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Sidiq Rilo Pambudi and Alif Subardono. "Implementasi dan Analisis Performa Protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Protocol Jaringan Smart Farming Pada Budidaya Jamur Tiram Dengan Memanfaatkan Internet Of Things." Journal of Internet and Software Engineering 2, no. 1 (2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jise.v2i1.1127.
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Abstract – The development of technology, gives many effects for human life. Many things can be controlled automatically and remotely. Internet of Things is as one of technology development which can be a solution to make human life easier. Internet of Things can also be used in agriculture sector and smart farming.
 Oyster growth is very affected by temperature and humidity. The temperature needed for growing of oyster is 24-28 Celsius degree. The use of Internet of Things is needed to monitor, take care and increase the productivity. Implementation of Smart Farming in agriculture sector, such as the using of protocol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) as a media of data traffic among censor, server and receiver of data. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) as protocol which can work as real time and work in low bandwidth, so the traffic of data works smoothly although in low bandwidth
 Keywords: Internet Of Things , Smart Farming, MQTT, QoS
 
 Intisari – Perkembangan teknologi memberikan banyak dampak pada kehidupan manusia. Banyak hal dapat dikontrol otomatis dari jarak jauh. Internet of Things (IoT) sebagai teknologi yang dapat menjadi solusi untuk mempermudah pekerjaan manusia. Internet of Things (IoT) dapat digunakan pula di bidang pertanian atau perkebunan pintar (Smart Farming). 
 Tanaman Jamur Tiram sangat dipengaruhi oleh temperatur dan kelembaban. Kondisi udara saat pertumbuhan Jamur Tiram berada pada suhu 24-28 derajat Celcius. Penggunaan Internet of Thing (IoT) di bidang pertanian dapat mendukung pemantauan, perawatan dan meningkatkan produktifitas. Penerapan Smart Farming di bidang pertanian salah satunya dengan menggunakan protocol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) sebagai sarana lalu lintas data antara sensor, server dan penerima data. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) merupakan protocol yang dapat bekerja secara realtime dan dapat bekerja pada bandwidth yang rendah, sehingga lalu lintas data tetap lancar walaupun menggunakan bandwidth yang rendah.
 Kata Kunci : Internet Of Things , Smart Farming, MQTT, QoS
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Al-Azam, Moh Noor, Darian Rizaludin, Yulius Satmoko Raharjo, and Aryo Nugroho. "Message Queuing Telemetry Transport dalam Internet of Things menggunakan ESP-32." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 3, no. 3 (2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v3i3.1160.
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Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a connectivity protocol between machines or now better known as the Internet of Things (IoT). This protocol recognizes two basic functions of M2M communication, namely publish and subscribe (pub/sub). The MQTT protocol is designed as a very simple and very lightweight message delivery protocol, designed for devices that are limited and with low bandwidth capacity, high latency or on an unreliable network. The design principles are to minimize bandwidth requirements and device resource requirements, and keep trying to ensure reliability and guaranteed delivery rates. In this paper, VerneMQ performance reliability is tested - one of the MQTT brokers, with several stressing levels using ESP-32 as a publisher and notebook with the python application as a subscriber.
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Van Glabbeek, Roald, Diana Deac, Thomas Perale, Kris Steenhaut, and An Braeken. "Flexible and Efficient Security Framework for Many-to-Many Communication in a Publish/Subscribe Architecture." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197391.
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Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a lightweight publish/subscribe protocol, which is currently one of the most popular application protocols in Internet of Things (IoT) thanks to its simplicity in use and its scalability. The secured version, MQTTS, which combines MQTT with the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, has several shortcomings. It only offers one-to-one security, supports a limited number of security features and has high computation and communication costs. In this paper, we propose a flexible and lightweight security solution to be integrated in MQTT, addressing many-to-many communication, which reduces the communication overhead by 80% and the computational overhead by 40% for the setup of a secure connection on the client side.
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Shaikh, Arefa Shafique. "A Survey on Exchanging Data Using MQTT Protocol in Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (2021): 3081–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37007.
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In the coming years, sensors will likely grow in every aspect of our lives. Several activities explain how the Internet of Things (IoT) will have an impact on almost all aspect of our lives and why security is at the top of the list of IoT challenges. Device to Device communications (D2D) in IoT are forecast and another major concern within the use of IoT is to make sure device security, D2D connectivity and high quality data. Therefore, a proper communication protocol is required to fix this issues. To address this, we purpose the use of Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT)protocol to transfer data between devices, as it is more secured. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a publish/subscribe messaging protocol which works on top of the TCP/IP protocol. The key feature of MQTT is its light weight, adds flexible authentication and bandwidth efficiency. The result of this study is transferring high quality data securely using MQTT protocol.
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Mulyana, Agus, and Muhammad Nur Arifin. "Smart Socket untuk Smart Home berbasis Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)." Komputika : Jurnal Sistem Komputer 8, no. 2 (2019): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/komputika.v8i2.1684.
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Penggunaan listrik pada rumah dapat diukur menggunakan KWH meter yang telah diberikan oleh PLN, namun KWH meter hanya mampu menghitung penggunaan listrik secara total. Dalam melakukan pemantauan listrik dengan cara tersebut memiliki kekurangan karena penggunaan listrik pada setiap stop kontak di dalam rumah tentunya berbeda-beda. Kemudian pemilik rumah yang sering berpergian dalam jangka waktu lama akan merasa khawatir karena tidak dapat mengetahui informasi dari alat elektronik yang masih terpasang dengan listrik. Sistem yang dibuat ini adalah sebuah sistem aplikasi dari smart home yaitu dalam mamanajemen energi. Alat ini akan tepasang pada stop kontak sehingga penggunaan listrik pada stop kontak dapat dipantau dan dikontrol. Data dari listrik yang ditampilkan yaitu arus, daya, tegangan, kondisi alat dan KWH. Sistem ini menggunakan protokol MQTT dimana data dari alat akan dikirim ke broker. Selanjutnya data-data tersebut yang telah diterima broker akan diambil oleh sistem lain yaitu sistem informasi penggunaan listrik berbasis web dan android sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menyajikan informasi dari penggunaan listrik. Selain itu sistem ini dapat melakukan kendali jarak jauh sehingga memudah pemilik rumah dalam mengontrol listrik.
 Kata Kunci – Listrik; Smart home; Pemantauan dan kendali; Stop kontak; MQTT.
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Sanjuan, Eduardo Buetas, Ismael Abad Cardiel, Jose A. Cerrada, and Carlos Cerrada. "Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Security: A Cryptographic Smart Card Approach." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 115051–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003998.
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H. Amaran, M., M. S. Rohmad, L. H. Adnan, N. N. Mohamed, and H. Hashim. "Lightweight Security for MQTT-SN." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20811.
