Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mesures tarifaires et non tarifaires'
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Mkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004671.
Full textRadu, Ghenadie. "L'origine des marchandises : un élément controversé des échanges commerciaux internationaux." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165636.
Full textLeduc, Daniel. "Les barrières non-tarifaires américaines et le déclin commercial et industriel des États-Unis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5330.
Full textKammoun, Samia. "Normalisation, coopération et incitation." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10018.
Full textIn this thesis, we analyse standardization strategies of competing firms and the interactions between public agency or private organization with private agents that decide to standardize their products. In the first part, we are interested with the process by which standards are established. In the first chapter, a classification of norms based on their economic function and on their impact on market structure is made. In the second chapter, we focus on the role of standards in international trade. We discuss the legal and institutional treatment of norms as a technical barrier to trade. In chapter 3, we show market failures in standardization process. Then we describe firm's strategies and objectives when they participate in the creation of norms. Since private and social benefits are not perfectly correlated, we propose in the second part of this work a collective regulation of standardization activities, either by a public agency or by private organizations inducing some cooperation between firms. In chapter 4, we study professional control when standardization strategies, characterized by spillover effect on the demand side, are decided cooperatively or not. In chapter 5, we analyse public regulation of standardization activities, including consumer's interests. The characteristics of the optimal incentive scheme under asymmetric information between the regulator and the firms are determined
Boubal, Anne. "Les entraves non tarifaires appliquées aux médicaments à usage humain et leurs effets sur le marché." Toulouse 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU10052.
Full textBonroy, Olivier. "Standards de qualité minimale et labels : une analyse de leur caractère protectionniste." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU2008.
Full textFaye, Ibra. "L'union européenne et les obtacles non tarifaires : analyse de la pratique conventionnelle européenne à l'aune du droit de l'OMC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD014.
Full textThe generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO »
Dupont, Hubert. "Fiscalite et construction européenne : le cas de la tva et des accises : une étude de scenarios." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL12009.
Full textTo the date "31 december 1992" is a associated the aim of the european domestic market achievement. Among the numerous problems which aiming at this objective encounters. The fiscal problem and especially the indirect fiscal problem (vat, eccises) have a great importance. To seek about the nature and the solutions of the latter problem is the purpose of our work. The research method is based on the analyse of the comparative economic consequences of three alternative scenarios: the first in accordance with the present situation is carachterized by the existence of the european fiscal disparities and the intervention of the fiscal frontier mechanism; the second one supposing the fiscal frontier abolition and a steady legislative context; and finally the last one still supposing the fiscal frantier abolition, but this time with a fiscal harmonization process
Gouaux, Denis. "Restrictions volontaires aux exportations : l'apport de l'économie politique du protectionnisme." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU2005.
Full textVincent, Michel. "Impacts de l'extension de la protection des indications géographiques dans l'Union européenne et en Amérique du Nord." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0032.
Full textThis thesis examines the issues regarding the debate at the WTO on extension of the protection for geographical indications, i. E. Market access and generic products, for European Union producers and producers and consumers from other WTO members, such as the United States and Canada. Results show that tariff and non tariff barriers have more impacts on market access than usurpation of names and use of generic products. Besides, bilateral agreements could be more efficient than the WTO for the protection of geographical indications. Regarding consumers, it is more difficult to clearly estimate the benefits that they would get from the extension of the protection of geographical indications other than wines and spirits. However, the analysis of the North American retail prices market for cheeses and hams with geographical indications, imported from France and Italy, show that these prices are high compared with export prices, retail prices of comparable local products and also compared with retail prices of the same products sold in the EU. These price gaps between the EU and North America are partly explained by costs of transportation between these two regions and tariff barriers. These high retail prices could facilitate the distinction by the consumer between imported products with geographical indication from the EU and local products or products coming from other origins
Dogan, Dilek. "Les enjeux du concept d'origine en droit international et communautaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911672.
Full textHerghelegiu, Cristina. "Essays on international trade and non-tariff measures." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E021.
