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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mesopotamian'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 February 2023

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1

Cunningham, Graham. "'Deliver me from evil' : Mesopotamian incantations 2500-1500BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263050.

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2

Cunningham, Graham. "Deliver me from evil : Mesopotamian incantations : 2500-1500 BC /." Roma : Pontificio istituto biblico, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370255470.

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3

Petrella, Bernardo Ballesteros. "Divine assemblies in early Greek and Mesopotamian narrative poetry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfd1affe-f74b-48c5-98db-aba832a7dce8.

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This thesis charts divine assembly scenes in ancient Mesopotamian narrative poetry and the early Greek hexameter corpus, and aims to contribute to a cross-cultural comparison in terms of literary systems. The recurrent scene of the divine gathering is shown to underpin the construction of small- and large-scale compositions in both the Sumero-Akkadian and early Greek traditions. Parts 1 and 2 treat each corpus in turn, reflecting a methodological concern to assess the comparanda within their own context first. Part 1 (Chapters 1-4) examines Sumerian narrative poems, and the Akkadian narratives Atra-hsīs, Anzû, Enûma eliš, Erra and Išum and the Epic of Gilgameš. Part 2 (Chapters 5-8) considers Homer's Iliad, the Odyssey, the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod's Theogony. The comparative approaches in Part 3 are developed in two chapters (9-10). Chapter 9 offers a detailed comparison of this typical scene's poetic morphology and compositional purpose. Relevant techniques and effects, a function of the aural reception of literature, are shown to overlap to a considerable degree. Although the Greeks are unlikely to have taken over the feature from the Near East, it is suggested that the Greek divine assembly is not to be detached form a Near Eastern context. Because the shared elements are profoundly embedded in the Greek orally-derived poetic tradition, it is possible to envisage a long-term process of oral contact and communication fostered by common structures. Chapter 10 turns to a comparison of the literary pantheon: a focus on the organisation of divine prerogatives and the chief god figures illuminates culture-specific differences which can be related to historical socio-political conditions. Thus, this thesis seeks to enhance our understanding of the representation of the gods in Mesopotamian poetry and early Greek epic, and develops a systemic approach to questions of transmission and cultural appreciation.
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4

Potts, Timothy Faulkner. "Aspects of the relations between Southern Mesopotamia and her eastern neighbours in the late fourth and third millenia B.C." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329182.

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5

SooHoo, Anthony P. "Violence against the Enemy in Mesopotamian Myth, Ritual, and Historiography." Thesis, New York University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13420957.

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Evidence for violence is found in all periods of Mesopotamian history. Kingship, which was divine in origin, included the exercise of power and the legitimate use of violence. Mesopotamian violence reflects the culture's understanding of ontology, order, and justice. Although there is scant archaeological evidence for its actual practice, the worldview that allowed it to flourish can be reconstructed from myth, ritual, and historiography.

Approaching Mesopotamian conceptions of violence through these three modes of discourse, this study explores the behavior through the lens of theory, practice, and presentation. The investigation is guided by the following questions:

• What do the myths say about violence? How is violence imagined and theorized?

• How do the war rituals promote and normalize the practice of violence?

• How and why is violence presented in the narrative(s) of the royal annals and in the visual program of the palace reliefs?

This study moves from offering a general account of Mesopotamian violence directed against the enemy "other" to analyzing the portrayal of a particular act.

Mesopotamian myths served as paradigms for successful kingship. It is argued that the thematic content, asymmetrical characterization, chronotypes, and emplotment observed in Lugal-e, Bin šar dadmē, and Enūma eliš are also operative in the war rituals and the royal historiography. Central to Mesopotamian theorizing about violence is the concept of evil, which is best understood in relation to the culture's ideas about divine and social order.

Waging war in Mesopotamia entailed various practices that framed the conflict as part of the cosmic struggle against chaos. This study addresses the contexts in which these practices occur and the social structures that make them seem natural, necessary, and desirable. The so-called war rituals involved processes of socialization that allow violence to commence, escalate, and terminate. This symbolically loaded ritualized violence reflected and created (or destroyed) relationships, both natural and supernatural.

Finally, accounts of ritualized violence were strategically incorporated into the historiography of Mesopotamian rulers as expressions of royal ideology. This study analyzes the sources for the beheading of Teumman, arguing that variations in the textual and pictorial presentation were influenced by the Assyrian conflict with Egypt and Babylonia.

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6

Shepperson, M. A. "The use and meaning of light in ancient Mesopotamian cities." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348207/.

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This thesis seeks to explore the relationship between society, culture and lived experience within Mesopotamian cities though the way in which sunlight is manipulated within the urban built environment. Light is approached as both a physical phenomenon, which affects comfort and the practical usability of space, and as a symbolic phenomenon rich in social and religious meaning. Analysing ancient Mesopotamian architecture, light is shown to have been selectively admitted, controlled or excluded from both internal and external space in deliberate and meaningful ways. Through the reconstruction of these ancient urban light environments, to the extent possible from the recovered architecture, questions of the location, timing and meaning of activities within these cities become accessible. Sunlight is demonstrated to contribute towards the formation, structure and symbolism of cities and their architecture. Beginning at the scale of cities within the sunlit landscape, the analysis is narrowed to consider city form as a whole, and finally to individual buildings; residential, sacred and palatial. Although this analysis is primarily architectural, it is complemented by extensive consideration of contemporary textual sources, as well as iconographic and artefactual evidence. The development of original methodologies for approaching lighting within archaeological contexts forms an integral part of this analysis. The cities under detailed examination are limited to those on the Mesopotamian plain, and the chronological focus ranges from the Early Dynastic periods up to the end of the second millennium BC. Examples from outside these limits are drawn upon when directly relevant. This research represents a novel approach to ancient architecture, demonstrating the utility of light as a tool with which to analyse, not just ancient Mesopotamian settlements, but the built environment of any past society. The influence of sunlight in shaping ancient Mesopotamian cities is shown to be powerful and diverse.
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7

Salvin, A. "House and household in third millennium Mesopotamian society : archaeological perspectives." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1434109/.