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This study discusses a method to secure Message Queuing Telemetry Transport-Sensor network (MQTT-SN). MQTT-SN is a popular data communication protocol used in developing IoT applications and can be secured by augmenting it with a security scheme. In this work, several lightweight encryption schemes to be used in tandem with MQTT-SN were tested and analysed. The best algorithm is identified based on the speed of encryption and overall power consumption when implemented in IoT environment. It was found that L-BLOCK is the overall performer in securing MQTT-SN and should be highly considered when developing IoT applications.
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H. Amaran, M., M. S. Rohmad, L. H. Adnan, N. N. Mohamed, and H. Hashim. "Lightweight Security for MQTT-SN." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.21389.
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This study discusses a method to secure Message Queuing Telemetry Transport-Sensor network (MQTT-SN). MQTT-SN is a popular data communication protocol used in developing IoT applications and can be secured by augmenting it with a security scheme. In this work, several lightweight encryption schemes to be used in tandem with MQTT-SN were tested and analysed. The best algorithm is identified based on the speed of encryption and overall power consumption when implemented in IoT environment. It was found that L-BLOCK is the overall performer in securing MQTT-SN and should be highly considered when developing IoT applications.
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Badwaik, Payal, Harshal Nipane, Anjali Dhopte, Saurabh Kaypurkar, and Prof Vivek N. Mahawadiwar. "The Design of Co-operative Communication model using esp8266 for triangulation of network model for IoT Environment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (2022): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40436.
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Abstract: The Internet of Things (IOT) allows objects to connect over the internet in order to gather and exchange data. The hardwares Arduino, sensors, selectors, and internet comparability are commonly used in these devices. In this context, the MQTT is critical for exchanging data or information between devices in the Internet of Things without knowing one other's identities. This paper discusses various communication service models in the Internet of Things. Model A uses serial USB as a transmission medium, whereas Model B employs the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol, which connects the system to the internet (ESP8266-12). The concept of author and subscriber is utilized in communication. A agent server is used to bring out or subscribe to messages. The agent is in-charge of disseminating messages to consumers based on the message topic. In MQTT, the agent is also known as the server. Mosquitto, Adafruit, and hiveMQ are some of the agents utilized in MQTT. We have demonstrated by the applications of triangulation network for NODE-MCU using co-operative communication using hardware with MQTT protocol.
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Badwaik, Payal, Harshal Nipane, Anjali Dhopte, Saurabh Kaypurkar, and Prof Vivek N. Mahawadiwar. "Overview of Co-Operative Communication Model Using Esp8266 for Triangulation of Network Model for IoT Environment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (2022): 744–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40360.
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Abstract: The Internet of Things (IOT) allows objects to connect over the internet in order to gather and exchange data. Microcontrollers like as Arduino, sensors, selectors, and internet comparability are commonly used in these devices. In this context, the MQTT is critical for exchanging data or information between devices in the Internet of Things without knowing one other's identities. This paper discusses various communication service models in the Internet of Things. Model A uses serial USB as a transmission medium, whereas Model B employs the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol, which connects the system to the internet via a Wi-Fi module (ESP8266-12). The concept of author and subscriber is utilised in communication. A agentor server is used to publish or subscribe to messages. The agent is in charge of disseminating messages to consumers based on the message's topic. In MQTT, the agent is also known as the server. -Mosquitto, Adafruit, and hiveMQ are some of the agents utilised in MQTT. We have demonstrated the applications of triangulation network for NODE-MCU using co-operative communication using hardware with MQTT protocol.
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Sinyavskiy, Ivan, Igor Sorokin, and Andrei Sukhov. "Prototype wireless network for internet of things based on DECT standard." Telfor Journal 14, no. 1 (2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/telfor2201008s.
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This paper presents a software prototype of a wireless network for the Internet of Things (IoT) based on the DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication) standard. It proposes an architecture for encapsulating commands from the most common IoT protocol, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), into SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) packets. A module is created to embed MQTT-SN (MQTT for Sensor Networks) packets into SIP packets. The module is developed in Go language using the built-in "net" library. Delivery of MQTT-SN packets to IoT devices is carried out using the SIP protocol. Source codes and instructions for installing the gateway can be found at https://github.com/iSinyavsky/mqtt-sn-sip-gateway.
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Jove, Esteban, Jose Aveleira-Mata, Héctor Alaiz-Moretón, et al. "Intelligent One-Class Classifiers for the Development of an Intrusion Detection System: The MQTT Case Study." Electronics 11, no. 3 (2022): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030422.
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The ever-increasing number of smart devices connected to the internet poses an unprecedented security challenge. This article presents the implementation of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on the deployment of different one-class classifiers to prevent attacks over the Internet of Things (IoT) protocol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The utilization of real data sets has allowed us to train the one-class algorithms, showing a remarkable performance in detecting attacks.
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Sim, Woongbin, ByungKwen Song, Junho Shin, and Taehun Kim. "Data Distribution Service Converter Based on the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture Publish–Subscribe Protocol." Electronics 10, no. 20 (2021): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202524.
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The open platform communications unified architecture (OPC UA) is a major industry-standard middleware based on the request–reply pattern, and the data distribution service (DDS) is an industry standard in the publish–subscribe form. The OPC UA cannot replace fieldbuses at the control and field levels. To facilitate real-time connectionless operation, the OPC Foundation added the publish–subscribe model—a new specification that supports broker functions, such as message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), and advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP)—to the OPC UA Part 14 standard. This paper proposes a protocol converter for incorporation into the application layer of the DDS subscriber to facilitate interoperability among publisher–subscriber pairs. The proposed converter comprises a DDS gateway and bridge. The former exists inside the MQTT and AMQP brokers, which convert OPC UA publisher data into DDS messages prior to passing them on to the DDS subscriber. The DDS bridge passes the messages received from the DDS gateway to the OPC UA subscriber in the corresponding DDS application layer. The results reported in existing studies, and those obtained using the proposed converter, allow all devices supporting the OPC UA and OPC UA PubSub standards to realize DDS publish–subscribe interoperability.
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Sahlmann, Kristina, Vera Clemens, Michael Nowak, and Bettina Schnor. "MUP: Simplifying Secure Over-The-Air Update with MQTT for Constrained IoT Devices." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010010.
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Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of the dominating protocols for edge- and cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT) solutions. When a security vulnerability of an IoT device is known, it has to be fixed as soon as possible. This requires a firmware update procedure. In this paper, we propose a secure update protocol for MQTT-connected devices which ensures the freshness of the firmware, authenticates the new firmware and considers constrained devices. We show that the update protocol is easy to integrate in an MQTT-based IoT network using a semantic approach. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated by a detailed performance analysis of our prototype implementation on a IoT device with 32 kB RAM. Thereby, we identify design issues in MQTT 5 which can help to improve the support of constrained devices.
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Wydmann, Raja Chairul Jannah, and Riki Mukhaiyar. "Augmented Reality dalam Penggunaan Alat Rumah Tangga Berbasis Internet Of Things." JTEIN: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Indonesia 1, no. 2 (2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jtein.v1i2.48.
