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Journal articles on the topic 'Metabolic scaling theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021

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Rucker, Robert B. "Allometric scaling: Theory and Applications." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 7, no. 5 (2017): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v7i5.343.

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Background: The history and bases for selectedallometric energy relationships are reviewed in this article, specifically those related to quarter-power scaling as described by M. Kleiber, i.e. interspecies metabolic rates scaleas a function of mass to the three-quarters power (metabolic body size). Interspecies requirements for essential factors are also noted (e.g., vitamins and minerals). A case is made thatinterspecies vitamin and mineral requirements are similar when expressed per unit of metabolizable energy consumed or metabolic body size. Furthermore, it is emphasized that: 1) these relationships may be applied broadly and allow for the scaling of energy-related and nutrient needs in animals as small as screws to as large as elephants, and 2) application of appropriate allometric scaling methods to nutritional questions allows one to make stronger inferences when extrapolating results derived from experimental animal models to humans.Key words: Nutrient requirements, basal metabolism, metabolic body size, allometric scaling

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Gross, L. J., and B. Beckage. "Toward a metabolic scaling theory of crop systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 39 (2012): 15535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214556109.

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Coomes, David A., and Robert B. Allen. "Testing the Metabolic Scaling Theory of tree growth." Journal of Ecology 97, no. 6 (2009): 1369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01571.x.

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HE Jizheng, 贺纪正, 曹鹏 CAO Peng, and 郑袁明 ZHENG Yuanming. "Metabolic scaling theory and its application in microbial ecology." Acta Ecologica Sinica 33, no. 9 (2013): 2645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201202080164.

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Lin, Yue, Uta Berger, Volker Grimm, Franka Huth, and Jacob Weiner. "Plant Interactions Alter the Predictions of Metabolic Scaling Theory." PLoS ONE 8, no. 2 (2013): e57612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057612.

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Glazier, Douglas S., Andrew G. Hirst, and David Atkinson. "Shape shifting predicts ontogenetic changes in metabolic scaling in diverse aquatic invertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1802 (2015): 20142302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2302.

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Metabolism fuels all biological activities, and thus understanding its variation is fundamentally important. Much of this variation is related to body size, which is commonly believed to follow a 3/4-power scaling law. However, during ontogeny, many kinds of animals and plants show marked shifts in metabolic scaling that deviate from 3/4-power scaling predicted by general models. Here, we show that in diverse aquatic invertebrates, ontogenetic shifts in the scaling of routine metabolic rate from near isometry ( b R = scaling exponent approx. 1) to negative allometry ( b R < 1), or the reverse, are associated with significant changes in body shape (indexed by b L = the scaling exponent of the relationship between body mass and body length). The observed inverse correlations between b R and b L are predicted by metabolic scaling theory that emphasizes resource/waste fluxes across external body surfaces, but contradict theory that emphasizes resource transport through internal networks. Geometric estimates of the scaling of surface area (SA) with body mass ( b A ) further show that ontogenetic shifts in b R and b A are positively correlated. These results support new metabolic scaling theory based on SA influences that may be applied to ontogenetic shifts in b R shown by many kinds of animals and plants.

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Caruso, Tancredi, Diego Garlaschelli, Roberto Bargagli, and Peter Convey. "Testing metabolic scaling theory using intraspecific allometries in Antarctic microarthropods." Oikos 119, no. 6 (2010): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17915.x.

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Moses, Melanie E., Stephanie Forrest, Alan L. Davis, Mike A. Lodder, and James H. Brown. "Scaling theory for information networks." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 29 (2008): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0091.