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There have been few studies in Ancient Near Eastern archaeology that concentrated on domestic buildings. While there is an extensive knowledge of temples and palaces much less is on record about houses. Traditional studies are biased and have paid little attention to the less spectacular residential districts. This is a serious lack in the knowledge of Mesopotamian culture, considered the importance of the house in the society, as the main space of social dynamics. Publications of Mesopotamian domestic architecture usually consist of reports from excavations and remain at this stage; this means that they tend to be limited to one site and generally lack the development of a longer-term architectural analysis. The purpose of this thesis is to address this gap, analysing the characteristics and the variations of Mesopotamian houses. Moreover the majority of the studies have not related household-level evidences to the emergence of urbanism. This research takes into consideration sites of third millennium Mesopotamia in order to analyse them as case studies. The third millennium in Mesopotamia is a critical period of early urbanisation. It is very signi cant to look at how space was used in houses to understand the culture of this period. The intent of this thesis is to identify common aspects and di erences, and relate those characteristics to the socio-economical history of the period to broaden the understanding of this interesting period in Mesopotamian culture. To examine variations and use of space seven sites were analysed from north, centre and south Mesopotamia for a total number of 68 house plans. Many methods have been utilised to analyse the evidence such as ground plan analysis, context analysis, access analysis based on Hillier and Hanson syntax model.
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8

Al-Zuhairy, Issam Khalaf. "A study of the ancient Mesopotamian roots of Mandaean religion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730928.

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9

Ibrahim, Adam. "Petroleum potentielities of reefal carbonate reservoirs in the Mesopotamian Basin." Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR30088.

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L’Irak possède des grandes réserves d’hydrocarbures, mais la majorité de ses 78champs du pétrole produisent des pièges de type structural. Ses réserves réelles sont sous estimés, car la grande majorité du pays est insuffisamment exploré, le forage a rarement pénétré au-delà du Crétacé Inferieure. Les réserves dans les ouches profondes ne représente que 1% et le Western Désert, tés attractive du point de vu pétrolier reste inexploré. Cette étude, basée sur des données géophysiques, géologiques et des réservoirs démontre et pour la première fois, l’existence d’une grande concentration des constructions récifales dans le Bassin Mésopotamien dans plus de vingt niveaux stratigraphiques. Ces constructions récifales ont été identifiées sur la base des critères sismiques bien établi. Puis sont comparées avec des réservoirs des facies récifaux dans différent champs du pétrole à travers le monde. Les données géologiques montrent l’existence des conditions structurales, climatiques morphologiques et sédimentaire favorables pour la croissance récifale dans le Bassin Mésopotamien durant la période du Permien au Miocène. Les données pale hydrologiques et tectoniques montrent également l’existence des conditions optimales pour avoir lieu des processus dia génétiques susceptible d’améliorer les propriétés petro physiques des réservoirs récifaux. Les données sédimentaires indiquent l’existence des dépositions des roches mère dans la partie profonde du bassin ainsi que l’existence des roches couverture épaisses et imperméables, formées dans leur grande majorité des évaporites. La migration, commencée au Crétacé Supérieur, a continué durant le Tertiaire et le Quaternaire, ce qui a rendu possible l’existence des réservoirs au Miocène. La zone optimale d’existence des réservoirs récifaux s’étend sur la marge de la Platform Arabique, à l’ouest de l’Euphrate, entre la paleostructure de Mosul dans le nord et la paleostructure de Qatar dans le sud du Plateau Arabique
The Iraq host great reserves of oil and gas but the majority of its 78 fields is producing from reservoirs related to structural type trap. Its real reserves are largely underestimated. The major part of Iraq is still insufficiently explored, the drilling are rarely penetrated deeper than the Lower Cretaceous, the Pre-Cretaceous reservoirs represent just 1% and the Western Desert, very attractive for the exploration of deep strata, is still untouched. This work, based on geophysical, geological and reservoir data demonstrate, for the first time, the existence in the Mesopotamian Basin of important concentration of reefal carbonate traps. These stratigraphic reservoirs are identified in more than twenty stratigraphic levels going from Permian to Miocene. The carbonate buildups were identified on the basis of well established seismic criteria and are successfully compared with reefs in many oil and gas producing reservoirs across the world. The geological data, based on sedimentary, climatic and morphologic criteria, confirm that the carbonate and evaporite constitute the dominant lithology in the Arabian Plate. These sediments are the main associated lithology for carbonate buildups. The structural and paleohydological data confirm the existence of optimum conditions for diagenetic processes leading to enhancement of petrophysical properties of the reefal reservoirs. The sedimentary data confirm the existence of the constructor organism, the optimum conditions for the deposition of mature source rocks in the deeper part of the basin and the existence of thick and impermeable seals with a tardive migration. The delineated optimum reefal setting is the platform margin, situated to the west of the Euphrates and covering the area joining the Mosul Height in the north and the Qatar Height in the south. This area is the site of new potential petroleum prospects in Permian, Upper and Middle Triassic, Lower, Middle and Upper Jurassic, Lower, Middle and Upper Cretaceous and in Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene. The seismic data, through the delineation of several direct hydrocarbon indicators associated to many of the identified reefal reservoirs, highly indicate their petroleum potentialities
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10

Algaze, Guillermo. "The Uruk world system : the dynamics of early Mesopotamian civilization /." Chicago : University of Chicago press, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35629465c.