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Pengembangan aplikasi ini didasari oleh tingkat efisiensi penggunaan teknologi augmented reality yang masih minimum, khususnya dibidang rumah tangga. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya pengetahuan dibidang tersebut dan menjadi dasar dalam membangun aplikasi augmented reality yang digunakan untuk mengatur peralatan rumah tangga yang dijembatani oleh Internet of Things. Dalam aplikasinya, augmented reality akan ditanamkan didalam smartphone android dan dapat dikontrol menggunakan gestur jari tangan pada layar dan ditampilkan menggunakan kamera. Perintah akan dikirimkan ke Raspberry Pi yang berperan sebagai server MQTT dan akan mengirimkannya ke NodeMCU via internet untuk mengontrol alat rumah tangga. Server terhubung dengan NodeMCU menggunakan protokol MQTT “mosquitto” dalam mengirimkan perintah. Hasilnya aplikasi augmented reality yang dibuat menggunakan Unity dapat berjalan dan menghubungkan semua sistem menjadi satu karena adanya satu protokol yang menjembataninya yaitu MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport).
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Widodo, Yohanes Bowo, Ade Muhammad Ichsan, and Tata Sutabri. "Perancangan Sistem Smart Home Dengan Konsep Internet Of Things Hybrid Berbasis Protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport." Jurnal Teknologi Informatika dan Komputer 6, no. 2 (2020): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37012/jtik.v6i2.302.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan rasa kenyamanan, keamanan dan efisiensi bagi user atau pemilik rumah dalam mengendalikan dan memonitoring peralatan elektronik yang digunakan dirumah dengan pemanfaatan teknologi smartphone dan koneksi internet agar dapat melakukan pengendalian dari jarak jauh. Dengan tujuan tersebut, maka dibuatlah perancangan sistem Smarthome dengan konsep Internet of Things Hybrid berbasis Protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT).Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan suatu sistem User interface yang terdiri dari aplikasi berbasis android yang terhubung dengan aplikasi google assistant. Sistem ini menggunakan protokol MQTT karena menggunakan energi yang sangat sedikit dibandingkan dengan protokol lainnya, dan dapat bekerja dengan baik di dalam lingkungan yang memiliki bandwidth rendah dan latency yang tinggi.Untuk mengevaluasi performa dari sistem ini, dilakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan metode prototyping yang terhubung dengan aplikasi berbasis android dan terintegrasi dengan aplikasi google assistant. Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan, sistem ini dapat dikendalikan dari jarak jauh menggunakan perintah tombol maupun perintah suara dan dapat berfungsi sebagaimana dengan tujuan awal penelitian ini.
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Arbab-Zavar, Babak, Emilio J. Palacios-Garcia, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185610.
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In a context with an increasing number of non-traditional power sources, smart inverters function as the main interfaces between distributed energy resources (DERs) and the power bus. This role is even more prominent in microgrids (MGs), where numerous DERs must be controlled and coordinated. For this aim, MGs need to implement suitable communication links since, even in distributed control, the system must compensate voltage and frequency deviations caused by local controllers. Likewise, a communication system is required to optimize its operation. This paper aims to apply the technological advances brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) to the issue of communication within an MG. The work proposes a wireless communication architecture based on the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol, accompanied by a set of requirements and specifications to establish a multi-directional information flow between DERs in an MG, and potential energy management system (EMS) or secondary controllers. A laboratory-scale testbed was implemented to demonstrate the operation of an EMS in the proposed architecture. The experimental results showed how current control structures seamlessly integrate with the proposed communication system. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that communication latencies or failures did not comprise the stability of the MG, but only decreased the optimality of the EMS control strategy.
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Buccafurri, Francesco, Vincenzo De Angelis, and Roberto Nardone. "Securing MQTT by Blockchain-Based OTP Authentication." Sensors 20, no. 7 (2020): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072002.
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The Internet of Things is constantly capturing interest from modern applications, changing our everyday life and empowering industrial applications. Interaction and the collaboration among smart devices offer new challenges to security since they conflict with economic and energy consumption requirement constraints. On the other hand, the lack of security measures could negatively impact the concrete adoption of this paradigm. This paper focuses on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, widely adopted in the Internet of Things. This protocol does not implement natively secure authentication mechanisms, which are demanded to developers. Hence, this paper proposes a novel OTP (one-time password)-authentication schema for MQTT, which uses the Ethereum blockchain to implement a second-factor out-of-band channel. The proposal enables the authentication of both local and remote devices preserving user privacy and guaranteeing trust and accountability via Ethereum smart contracts.
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Hussein, Mahmoud, Ahmed I. Galal, Emad Abd-Elrahman, and Mohamed Zorkany. "Internet of Things (IoT) Platform for Multi-Topic Messaging." Energies 13, no. 13 (2020): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133346.
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IoT-based applications operate in a client–server architecture, which requires a specific communication protocol. This protocol is used to establish the client–server communication model, allowing all clients of the system to perform specific tasks through internet communications. Many data communication protocols for the Internet of Things are used by IoT platforms, including message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP), MQTT for sensor networks (MQTT-SN), data distribution service (DDS), constrained application protocol (CoAP), and simple object access protocol (SOAP). These protocols only support single-topic messaging. Thus, in this work, an IoT message protocol that supports multi-topic messaging is proposed. This protocol will add a simple “brain” for IoT platforms in order to realize an intelligent IoT architecture. Moreover, it will enhance the traffic throughput by reducing the overheads of messages and the delay of multi-topic messaging. Most current IoT applications depend on real-time systems. Therefore, an RTOS (real-time operating system) as a famous OS (operating system) is used for the embedded systems to provide the constraints of real-time features, as required by these real-time systems. Using RTOS for IoT applications adds important features to the system, including reliability. Many of the undertaken research works into IoT platforms have only focused on specific applications; they did not deal with the real-time constraints under a real-time system umbrella. In this work, the design of the multi-topic IoT protocol and platform is implemented for real-time systems and also for general-purpose applications; this platform depends on the proposed multi-topic communication protocol, which is implemented here to show its functionality and effectiveness over similar protocols.
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Roldán-Gómez, José, Javier Carrillo-Mondéjar, Juan Manuel Castelo Gómez, and José Luis Martínez Martínez. "Security Assessment of the MQTT-SN Protocol for the Internet of Things." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2224, no. 1 (2022): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2224/1/012079.
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Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing globally at a fast pace. However, the expansion of the IoT paradigm has brought with it the challenge of promptly detecting and evaluating attacks against these systems. The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is one of the most used protocols in the IoT scenario due to its lightness. The MQTT-SN protocol, which is an even lighter version of MQTT, is specially designed for embedded devices on non-TCP/IP networks. This paper presents an exhaustive assessment of the MQTT-SN protocol and describes its shortcomings, which can allow an attacker to compromise the security of the entire IoT infrastructure. We have designed 3 different attacks in order to allow us to evaluate the different security impacts on a real MQTT-SN network. All the attacks were implemented and tested, and we show how they work and their impact on performance. Furthermore, a non-attacked scenario was also implemented to allow us to compare the performance of an attacked system with that of system without attacks.
