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Journal articles on the topic 'Mesoscopic perovskite solar cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Zhang, Hua, Huan Wang, Yinglong Yang, et al. "HxMoO3−ynanobelts: an excellent alternative to carbon electrodes for high performance mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 4 (2019): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10892g.

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The HxMoO<sub>3−y</sub>nanobelts as electrode has been firstly demonstrated with efficiency up to 14.5% in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells. This work thus opens up a new direction for developing electrode materials for more efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.

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2

Batmunkh, Munkhbayar, Cameron J. Shearer, Mark J. Biggs, and Joseph G. Shapter. "Nanocarbons for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00873e.

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This review outlines the progress that has been reported on using carbon based nanostructures in perovskite solar cells and discusses their possible further applications to deliver high efficiency, long lifetime, low cost PSCs.

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3

Jiang, Huirong, Xingyu Liu, Nianyao Chai, et al. "Alleviate the J–V hysteresis of carbon-based perovskite solar cells via introducing additional methylammonium chloride into MAPbI3 precursor." RSC Advances 8, no. 61 (2018): 35157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04347g.

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The hysteretic phenomenon commonly exists in the J–V curves of perovskite solar cells with different structures, especially for carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells without hole-conductor (carbon-based PSCs).

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4

Pantaler, Martina, Selina Olthof, Klaus Meerholz, and Doru C. Lupascu. "Bismuth-Antimony mixed double perovskites Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6 in solar cells." MRS Advances 4, no. 64 (2019): 3545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.404.

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AbstractReported conversion efficiencies of lead based perovskite solar cells keep increasing steadily. But next to the demand for high efficiency, the need for analogue non-toxic material systems remains. One promising lead free absorber material is the double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6. Interest in this and other double perovskites has been increasing in the last three years and several solar cells using different device structures have been reported. However, the efficiency of these solar cells is merely in the range of 2%. To further improve solar cell performance we prepared mixed bismuth-antimony double perovskite Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6 where different fractions of antimony (x=0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.50) are used. This was motivated by reports of lower bandgap values in these mixed system. After the optimization of preparation of these thin films, we have carefully analysed the effects on the structure, composition, electronic structure, as well as optical properties. Finally, we have fabricated Bi-Sb mixed double perovskite solar cells in a mesoscopic device architecture.

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5

Bahtiar, Ayi, Cyntia Agustin, Euis Siti Nurazizah, Annisa Aprilia, and Darmawan Hidayat. "Characteristics of Large Area Perovskite Solar Cells from Electrodes of Used Car Batteries." Materials Science Forum 966 (August 2019): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.966.373.

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Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells increases very rapidly and more than 22% is already achieved. However, some problems still need to be resolved for mass production and commercialization, including reducing production costs and development of large area solar cells. The best PCE is reached by very small active area, mostly below 0.5 cm2 which is mostly produced by spin-coating technique. Moreover, the perovskite precursor materials, mostly lead (II) iodide (PbI2) and hole-transport materials (HTM) Spiro-OMeTAD are expensive material in perovskite solar cells. Therefore, the use of low-cost perovskite precursors and low-cost HTM materials is one way to reduce the whole production costs of perovskite solar cells. Nowadays, many groups have been developed HTM-free perovskite solar cells using carbon-based mesoscopic solar cells for low cost production and large area perovskite solar cells, although the PCE of large area perovskite solar cells is still half than that very small area prepared by spin-coating technique. Here, we report our recent study to fabricate perovskite solar cells using mesoscopic carbon-based structure consisting of glass/ITO/TiO2/ZrO2/perovskite/carbon with active area larger than 1 cm2 by use of simple screen printing technique in ambient air with high humidity. We also synthesize PbI2 as perovskite precursor material from electrodes of used car battery to reduce the cost of solar cells production. Although, the PCE is still much lower than that reported by other groups, however, our study shows that perovskite solar cells from used car battery and with active area more than 1 cm2 can be fabricated in ambient air with high humidity by use of simple screen printing technique.