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11

Robson, Eleanor. "Mesopotamian mathematics, 2100-1600 BC : technical constants in bureaucracy and education /." Oxford : Clarendon press, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb372036660.

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12

Crisostomo, Christian A. "Deity portrayals and basis for discord in biblical and Mesopotamian communal laments." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1219.

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Crisostomo, Christain A. "Deity portrayals and basis for discord in biblical and Mesopotamian communal laments." Dallas, Tex. : Dallas Theological Seminary, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.001-1219.

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14

Jotheri, Jaafar Hamzah Abdulhussein. "Holocene avulsion history of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the Mesopotamian floodplain." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11752/.

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The present study deals with reconstruction of the ancient courses of the Tigris and the Euphrates in the Mesopotamian floodplain, which covers most of the central and southern parts of Iraq. The focus is on tracing palaeochannel courses, determining when these palaeochannels were active, and understanding the patterns of avulsion and its impact on human settlements of ancient civilisations. The research was carried out using a combination of geological, geomorphological, remote sensing, historical and archaeological approaches. Fieldwork included “groundtruthing” of the remote sensing work. A total of thirty seven boreholes were dug, sedimentary and geomorphologic documentation has been carried out, and twenty five shell samples were collected, and analysed by radiocarbon dating. This study has reconstructed palaeochannels and archaeological sites within the area of southern Mesopotamia; intensive networks of palaeochannels and archaeological sites within the study area have been identified. More than eight thousand archaeological sites have been plotted during this study, and most of them show a location and alignment consistent with an identified palaeochannel. Eleven major river avulsions and their nodes have been identified, five for the Euphrates and six for the Tigris. It has been found that these avulsions contributed to the shaping, formation and aggradation of both the ancient and present–day landscapes of the floodplain. Two kinds of avulsion have taken place in the floodplain, re-occupational and progradational. In the first of these types of avulsion, the major flow diverted into a previously existing channel. In contrast, the progradational avulsion began by inundating a large section of the floodplain between elevated ridges, producing prograding deposits that filled topographic lows of the floodplain. These avulsions have affected the distribution, flourishing and degradation of human settlements of the southern Mesopotamian civilisations. The present study has demonstrated how human impact played a leading role in distribution of sediments across the floodplain and shaping both the Holocene and the recent landscapes of the Mesopotamian floodplain. By using periods of human occupation of archaeological sites to date associated palaeochannels, we can get acceptable accuracy on their timing and duration, and can give clear indications about the activity of a given channel.
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Schwemer, Daniel. "Abwehrzauber und Behexung : Studien zum Schadenzauberglauben im alten Mesopotamien ; unter Benutzung von Tzvi Abuschs Kritischem Katalog und Sammlungen im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3016416&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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16

Young, Robert Vernon Joseph. "The history of the Iraq Levies, 1915-1932." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28511/.

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This thesis is concerned with the origins and developments of a British-initiated force, known as "The Iraq Levies", which was raised during the Mesopotamian campaign of the First World War. This is a subject which had previously received very little rigorous historical study. The Force began with some forty mounted Arab scouts, recruited from Zubair in southern Mesopotamia by the Field Intelligence unit of the Imperial Expeditionary Force (I.E.F. 'D') in July 1915. By May 1922, the Force had expanded to approximately 6,000 officers and men, as against a planned 7,500 at the Cairo Conference. A survey of the performance and military background of several British officers who served with the Levies, was considered worthy of study. Mostly they came from the Indian Army, and thus were experienced in what may be described as "political soldiering" - an invaluable qualification for their service in Iraq. It was felt important that the different ethnic backgrounds and political aspirations, as well as religious loyalties represented in the ranks of the Levies required investigation to assist in an understanding of their motivation and service. Without a detailed review of these factors, it would be difficult to comprehend how a force which could be considered to owe its allegiance to its pay-masters, could undertake the task of internal security in so volatile a region as that of Iraq, especially during and after the First World War. When its political problems, both internal and external, had to be resolved by the British government which became the mandatory power. This thesis ends with the achievement of Iraq's independence in 1932. The Levies, however, were not finally disbanded until May 1955. That final section of their history was not to be without drama and incident; but it awaits the attention of another student who is interested in the nature and evolution of British Imperial Forces in the Middle East. Their day has now ended, but this thesis hopes to illuminate a little of their history and significance.
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Stokl, Jonathan. "'To my Lord Speak!' A Philological and Sociological Comparison of Mesopotamian and Biblical Prophecy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504001.

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18

Al, Kuntar Salam. "The role of craft specialisation and exchange in the emergence of early Mesopotamian urbanism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608653.

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19

Brusasco, Paolo. "The archaeology of verbal and nonverbal meaning : Mesopotamian domestic architecture and its textual dimension /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41122901h.

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20

SCAZZOSI, GIULIA. "Food and Drink Practices in Mesopotamian Households between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1227785.