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Ali Jasim, Nabaa, and Haider ALRkabi. "Design and Implementation a Smart System for Monitoring the Electrical Energy based on the Internet of Things." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, no. 2 (2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol10.iss2.240.
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In this article, an open source monitoring system based on Internet of Thing (IoT) is designed to monitor electrical energy consumption. This system provides real-time information about energy consumption over time. To implement this system, sensors were used to measure data, a Raspberry as an application server to display and store data, and microcontrollers to collect information. The process of data transfer via the Internet using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT (protocol between the microcontroller and the server. Through the experimental results obtained from the proposed system, the voltage, current, active power and power consumption were successfully recorded.
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Eridani, Dania, Eko Didik Widianto, and Nur Kholid. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Dan Controlling Tambak Udang Windu Dengan Konsep Internet Of Things Menggunakan Protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport." CESS (Journal of Computer Engineering, System and Science) 5, no. 1 (2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/cess.v5i1.14718.
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Udang windu merupakan salah satu jenis udang asli dari Indonesia. Pembudidayaan udang windu sangat dipengaruhi oleh kualitas air pada tambak udang windu. Berdasarkan faktor tersebut, maka dibuatlah sistem yang mampu memantau dan mengontrol kualitas air pada tambak udang windu secara kontinyu dan real-time menggunakan konsep Internet of Things dengan protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. Sistem yang dibangun terdiri dari 2 bagian, yang pertama adalah NodeMCU sebagai primary node yang terhubung dengan sensor (HC-SR04, SEN0161, dan DS18B20) untuk pemantauan kualitas air dan aktuator (motor DC sebagai kincir air). Bagian kedua adalah Raspberry Pi 3 Model B sebagai MQTT broker dan berfungsi untuk mengirimkan hasil pembacaan sensor menuju database. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sistem dapat memantau kualitas air dan juga melakukan kontrol terhadap kincir air melalui aplikasi berbasis website. Primary node juga bisa berkomunikasi dengan broker melalui protokol MQTT.
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Hamsen, Billy, and Indrastanti R. Widiasari. "Rancang Bangun Perangkat Lunak IoT Gateway dari Field ke Cloud Berbasis Protocol Komunikasi MQTT." AITI 19, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/aiti.v19i1.1-15.
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Internet of things (IoT) ialah bagian terpenting pada pertumbuhan internet di dunia pada masa ini, penerapan pada IoT memperoleh bermacam-macam media penyimpanan pada data atau file yang akan berkembang menjadi sangat besar, dan akan mempengaruhi penyimpanan file yang kemudian mengakibatkan pertumpukan pada data. Riset ini betujuan untuk mengembangkan protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) ialah salah satu aturan yang bekerja pada stack TCP/IP serta diprogram khusus dalam machine to machine. Cara kerja MQTT melakukan Publish serta Subscribe data perangkat dapat terkoneksi kepada salah satu Broker serta memiliki topik khusus. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem metode yang dimana topik pada MQTT bisa mengirimkan pesan atau data kepada middleware. Middleware akan menerapkan metode publish subscribe untuk tukar pesan atau informasi. agar bisa menbisakan data dari middleware itu wajib ada subscriber, yang kemudian Internet Gateway Device (IGD) akan mengsubscribe kemudian data berikutnya akan disetor ke dalam data storage GridFS dan MongoDB supaya mempermudah proses get dan post data untuk media penyimpanan.
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Husnain, Muhammad, Khizar Hayat, Enrico Cambiaso, et al. "Preventing MQTT Vulnerabilities Using IoT-Enabled Intrusion Detection System." Sensors 22, no. 2 (2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020567.
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The advancement in the domain of IoT accelerated the development of new communication technologies such as the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Although MQTT servers/brokers are considered the main component of all MQTT-based IoT applications, their openness makes them vulnerable to potential cyber-attacks such as DoS, DDoS, or buffer overflow. As a result of this, an efficient intrusion detection system for MQTT-based applications is still a missing piece of the IoT security context. Unfortunately, existing IDSs do not provide IoT communication protocol support such as MQTT or CoAP to validate crafted or malformed packets for protecting the protocol implementation vulnerabilities of IoT devices. In this paper, we have designed and developed an MQTT parsing engine that can be integrated with network-based IDS as an initial layer for extensive checking against IoT protocol vulnerabilities and improper usage through a rigorous validation of packet fields during the packet-parsing stage. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the proposed solution across different reported vulnerabilities. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution for detecting and preventing the exploitation of vulnerabilities on IoT protocols.
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Jaloudi, Samer. "Communication Protocols of an Industrial Internet of Things Environment: A Comparative Study." Future Internet 11, no. 3 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11030066.
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Most industrial and SCADA-like (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems use proprietary communication protocols, and hence interoperability is not fulfilled. However, the MODBUS TCP is an open de facto standard, and is used for some automation and telecontrol systems. It is based on a polling mechanism and follows the synchronous request–response pattern, as opposed to the asynchronous publish–subscribe pattern. In this study, polling-based and event-based protocols are investigated to realize an open and interoperable Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment. Many Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are introduced and compared, and the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is chosen as the event-based, publish–subscribe protocol. The study shows that MODBUS defines an optimized message structure in the application layer, which is dedicated to industrial applications. In addition, it shows that an event-oriented IoT protocol complements the MODBUS TCP but cannot replace it. Therefore, two scenarios are proposed to build the IIoT environment. The first scenario is to consider the MODBUS TCP as an IoT protocol, and build the environment using the MODBUS TCP on a standalone basis. The second scenario is to use MQTT in conjunction with the MODBUS TCP. The first scenario is efficient and complies with most industrial applications where the request–response pattern is needed only. If the publish–subscribe pattern is needed, the MQTT in the second scenario complements the MODBUS TCP and eliminates the need for a gateway; however, MQTT lacks interoperability. To maintain a homogeneous message structure for the entire environment, industrial data are organized using the structure of MODBUS messages, formatted in the UTF-8, and then transferred in the payload of an MQTT publish message. The open and interoperable environment can be used for Internet SCADA, Internet-based monitoring, and industrial control systems.
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Atmoko, Rachmad Andri, Daoguo Yang, M. Yayan Alfiani, and Lilik Subiyanto. "Controlling Unmanned Surface Vehicle Using MQTT Protocol." Journal Of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 1, no. 2 (2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/cnapc.v1i2.229.
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Abstract- The communication system at USV is the most important part of ensuring that the USV control system runs well. Communication systems that are commonly used at USV are generally still local networks. The development of a wider range of communications is needed to improve USV scalability so that the benefits can be increased to support the concept of remote laboratory and remote surveillance. USV is generally controlled using a wireless network with a limited work area using WIFI or using another electromagnetic waves transmission. This research proposes the development control and monitoring systems of USV to be controlled over the Internet by using the message queuing telemetry transport(MQTT) Protocol. This idea makes the USV can be controlled remotely, no longer have to operate it in the field. The control speed response of rudder and motor are analyzed. Performance monitoring of the compass sensor, GPS, and cameras also showed good results. As a result, the average delay time generated is 1.6 second.
