are of allochthonous origin and transported to this site. It is likely that they were deposited along with the mass-flow movement of warmer shelf-derived sediment. These data therefore suggest that temperature response profiles of bacterial carbon mineralization processes can be used as fingerprints to infer mixing of bacterial communities of different geographic origins.
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Sawicka, J. E., B. B. Jørgensen, and V. Brüchert. "Temperature characteristics of bacterial sulfate reduction in continental shelf and slope sediments." Biogeosciences 9, no. 8 (2012): 3425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3425-2012.
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Abstract. The temperature responses of sulfate-reducing microbial communities were used as community temperature characteristics for their in situ temperature adaptation, their origin, and dispersal in the deep sea. Sediments were collected from a suite of coastal, continental shelf, and slope sediments from the southwest and southeast Atlantic and permanently cold Arctic fjords from water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 4327 m. In situ temperatures ranged from 8 °C on the shelf to −1 °C in the Arctic. Temperature characteristics of the active sulfate-reducing community were determined in short-term incubations with 35S-sulfate in a temperature gradient block spanning a temperature range from 0 to 40 °C. An optimum temperature (Topt) between 27 °C and 30 °C for the South Atlantic shelf sediments and for the intertidal flat sediment from Svalbard was indicative of a psychrotolerant/mesophilic sulfate-reducing community, whereas Topt ≤20 °C in South Atlantic slope and Arctic shelf sediments suggested a predominantly psychrophilic community. High sulfate reduction rates (20–50%) at in situ temperatures compared to those at Topt further support this interpretation and point to the importance of the ambient temperature regime for regulating the short-term temperature response of sulfate-reducing communities. A number of cold (<4 °C) continental slope sediments showed broad temperature optima reaching as high as 30 °C, suggesting the additional presence of apparently mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. Since the temperature characteristics of these mesophiles do not fit with the permanently cold deep-sea environment, we suggest that these mesophilic microorganisms are of allochthonous origin and transported to this site. It is likely that they were deposited along with the mass-flow movement of warmer shelf-derived sediment. These data therefore suggest that temperature response profiles of bacterial carbon mineralization processes can be used as community temperature characteristics, and that mixing of bacterial communities originating from diverse locations carrying different temperature characteristics needs to be taken into account to explain temperature response profiles of bacterial carbon mineralization processes in sediments.
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García-Muñoz, Miguel A., Nancy Cruz-Velazco, América Chávez-Martínez, Cirilo Nolasco-Hipólito, and José Abad-Zavaleta. "Genetic characterization of the microbiota of artisan fresh cheese from the Papaloapan region." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (2021): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.2.61.
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The population of the Papaloapan region consume artisan fresh cheeses and no pathogen outbreaks have been reported recently. The microbiota is responsible to develop desirable characteristics of cheeses and undesirable characteristics due to the presence of certain pathogens microorganisms. Therefore, to identify the microorganisms of fresh cheeses is an important issue for the producers, consumers, and authorities. 11 Artisan fresh cheese samples from the Papaloapan region were collected in the summer and 11 samples in winter to characterize their microbiota. Traditional microbial techniques were used to identify the fungus and the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) The population of the Papaloapan region consume artisan fresh cheeses and no pathogen outbreaks have been reported recently. The microbiota is responsible to develop desirable characteristics of cheeses and undesirable characteristics due to the presence of certain pathogens microorganisms. Therefore, to identify the microorganisms of fresh cheeses is an important issue for the producers, consumers, and authorities. 11 Artisan fresh cheese samples from the Papaloapan region were collected in the summer and 11 samples in winter to characterize their microbiota. Traditional microbial techniques were used to identify the fungus and the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) The population of the Papaloapan region consume artisan fresh cheeses and no pathogen outbreaks have been reported recently. The microbiota is responsible to develop desirable characteristics of cheeses and undesirable characteristics due to the presence of certain pathogens microorganisms. Therefore, to identify the microorganisms of fresh cheeses is an important issue for the producers, consumers, and authorities. 11 Artisan fresh cheese samples from the Papaloapan region were collected in the summer and 11 samples in winter to characterize their microbiota. Traditional microbial techniques were used to identify the fungus and the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used for bacteria identification. For all the samples, the presence of aerobic mesophiles, Streptococcus mesophiles and thermophiles, Lactobacillus mesophiles, Leuconostoc, total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, molds, and yeasts were identified. The complexity and variety of microorganisms in the summer and winter seasons samples were not significantly different. In conclusion, all samples of fresh artisan cheeses were under high microbial loads. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were in a typical load, as established by the quality and safety standards in the food industry. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria exceeded this limit. The microorganisms present in the fresh artisanal cheeses of the Papaloapan region were identified with precision, regarding the count and their diversity. A recommendation for the cheese manufacturers is to prepare starter cultures by selecting the appropriate microorganisms to produce the desirable characteristics such as aroma and flavor and reduce the risk of microbial infections by using pasteurized milk.