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Food and food-related practices have always had a paramount importance in every society and in every time. All people cook and the activity of cooking can be considered as a distinctive marker between human and non-human, between civilization and a primitive state. Food does not respond only to physiological needs, but also to social, symbolic, ideological, political and economic requirements, in other words it responds to a specific culture. The aim of this research is that of investigating some food-related activities, in particular the preparation of edible dishes, which constitutes an integral part of social life. The framework of reference is the world of the Mesopotamian households between late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC. Food is here taken as a tool for understanding complex societies, with the purpose of investigating the Mesopotamian society between the Early and Middle Bronze Age, identifying similarities, changes and patterns related to food production in a diachronic and geographical perspective. In particular, two macro-areas are considered, the northern region of the Khabur River basin and the central-southern Mesopotamia. The single case studies are analysed, keeping in mind that each productive activity can be inserted within a wider operational chain. The concept of chaine opératoire is not commonly employed in food studies, since the majority of the researches generally focuses on a specific step of the process, neglecting all the others. In the present study I intend to provide an overview of all the passages of the process, with the aim of identifying the essential elements for recognizing the different activity areas related to food. The major focus is on the step of the transformation of raw materials into edible foodstuffs, by investigating the physical places where this activity took place, the most typical installations, features and material assemblage. The aim is that of identifying the “ideal typical room” for food-production activities, on the basis of multiple and integrated evidence, providing a “typical inventory” of pottery, small finds, installations, architectural features and planimetric patterns. The analysis of selected case studies, which shed light on both small- and large-scale production processes, contribute to delineate some socio-economic patterns of late 3rd-early 2nd millennium BC Mesopotamia.
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21

Colantoni, Carlo. "Traces of tradition : northern Mesopotamian urbanism from the late 3rd through early 2nd millennium BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615172.

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Castro, Gessner Ana Gabriela. "The technology of learning painting practices of early Mesopotamian communities of the 6th millennium, B.C. /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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23

Westhead, Jonathan Michael. "Royal ideology in Mesopotamian iconography of the third and second millennia BCE with special reference to gestures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96899.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis aims to examine to what extent the visual representations of ancient Mesopotamia portrayed the royal ideology that was present during the time of their intended display. The iconographic method is used in this study and this allows for a better understanding of the meaning behind the work of art. This method allows the study to better attempt to comprehend the underlying ideology of the work of art. The eight images studied date between three thousand BCE and one thousand BCE and this provides a broad base for the study. By having such a broad base it enables the study to provide a brief understanding of how the ideology adapted over two thousand years. The broad base also enables the study to examine a variety of different gestures that are portrayed on the representations. This thereby provides the reader with a better understanding of why certain gestures were used and how the underlying ideology was communicated through these movements. The study concludes that while the gestures lend a life-like appearance to the representation they do not solely portray an underlying ideological message. Rather, they enhance the already inherent ideological message.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek tot watter mate die visuele voorstellings van Ou Mesopotamië die koninklike ideologie — van die tyd toe hulle uitgestal is — uitgebeeld het. Die ikonografiese metode is in hierdie studie gebruik en maak dit moontlik om 'n beter begrip van die betekenis agter die kunswerk te verkry. Die metode stel die studie in staat om die onderliggende ideologie van die kunswerk beter te verstaan. Die agt bestudeerde beelde dateer tussen drieduisend v.C. en 'n duisend v.C. en bied 'n breë basis vir die studie. So ‘n breë basis stel die studie in staat om te verstaan hoe die ideologie oor meer as twee duisend jaar aangepas is. Die breë basis stel die studie ook in staat om 'n verskeidenheid verskillende gebare wat uitgebeeld word, te ondersoek. Hierdeur verskaf dit die leser met 'n beter begrip waarom sekere gebare gebruik is en hoe die onderliggende ideologie deur middel van hierdie bewegings gekommunikeer is. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat terwyl die gebare 'n lewensgetroue voorkoms aan die voorstelling gee, hulle nie uitsluitlik onderliggende ideologiese boodskappe uitbeeld nie. Inteendeel, hulle versterk die reeds onderliggende ideologiese boodskap.
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Sherwin, Simon John. "Mesopotamian religious syncretism : the interaction of religion and politics in the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621691.

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Daujat, Julie. "Ungulate invasion on a Mediterranean island : the Cypriot Mesopotamian fallow deer over the past 10,000 years." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=203404.

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Smith, Bryton A. "Nature of the Crescent: Humans and the Natural World in Genesis 1-11 and Mesopotamian Mythology." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1562567769324593.

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Nijhowne, Jeanne. "Politics, religion, and cylinder seals : a study of Mesopotamian symbolism in the second millennium B. C. /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37117277j.

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28

Hammer, Emily. "Local Landscapes of Pastoral Nomads in Southeastern Turkey." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10510.

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The important historical role of pastoral nomads in Mesopotamia stands in stark contrast to the dearth of archaeological data on pastoral nomadic groups of any pre-modern period. Archaeological models neglect not just a significant segment of past populations; they also lack data on a substantial portion of the past food and textile production systems. Historical records and excavation have demonstrated that the resilience of Mesopotamian economy depended in part on pastoralism, but archaeologists know very little about the long-term management of the pastoral landscapes beyond core agricultural areas. This study examines empirical evidence for pastoral nomadic modes of inhabiting and transforming the landscape over the last 500 years in the upland fringes of the Upper Tigris River Valley in southeastern Turkey. Four seasons of archaeological survey mapped diachronic patterns in pastoral nomadic winter land-use, including patterns of campsites and spatially associated landscape features such as cisterns, corrals, caves, cairns, and check dams. Ethnographic and historical data as well as satellite imagery aided in archaeological interpretation. Three main conclusions about pastoral nomads are drawn from the characteristics and spatial distributions of the surveyed features. 1) Pastoral nomads altered their local landscapes for the purposes of sheltering humans and animals, collecting water, and improving pastures. Areas surrounding campsites contained abundant evidence of landscape management and capital investments in the herding potential of the area. 2) These investments were fixed, re-usable, and encouraged seasonal re-inhabitation of certain areas. Over time, these features became “landscape anchors”—geographic foci that structured the spatial organization of local landscapes. 3) The topographical position of domestic and herding features would have resulted in vertical daily movement patterns for humans and animals. These results force a reassessment of widely-held assumptions about the invisibility of campsites and the role of pastoral nomads in the transformation of Near Eastern landscapes. Although limited in time and space, this study presents grounds for optimism for a robust landscape archaeology of pastoral nomads. Intensive surveys, targeted excavations, and radiometric dating programs have enormous potential to provide more complex diachronic understandings of pastoral nomadic land-use strategies, sustainability, quotidian movement, and senses of place.
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Adali, Selim Ferruh. "Umman-manda and its Significance in the First Millennium BC." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4890.