Full textThis thesis tackles non-tariff measures and other trade-related barriers and their links to inter-national trade. In Chapter 1, I study the motivations behind the implementation of non-tariff measures on specific products in several developing countries. Beyond legitimate reasons, several measures appear to respond to economic and political motivations. Chapter 2 provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of standard-like non-tariff measures on heterogeneous firms and the average quality of exported products. In this joint work with Anne-Célia Disdier and Carl Gaigné, we show that, under information asymmetry, the enforcement of standards induces the exit of very low-quality firms (regardless of their productivity), but also of high-quality low-productivity firms. While the overall average quality of exported products is not significantly affected, the impact varies significantly across sectors. Chapter 3, co-authored with Evgenii Monastyrenko, analyzes how Russian sellers and their international customers divide risks and costs throughout the shipping process, given their exposure to numerous barriers. Thus, big buyers in terms of size and number of connections appear to bear more risks and costs in international trade transactions. The probability that buyers take on more responsibilities is also higher for transactions of intermediate goods. Finally, when buyers are located in countries with a good business environment, they are less likely to take on responsibilities
Peltier, Céline. "Théorie du dumping et système communautaire antidumping." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10016.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to review the economic explanations of the dumping phenomenon and to analyse the implementation of the antidumping community procedure. The chapter I presents an original typology of dumping. Two principal types of dumping are considered. The discriminatory dumping is practised by a firm of which the national market is less competitive than the domestic market where it exports. The non discriminatory dumping is practised by a firm of which the national market isn't necessary less competitive than the domestic market where it exports. All different motivations which can lead a firm to dump constitute a rational behaviour. However, these doesn't exclude that the firms, victims of these practises, be defended since they suffer an injury. In the chapter II, the two major systems of antidumping defence are described: the United States and the European community procedures. The progress, the necessary conditions for an antidumping defence are described and analyse of their principal results is realised. The chapter III's objective is to appreciate if the European community antidumping decisions are biased. An empirical study is realised with the community antidumping cases during the period 1980-1992. The results are more moderate than the conclusions of previous studies. But, it seems that European firms try to influence the decisions of the commission. Then, the claims of a discretionary implementation of the European community antidumping system, leading this system from defence to protection, don't seem demonstrated. Antitrust policies applied on the national market of the firm which exports can't replace, in any type of dumping, a direct defence against the dumping. But, a parallel implementation in the importing country, in the case where the strengthening of dominant positions in the European community is evident, must be considered
Olatoundé, Kayodé Daniel Julius. "Comparaison des tarifs Ad Valorem et spécifique dans un contexte d'aversion aux pertes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24548.
Full textTraore, Ousmane Z. "Three essays on technical non-tariff measures in developed countries and African countries' international trade in agricultural products." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68840.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to analysis the economic implications of technical non-tariff measures (TNTMs) in force in developed countries on the international trade of agricultural and agri-food products of African countries. More specifically, we focus on three main issues. The first more general question is: what is and what determines the net effect of the set of TNTMs in OECD countries on African exports of plant products ? The second, more specific, question is: what are the effects of compliance with maximum residue limit (MRL) for pesticide on production, export supply and import demand ? Finally, the third question is to determine: what is the direct impact of product rejections at the border of European countries of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) on African exports of plant products ? We address these different questions through three essays. In the first essay, we theoretically analyze the net effect of technical non-tariff measures (TNTMs) on bilateral trade and suggest a robust empirical approach to evaluate this effect. We assess the impediment, enhancement and net effects of the TNTMs in force in OECD countries on African exports of plant products. Our theoretical findings highlight that the net effect of the TNTMs on aggregate bilateral trade depends not only on the elasticity of substitution and the elasticity of marginal cost with respect to the TNTMs but also the shape parameter of the distribution of marginal costs which depends on the technology. In addition, we find that for a given elasticity of substitution, only firms or countries characterized by a lower marginal cost than a cutoff marginal cost and higher productivity than a threshold productivity level will experience a positive net effect of trade to a given destination. For our empirical investigation, we estimate a sectoral gravity equation using the non-tariff measures (NTMs) database released by UNCTAD and WITS combined with cross-sectional trade data for 2017 from the UN COMTRADE/WITS database. The data cover 53 African countries exporting 40 Harmonized System (HS) 4-digit plant products to 35 OECD member countries. Our empirical results show both impediment (decrease of 3.099%) and enhancement (increase of 2.056%) effects of the TNTMs in force in OECD countries on African exports of plant products. Together, these effects yield a negative and significant net effect, which indicates that the TNTMs in force in OECD member countries are obstacles for African exporters of plant products. In the second essay, we disentangle theoretically and empirically the effects of the MRLs for pesticides on the production, export supply and import demand. We adopt a modelling approach based on the costs and benefits associated