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Rocío, Valenzuela, and Daniel Valenzuela. "Surface roughness implant-retained mandibular bar and ball joint overdentures and adherence of microorganisms." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 04 (2018): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_265_18.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the surface roughness of the implant-retained mandibular bar overdenture (BOD) and the implant-retained mandibular ball joint overdenture (BJOD) in jaw and its relation with the adhesion of molds and yeasts and mesophyll aerobe, in time 30 and 180 days in mouth. Materials and Methods: Five-systems titanium bar CARES® and synOcta® Straumann® Dental Implant System, Holding AG Inc., Basel, Switzerland (BOD), and five-systems joint ball Klockner® Implant System; Soadco Inc., Escaldes-Engordany; Andorra (BJOD), were used in two parallel groups of five participants, in an essay to simple blind person. To 30 and 180 days, the overdentures were withdrawn and evaluated the Ra: ųm. SJ-301® Mitutoyo Corporation Inc., Kanagawa, Japan, and the adhesion of microorganisms (colony-forming unit/ml). Results: The results were as follows: the Ra: Um (30th and 180th): BOD, 0.965–1.351; BJOD, 1.325–2.384. Adhesion: Molds and yeasts, BOD, 2.6 × 102 and 4.6 × 103; BJOD, 3.0 × 102 and 5.3 × 104. Adhesion: Mesophyll aerobe, BOD, 3.8 × 106 and 5.8 × 106; BJOD, 4.3 × 106 and 7.1 × 107. Conclusions: At 30 days (P = 0.489), there were no differences in BOD and BJOD for adhesion of molds and yeasts and mesophyll aerobe between both overdentures. At 180 days (P = 0.723), there were differences in the adhesion of mold and yeast and mesophyll aerobe, being greater in BJOD.
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Pancsa, Rita, Denes Kovacs, and Peter Tompa. "Misprediction of Structural Disorder in Halophiles." Molecules 24, no. 3 (2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030479.
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Whereas the concept of intrinsic disorder derives from biophysical observations of the lack of structure of proteins or protein regions under native conditions, many of our respective concepts rest on proteome-scale bioinformatics predictions. It is established that most predictors work reliably on proteins commonly encountered, but it is often neglected that we know very little about their performance on proteins of microorganisms that thrive in environments of extreme temperature, pH, or salt concentration, which may cause adaptive sequence composition bias. To address this issue, we predicted structural disorder for the complete proteomes of different extremophile groups by popular prediction methods and compared them to those of the reference mesophilic group. While significant deviations from mesophiles could be explained by a lack or gain of disordered regions in hyperthermophiles and radiotolerants, respectively, we found systematic overprediction in the case of halophiles. Additionally, examples were collected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to demonstrate misprediction and to help understand the underlying biophysical principles, i.e., halophilic proteins maintain a highly acidic and hydrophilic surface to avoid aggregation in high salt conditions. Although sparseness of data on disordered proteins from extremophiles precludes the development of dedicated general predictors, we do formulate recommendations for how to address their disorder with current bioinformatics tools.
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ALONSO-CALLEJA, CARLOS, JAVIER CARBALLO, ROSA CAPITA, ANA BERNARDO, and MARÍA LUISA GARCÍA-LÓPEZ. "Evaluation of the Spiral Plating Method for the Enumeration of Microorganisms throughout the Manufacturing and Ripening of a Raw Goat's Milk Cheese." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (2002): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.339.
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A statistical comparison of the spiral plate count (SPLPC) and the standard plate count (SPC) methods for enumeration of microorganisms in raw goat's milk cheese throughout its manufacturing and ripening was carried out. Enumeration of mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria (presumptive lactococci, presumptive leuconostocs, and presumptive lactobacilli), Micrococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and molds and yeasts was carried out for milk, curd, and 2-, 5-, 10-, 17-, and 27-day-old cheeses. Average counts for the SPLPC and SPC methods differed by less than half of a log cycle for all microbial groups studied (range of difference, −0.1386 [mesophiles] to +0.4397 [presumptive lactobacilli]). The results of the SPLPC method compared favorably with the results of the SPC procedure for mesophiles, presumptive lactococci, presumptive leuconostocs, Enterobacteriaceae, and molds and yeasts (the variance between replicate platings was close to 0.005, and correlation coefficients were &gt;0.9). Correlation coefficients were lower for Micrococcaceae (r = 0.824) and presumptive lactobacilli (r = 0.670). Analysis of variance showed that the plating method was a significant factor (P &lt; 0.05) for presumptive lactobacilli counts. In general, results from the SPLPC method compared favorably with results from SPC procedure in the enumeration of microorganisms in goat cheese throughout its manufacturing and ripening processes. However, the suitability of the SPLPC method depends mainly on the microbial group studied.
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Filimon, Marioara Nicoleta, Roxana Popescu, Doina Verdes, et al. "The Effects of Difenoconazole Treatment on Microorganism from Soil." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 5 (2018): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.5.6274.
