Academic literature on the topic 'Mesopotamian kingdom'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mesopotamian kingdom"
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Köroğlu, Kemalettin. "Conflict and Interaction in the Iron Age: The Origins of Urartian–Assyrian Relations." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 1 (2015): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000080.
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The Neo-Assyrian Kingdom and the Urartian Kingdom were two important Near Eastern states in the Middle Iron Age (ninth to sixth centuries BC) that steered political developments and considerably transformed the lives of populations within their territories. This article aims to explore the origins of Urartian–Assyrian relations: the processes and ways through which Mesopotamian and Assyrian influences reached the eastern Anatolian highlands. The populations who founded the Urartian Kingdom lived mostly as semi-nomadic tribes in eastern Anatolia and surrounding areas during the Early Iron Age (thirteenth to ninth centuries BC). It is impossible to explain the emergence of the Urartian Kingdom in the Van region towards the mid-ninth century BC—which quickly became a powerful rival of its contemporaries—as a natural development of local culture. The main question at this stage is how and from where Assyrian influences were transmitted to the tribes who founded the Urartian Kingdom. Our opinion is that the answer to this question should be sought in the Upper Tigris region, which was inhabited by both cultures (Pre-Urartian and Assyrian) before the foundation of the Urartian Kingdom.
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Apakidze, A., and V. Nikolaishvili. "An Aristocratic Tomb of the Roman Period from Mtskheta, Georgia." Antiquaries Journal 74 (March 1994): 16–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500024392.
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In 1985, a stone-built tomb of the second or third centuries AD was found in the Samtavro cemetery on the outskirts of Mtskheta, the ancient capital of the Caucasian kingdom of Iberia. Its rich contents included a Mesopotamian cylinder- and an Achaemenid pyramidal stamp-seal, three sardonyx vessels, several pieces of silver plate bearing Greek and Parthian inscriptions, Roman coins and bronze vessels, and distinctive jewellery inlaid with carnelian and turquoise. The Society of Antiquaries is pleased to offer the hospitality of its pages to its Georgian colleagues
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Tal, Abraham. "The So-called Cuthean Words in the Samaritan Aramaic Vocabulary." Aramaic Studies 2, no. 1 (2004): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000004781446493.
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Abstract The Samaritan Targum abounds in incomprehensible words, with no reasonable etymology. According to the dysphemistic name given to the new inhabitants of the Northern Kingdom in Rabbinic Judaism, scholars characterized the words in question as 'Cuthean' (cf. 2 Kgs 17). It is argued in this paper that many of these words are intentional changes that emanate from euphemistic reasons. Two ways in which the Samaritan Targum euphemizes are: (1) the use of foreign words, borrowed for this purpose, (2) intentional distortion of embarrassing words. Nevertheless, the term 'Cuthean words' might not have been coined entirely gratuitously: a small number of words might be called 'Mesopotamian', since the corresponding terms occur in Akkadian.
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Rasztawicki, Leszek. "The people of Cuth made Nergal (2 Kings 17:30).The historicity and cult of Nergal in the Ancient Middle East." Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 32, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30439/wst.2019.4.5.
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In this paper we would like to investigate the historicity of Nergal of Cuth in the context of Mesopotamian literature and religion. The deity Nergal of Cuth appears only once in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 17:30). He is mentioned among a list of some Assyrian gods, which new repopulated settlers in Samaria “made” for themselves after the fall of the Northern Kingdom. He is mainly perceived as a god of war and pestilence and his name can be explained “the lord of the netherworld”. His cult is mentioned in a prosaic way in the Hebrew Bible. On the other hand, there are many hymns and written texts, praising his glory and might, which support the existing cult of Nergal. His cult is further attested in Greek and Roman cultures.
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Naseeb, Haifa Tawfeeq, Jongoh Lee, and Heejae Choi. "Elevating Cultural Preservation Projects into Urban Regeneration: A Case Study of Bahrain’s Pearling Trail." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126629.