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Liao, Teh-Lu, Hong-Ru Lin, Pei-Yen Wan, and Jun-Juh Yan. "Improved Attribute-Based Encryption Using Chaos Synchronization and Its Application to MQTT Security." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204454.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) has developed rapidly and been widely used in industry, agriculture, e-health, smart cities, and families. As the total amount of data transmission will increase dramatically, security will become a very important issue in data communication in the IoT. There are many communication protocols for Device to Device (D2D) or Machine to Machine (M2M) in IoT. One of them is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), which is quite prevalent and easy to use. MQTT is designed for resource-constrained devices, so its security is not as strong as other communication protocols. To enhance MQTT security, it needs an additional function to overcome its weakness. However, considering the limited computational abilities of resource-constrained devices, they cannot use too powerful or complicated cryptographic algorithms. Therefore, this paper proposes novel improved attribute-based encryption (ABE) integrated with chaos synchronization to enhance the MQTT security. Finally, a small size of IoT is implemented to simulate resource-constrained devices equipped with a human–machine interface and monitoring software to show and verify the performance of MQTT communication with this improved ABE algorithm.
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Park, Jun-Hong, Hyeong-Su Kim, and Won-Tae Kim. "DM-MQTT: An Efficient MQTT Based on SDN Multicast for Massive IoT Communications." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093071.
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Edge computing is proposed to solve the problem of centralized cloud computing caused by a large number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The IoT protocols need to be modified according to the edge computing paradigm, where the edge computing devices for analyzing IoT data are distributed to the edge networks. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, as a data distribution protocol widely adopted in many international IoT standards, is suitable for cloud computing because it uses a centralized broker to effectively collect and transmit data. However, the standard MQTT may suffer from serious traffic congestion problem on the broker, causing long transfer delays if there are massive IoT devices connected to the broker. In addition, the big data exchange between the IoT devices and the broker decreases network capability of the edge networks. The authors in this paper propose a novel MQTT with a multicast mechanism to minimize data transfer delay and network usage for the massive IoT communications. The proposed MQTT reduces data transfer delays by establishing bidirectional SDN (Software Defined Networking) multicast trees between the publishers and the subscribers by means of bypassing the centralized broker. As a result, it can reduce transmission delay by 65% and network usage by 58% compared with the standard MQTT.
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AVELEIRA MATA, JOSE, ANGEL LUIS MUÑOZ CASTAÑEDA, MARÍA TERESA GARCÍA ORDÁS, CARMEN BENAVIDES CUELLAR, José Alberto Benítez Andrades, and HECTOR ALAIZ MORETON. "IDS PROTOTYPE FOR INTRUSION DETECTION WITH MACHINE LEARNING MODELS IN IOT SYSTEMS OF THE INDUSTRY 4.0." DYNA 96, no. 3 (2021): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10011.
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Industry 4.0 significantly improves productivity by collecting and analyzing data in real time. This, combined with remote access functions, and cloud processing that allows Internet of Things IoT, provides information that optimizes processes and decision support. Also involves a great growth of new networks and systems with special features, which mean that they are vulnerable to different attacks. So new security requirements are emerging in the IoT network. To improve the security of an IoT system for a transparent way, it is proposed the development of a prototype intrusion detection system IDS, which detects anomalies in IoT environments using the MQTT protocol (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), widely used in IoT systems. For this purpose, it is generated a dataset of an IoT system in which perform different attacks on the MQTT protocol. This dataset is used to train a machine learning model, which is implemented in the IDS that captures the network frames in real time from the system to classify and detect the different attacks. Keywords: IoT, industry 4.0, cybersecurity, IDS, MQTT protocol, Machine Learning.
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Maharaj, Robin, Vipin Balyan, and Mohammed Tariq Khan. "Optimising data visualisation in the process control and IIoT environments." International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems 15, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-022.
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Abstract In the present context of the 4th Industrial revolution, there is a growing need to get data from different data sources in a standard data format. This paper presents a solution to achieve this convergence in using IoT technology, extracting available data, and making it available to high-level systems in a standard, low latency framework. This paper presents different protocols like OPC UA, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and Constrained Application Protocol(COAP) to achieve this data transportation/acquisition. It also presents an emerging Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology, LoRa WAN, to augment the data of the process control system, explicitly extending the range of sensors to wireless data points.
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Fawwaz, Dzaky Zakiyal, Sang-Hwa Chung, Chang-Woo Ahn, and Won-Suk Kim. "Optimal Distributed MQTT Broker and Services Placement for SDN-Edge Based Smart City Architecture." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093431.
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A smart city is an urban area that collects data from various devices to effectively manage urban resources. The smart city IoT infrastructure connects numerous devices to an Internet-protocol-based low-power wireless network, shares massive amounts of data, and facilitates the development of new services. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), a lightweight exchange protocol for the IoT environment, uses a publish and subscribe structure via a centralized broker to share data. The extent of edge computing provides distributed and closer resources to the data source while maintaining low transmission costs. However, a centralized MQTT data broker is unsuitable for distributed edge resources and could result in high latency, traffic, and bottleneck risk. Therefore, we proposed a distributed MQTT broker optimized architecture. A distributed MQTT broker for edge resources could reduce network traffic and data delivery latency by only managing consumed topics in the network. We formulate an integer non-linear program to optimize container placement and avoid wasting edge computing resources. We compared our proposed architecture to the existing distributed MQTT middleware architecture with greedy and random container placement through extensive simulation. Our methods show better performance in lowering deployment failure ratio, power consumption, network usage, and synchronization overhead.
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Aprinaldi, Yanda, and Dede Irawan Saputra. "Sistem pemantauan dan pengisian cairan pada mesin hemodialisa berbasis IoT dengan protokol MQTT." JITEL (Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Elektronika, dan Listrik Tenaga) 1, no. 1 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/jitel.v1.i1.2021.9-16.
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Masalah yang sering terjadi saat melakukan cuci darah adalah habisnya cairan acid dan bicarbonate saat proses cuci darah sedang berlangsung yang mengakibatkan efek samping pada pasien. Internet of Things (IoT) merupakan metode komunikasi sederhana yang dapat menghubungkan semua objek fisik di kehidupan sehari-hari melalui internet. Pada penelitian ini dibuat prototype berbasis IoT yang mampu memonitor dan mengisi ulang cairan acid dan bicarbonate dan dapat mengisi ulang cairan sebelum kosong. Sistem dibuat menggunakan sensor ultrasonic dan aliran untuk pendeteksian cairan. Pengiriman data pada sistem ini dilakukan menggunakan protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan sistem mampu berjalan dengan baik dengan tingkat error data sensor ultrasonik yang sudah terkalibrasi sebesar 0,105 cm dan error sensor flowmeter sebesar 0,11 L/m. Hasil pembacaan pada serial monitor memiliki hasil yang sama dengan pembacaan yang ditampilkan interface. Data yang dikirimkan mencapai kesesuaian 100% dikarenakan pada sistem monitor dan pengisian ini dilakukan menggunakan protokol MQTT yang terdapat publish, subscribe, dan broker.