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Umman-manda (literally “Troops of Manda”) is an Akkadian compound expression used to denote military entities and/or foreign peoples in a diverse number of texts pertaining to separate periods of ancient Near Eastern history. The dissertation initially discusses the various difficulties in ascertaining the etymology of the second component of the term Umman-manda. A very plausible etymology is proposed based on new research on the semantic range of the Sumerian word mandum. The thesis then focuses mainly on the references made to the Umman-manda in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources, where it is used to denote the Cimmerians and Medes respectively. The starting point is that these references are making literary allusions to the Standard Babylonian version of the Cuthaean Legend. New information gained from these literary allusions provides insight into the significance of the term Umman-manda in the first millennium B.C.: it recalls the various attributes of the Umman-manda depicted in the Cuthaean Legend and applies these attributes to contemporary political events. The Cuthaean Legend envisions a powerful enemy that emerges unexpectedly from the distant mountains and establishes hegemony after a sudden burst of military power. This enemy will eventually be destroyed without the intervention of the Mesopotamian king. The thesis studies how the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources allude to the Cuthaean Legend and in this way they identify the Cimmerians and the Medes as the Umman-manda.
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Adali, Selim Ferruh. "Umman-manda and its Significance in the First Millennium BC." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4890.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Umman-manda (literally “Troops of Manda”) is an Akkadian compound expression used to denote military entities and/or foreign peoples in a diverse number of texts pertaining to separate periods of ancient Near Eastern history. The dissertation initially discusses the various difficulties in ascertaining the etymology of the second component of the term Umman-manda. A very plausible etymology is proposed based on new research on the semantic range of the Sumerian word mandum. The thesis then focuses mainly on the references made to the Umman-manda in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources, where it is used to denote the Cimmerians and Medes respectively. The starting point is that these references are making literary allusions to the Standard Babylonian version of the Cuthaean Legend. New information gained from these literary allusions provides insight into the significance of the term Umman-manda in the first millennium B.C.: it recalls the various attributes of the Umman-manda depicted in the Cuthaean Legend and applies these attributes to contemporary political events. The Cuthaean Legend envisions a powerful enemy that emerges unexpectedly from the distant mountains and establishes hegemony after a sudden burst of military power. This enemy will eventually be destroyed without the intervention of the Mesopotamian king. The thesis studies how the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources allude to the Cuthaean Legend and in this way they identify the Cimmerians and the Medes as the Umman-manda.
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Mynors, H. S. "Mesopotamian ceramics of the third millennium BC with analysis of pottery from Abu Salabikh, Kish and Ur." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377423.

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Ryan, James Richard. "Surpassing all other kings : Mesopotamian kingship ideology in the Gilgamesh tradition and the Alexander the Great narratives." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/surpassing-all-other-kings(e7e5102e-968c-48ab-b51e-c9e25b623065).html.

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This thesis identifies and elucidates a common engagement with Mesopotamian kingship ideology in the Gilgamesh and the Alexander the Great narrative traditions. As both archetypal monarchs are understood to have ruled as kings in Mesopotamia, this is a much more secure context for comparison. The result of this contextualisation is that the identified parallels are better supported and more clearly understood. Although the study is rendered in comparison, the exegesis of the episodes is not strictly bound by parallels between the traditions. The primary concern is a comparable engagement with Mesopotamian kingship ideology. This enables the thesis to contribute uniquely to the study of each figure’s kingship, as well as their comparative dynamic. Mesopotamian kingship was a contest, and our two subject kings represent rivals for the pinnacle in this arena. Therefore, the identification and presentation of a king to surpass all others is argued for both in presented deeds and persevering legends. Chapter one outlines the premise of the thesis, addresses previous comparisons made in scholarship between the subject kings, and discusses the evidence. Specifically, this is the network of narratives utilised by the study. For the Gilgamesh tradition, these are the Akkadian language manuscripts of the Gilgamesh Epic and the Sumerian Gilgamesh poems concerning the death of Gilgamesh and his campaign against Huwawa. For the Alexander tradition, the study is limited to the Alexander narratives that share a relative geographically congruence with the Gilgamesh narratives. These are the canonical Graeco-Roman Alexander narratives by Diodorus, Curtius, Plutarch, Arrian, and Justin, as well as the Pseudo-Callisthenes narratives, the Syriac Alexander Legend and the Syriac Metric Homily. Chapter two outlines the methodology. Chapter three contextualises Gilgamesh’s campaign against Humbaba in Mesopotamian kingly action. Chapter four argues for a comparative understanding of Alexander’s siege of Tyre. Chapter five then compares the death of a king in each tradition, and chapter six the subsequent mythical wanderings of our protagonist kings. Chapter seven provides the thesis’ conclusion. The overarching themes are the legitimisation of one’s kingship and the transfer of power in the Mesopotamian royal tradition.
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Kim, Daniel Eunseung. "From rest to rest : a comparative study of the concept of rest in Mesopotamian and Israelite literature." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225663.