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The island of Muharraq in the Kingdom of Bahrain was previously in a state of socioeconomic disrepair and neglect, until the nine years-long “Pearling Trail” project revived the area. Historically, Muharraq’s importance inheres in it being the main trade center of the Middle East since the Mesopotamian period, especially as the source of the finest pearls in the world. However, the discovery of oil that led to the rapid urbanization of the region and Japan perfecting the production of cultured pearls had meant that Muharraq dwindled out of cultural significance. Due to the residents’ dissatisfaction and nostalgia for the island’s past glory, along with the government’s new policies towards cultural preservation, the “Pearling Trail” Project commenced in 2012. The Ministry of Culture of Bahrain repaired, renovated and preserved an area of 3.5 km, transforming it into an eco-museum with a thriving business and cultural community. The transformation of the island elevated the city into a trendy local attraction, hosting local and global cultural festivals and events, owing to the “Pearling Trail’s” Urban Regeneration Project’s success. By studying the “Pearling Trail” three success factors are identified: Project expansion beyond UNESCO preservation requirements, focus on sustainability and continuous use, and improved access to culture and cultural opportunities. Identifying these factors could allow for future preservation projects in Bahrain or elsewhere to be upgraded for urban regeneration or revitalization.
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Polanski, Tomasz. "The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in the Kingdoms of Pontus and Kommagene during the Roman Conquest." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 3 (2013): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130302.
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In 72-69 B.C., L. Lucullus successively captured the most important urban centres of the kingdom of Pontus, and Tigranocerta in Armenia. His army also operated in the kingdom of Commagene und in Upper Mesopotamia. Lucullus’ military campaign was continued by Pompey. We come across incidental information about the scale of robbery and destruction committed by the Roman army (the statue of Autolycus by Sthennis in Sinope, the temple of Ma in Comana, the secret archives of Mithradates VI, the Roman library of Lucullus, the treasures of Darius the Achaemenid). Some objects of the plundered art appeared in public at the triumphal shows of wealth in Rome, which was perfunctorily documented by Pliny the Elder, Appianus of Alexandria and Plutarch (63 and 61 B.C.). Artworks were also acquired by functionaries of the occupying administration from urban communities and private persons through extortion and blackmail. The Roman lawyers and intellectuals worked out a set of skilful legal formulas to justify and legalise the plunder of cultural goods (ius belli, monumentum imperatoris, ornamentum urbis). Cicero, Livy and Plutarch never condemn the robbery of artworks and libraries if they were committed in the name of the Roman state. The fragmentary evidence testifies to the once flourishing literary circles of the kingdoms of Pontus and Commagene (Methrodorus of Scepsis, Athenion, the anonymous authors of inscriptions from Commagene, the epitaphs of the Bosporan kingdom).
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Barmash, Pamela. "At the Nexus of History and Memory: The Ten Lost Tribes." AJS Review 29, no. 2 (November 2005): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405000115.
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In 883 CE, a man appeared in Kairouan, one of the centers of Jewish life at the time and told a tale about the lost tribes of the Northern Kingdom. He called himself Eldad and claimed to be from the tribe of Dan. Since then, the story of the Ten Lost Tribes—that the tribes of the Northern Kingdom still exist intact in a faraway land, living in exile beyond the sabbatical river, a mysterious body of water that was passable only on the Sabbath—has continued to generate excitement. It is astonishing, however, to realize that this motif did not develop until many centuries after the fall of the Northern Kingdom. After the destruction of the Northern Kingdom, many northerners remained in their ancestral homeland in the north. Other northerners lived among their southern compatriots in Judah after fleeing south, while deported northerners and southerners mingled in exile in Mesopotamia. It is only after the end of the Second Temple period that the notion of the Ten Lost Tribes, inviolable and unreachable, developed.