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Fernández, Fátima, Mihail Zverev, Pablo Garrido, José R. Juárez, Josu Bilbao, and Ramón Agüero. "Even Lower Latency in IIoT: Evaluation of QUIC in Industrial IoT Scenarios." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175737.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we analyze the performance of QUIC as a transport alternative for Internet of Things (IoT) services based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Protocol (MQTT). QUIC is a novel protocol promoted by Google, and was originally conceived to tackle the limitations of the traditional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), specifically aiming at the reduction of the latency caused by connection establishment. QUIC use in IoT environments is not widespread, and it is therefore interesting to characterize its performance when in over such scenarios. We used an emulation-based platform, where we integrated QUIC and MQTT (using GO-based implementations) and compared their combined performance with the that exhibited by the traditional TCP/TLS approach. We used Linux containers as end devices, and the ns-3 simulator to emulate different network technologies, such as WiFi, cellular, and satellite, and varying conditions. The results evince that QUIC is indeed an appropriate protocol to guarantee robust, secure, and low latency communications over IoT scenarios.
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Lam, JunHuy, Sang-Gon Lee, Hoon-Jae Lee, and Yustus Eko Oktian. "Securing SDN Southbound and Data Plane Communication with IBC." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1708970.
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In software-defined network (SDN), the southbound protocol defines the communication between the control plane and the data plane. The agreed protocol, OpenFlow, suggests securing the southbound communication with Transport Layer Security (TLS). However, most current SDN projects do not implement the security segment, with only a few exceptions such as OpenDayLight, HP VAN SDN, and ONOS implementing TLS in the southbound communication. From the telecommunication providers’ perspective, one of the major SDN consumers besides data centers, the data plane becomes much more complicated with the addition of wireless data plane as it involves numerous wireless technologies. Therefore, the complicated resource management along with the security of such a data plane can hinder the migration to SDN. In this paper, we propose securing the distributed SDN communication with a multidomain capable Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC) protocol, particularly for the southbound and wireless data plane communication. We also analyze the TLS-secured Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) message exchanges to find out the possible bandwidth saved with IBC.
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Ekoramaradhya, Manasa, and Christina Thorpe. "Novel DevSecOps Model for Robust Security in an MQTT Internet of Things." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.31.
Full textAbstract:
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a standard messaging protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT). Among the various communication protocols used in IoT, MQTT stands unique because of its multiple advantages such as being efficient and light weight, reliability in message delivery and scalability to millions of things. However, the fact that the data privacy of the MQTT messages can be compromised while the data is in transit poses risks to the security mechanism. Attack scenarios related to MQTT have exposed multiple risks and vulnerabilities such as thousands of MQTT brokers being accessible over the default port, data privacy, authentication, data integrity, port obscurity, and botnet over MQTT. These risks and vulnerabilities undermine security mechanism which results in compromised IoT systems. Development Security and Operations (DevSecOps) aims at integrating security at every phase of the IoT lifecycle with enhanced automation, tools, and a process for determining security vulnerabilities at every stage. This results in a rapid and cost-effective IoT system which is enabled by proactive security mechanisms, threat prediction, threat detection, and alerting mechanisms. The aim of this work is to build a DevSecOps pipeline utilizing open source MQTT servers and brokers. A comparative study was performed to identify the risk posture provided by the DevSecOps pipeline across MQTT ports offering different combinations of security mechanisms. Firstly, threat modelling was conducted wherein the IoT system was analyzed at an architectural level from an attacker’s perspective and appropriate risk mitigation and defense mechanisms were accommodated into the design. The IoT system was then subjected to rigorous static and dynamic analysis followed by vulnerability scanning and third component checks. Penetration test cases and controls are automated to check threats and vulnerabilities like escalation of privileges, denial of service, spoofing, information disclosure, and repudiation. An alerting mechanism is also integrated into the system to monitor risks and vulnerabilities. Our proposed DevSecOps models achieves standard maturity in security systems with earlier threat prediction and detection.
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Iqbal Mauludi, M., N. S. Aminah, and M. Budiman. "Forest Fire Alert System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012032.
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Abstract Recently, forest fire cases have often occurred in Indonesia. Besides efforts to prevent the forest fires, there is also a need for a good mitigation system. Mitigation is an effort made so that the impact of disasters can be minimized. In this research, a prototype of forest fire alert system will be built. This system will be based on IoT and focus on prediction of forest fire positioning. Temperature data as a basis prediction data obtained from the DHT11 temperature sensor which is transmitted by NodeMCU v3 towards Raspberry Pi 3B utilizes the Message Queuing protocol Telemetry Transport (MQTT) will be displayed on a webpage provided by Node-Red Dashboard. The webpage accessible to authorities to take actions needed to deal with forest fires.
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Iqbal Mauludi, M., N. S. Aminah, and M. Budiman. "Forest Fire Alert System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012032.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Recently, forest fire cases have often occurred in Indonesia. Besides efforts to prevent the forest fires, there is also a need for a good mitigation system. Mitigation is an effort made so that the impact of disasters can be minimized. In this research, a prototype of forest fire alert system will be built. This system will be based on IoT and focus on prediction of forest fire positioning. Temperature data as a basis prediction data obtained from the DHT11 temperature sensor which is transmitted by NodeMCU v3 towards Raspberry Pi 3B utilizes the Message Queuing protocol Telemetry Transport (MQTT) will be displayed on a webpage provided by Node-Red Dashboard. The webpage accessible to authorities to take actions needed to deal with forest fires.
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Willoughby, Alexander A., Ayodele O. Soge, Muiz A. Adeleke, and Oluwaseyi A. Ilori. "An IoT-Based Home Automation and Weather Monitoring System." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science 07, no. 03 (2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2022.7302.
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This paper reports an IoT-based home automation and weather monitoring system developed for remote control of household appliances and weather monitoring. The proposed system comprises a Wi-Fi enabled ESP32 microcontroller as the network gateway, a relay module, and a DHT11 sensor for monitoring temperature and humidity. The status of the household devices and the weather data are continuously collected and stored in a MySQL database, which is set up on the IoT platform. A user interface was created using two different protocols – HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The IoT-based home automation and weather monitoring system is designed to be low cost, user-friendly and can remotely control home appliances and monitor weather data over the internet.
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Lin, Shijun, Feng Lyu, and Huixin Nie. "An Automatic Instrument Integration Scheme for Interoperable Ocean Observatories." Sensors 20, no. 7 (2020): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071990.