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The present study quantified the effect of difenoconazole (DFC) on bacteria and mold communities grown in laboratory conditions, in treated soil microcosms difenoconazole, using the following concentrations: control, half dose (0.037 mg DFC / g soil, HD), normal dose (0.075 mg DFC / g soil, ND) and double dose (0.150 mg DFC / g soil, DD). The microbiological analysis included mesophilic bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle: aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen-fixing, ammonifying, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. The mesophilic bacteria were incubated at 37�C and identified qualitatively on solid growth medium (Nutrient agar), whereas soil fungi were identified both quantitatively and qualitatively on solid growth medium (Potato-Glucose-Agar). In high doses, the DFC decreased the microbial communities involved in nitrogen cycle, namely aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Noticeable was the response of two genera, namely Mucor sp. and Actinomucor sp., that showed resistance to the toxic effect of DFC, underlying their potential further practical use in the decontamination of polluted soils.
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Zhao, Hongbo, Jun Wang, Wenqing Qin, Minghao Hu, Shan Zhu, and Guanzhou Qiu. "Electrochemical dissolution process of chalcopyrite in the presence of mesophilic microorganisms." Minerals Engineering 71 (February 2015): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.10.025.
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Jikia, Gogi, Zurab Lomtatidze, Marine Nikolaishvili, and Lali Koptonashvili. "Ichtyofauna as a Determinant ofWater Eco-Stress Factors." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 33 (2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n33p172.
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Bacterial spread in fish gills and muscles with mesophilic aerobic and facultative-anaerobic microorganisms. These microorganisms are caught in 4 points of the river Alazani which depends on seasonal eutrophication of the water ecosystem. It also depends on the existence of microorganisms. In summer months when water gets warm and, at the same time, chemical and fecal masses flow into the water, the amount of microorganisms increase. As the temperature of the water decreases towards autumn-winter, rains increases which leads to reservoirs dilution and decrease in organic substances. They mostly occur in suspended condition and their amount in water decreases and thus in fish gills and muscles.
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GARCÍA, SANTOS, FABIOLA IRACHETA, FERNANDO GALVÁN, and NORMA HEREDIA. "Microbiological Survey of Retail Herbs and Spices from Mexican Markets." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 1 (2001): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.1.99.
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In the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in Mexico were analyzed for the presence of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. Samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. High levels (105 to 107 CFU/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of the samples of garlic powder, cumin seed, and black pepper. Lower levels (&lt;102 CFU/g) were found in oregano and bay leaves. Total and fecal coliforms counts were dependent on the type of packaging. More than 70% of the polyethylene-packaged samples had less than 103 CFU/g of microorganisms. Glass and nonpackaged spices showed lower levels of these microorganisms. B. cereus was present in 32 samples of which most were polyethylene packaged. The other pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Aspergillus niger was detected in 29% of the samples, Rhizopus sp. in 19%, and Penicillum sp. and Cunninghamella in 8%.
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Koffi Maïzan Jean-Paul Bouatenin, Wahauwouélé Hermann Coulibaly, Kohi Alfred Kouame, Zamblé Bi Irié Abel Boli, and Koffi Marcellin Dje. "Microbiological quality of cooked skewers sold in the municipality of Adjame in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (2020): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0336.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of skewers sold on the street in order to define an approach to protect consumer health. A consumption survey was carried in the commune of Adjame because in this commune, the sale and consumption of beef skewers meat is widespread. For this study, 108 peoples were interviewed. In the same way, the enumeration of certain microorganisms was carried out. Results had showed that the number of male consumers was equal to that of female consumers (50%) but majority of consumers were single (82%). Among consumers, 52% developed discomfort at least once after eating beef skewers meat. The symptoms of these discomforts were mainly diarrhea (18%), abdominal aches (11%) and vomiting (6%), These discomforts lasted at least 1 day to 3 days and 6 % of these patients were hospitalized. In addition, microbiological analyses reveal the presence of microorganism such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, mesophilic aerobic germs, and coliforms with microbial loads higher than the European Community (EC) standard n°2073/2005 on ready-to eat, notably cold sold skewers. The mesophilic aerobic flora counted after the analysis of the cold-cooked skewers was 9.7±2.7x108 CFU/g and those cooked hot were 6±1.1 x106 CFU/g. So, our samples are highly contaminated. Thus, the sellers and consumers of skewers should receive training in food hygiene. Particular attention should be paid to all causes of food poisoning.
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ERKAN, M. E., A. VURAL, H. S. GURAN, and H. DURMUSOGLU. "Microbiological investigation of honey collected from Şırnak province of Turkey." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 66, no. 1 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15579.
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In this study, 50 randomly selected honey samples purchased from different retail markets in Şırnak, Turkey, were investigated for microbiological quality and probable public health risks. The honey samples were tested for the presence and enumeration of vegetative and spore forms of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus according to standard techniques. C. botulinum, C. perfringens and sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria spores were not detected in the analyzed honey samples. The contamination rate of vegetative form of B. cereus, sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total mesophilic anaerobic bacteria were found to be 4%, 4%, 86% and 44%, respectively. The spore form of B. cereus, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total mesophilic anaerobic bacteria contamination rate were detected as 2%, 84% and 42%, respectively. It is concluded that, during the production, storage, and sales, honey samples may be contaminated with some microorganisms from different sources, causing important public health risks.