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6

Hou, Xiaomeng, Yue Hu, Huawei Liu, et al. "Effect of guanidinium on mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 1 (2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08418d.

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A multifunctional additive of guanidinium chloride (GuCl) in a CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite absorber enabled a high open-circuit voltage of over 1.0 V for printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on a TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/carbon architecture.

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7

Verma, Anand, David Martineau, Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh, Jakob Heier, and Frank Nüesch. "Inkjet printed mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with custom design capability." Materials Advances 1, no. 2 (2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00077a.

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Drop on demand inkjet printing of monolithic mesoscopic carbon-based perovskite solar cells is demonstrated, highlighting the potential of customizable solar cells for aesthetic indoor and outdoor photovoltaic deployment.

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8

Hu, Min, Linfeng Liu, Anyi Mei, Ying Yang, Tongfa Liu, and Hongwei Han. "Efficient hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with a broad light harvester NH2CHNH2PbI3." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 40 (2014): 17115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta03741c.

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9

Guan, Yanjun, Mi Xu, Wenhao Zhang, et al. "In situ transfer of CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals in mesoporous scaffolds for efficient perovskite solar cells." Chemical Science 11, no. 2 (2020): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc04900b.

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10

Zhang, Lijun, Tongfa Liu, Linfeng Liu, et al. "The effect of carbon counter electrodes on fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04647a.

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11

Liu, Tongfa, Yuli Xiong, Anyi Mei, et al. "Spacer layer design for efficient fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." RSC Advances 9, no. 51 (2019): 29840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05357c.

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12

Ha, Su-Jin, Jin Hyuck Heo, Sang Hyuk Im, and Jun Hyuk Moon. "Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells using TiO2 inverse opal electron-conducting scaffolds." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 5 (2017): 1972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07004c.

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13

Liu, Shuangshuang, Wenchao Huang, Peizhe Liao, et al. "Correction: 17% efficient printable mesoscopic PIN metal oxide framework perovskite solar cells using cesium-containing triple cation perovskite." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 9 (2018): 4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta90027b.

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Correction for ‘17% efficient printable mesoscopic PIN metal oxide framework perovskite solar cells using cesium-containing triple cation perovskite’ by Shuangshuang Liu et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 22952–22958.

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14

Filonik, Oliver, Margret E. Thordardottir, Jenny Lebert, et al. "Evolution of Perovskite Crystallization in Printed Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells." Energy Technology 7, no. 10 (2019): 1900343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900343.

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15

Liu, Tao, Liping Yu, Hu Liu, et al. "Ni nanobelts induced enhancement of hole transport and collection for high efficiency and ambient stable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 9 (2017): 4292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10470c.

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16

Petridis, Costantinos, George Kakavelakis, and Emmanuel Kymakis. "Renaissance of graphene-related materials in photovoltaics due to the emergence of metal halide perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 5 (2018): 1030–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03620e.

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17

Chen, Wenhan, Qi Luo, Xueshuang Deng, et al. "TiO2nanorod arrays hydrothermally grown on MgO-coated compact TiO2for efficient perovskite solar cells." RSC Advances 7, no. 85 (2017): 54068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09824c.

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18

Zimmermann, Iwan, Paul Gratia, David Martineau, et al. "Improved efficiency and reduced hysteresis in ultra-stable fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells through incorporation of CuSCN into the perovskite layer." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 14 (2019): 8073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00669a.

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19

Huang, Haibo, Jiangjian Shi, Songtao Lv, Dongmei Li, Yanhong Luo, and Qingbo Meng. "Sprayed P25 scaffolds for high-efficiency mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Chemical Communications 51, no. 51 (2015): 10306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01939g.

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Uniform, thickness-controllable and large-size mesoscopic TiO<sub>2</sub> films have been prepared by a spray method by using commercial P25 nanoparticles, yielding high efficiency for perovskite solar cells.