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Fröhlich, Ida. "Stars and Spirits: Heavenly Bodies in Ancient Jewish Aramaic Tradition." Aramaic Studies 13, no. 2 (2015): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01302002.
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This study treats the theme of divine judgement as mediated by heavenly beings, the ‘Watchers’ and the members of the heavenly court in the Aramaic Jewish tradition (Dan. 4, 7.1; En. 14), who are imagined as heavenly bodies and spirits, mediators between the human and heavenly worlds. This tradition is founded upon Mesopotamian scholarly lore. In the Hebrew apocalypse of Dan. 10–12, written in Hellenistic times, a new term, śār, appears, which similarly designates the spirit of a star. These spirits and mediators have a direct role in influencing and determining the fate of territories and kingdoms. The idea of zodiacal spirits is apparent in the physiognomic texts that were found in Qumran.
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McMahon, Augusta, Carlo Colantoni, and Miranda Semple. "British excavations at Chagar Bazar, 2001-2." Iraq 67, no. 2 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001303.
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Excavations at Chagar Bazar by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq team continued in 2001 and 2002 in Areas A and G (Fig. 1). In both areas, the final occupation of the site, datable to ca 1800–1650 BC, was investigated. Cuneiform tablets from Max Mallowan's 1930s excavations testify to the key position held by Chagar Bazar at the beginning of this period. His work had exposed large areas of domestic and administrative structures, but stratigraphic and relational uncertainties remained which merited further investigation. The archaeological situation at the fringes of Shamshi-Addu's Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia are still somewhat enigmatic, and the aftermath of its collapse has not been intensively explored.
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Higham, Charles. "From the Iron Age to Angkor: new light on the origins of a state." Antiquity 88, no. 341 (August 26, 2014): 822–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050717.
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Excavations at four Iron Age moated sites in the Mun Valley in Thailand have identified seminal innovations, defined as emergent properties, that illuminate the origins of the kingdom of Angkor. Combined with recent research at Angkor itself, they present a compelling case for re-examining fundamental cultural changes that took place over a period of little more than four centuries, from AD 400–800. They compare with similarly rapid developments in Mesoamerica and Mesopotamia; fundamental parallels are evident in the role of charismatic agents for change, an ideology conferring god-like status on leaders, a new and highly productive economic base, an expanded interaction sphere for the exchange of prestige goods, and endemic warfare.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mesopotamian kingdom"
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Streck, Michael P. "Roth, Martha T. et al.: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Volume 20 U and W. Chicago 2010 (Rezension)." De Gruyter, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21365.
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Review too The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, Vol. 20: U/W. Martha T. Roth (editor-in-charge), with the assistance of Timothy J. Collins, Hermann Hunger, Remigius Jas, Jennie Myers, Erica Reiner†, and Joan Goodnick Westenholz; Manuscript Editor: Linda McLarnan. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2010. xxxii, 411 pp. Preis: $ 105,00.
ISBN 1-885923-43-0.
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Fattori, Anita. "50 cartas de Tell Harmal: práticas administrativas e sociabilidade no antigo Reino de Ešnunna." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100135/tde-03022019-183741/.