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Networks distribute energy, materials and information to the components of a variety of natural and human-engineered systems, including organisms, brains, the Internet and microprocessors. Distribution networks enable the integrated and coordinated functioning of these systems, and they also constrain their design. The similar hierarchical branching networks observed in organisms and microprocessors are striking, given that the structure of organisms has evolved via natural selection, while microprocessors are designed by engineers. Metabolic scaling theory (MST) shows that the rate at which networks deliver energy to an organism is proportional to its mass raised to the 3/4 power. We show that computational systems are also characterized by nonlinear network scaling and use MST principles to characterize how information networks scale, focusing on how MST predicts properties of clock distribution networks in microprocessors. The MST equations are modified to account for variation in the size and density of transistors and terminal wires in microprocessors. Based on the scaling of the clock distribution network, we predict a set of trade-offs and performance properties that scale with chip size and the number of transistors. However, there are systematic deviations between power requirements on microprocessors and predictions derived directly from MST. These deviations are addressed by augmenting the model to account for decentralized flow in some microprocessor networks (e.g. in logic networks). More generally, we hypothesize a set of constraints between the size, power and performance of networked information systems including transistors on chips, hosts on the Internet and neurons in the brain.

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Sears, Katie E., Andrew J. Kerkhoff, Arianne Messerman, and Haruhiko Itagaki. "Ontogenetic Scaling of Metabolism, Growth, and Assimilation: Testing Metabolic Scaling Theory with Manduca sexta Larvae." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85, no. 2 (2012): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664619.

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Duncan, Richard P., David M. Forsyth, and Jim Hone. "TESTING THE METABOLIC THEORY OF ECOLOGY: ALLOMETRIC SCALING EXPONENTS IN MAMMALS." Ecology 88, no. 2 (2007): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[324:ttmtoe]2.0.co;2.

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Demetrius, Lloyd, and J. A. Tuszynski. "Quantum metabolism explains the allometric scaling of metabolic rates." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 44 (2009): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0310.

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A general model explaining the origin of allometric laws of physiology is proposed based on coupled energy-transducing oscillator networks embedded in a physical d -dimensional space ( d = 1, 2, 3). This approach integrates Mitchell's theory of chemi-osmosis with the Debye model of the thermal properties of solids. We derive a scaling rule that relates the energy generated by redox reactions in cells, the dimensionality of the physical space and the mean cycle time. Two major regimes are found corresponding to classical and quantum behaviour. The classical behaviour leads to allometric isometry while the quantum regime leads to scaling laws relating metabolic rate and body size that cover a broad range of exponents that depend on dimensionality and specific parameter values. The regimes are consistent with a range of behaviours encountered in micelles, plants and animals and provide a conceptual framework for a theory of the metabolic function of living systems.

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Hatton, Ian A., Andy P. Dobson, David Storch, Eric D. Galbraith, and Michel Loreau. "Linking scaling laws across eukaryotes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (2019): 21616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900492116.

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Scaling laws relating body mass to species characteristics are among the most universal quantitative patterns in biology. Within major taxonomic groups, the 4 key ecological variables of metabolism, abundance, growth, and mortality are often well described by power laws with exponents near 3/4 or related to that value, a commonality often attributed to biophysical constraints on metabolism. However, metabolic scaling theories remain widely debated, and the links among the 4 variables have never been formally tested across the full domain of eukaryote life, to which prevailing theory applies. Here we present datasets of unprecedented scope to examine these 4 scaling laws across all eukaryotes and link them to test whether their combinations support theoretical expectations. We find that metabolism and abundance scale with body size in a remarkably reciprocal fashion, with exponents near ±3/4 within groups, as expected from metabolic theory, but with exponents near ±1 across all groups. This reciprocal scaling supports “energetic equivalence” across eukaryotes, which hypothesizes that the partitioning of energy in space across species does not vary significantly with body size. In contrast, growth and mortality rates scale similarly both within and across groups, with exponents of ±1/4. These findings are inconsistent with a metabolic basis for growth and mortality scaling across eukaryotes. We propose that rather than limiting growth, metabolism adjusts to the needs of growth within major groups, and that growth dynamics may offer a viable theoretical basis to biological scaling.

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Sibly, Richard M., Joanna Baker, John M. Grady, et al. "Fundamental insights into ontogenetic growth from theory and fish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 45 (2015): 13934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518823112.