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20

Ripolles, Teresa S., Ajay K. Baranwal, Koji Nishinaka, Yuhei Ogomi, Germà Garcia-Belmonte, and Shuzi Hayase. "Mechanisms of charge accumulation in the dark operation of perovskite solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 22 (2016): 14970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01427e.

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21

Kakavelakis, G., K. Petridis, and E. Kymakis. "Recent advances in plasmonic metal and rare-earth-element upconversion nanoparticle doped perovskite solar cells." J. Mater. Chem. A 5, no. 41 (2017): 21604–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05428a.

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22

Huang, Guangguang, Chunlei Wang, Hao Zhang, Shuhong Xu, Qingyu Xu, and Yiping Cui. "Post-healing of defects: an alternative way for passivation of carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells via hydrophobic ligand coordination." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 6 (2018): 2449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09646a.

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23

Verma, Anand, David Martineau, Erwin Hack, et al. "Towards industrialization of perovskite solar cells using slot die coating." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 18 (2020): 6124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00327a.

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Carbon-based hole transport layer-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells can be manufactured at industrially relevant speeds on large areas using slot die coating. The cells show efficiencies comparable to those manufactured by screen printing.

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24

Yang, Ying, Kwangho Ri, Anyi Mei, et al. "The size effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta07030e.

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25

Lin, Shijia. "Analysis of the Principle and State-of-art Performances of Perovskite Solar Battery." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 76 (December 31, 2023): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/2ed0xf59.

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As a matter of fact, the perovskite has been widely implemented in solar material due to the high convergence efficiency. With this in mind, this paper will analyze the principle as well as the state-of-art performances for the solar battery based on perovskite. To be specific, the brief history of the development of calcite solar cells was given. The basic perovskite crystal structure is shown simultaneously. Two structural types of the Perovskite solar battery: mesoscopic structure and planer heterojunction are introduced. Focus on the performance of the quasi-2D Perovskite Solar Battery. First, this study will show its structure and then show Characterization Methods and Features. The photovoltaic characteristics of Perovskite Solar Cells with various device architectures and various organic amine cations is given. According to the analysis, the applications of Perovskite Solar Battery with Greenhouses Technology as main object is shown. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of solar material.

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26

Cui, Xue-Ping, Ke-Jian Jiang, Jin-Hua Huang, et al. "Electrodeposition of PbO and its in situ conversion to CH3NH3PbI3 for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Chemical Communications 51, no. 8 (2015): 1457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc08269a.

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The perovskite CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> is deposited on the mesoscopic TiO<sub>2</sub> film, and used as a light absorber for perovskite solar cells, exhibiting a high PCE of 12.5% under standard AM 1.5 conditions.

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27

Juarez-Perez, Emilio José, Cristina Momblona, Roberto Casas, and Marta Haro. "Enhanced Power Point Tracking for High Hysteresis Perovskite Solar Cells with a Galvanostatic Approach." Cell Reports Physical Science 5, no. 3 (2024): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101885.

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Harnessing the untapped potential of solar energy sources is crucial for achieving a sustainable future, and accurate maximum-power-point tracking of solar cells is vital to maximizing their power generation. This article introduces a power-tracking algorithm and cost-effective hardware for long-term operational stability measurements in perovskite solar cells. Existing algorithms for photovoltaic technology lead to suboptimal performance when applied to the most stable perovskite devices (for example, triple-mesoscopic hole-transport-material-free metal halide perovskite solar cells). To address this challenge, we developed a low-cost hardware solution for research purposes that enables concurrent long-term stability measurements in parallel with a galvanostatic-type power-tracking algorithm, ensuring superior operational performance for high-hysteresis perovskite solar cells. The suggested enhancements bear significant implications for the extensive integration of perovskite solar-cell technologies, particularly those dependent on power-optimizer devices.