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Due to the heterogeneity, high cost, and harsh environment, ocean observatories demand a flexible, robust, and capable scheme to integrate science instruments. To deal with the challenges of automatic instrument integration and machine-to-machine interaction in ocean observatories, a systematic scheme is proposed based on Zero Configuration Networking (Zeroconf), Programmable Underwater Connector with Knowledge (PUCK), Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocols, as well as a smart interface module to achieve instrument plug-and-play and standard communication among heterogeneous ocean instruments. The scheme specifically considers the resource-constrained ocean observatories and machine-to-machine interoperability, which is of great significance to interoperable ocean observatories. The laboratory tests have verified the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
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Sirmayanti, Sirmayanti. "Watering Stimulation of Alliun cepa L Plants Based on IoT Through the ESP32 Microcontroller and MQTT Protocol." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 4, no. 2 (2021): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v4i2.4456.
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Allium cepa L. (Shallots) is classified as a seasonal plant that requires special water treatment techniques correctly and precise watering methods. Farmers in the highlands of Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, mostly still prefer watering this plant traditionally and manually even though it is in large garden areas. Farmers also find it difficult to handle watering crops on large tracts of land and are overwhelmed by not having enough time to care for water evenly. Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) based onion watering method utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller with the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, and is very easy for farmers to implement. The MQTT work system implements Publish and Subscribe data. The method and system for designing this tool is that if the shallot plant is 1-10 days old, this tool will water twice a day evenly, the morning and evening. Then if the shallot plant is 11-60 days old, this tool will water only once, in the morning. When the watering automation is implemented, the information system is in the form of a message (on the smartphone) signing by logic 0. Conversely, if this tool does not flush, then the message that comes on the smartphone is as logic 1.
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Mishra, Biswajeeban, Biswaranjan Mishra, and Attila Kertesz. "Stress-Testing MQTT Brokers: A Comparative Analysis of Performance Measurements." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185817.
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Presently, Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are at the heart of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Irrespective of the radio technologies used for deploying an IoT/M2M network, all independent data generated by IoT devices (sensors and actuators) rely heavily on the special messaging protocols used for M2M communication in IoT applications. As the demand for IoT services is growing, the need for reduced power consumption of IoT devices and services is also growing to ensure a sustainable environment for future generations. The Message-Queuing Telemetry Transport or in short MQTT is a widely used IoT protocol. It is a low-resource-consuming messaging solution based on the publish–subscribe type communication model. This paper aims to assess the performance of several MQTT broker implementations (also known as MQTT servers) using stress testing, and to analyze their relationship with system design. The evaluation of the brokers is performed by a realistic test scenario, and the analysis of the test results is done with three different metrics: CPU usage, latency, and message rate. As the main contribution of this work, we analyzed six MQTT brokers (Mosquitto, Active-MQ, Hivemq, Bevywise, VerneMQ, and EMQ X) in detail, and classified them using their main properties. Our results showed that Mosquitto outperforms the other considered solutions in most metrics; however, ActiveMQ is the best performing one in terms of scalability due to its multi-threaded implementation, while Bevywise has promising results for resource-constrained scenarios.
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N. Ford, Trent, Eric Gamess, and Christopher Ogden. "Performance Evaluation of Different Raspberry Pi Models as MQTT Servers and Clients." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 14, no. 02 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2022.14201.
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Performance analysis for devices in Internet of Things (IoT) environments is an important consideration, especially with their increasing integration in technological solutions, worldwide. The Single Board Computers (SBCs) of the Raspberry Pi Foundation have been widely accepted by the community, and hence, they have been incorporated in numerous IoT projects. To ease their integration, it is essential to assess their network performance. In this paper, we made an empirical performance evaluation of one of the most popular network protocols for IoT environments, named the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, on Raspberry Pi. To do so, we set up two different testbeds scenarios and assessed the performance with benchmarks. At the software level, we focused on Mosquitto, a popular open-source MQTT broker implementation and client library. Our principal metric is the transmission time, but we also investigated the throughput. In our experiments, we varied several parameters, such as the size of the payload of the published messages, the WiFi bandwidth, the QoS level, the security level (MQTT vs. MQTT with TLS), and the hardware for the clients and broker. We focus mainly on packet sizes ranging from 100 to 25,000 bytes. We also investigate how these low-cost devices handle a TCP SYN flood attack. In the research work presented within this paper, we aim to guide developers, researchers, network administrators, and hobbyists who plan to use these low-cost devices in an MQTT or IoT network by showing the performance that they should expect according to different Raspberry Pi options.
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Budiana, Mochamad Soebagja, Ridha Muldina Negara, Arif Indra Irawan, and Harashta Tatimma Larasati. "Advanced detection Denial of Service attack in the Internet of Things network based on MQTT protocol using fuzzy logic." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 7, no. 2 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v7i2.2340.
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Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of the popular protocols used on the Internet of Things (IoT) networks because of its lightweight nature. With the increasing number of devices connected to the internet, the number of cybercrimes on IoT networks will increase. One of the most popular attacks is the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Standard security on MQTT uses SSL/TLS, but SSL/TLS is computationally wasteful for low-powered devices. The use of fuzzy logic algorithms with the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) scheme is suitable for detecting DoS because of its simple nature. This paper uses a fuzzy logic algorithm embedded in a node to detect DoS in the MQTT protocol with feature selection nodes. This paper's contribution is that the nodes feature selection used will monitor SUBSCRIBE and SUBACK traffic and provide this information to fuzzy input nodes to detect DoS attacks. Fuzzy performance evaluation is measured against changes in the number of nodes and attack intervals. The results obtained are that the more the number of nodes and the higher the traffic intensity, the fuzzy performance will decrease, and vice versa. However, the number of nodes and traffic intensity will affect fuzzy performance.
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Yusoff, Zainatul Yushaniza Mohamed, Mohamad Khairi Ishak, and Lukman AB Rahim. "A java servlet based transaction broker for internet of things edge device communications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 1 (2022): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i1.3455.
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Internet of things (IoT) technology is growing exponentially in almost every sphere of life. IoT offers several innovation capabilities and features, but they are also prone to security vulnerabilities and risks. These vulnerabilities must be studied to protect these technologies from being exploited by others. Cryptography techniques and approaches are commonly used to address and deal with security vulnerabilities. In general, the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is an application layer protocol vulnerable to various known and unknown security issues. One possible solution is to introduce an encryption algorithm into the MQTT communication protocol for secure transmission. This study aims to solve the security problem of IoT traffic by using a secure and lightweight communication proxy. The strategy behind this communication broker acts as a network gateway providing secure transaction keys to all IoT nodes in the network. This task uses a java servlet and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm to generate identity encryption keys in a component-based web transaction infrastructure. This approach encrypts the data before it is sent via the MQTT protocol to secure the communication channel and raise the security device and network transactions.