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This study examines the concept of rest in Mesopotamian literature (ML), the Deuteronomistic History (DH), and Chronicles. In the ML, the concept is expressed in four ways: 1) rest as a symbol of divine authority; 2) rest as a benefit offered to those being ruled; 3) the temple as the resting place of deities; and 4) the provision of rest to deities. A paradigm is formulated through which one may view the concept as a “cycle of rest,” where a state of rest moves from the provider (deity) downward to the recipient, and then back upward to the initial provider. “Noise” is the metaphorical disrupter of rest. In the DH, various rest-terms are employed by the Deuteronomist to express specific aspects of rest: 1) the noun menûḥâ demarcates the arc of the promise and fulfillment in Deut 12:9 and 1 Ki 8:56, and it is a spatial concept (land of inheritance and the temple); 2) the technical formula (nûaḥ hiphil (1) + l) portrays the divine provision of rest; 3) alternative words that mean rest such as šqṭ are used to express periods of rest and unrest; 4) the secondary use of the verb nûaḥ (hiphil (2)) depicts the placing of the ark or cultic vessels/objects. 1 Chronicles 22:9 is programmatic for the concept in Chronicles. The focus in Chronicles is on a proper relationship with YHWH (instead of the spatial emphasis in the DH) due to a post-exilic understanding that the inheritance had already been lost. In contrast to the monarchic period narrated in Kings, cycles of rest emerge in Chronicles with post-Solomonic kings and is more comparable to Judges. The end of Chronicles portrays an era similar to Judges, when the nation is en route to a new political arrangement with YHWH—similar to the Chronicler's post-exilic circumstances.
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Daujat, Julie. "Ungulate invasion on a mediterranean island : the cypriot mesopotamian fallow deer over the past 10 000 years." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0015.

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This study provides the first baseline osteometric reference for the Mesopotamian fallow, based on a common methodology using both standard and novel techniques and understanding the process of introduction and exploitation of this species on Cyprus during Prehistory. Morphometric analyses, first tested on modern specimens, were then carried out on the impressive archaeozoological collections from Cyprus (from the middle PPNB – c. 10,000 BP, to the Bronze Age – c. 3,600 cal. BP), and compared with few Continental assemblages from different chronologic periods (Late Glacial – and Bronze Age). By characterising the morphological variability of the post-cranial skeleton and investigating the causes of morphological variations, this research has demonstrated the ability of such powerful statistical tools (mixture analysis and VSI* analysis combine with PCA and Bootstrapped Spanning Network) to the application on a large quantity of existing data. In addition, the reanalysis and combination of Cypriot assemblages has demonstrated the great potential of conducting extended systematic study on a long temporal scale. This study confirmed that from its first introduction on Cyprus by man, at the beginning of the Neolithic, and to the Bronze Age, the Mesopotamian fallow deer has played a major role in the subsistence strategy of Cypriot human societies as a source of hunted meat and, contrary to other imported ungulates on the island, has never been domesticated. The broader picture suggests that there are similarities in the hunting strategies and carcass processing between the analysed sites. However, for such a tight relationship to last for over c. Six millennia humans probably implemented game management strategies to sustain fallow deer populations on the island
Cette étude apporte le premier référentiel ostéométrique pour le daim de Mésopotamie, basé sur une méthodologie commune utilisant à la fois sur des techniques classiques et novatrices, et vise à comprendre le processus d’introduction et d’exploitation de cette espèce à Chypre durant la Préhistoire. Des analyses morphométriques, d’abord menées sur des spécimens modernes, ont ensuite été conduites sur d’impressionnantes collections provenant de Chypre (depuis le PPNB moyen – c. 10000 BP cal. , jusqu’à l’Âge du Bronze – c. 3600 BP cal. ), et comparées à quelques assemblages continentaux de différentes périodes (Tardiglaciaire et Âge du Bronze). En caractérisant la variabilité morphologique du squelette post-crânien et en étudiant les causes de variations morphologiques, cette recherche a démontré la capacité d’utilisation de tels outils statistiques (analyses des mélanges, analyses VSI* combinées à des ACP et des Réseaux Traversant Bootstrap) appliqué à une large quantité de données déjà existantes. En outre, la ré-analyse et la combinaison des assemblages chypriotes ont démontré le formidable potentiel qu’il y a à conduire de vastes recherches systématiques sur une longue échelle temporelle. Cette étude confirme que depuis sa première introduction à Chypre par l’Homme, au début du Néolithique, et jusqu’à l’Âge du Bronze, le daim de Mésopotamie a joué un rôle important dans l’économie de subsistance des sociétés humaines chypriotes sous la forme de gibier et, que contrairement à d’autres ongulés importés sur l’île, il n’a jamais été domestiqué. La représentation générale qui se dégage de cette étude, suggère de nombreuse similarités tant du point de vue des stratégies de chasse que du traitement des carcasses entre les différents sites analysés. Toutefois, pour qu’une relation aussi privilégiée entre l’homme et le daim puisse avoir perdurer sur c. Six millénaires, l’Homme a certainement du établir des stratégies de gestion du gibier afin de maintenir durablement les populations de daim sur l’île
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Evins, Mary A. "Reorganization and intensification on the Mesopotamian periphery : late prehistoric ceramic production and exchange in the Karababa Basin, Southeastern Turkey /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40020402p.

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Nishimura, Yoko. "North Mesopotamian urban space a reconstruction of household activities and city layout at Titriş Höyük in the third millennium B.C. /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1676977621&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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37

Parys, Magalie. "Les symptômes mentaux en Mésopotamie ancienne." Thesis, Lille 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL3H003/document.

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La thèse recense les textes médicaux cunéiformes traitant les symptômes mentaux. Elle tente de les insérer dans une conception médicale globale et analyse les expressions employées ainsi que leurs occurrences dans les textes
The purpose of the dissertation is to gather medical texts with a mental symptomatology. The work introduces the Mesopotamian conception of medicine and analyses the expressions present in the texts
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Andersson, Christoffer. "Mesopotamiens gudomligförklarade kungar : En undersökning av teologiska perspektiv på två gudomligförklarade kungar i det forntida Mesopotamien." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119898.