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28

Lv, Siliu, Shuping Pang, Yuanyuan Zhou, et al. "One-step, solution-processed formamidinium lead trihalide (FAPbI(3−x)Clx) for mesoscopic perovskite–polymer solar cells." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 36 (2014): 19206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02113d.

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Mesoscopic perovskite–polymer solar cells based on solution-processed NH<sub>2</sub>CHNH<sub>2</sub>PbI<sub>(3−x)</sub>Cl<sub>x</sub>was firstly reported and the effect of annealing temperature on perovskite formation and photovoltaic performance was studied.

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29

Su, Ting, Yulin Yang, Guohua Dong, Tengling Ye, Yanxia Jiang, and Ruiqing Fan. "Improved photovoltaic performance of mesoporous perovskite solar cells with hydrogenated TiO2: prolonged photoelectron lifetime and high separation efficiency of photoinduced charge." RSC Advances 6, no. 69 (2016): 65125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12205a.

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Hydrogenated titanium dioxide (H-TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanocrystals and nanorods (H-TNRs) are successfully synthesized and employed as electron transfer materials in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

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30

Meroni, Simone M. P., Carys Worsley, Dimitrios Raptis, and Trystan M. Watson. "Triple-Mesoscopic Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells: Materials, Processing and Applications." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020386.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already achieved comparable performance to industrially established silicon technologies. However, high performance and stability must be also be achieved at large area and low cost to be truly commercially viable. The fully printable triple-mesoscopic carbon perovskite solar cell (mCPSC) has demonstrated unprecedented stability and can be produced at low capital cost with inexpensive materials. These devices are inherently scalable, and large-area modules have already been fabricated using low-cost screen printing. As a uniquely stable, scalable and low-cost architecture, mCPSC research has advanced significantly in recent years. This review provides a detailed overview of advancements in the materials and processing of each individual stack layer as well as in-depth coverage of work on perovskite formulations, with the view of highlighting potential areas for future research. Long term stability studies will also be discussed, to emphasise the impressive achievements of mCPSCs for both indoor and outdoor applications.

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31

Chavan, Rohit D., Pankaj Yadav, Mohammad Mahdi Tavakoli, et al. "Double layer mesoscopic electron contact for efficient perovskite solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 2 (2020): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se01051c.

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32

Wang, Qifei, Shuang Liu, Yue Ming, et al. "Improvements in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells via thinner spacer layers." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 11 (2018): 2412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00332g.

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33

Thach, Lien Thi Dao, Phuc Van Pham, Oanh Thi Tu Nguyen, et al. "Using Solvent Vapor Annealing for the Enhancement of the Stability and Efficiency of Monolithic Hole-conductor-free Perovskite Solar Cells." Communications in Physics 30, no. 2 (2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/30/2/14657.

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In the last few years, perovskite solar cells have attracted enormous interest in the photovoltaic community due to their low cost of materials, tunable band gap, excellent photovoltaic properties and easy process ability at low temperature. In this work, we fabricated hole-conductor-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells with the monolithic structure: glass/FTO/bl-TiO\(_{2}\)/(mp-TiO\(_{2}\)/mp-ZrO\(_{2}\)/mp-carbon) perovskite. The mixed 2D/3D perovskite precursor solution composed of PbI\(_{2}\), methylammonium iodide (MAI), and 5-ammoniumvaleric acid iodide (5-AVAI) was drop-casted through triple mesoporous TiO\(_{2}\)/ZrO\(_{2}\)/carbon electrode films. We found that the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) solvent vapor annealing strongly influenced on the growth of mixed 2D/3D perovskite on triple mesoscopic layers. It resulted in the better pore filling, better crystalline quality of perovskite layer, thus the improved stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cell was attributed to lower defect concentration and reduced recombination.