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Esta dissertação propõe uma análise de um conjunto de 50 cartas administrativas paleobabilônicas (c. 2003 1595 AEC), oriundas do sítio arqueológico de Tell Harmal, correspondente à antiga cidade de Šaduppûm, e publicadas pela primeira vez por Albrecht Götze em 1958. Para esse fim, apresentamos uma nova transliteração das cópias dos tabletes e a primeira tradução desse material do acadiano para o português. Nessa documentação podemos observar detalhes do papel desempenhado por oficiais integrantes da administração de Šaduppûm na gerência das terras agrícolas, mais especificamente quando Šaduppûm estava sob o controle do rei Ibãl-pî-El II (1779-1765 AEC) de Ešnunna. Por meio dos aspectos operacionais das práticas administrativas locais, buscamos compreender a sua relação com a administração central de Ešnunna. Adicionalmente, esse trabalho expõe um aspecto da atividade administrativa que pode ser compreendido como a experiência social, que se revela sobretudo nas estratégias de sociabilidade postas em ação por esses oficiaisThis dissertation proposes an analysis of 50 letters dated from the Old Babylonian period (c. 2003 - 1595 BCE). These letters come from the Tell Harmal archaeological site, corresponding to the ancient city of Šaduppûm, and were first published in 1958 by Albrecht Götze. To achieve my goal, I present new transliterations of the copies of the tablets and the first transliteration of this material from Akkadian into Portuguese. This documentation gives us details of the role played by the officials performing Šaduppûm administrative activities in agricultural land management, especially when Šaduppûm was under the control of king Ibãl-pî-El II (1779-1765 BCE) of Ešnunna. Through the operational local administrative practices aspects, we seek to understand their relationship with the central administration of Ešnunna. Furthermore, this work brings an aspect of administrative activity that may be understood as a component of social experience, which is revealed mainly in sociability strategies put into action by these officials.
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Weyland, Raphaël. "La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre aux époques séleucide et arsacide." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23432.
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La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre fut fondée au 4e siècle avant J.-C. par Séleucos Ier, prétendant à la succession de l’empire d’Alexandre le Grand. La taille des ilôts créés lors de cette fondation est inégalée dans le monde hellénistique et témoigne de l’ambition manifestée par le nouveau dynaste. La cité prospéra pendant plusieurs siècles et acquit le statut de résidence royale et de centre administratif. Elle fut cependant conquise par les Arsacides, dynastie rivale, en 129 avant J.-C. Bien que le développement de Séleucie n’en ait pas été immédiatement affecté, la ville se mit à décliner à partir du 2e siècle et disparut vers 200.
Pour expliquer ce retournement de situation, la critique moderne a insisté sur la culture des souverains la dominant. Dirigée par les Séleucides, ses fondateurs macédoniens, Séleucie aurait prospéré. Conquise par les Arsacides iraniens, elle aurait été traitée avec défiance et persécutée par ces derniers jusqu’à son effondrement. Cette idée repose notamment sur la mention du caractère grec de la cité par certains auteurs antiques et sur l’influence de ceux-ci sur les analyses des premiers archéologues à avoir fouillé le site.
Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les rapports entre la cité et ses souverains tout au long de son histoire afin d’évaluer la part que cette rivalité culturelle supposée y joua. Elle repose sur la comparaison entre la tradition littéraire, essentielle pour établir un canevas chronologique mais orientée par des intérêts politiques, et les découvertes archéologiques des expéditions menées entre 1927 et 1989 à Séleucie. Celles-ci ont mis au jour de nombreux monuments et objets (monnaies, statuettes, sceaux) permettant de nuancer l’idée que la population de la cité ait été au départ ou ait conservé à travers les siècles un caractère grec qui lui aurait valu l’inimitié des Arsacides. D’autres facteurs expliquant le déclin et l’abandon de la ville, comme le déplacement du fleuve ou l’évolution du contexte géopolitique, sont donc proposés.The city of Seleucia on the Tigris was founded in the 4th century BCE by Seleucos I, one of Alexander’s empire’s Successors. According to the size of it’s original dwelling-blocks, it was designed from the start to be a large and important city. It flourished for some time and became an administrative center and royal residence. In 129 BCE, it was conquered by the Arsacids, a rival dynasty. Seleucia’s development continued unbroken, but the city eventually declined and disappeared around 200 CE. To explain this change, historians underlined the importance of the perceived culture of its old and new sovereigns. Ruled by the Macedonian Seleucids, the city prospered. Under the Iranian Arsacids’ hostile administration, it was ill-treated until it got abandoned. Such analyses have been based on some passages of ancient texts insisting on the Greek character of Seleucia and its inhabitants. Those also influenced the interpretation of the results of the first archaeological digs conducted on the site. This thesis comes back on the relations between the city and both its Seleucid and Arsacid kings in order to evaluate the importance of this supposed cultural rivalry in the development of Seleucia. It compares the written tradition, essential but biased by political imperatives, and the buildings, coins, seals and figurines discovered by American, German and Italian archaeologists between 1927 and 1989. Our results suggest that the city and its population were of a mixed cultural backround and that its supposed Greek character did not play much of a role in its decline. We therefore suggest that other factors explain the disappearance of Seleucia, such as the Tigris changing bed and an evolution in the geopolitical situation of the Near East around 200.