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Ämnet för denna undersökning är de teologiska perspektiven runt två gudomligförklarade kungar i det forntida Mesopotamien, nämligen den gammalakkadiske kungen Naram-Sin (ca. 2254-2218 f.kr.) och den nysumeriske kungen Shulgi (ca. 2094-2047 f.kr.). De teologiska perspektiven behandlas här med hjälp av en induktionsbaserad historisk undersökning som utgår från vad olika forskare har skrivit i ämnet. Eftersom detta är en c-uppsats och det inte har varit möjligt att använda sig av primärkällor såsom arkeologiskt material och historiska källor på originalspråk så utgår denna undersökning uteslutande från forskningslitteratur. Undersökningen består av tre delar, i de två första delarna behandlas de teologiska perspektiven på kungarna var för sig och i det tredje görs en jämförelse mellan perspektiven. Undersökningens upplägg ser ut på så sätt att först har det gjorts observationer av vad som står om de teologiska perspektiven på monarkerna i de olika forskarnas verk. Sedan har perspektiven brutits ner i olika delämnen och därefter har informationen om dem sorterats in i de olika delämnena. Utifrån detta försöker sedan undersökningen att skissa fram en bild av de teologiska perspektivens karaktär. Uppsatsens tyngdpunkt ligger framförallt på att peka på olika tendenser i de religiösa föreställningarna runt dem med avseende på vilka teman de kretsar kring. I undersökningen framkommer det att perspektiven är ganska spretiga och går i många olika riktningar och även att det finns skillnader och likheter i perspektiven mellan kungarna. Två teman som dock ofta återkommer är fruktbarhet och himlen.
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Streck, Michael P. "Roth, Martha T. et al.: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Volume 20 U and W. Chicago 2010 (Rezension)." De Gruyter, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21365.

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Review too The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, Vol. 20: U/W. Martha T. Roth (editor-in-charge), with the assistance of Timothy J. Collins, Hermann Hunger, Remigius Jas, Jennie Myers, Erica Reiner†, and Joan Goodnick Westenholz; Manuscript Editor: Linda McLarnan. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2010. xxxii, 411 pp. Preis: $ 105,00. ISBN 1-885923-43-0.
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40

Woodring, Kim. "The Role of Religion in Ancient Civilizations: Select Readings." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://www.amzn.com/151650061X.

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The Role of Religion in Ancient Civilizations: Select Readings addresses the importance of religion in ancient civilizations and encourages readers to evaluate these civilizations both historically and critically. The selected readings help readers understand civilizations as whole systems with not only social and political characteristics, but also religious ones. Topics include the establishment of patriarchal civilizations, Mesopotamian and Egyptian religion, and the early civilizations of Northwest India. Students also learn about the religions of ancient China and Japan, traditional African religions and belief systems, religion and burial in Roman Britain, and the great temples of Meso-American religions. The final selections are devoted to early Christianity, the Byzantine Empire, and Islam. Original introductions place the readings in context. Taken as a whole, these carefully curated articles demonstrate both the uniqueness of each religion and the traditions and practices that, over time, became interconnected and sometimes even fused to form new religions. The Role of Religion in Ancient Civilizations is well-suited to survey courses in world and ancient religions, as well as classes on religious history and the history of the ancient world. Kim Woodring earned her M.A. in history at East Tennessee State University and her M.L.I.S. in library and information science at the University of Tennessee. She is now a faculty member at East Tennessee State University where she teaches courses in American and world history and digital history. In addition to teaching, Professor Woodring also serves as the history department's webpage administrator and social media editor. Her professional writing has appeared in The Social Science of War Encyclopedia and Historical Archaeology.
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1162/thumbnail.jpg
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Al-Dujaili, Ammar. "Les marais mésopotamiens et la question de l'habitat à venir : pour une évolution durable." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH031/document.

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Cette recherche est centrée sur l'habitat dans les marais mésopotamiens en Iraq et l'aménagement actuel et futur d'établissements humains durables dans cette région. Elle poursuit l'objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des transformations de la nature à l'œuvre et du fonctionnement de la société, de ses dynamiques, de son rapport à l'espace et de sa façon de se projeter dans le temps, dans cette aire géographique. Saisir comment, dans le contexte actuel de multiplication de facteurs mutagènes, parfois antagonistes, la société des marais assure sa continuité et adapte son habitat est fondamental pour établir une base de connaissances sur la culture constructive locale des marais mésopotamiens et éclairer les décisions concernant le projet gouvernemental de stabilisation de la population. L'habitat et la préservation du mode de vie ainsi que du milieu naturel restent des sujets d'interrogation fertile pour la recherche qui pose la question de leur évolution soutenable « située » plutôt que celle du développement. Les résultats de cette recherche peuvent constituer une base de réflexion chez les architectes, les urbanistes, les aménageurs et d'autres chercheurs traitant la question de l'habiter face à la dégradation environnementale globale
This work focuses on housing in the Mesopotamian marshlands in Iraq and the current and future human settlements in this region. Its aim is to gain a better understanding of the transformations of nature at work and functioning of the society; its dynamics, its relation to space and the way to project over time. With the goal of understanding how, in the current multiplication mutagenic factors, sometimes antagonistic, the society ensures its continuity and adjusts its home, is essential in establishing a base of knowledges on the local construction culture and to inform decisions regarding the government's project to stabilize the population. The habitat and the preservation of the traditional lifestyle, as well as of its natural environment are subjects of fertile interrogation for the research which points out the question of their located and sustainable evolution rather than their development. The results of this thesis can be a basis for discussion among architects, planners, developers and others researchers dealing with the issue of living in the face of a global environmental degradation
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Pettersson, Joanna. "Gula & Ninisina; identiska eller olika? : en jämförande textanalys av två gudinnor från Mesopotamien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274975.