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34

Perrin, Lara, Seigo Ito, Ryuki Tsuji, Lionel Flandin, and Emilie Planes. "Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Interface Engineering of 5-AVAI Additive." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 19 (2024): 1732. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02191732mtgabs.

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Perovskite materials have great potential for high efficiencies in photovoltaic devices, with the best performances exceeding 26% in a single junction. We now need to further develop perovskite device architectures that combine ease of industrial development with effective durability. Among the alternatives, mesoporous frameworks based on metal oxide and carbon are promising due to their inherent high stability. In the presented work, two perovskite formulations will be compared: MAPbI3 and (5-AVA)xMA1-xPbI3. Both were infiltrated using drop casting as a final step, which provides a clean industrial process for large scale and stable perovskite devices. The aim was to highlight the differences in behavior between devices based on the traditional MAPbI3 perovskite when fabricated with or without 5-ammonium valeric acid iodide (5-AVAI) as an additive. A detailed study with a large series of characterizations (macroscopic functional properties, LBIC imaging, photoluminescence, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, impedance spectroscopy) has provided new insights into how carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells perform and degrade. Perovskites based on AVAI possess higher performances and durability than the original perovskite formulation, however they also demonstrated a higher potential for species diffusion and interface contamination. A special attention will be thus given to the method used to measure performances by analyzing J-V curves at different scan rates. Indeed, this allowed us to define boundary conditions allowing the observation of two different states within our devices (defined as ‘stable’ and ‘metastable’). This behavior was interpreted as a structural transition [1] and can vary according to the perovskite formulation. In addition, the degradation of performance with aging time under damp-heat conditions was found related to a different mechanism in devices formulated with or without AVAI: the critical damage occurring either at the perovskite interfaces or within the perovskite itself. References: [1] De Moor, G.; Charvin, N.; Farha, C.; Meyer, T.; Perrin, L.; Planes, E.; Flandin, L. Understanding the Anomalous J–V Curves in Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells as a Structural Transition Induced by Ion Diffusion. Solar RRL 2024, 2300998.

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35

Li, Hao, Kun Cao, Jin Cui, et al. "14.7% efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells using single walled carbon nanotubes/carbon composite counter electrodes." Nanoscale 8, no. 12 (2016): 6379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr07347b.

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes can help charge extraction in mesoscopic CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite solar cells using TiO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/carbon as a scaffold.

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36

Liu, Zonghao, Meng Zhang, Xiaobao Xu, et al. "p-Type mesoscopic NiO as an active interfacial layer for carbon counter electrode based perovskite solar cells." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 9 (2015): 3967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02904f.

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Replacement of the ZrO<sub>2</sub>insulator layer in the state-of-the-art TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/carbon structure by mesoscopic p-type NiO particles led to 39% increase of energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

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37

Krishna, Anurag, and Andrew C. Grimsdale. "Hole transporting materials for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells – towards a rational design?" Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 32 (2017): 16446–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01258f.

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38

Worsley, C., D. Raptis, S. M. P. Meroni, et al. "Green solvent engineering for enhanced performance and reproducibility in printed carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells and modules." Materials Advances 3, no. 2 (2022): 1125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00975c.

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Green solvent mixes are applied in printed mesoscopic perovskite solar cells and modules, achieving 13.8% PCE at 1 cm2 and >9% PCE in a 220 cm2 module. This shows how green solvent engineering can aid improvement and scale-up in emerging technologies.

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39

Liu, Zonghao, Aili Zhu, Fensha Cai, et al. "Nickel oxide nanoparticles for efficient hole transport in p-i-n and n-i-p perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 14 (2017): 6597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01593c.

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Here, a low-temperature solution-processed nickel oxide (NiO<sub>x</sub>) thin film was first employed as a hole transport layer in both inverted (p-i-n) planar and regular (n-i-p) mesoscopic organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PVSCs).