with food safety standards and use our theoretical framework to assess the empirical net effects of the MRLs for pesticides on African mango production and trade with OECD member countries. Theoretically, we show that the production effects of MRLs are negative while their net effects on bilateral trade can be positive, zero or negative depending on whether the consumers' perceived quality effect on import demand is greater than, equal to or less than the compliance cost effect on export supply through the unconditional expected standard-compliant production. We use a cross-sectional data set for 12 African countries that produced and exported MRL-compliant mangoes to 31 OECD countries in 2016, and find that, on the one hand, the net effects of MRLs on the production of safe mangoes are negative. On the other hand, they are positive on mango trade between African and OECD member countries. Our results highlight that the tightening or imposition of strict MRLs for pesticides in developed countries may be trade promoting while they severely impede production in African countries. In the last essay, we assess the effects of European countries' import refusals on African exports of edible vegetables and fruits from 2008 to 2018. We specifically estimate the average effects of the RASFF countries' border rejections on the extensive and intensive margins of African countries exports of edible vegetables and fruits. We use the border rejections data from the RASFF online database and export data on 45 African countries from the UN WITS database. We estimate the canonical version of the sectoral gravity equation of Anderson and al. (2004) using the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator of Silva and al. (2006) in association with the robust twostage residual inclusion (2SRI) approach of Terza and al. (2008). We find that a single increase in the number of import refusals by a RASFF country in the current year leads to a decrease in the number of trade partners in Europe for African countries by 0.018 percent for edible vegetables and 0.143 percent for edible fruits. In addition, our results show that one additional import refusal decreases the export value of African countries' edible vegetables by 0.045 percent. However, we find that RASFF countries' refusal to import once in the current year leads to an increase in the export value of African countries' edible fruit by 0.126 percent. Furthermore, our results explicitly validate the hypothesis of the endogeneity of the number of import refusals and highlight both the direct and spillover effects of border rejections. The latter result means that an increase in the number of border rejections for a given product (for instance, a fresh fruit) in a given year leads to an increase in the number of border rejections for a product and its neighboring products (for instance, a fresh vegetable) in the next year.
Jeanne, Aimée. "L'intégration négative des marchés aux Etats-Unis et dans l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010288/document.
Full textThe establishment of an internal market results, in legal terms, from a dual mechanism: a mechanism of negative integration and a mechanism of positive integration. Negative integration refers to the prohibition addressed to the States and their local authorities, ta impede interstate movement of goods, persons, service and capital. The U.S. Constitution and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union contain provision allowing the integration of state markets. The Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union have played, in this context, a major role in specifying the meaning ta be given ta these provisions. They have in this regard, developed a similar framework to identify measures that are likely to restrict freedom of movement and ta examine whether such measures could be justified by a legitimate interest of the States. They way left to the States differs, however, substantially since the goals of negative integration are only partially identical. American case law is, indeed, essentially based on the anti-protectionist doctrine while F.U case law is based on a more dynamic principle of market liberalization. This difference is indicative of different approaches regarding the purposes of each Union and the roIe of the judge. The U .S. judge ensures, above all, that the division of competences, as provided by the Constitution, is enforced whereas the role of the ECJ is essentially to guarantee market integration
Aswad, Tina. "L'élimination des barrières non tarifaires au commerce interprovincial et l'Accord sur le commerce intérieur du Canada." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3989.
Full textThe Agreement on Internal Trade of Canada is a free trade agreement to reduce internal non-tariff barriers to trade. The concept of barriers to internal trade itself is controversial. There exists no consensus as to what are barriers to trade, what are their costs, and more importantly, whether they should be eliminated. The vast majority of experts are of the view that many of these nontariff barriers to trade are in the food processing industry. For many decades, this industry has been traditionally protectionist and is therefore a more difficult market to integrate. This situation may be observed at both the international and the internal level. In Canada, the tool of choice after years of failed constitutional negotiations was the Agreement on Internal Trade. This agreement, which bears a resemblance to international treaties, aims toward the gradual integration of the internal market in Canada. The desire to become an integrated and more competitive player in the global market conflicts with the provinces' intense desire to protect their legislative sovereignty. Thus, the tool chosen to open the Canadian market, the Agreement on Internal Trade, was drafted in a rather complex and inaccessible manner in order to strike a balance between those conflicting positions. The constitutional and political context in which the negotiations of this agreement took place coloured the text of the agreement itself and its drafting. In addition to its simplification, there exist several solutions involving various facets of the Agreement on Internal Trade, which should increase the effectiveness of the latter with respect to the integration of the Canadian interprovincial market, in addition to increasing its notoriety and its credibility and facilitating its implementation.
Couvreur, Angéline. "Le potentiel synergique de l’intégration économique et de la protection environnementale." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19143.
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