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Thousands of years ago in Ancient Mesopotamia there was an abundant Pantheon of gods and goddesses. Circa 3000–2300 B.C.E, separate cults started to form relating to two of these goddesses: Ninisina and Gula. They were quite similar, both associated with healing, as were several other goddesses in the area. Over time they all fused, and their names disappeared one by one, until one remained; Gula. Scholars of today often tend to see them all as one type of goddess, their names interchangeable. This essay researches Ninisina and Gula, and the intention is to see if they truly are the “same”. A number of hymns and healing spells are analysed and used to compare the goddesses. This comparison is based on three themes; “Healing”, “Praise” and “Prayer & Intention”, and finds that indeed the manner of their healing and their characters differ. The essay also discusses how central their roles as healers are. It is shown that even though healing is always mentioned in every chosen text, other traits are often emphasised more.
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Sköldström, Brades Helen. "Adonis - från Mesopotamien till Grekland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Religionshistoria, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201482.

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This paper attempts to trace the journey of Adonis from ancient Mesopotamia, through Phoenicia and finally to Greece, and to see how his function and cult have evolved during this migration. It starts with a short summary of previous research regarding Adonis and goes on to describe the myths and the rites of Adonis as they were celebrated in Alexandria, Byblos and Athens. I then examine possible connections to ritual drama, the mystery religions and whether there is any evidence that the Adonia might have been a germination ritual. My conclusions are that Adonis loses his connection to the growing cycle and the ideology of sacred kingship with the move to Greece where the political system with independent city states is different, and that there has been too much focus on Adonis as a vegetation god. Since Adonis is connected with the ancient Near Eastern cults of sacral kingship it might be more rewarding to consider the death aspects associated with his cult and the possibility of ancestral worship in relation to a ruler. This would make some of the otherwise puzzling aspects of his cult more understandable.
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Aziz, Lamia. "Gilgamesh, the hero of Mesopotamia." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/813.

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This thesis creatively reconsiders the ancient Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh and offers a design of the ancient epic as a contemporary, illustrated text. The work is concerned with notions of heroism, and methods relating to construction of imagery. The manifestation of this investigation is the illustrated book Gilgamesh, the Hero of Mesopotamia, which comprises the principal site of research in the project. It consists of thirty-six drawings that explore cyclic composition as a form of narrative discourse.
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Wheat, Elizabeth Ruth Josie. "Terrestrial cartography in ancient Mesopotamia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4350/.

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Over one hundred and seventy maps and plans are preserved from the ancient Near East, drawn on clay tablets or inscribed in stone, though a full study of all the available cartographic material from Mesopotamia has never before been undertaken. This thesis offers a critical analysis of these maps and plans, with particular focus on their graphic conventions, typology and function in Near Eastern society. The text on many of these maps is also undeciphered and a number of examples are translated here for the first time, including an unpublished map of an irrigation network in the Schøyen Collection. By examining all this material in a single study, it becomes clear that there was a coherent documentary genre in Mesopotamia which was cartographic in nature, and which served a variety of administrative and planning purposes. The Near Eastern cartographic corpus is also contextualised within the wider history of cartography, so that its place in the global development of graphic mapping can be better understood.
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Wilson, E. Jan. "Holiness and purity in Mesopotamia /." Kevelaer : Neukirchen-Vluyn : Butzon & Bercker ; Neukirchener Verlag, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35732069b.

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Watanabe, Chikako Esther. "Aspects of animal symbolism in Mesopotamia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624215.

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Seri, Andrea. "Local power in old babylonian Mesopotamia /." London : Equinox, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41264067f.

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Tsukimoto, Akio. "Untersuchungen zur Totenpflege, kispum, im alten Mesopotamien /." Neukirchen-Vluyn : Neukirchener Verl, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb348858471.

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Blaylock, S. R. "Tille Höyük and Iron Age North Mesopotamia." Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636111.

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The multi-period site of Tille Höyük, on the River Euphrates in South-East Turkey was occupied through much of the pre-Hellenistic Iron Age (approximately from the 12th/11th to the 5th centuries BC). The site was excavated between 1979 and 1990 by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. The thesis uses the analysis of the stratification, architecture and material cultural remains revealed by the excavations to examine the nature of the Iron Age sequence at a site on the periphery of North Mesopotamia and, thereby, that of the wider region (including North Syria and South-East Turkey). The thesis aims to produce a coherent account of the stratigraphic and architectural sequence at Tille; to evaluate information on the length of occupation; and to establish the reliability of pottery and selected objects. By comparison with other material on a local, regional, and inter-regional basis, it aims to place the results in their historical, chronological and archaeological context. The strengths of the site: a long stratigraphic sequence; a reasonably well-established chronology; breadth of exposure of architectural plans; a reliable ceramic sequence; are combined to provide an exemplar for the North Mesopotamian Iron Age. Tille adds new factors to an assessment of the Iron Age sequence: demonstrably continuous occupation through the ‘dark ages’ of the 12th/11th centuries; distinctive pottery types tied into the stratigraphic sequence that show other sequences to be incomplete. It enlarges the corpus of material culture; and fills gaps in knowledge of the provincial settlement and installations of the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires. Supplementary aspects include the discussion of well-preserved architectural plans of the Neo-Hittite, Neo-Assyrian and Persian periods; and the examination of aspects of archaeological excavation and interpretation with wider applications, in particular the validity of inferences from the study of pottery and artefacts.
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