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40

Syrrokostas, George, George Leftheriotis, and Spyros N. Yannopoulos. "Double-Layered Zirconia Films for Carbon-Based Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells and Photodetectors." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (May 22, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8348237.

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Carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and photodetectors were fabricated with the application of double-layered ZrO2 films, consisting of zirconia nanoparticles and microparticles for the first and the second layer, respectively. This assembly exploits the ability of the zirconia microparticles to scatter and hence diffuse the incident light, causing a more efficient illumination of the perovskite layer. As a result, the photocurrent densities produced by a photodetector and a carbon-based PSC were increased by nearly 35% and 28%, respectively, compared to devices assembled using a conventional single zirconia film. Following the increase in the photocurrent, the responsivity of the photodetector and the power conversion efficiency of the PSC were increased analogously, due to the improved light harvesting efficiency of the perovskite layer. Parameters, such as the total thickness, the roughness, and the crystallinity of the films, were examined. Differences in the grain size and in the crystal planes of the perovskite were observed and evaluated. These results demonstrate that a double-layered ZrO2 film can enhance the efficiency of solar cells and photodetectors, enhancing the prospects for their potential commercialization.

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41

Ito, Kei, Kazuteru Nonomura, Ryota Kan, et al. "Four-Terminal Double-Junction Solar Cells Consisting of a Mesoscopic Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cell and an Inverted Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cell with Spectral Splitting System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 19 (2024): 1742. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02191742mtgabs.

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The spectral splitting system is one of the hybridization method to convine different solar cells to improve energy conversion efficiency by dividing sunlight into different spectral ranges. This technique is particularly valuable because different materials exhibit distinct spectral responses. By employing multiple types of solar cells optimized for different parts of the solar spectrum, overall panel efficiency can be increased compared to using a single type of solar cell. Implementing this technique requires careful design and engineering to ensure efficient spectral splitting and maximize electricity output from each type of solar cell. The organometal halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) exhibits a wide range of adjustable band gaps depending on its composition. To attain high efficiency in two-junction PSCs, combination of "mesoscopic" Pb-PSC with an "inverted" Sn-Pb mixed PSC is useful approach. In this study, a four-terminal spectral splitting double junction solar cell was fabricated by combining a mesoscopic-structure Pb-PSC and an inverted-structure Sn-Pb PSC, employing a dichroic mirror to split incident light into long and short wavelengths. In the experimental setup for the wide-bandgap top cell, initial steps involved the fabrication of compact and mesoscopic structure tin oxide layers on an FTO substrate. Subsequently, several wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers were spin-coated. Then, Spiro-OMeTAD was spin-coated onto the absorber layer, followed by thermal evaporation of gold. For the fabrication of the narrow-bandgap inverted PSC, a layer of PEDOT:PSS was spin-coated onto the FTO substrate. Then several narrow-bandgap perovskite absorbers were spin-coated. Finally, fullerene, bathocuproine, and silver were thermally evaporated onto the substrate. Finally, a four-terminal spectral splitting tandem solar cell was fabricated by combining the wide-bandgap mesoscopic structure top cell and the narrow-bandgap inverted structure bottom cell. J-V measurements conducted at several split wavelengths revealed a photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 20% for the top cell and about 5% for the bottom cell was obtained. However, the result showed that there is still room for improvement in bottom cell performance. As a result, the bandgap of narrow-bandgap perovskite was reduced by adjusting the ratio of tin and lead such as Cs0.025FA0.475MA0.5Sn0.6Pb0.4I3. This adjustment extended the optical absorption region of bottom cell to slightly longer wavelengths, as measured by EQE. Subsequently, the J-V measurements revealed a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 20.1 % for the top cell and 5.36 % for the bottom cell at the 801 nm split. The total PCE of 25.5 % was obtained, surpassing previous results.

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42

Jiang, Shuangquan, Yusong Sheng, Yue Hu, Yaoguang Rong, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han. "Influence of precursor concentration on printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Frontiers of Optoelectronics 13, no. 3 (2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1013-3.