Books on the topic "Mesopotamian kingdom"
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The correspondence of the kings of Ur: An epistolary history of an ancient Mesopotamian kingdom. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011.
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From the history of the state system in Mesopotamia: The kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny, Uniwerstytet Warszawski, 2009.
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Braten, Morten. Ancient Kingdoms: Mesopotamia (Sword & Sorcery). White Wolf Publishing, 2004.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Sacred Trees and Enclosed Gardens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0005.
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“Sacred Trees and Enclosed gardens” discusses myths, poetry and art in ancient Babylonia, Egypt and the Levant as they relate to sex in plants. By the second millennium BCE, Babylonians had recognized dioecism in date palms and had established laws governing the practice of artificial pollination, but this recognition was never extended to plants in general. Instead, agricultural abundance came to be identified with the sexuality of powerful goddesses. Date symbolism suggesting the method of artificial pollination is evident in the jewelry of Queen Puabi of Ur. The Warka Vase, illustrating the agricultural food chain, culminates with representations of Inanna and the king whose sacred marriage ritual insures the prosperity of the kingdom. Egyptian tree goddesses were widely represented. The erotic poetry of Mesopotamian agricultural rituals persists in Egyptian love poetry, and continues in the Biblical “Song of Songs”. In the Bible, the vegetation goddess Asherah is mentioned forty times.
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Radner, Karen, Nadine Moeller, and D. T. Potts, eds. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.001.0001.
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The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East offers a comprehensive and fully illustrated survey of the history of Egypt and Western Asia (the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran) in five volumes, from the emergence of complex states to the conquests of Alexander the Great. The authors represent a highly international mix of leading academics whose expertise brings alive the people, places, and times of the remote past. The emphasis lies firmly on the political and social histories of the states and communities under investigation. The individual chapters present the key textual and material sources underpinning the historical reconstruction, devoting special attention to the most recent archaeological finds and how they have impacted the current interpretation. The first volume covers the long period from the mid-tenth millennium to the late third millennium BC and presents the history of the Near East in ten chapters: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad. Key topics include the domestication of animals and plants; the first permanent settlements; the subjugation and appropriation of the natural environment; the emergence of complex states and belief systems; the invention of the earliest writing systems; and the wide-ranging trade networks that linked diverse population groups across deserts, mountains, and oceans.
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History, Captivating. Babylon: A Captivating Guide to the Kingdom in Ancient Mesopotamia, Starting from the Akkadian Empire to the Battle of Opis Against Persia, Including Babylonian Mythology and the Legacy of Babylonia. Captivating History, 2019.
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Steinkeller, Piotr. "A History of Mashkan-shapir and Its Role in the Kingdom of Larsa." In The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City, 26–42. Penn State University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4k0.7.
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Steinkeller, Piotr. "3. A History of Mashkan-shapir and Its Role in the Kingdom of Larsa." In The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City, 26–42. Penn State University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065465-005.