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Alvear-Puertas, Vanessa E., Yadira A. Burbano-Prado, Paul D. Rosero-Montalvo, Pınar Tözün, Fabricio Marcillo, and Wilmar Hernandez. "Smart and Portable Air-Quality Monitoring IoT Low-Cost Devices in Ibarra City, Ecuador." Sensors 22, no. 18 (2022): 7015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22187015.
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Nowadays, increasing air-pollution levels are a public health concern that affects all living beings, with the most polluting gases being present in urban environments. For this reason, this research presents portable Internet of Things (IoT) environmental monitoring devices that can be installed in vehicles and that send message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) messages to a server, with a time series database allocated in edge computing. The visualization stage is performed in cloud computing to determine the city air-pollution concentration using three different labels: low, normal, and high. To determine the environmental conditions in Ibarra, Ecuador, a data analysis scheme is used with outlier detection and supervised classification stages. In terms of relevant results, the performance percentage of the IoT nodes used to infer air quality was greater than 90%. In addition, the memory consumption was 14 Kbytes in a flash and 3 Kbytes in a RAM, reducing the power consumption and bandwidth needed in traditional air-pollution measuring stations.
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Mubdir, Bilal Asaad, and Hassan Mohammed Ali Bayram. "Adopting MQTT for a multi protocols IoMT system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (2022): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp834-844.
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<span>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) altered the way of caregiving and the new pandemic forced the health systems to adopt new treatment protocols in which remote follow-up is essential. This paper introduces a proposed system to link a remote healthcare unit as it is inside the hospital. Two different network protocols; a global system for mobile communication (GSM) and Wi-Fi were used to simulate the heath data transfer from the two different geographical locations, using Raspberry Pi development board and Microcontroller units. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol was employed to transfer the measured data from the healthcare unit to the hospital’s Gateway. The gateway is used to route the aggregated health data from healthcare units to the hospital server, doctors’ dashboards, and the further processing. The system was successfully implemented and tested, where the experimental tests show that the remote healthcare units using a GSM network consumed about 900 mWh. A high percentage of success data packets transfer was recorded within the network framework as it reaches 99.89% with an average round trip time (RTT) of 7.5 milliseconds and a data transfer rate up to 12.3 kbps.</span>
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Windarto, Yudi Eko, Bryan Monang Wiener Samosir, and Muhammad Richie Assariy. "Monitoring Ruangan Berbasis Internet of Things Menggunakan Thingsboard dan Blynk." Walisongo Journal of Information Technology 2, no. 2 (2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/wjit.2020.2.2.5798.
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<p><em>Technology designed to facilitate humans in a variety of work. A very popular technology today is the Internet of Things. The application of Internet of Things technology is widely used in various fields at present. One was used to monitor the room. The methodology used in this study is a Hardware Development Life Cycle (HDLC). The results of this research that the device can transmit ambient conditions via the Internet of Things with protocol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). In this study, Raspberry Pi serves as an intermediary between the media data is read by the sensor is then stored on the application Thingsboard. In addition the application Blynk used as a medium for monitoring the device remotely.</em></p>
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Bagewadi, Madhuri. "Industrial Monitoring Using Internet of Things -A MQTT Paradigm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (2021): 1549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38193.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Internet of things (IOT) has taken a very pervasive role in our technological advancement. Today we find development in medical, schools, industrial sectors using IOT to enhance their operations. IOT is used in medical to gather information about patient’s health records, in schools’ teachers are able to track attendance of students in the campus, in industries motor controls, maintenance, and predictive fault analysis are some of application. The architecture of IOT is setup in such a way that sensors and actuators are connected to the internet. The devices on which interface to internet are small embedded modules such as microcontroller which have limited resources and processing power at the edge. Hence an efficient and reliable communication protocol is needed which fulfills the design criteria. MQTT is implemented using client and broker network entities. In this paper a hardware system is developed which tracks and monitor the parameters like temperature, RPM, vibration, load current and voltage of induction motor. A Dashboard is developed which illustrates the various parameters on IOT cloud platform which can be accessed remotely. Keywords: MQTT-Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, edge computing, Industrial IOT.
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Hidayati, Qory, Nurwahidah Jamal, and Fajar Aqhari Bolang. "Sistem monitoring pada jaringan sensor banjir jalan raya menggunakan protokol MQTT." JITEL (Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Elektronika, dan Listrik Tenaga) 2, no. 2 (2022): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/jitel.v2.i2.2022.119-128.
Full textAbstract:
Kejadian banjir di jalan raya menyebabkan masyarakat tidak dapat mengetahui apakah jalur tersebut aman untuk dilalui atau tidak dan tidak jarang terjadi kecelakaan akibat hal tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, penulis membuat sistem monitoring pada jaringan sensor banjir untuk jalan raya. Data dari jaringan sensor akan dikirimkan melalui modul Long Range (LoRa). Sistem terhubung ke jaringan internet melalui modul NodeMCU ESP8266 dan mengirimkan data sensor ke server menggunakan protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). Data ditampilkan pada website dalam bentuk grafik serta mengirimkan notifikasi Telegram dimana kedua sistem tersebut bekerja melalui aplikasi Node-Red. Pengujian dilakukan dengan tiga tahap yaitu konektivitas, fungsionalitas, dan delay. Uji konektivitas membuktikan bahwa NodeMCU ESP8266 dapat terhubung ke jaringan internet dengan jarak maksimal 30 meter dari access point. Uji fungsionalitas membuktikan bahwa LoRa dapat mengirimkan dan menerima paket data dari jaringan sensor sampai dengan jarak 350 meter. Pengujian delay menunjukan bahwa waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk satu kali pengiriman data adalah rata-rata 0,042 detik. Sistem monitoring pada jaringan sensor banjir diharapkan dapat dapat memberikan informasi ketinggian banjir dan membantu masyarakat dalam upaya meminimalisir kerugian akibat banjir.
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Rocha, Murilo Silveira, Guilherme Serpa Sestito, Andre Luis Dias, Alfonso Celso Turcato, Dennis Brandão, and Paolo Ferrari. "On the performance of OPC UA and MQTT for data exchange between industrial plants and cloud servers." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 2 (2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i2.648.
Full textAbstract:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key technology in the development of Industry 4.0. An increasing number of new industrial devices are expected to communicate with each other by means of local (edge) and cloud computing servers. In this article, two well-known protocols used for IoT and Industrial IoT (IIoT) are compared in terms of their performance when they are used to send/receive data to/from cloud servers. Due to their wide diffusion and suitability, the considered protocols are open platform communication-unified architecture publisher-subscriber (OPC UA PubSub) (purposely developed and maintained by industrial consortia) and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), the most well-known message protocol originally developed by IBM. The performance comparison is carried out considering the overall quantity of the data transferred (user payload plus overhead) and the roundtrip time required to send in data and receive a feedback message in return. The experimental results include the evaluation of several cloud computing server and application scenarios, highlighting how each protocol is particularly suitable for certain situations. Finally, conclusions about the best choice for data exchange between devices are given.