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Cao, Kun, Jin Cui, Hua Zhang, et al. "Efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on the CH3NH3PbI2Br light absorber." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01129a.

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Efficient CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>2</sub>Br perovskite solar cells have been prepared based on the TiO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/carbon architecture, yielding an appreciable power conversion efficiency of 11.03%.

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44

Sung, Sang Do, Devi Prashad Ojha, Ji Su You, Joori Lee, Jeongho Kim, and Wan In Lee. "50 nm sized spherical TiO2nanocrystals for highly efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Nanoscale 7, no. 19 (2015): 8898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr01364j.

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45

Yang, In Seok, You Jin Park, Yujin Hwang, Hoi Chang Yang, Jeongho Kim, and Wan In Lee. "Formation of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells by Applying Li-Doped CuSCN Hole Conductor and Interface Treatment." Nanomaterials 12, no. 22 (2022): 3969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12223969.

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Li-doped CuSCN films of various compositions were applied as hole-transporting material (HTM) for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Those films of ~60 nm thickness, spin-coated on the perovskite layer, exhibit significantly higher crystallinity and hole mobility compared with the pristine CuSCN films. Among them, 0.33% Li-doped CuSCN (Li0.33:CuSCN) shows the best performance as the HTM of mesoscopic PSC. Furthermore, by depositing a slight amount of PCPDTBT over the Li0.33:CuSCN layer, the VOC was increased to 1.075 V, resulting in an average PCE of 20.24% and 20.65% for the champion device. These PCE and VOC values are comparable to those of PSC using spiro-OMETAD (PCE: 20.61%, VOC: 1.089 V). Such a remarkable increase can be attributed to the penetration of the PCPDTBT polymer into the grain boundaries of the Li0.33:CuSCN film, and to the interface with the perovskite layer, leading to the removal of defects on the perovskite surface by paving the non-contacting parts, as well as to the tight interconnection of the Li0.33:CuSCN grains. The PSC device with Li0.33:CuSCN showed a high long-term stability similar to that with bare CuSCN, and the introduction of PCPDTBT onto the perovskite/Li0.33:CuSCN further improved device stability, exhibiting 94% of the initial PCE after 100 days.

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46

Lim, Jeongmin, Seong Young Kong, and Yong Ju Yun. "Hole Transport Behaviour of Various Polymers and Their Application to Perovskite-Sensitized Solid-State Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (June 25, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7545914.

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Inorganic-organic mesoscopic solar cells become a promising alternative for conventional solar cells. We describe a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite-sensitized solid-state solar cells with the use of different polymer hole transport materials such as 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7). The device with a spiro-OMeTAD-based hole transport layer showed the highest efficiency of 6.9%. Interestingly, the PTB7 polymer, which is considered an electron donor material, showed dominant hole transport behaviors in the perovskite solar cell. A 200 nm thin layer of PTB7 showed comparatively good efficiency (5.5%) value to the conventional spiro-OMeTAD-based device.

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47

Zhang, Weihua, Jiankang Du, Cheng Qiu, et al. "Enhanced efficiency of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells using ionic liquid additives." Chemical Communications 57, no. 33 (2021): 4027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc00169h.

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48

Wu, Jiawen, Weihua Zhang, Qifei Wang, et al. "A favored crystal orientation for efficient printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 22 (2020): 11148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04589f.

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49

Liu, Chao, Chenxu Gao, Wei Wang, et al. "Cellulose‐Based Oxygen‐Rich Activated Carbon for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells." Solar RRL 5, no. 9 (2021): 2100333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100333.

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Rong, Yaoguang, Anyi Mei, Linfeng Liu, Xiong Li, and Hongwei Han. "All-solid-state Mesoscopic Solar Cells: From Dye-sensitized to Perovskite." Acta Chimica Sinica 73, no. 3 (2015): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a14100702.

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