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Schrakamp, Ingo. "The Kingdom of Akkad." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 612–85. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the foundations and inner structure of the kingdom of Akkad. Based mainly on royal inscriptions and archival records, it argues that this state constitutes a decisive phase in Mesopotamian history and discusses a series of political, ideological, socioeconomic, and administrative transformations that it brought about: the implementation of the concept of the territorial state, borne by an autocratic and conquering kingship with absolute claim to power; an administrative centralization directed toward the capital; the introduction of Akkadian as an official language of administration; and the spread of private landownership, concentrated in the hands of the king and administered through large agricultural estates established throughout the state through purchase and confiscation. These transformations were implemented by means of the standing army, whose upkeep was supported by the agricultural land in the hands of the king. Allocations of royally owned land to other parties established a far-flung network of patronage, which included not only members of the royal family, court, administration, and army but also members of the local elites, thus strengthening the king’s power base. The chapter also discusses how the transformations brought about by the kingdom of Akkad were ambiguously reflected in later tradition, which also made this state a model to be emulated by later rulers.
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Schniedewind, William M. "Epilogue." In The Finger of the Scribe, 165–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052461.003.0008.
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First, this book has sketched out some of the historical context from which the early Israelite scribal curriculum emerged. As the New Kingdom receded, emerging kingdoms borrowed and adapted some of the Egyptian bureaucracy that was left behind as Egypt retreated to its confines along the Nile River Valley. In addition, there is tangible influence of the cuneiform school tradition from the Late Bronze Age in the development of an early alphabetic curriculum. There are a number of striking examples of how the cuneiform scribal curriculum can be seen in early Hebrew inscriptions beginning with the Gezer Calendar, which looks like an adaptation of a Mesopotamian lexical tradition. The Hebrew Bible itself was influenced by this scribal curriculum. And the scribal creativity that generated biblical literature had its foundation in the building blocks of the educational curriculum.
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Michalowski, Piotr. "The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World." In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, 686–764. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0011.
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This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.
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Millar, Fergus. "Epilogue Connecting to Muhammad?" In Religion, Language and Community in the Roman Near East. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265574.003.0005.
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This epilogue examines various strands of social history, religious affiliation and language in the Roman Near East in relation to the beginning of Muhammad's preaching in about 610. Muhammad was born, probably in about 570, in Mecca, where he began to receive divinely inspired messages in Arabic. After he died, Muhammad's followers invaded the nearest Roman provinces and conquered all of the Roman Near East, the Sasanid empire, Egypt and Roman North Africa. These are known as ‘the great Arab conquests’. This chapter considers whether the Arabian Peninsula can be properly treated under the title of ‘Arabia and the Arabs’. It also analyses evidence from the Mediterranean and Mesopotamian Near East, as well as the kingdom of Himyar. Finally, it looks at brief allusions to the life-history of Muhammad in a number of Christian sources to shed light on his preaching.
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"Chapter VII: The Mesopotamian Kingdoms." In Aram and Israel, edited by Richard J. H. Gottheil, 53–64. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463232245-011.
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"4. A political history of the Sealand kingdom." In The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, 86–125. De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501507823-005.
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Bryce, Trevor. "1. The Old Babylonian period: ( c. 1880–1595 bc )." In Babylonia: A Very Short Introduction, 7–15. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198726470.003.0002.
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‘The Old Babylonian period’ concentrates on Hammurabi’s dynasty, which belonged to one of the most powerful and widespread ethnic groups in the Near East: the Amorites. Hammurabi’s reign from 1793 marked the peak period in his dynasty’s tenure of power in the Near East, particularly in the middle Euphrates region and southern Mesopotamia, but it was Sumu-la-El (c.1880–1845) who founded the kingdom of Babylonia, building a royal palace and a great fortification wall around the city. Under Hammurabi’s five successors, all of whom had long reigns, the kingdom was to last another 155 years. But within a few years of the great man’s death, decline had set in.
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Crawford, Harriet. "Steady States." In Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263907.003.0001.
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This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about regime change in the ancient Near East and Egypt. It examines the dynastic change and institutional administration in southern Mesopotamia in the third millennium BCE, the social change and the transition from the Third Dynasty of Ur to the Old Babylonian kingdoms, and the role of Islamic art as a symbol of power. It explores regime change in Iraq from the Mongols to the present.