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The fundamental features of growth may be universal, because growth trajectories of most animals are very similar, but a unified mechanistic theory of growth remains elusive. Still needed is a synthetic explanation for how and why growth rates vary as body size changes, both within individuals over their ontogeny and between populations and species over their evolution. Here, we use Bertalanffy growth equations to characterize growth of ray-finned fishes in terms of two parameters, the growth rate coefficient, K, and final body mass, m∞. We derive two alternative empirically testable hypotheses and test them by analyzing data from FishBase. Across 576 species, which vary in size at maturity by almost nine orders of magnitude, K scaled as m∞−0.23. This supports our first hypothesis that growth rate scales as m∞−0.25 as predicted by metabolic scaling theory; it implies that species that grow to larger mature sizes grow faster as juveniles. Within fish species, however, K scaled as m∞−0.35. This supports our second hypothesis, which predicts that growth rate scales as m∞−0.33 when all juveniles grow at the same rate. The unexpected disparity between across- and within-species scaling challenges existing theoretical interpretations. We suggest that the similar ontogenetic programs of closely related populations constrain growth to m∞−0.33 scaling, but as species diverge over evolutionary time they evolve the near-optimal m∞−0.25 scaling predicted by metabolic scaling theory. Our findings have important practical implications because fish supply essential protein in human diets, and sustainable yields from wild harvests and aquaculture depend on growth rates.

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Yang, Xin Guo. "A Concept Model about Allometric Scaling of Hierarchical Energy Flow through Plant Biosystems." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3526.

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Ecologists have long sought a general metabolic scaling law (e.g., the 3/4 power law), although the size-independent mass-special metabolic ratemay have been selected for over evolutionary time. Here, we outline four hierarchical energy processes along the path of energy flow. These processes are represented as the scaling exponents of mass-dependent energy flow (e.g., a 1/4-scaling rule for individuals and a 1/3-scaling rule for populations). Individuals and populations have evolved as the conduits of energy flow. Interestingly, the mass-dependent hierarchical energy flow can help explain the development of a tree population. Our theory highlights that mass-dependent hierarchical energy flow may act as a metabolic integrator and suggests an energetic explanation of the evolution of plant biosystems from the individual to the community level.

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Hechinger, Ryan F., Kate L. Sheehan, and Andrew V. Turner. "Metabolic theory of ecology successfully predicts distinct scaling of ectoparasite load on hosts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (2019): 20191777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1777.

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The impacts of parasites on hosts and the role that parasites play in ecosystems must be underlain by the load of parasites in individual hosts. To help explain and predict parasite load across a broad range of species, quantitative theory has been developed based on fundamental relationships between organism size, temperature and metabolic rate. Here, we elaborate on an aspect of that ‘scaling theory for parasitism’, and test a previously unexplored prediction, using new data for total ectoparasite load from 263 wild birds of 42 species. We reveal that, despite the expected substantial variation in parasite load among individual hosts, (i) the theory successfully predicts the distinct increase of ectoparasite load with host body size, indicating the importance of geometric scaling constraints on access to host resources, (ii) ectoparasite load appears ultimately limited by access—not to host space—but to host energy, and (iii) there is a currency-dependent shift in taxonomic dominance of parasite load on larger birds. Hence, these results reveal a seemingly new macroecological pattern, underscore the utility of energy flux as a currency for parasitism and highlight the promise of using scaling theory to provide baseline expectations for parasite load for a diversity of host species.

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McCarthy, James K., John M. Dwyer, and Karel Mokany. "A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (2019): 20192221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2221.

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Metabolic scaling theory (MST) is one of ecology's most high-profile general models and can be used to link size distributions and productivity in forest systems. Much of MST's foundation is based on size distributions following a power law function with a scaling exponent of −2, a property assumed to be consistent in steady-state ecosystems. We tested the theory's generality by comparing actual size distributions with those predicted using MST parameters assumed to be general. We then used environmental variables and functional traits to explain deviation from theoretical expectations. Finally, we compared values of relative productivity predicted using MST with a remote-sensed measure of productivity. We found that fire-prone heath communities deviated from MST-predicted size distributions, whereas fire-sensitive rainforests largely agreed with the theory. Scaling exponents ranged from −1.4 to −5.3. Deviation from the power law assumption was best explained by specific leaf area, which varies along fire frequency and moisture gradients. While MST may hold in low-disturbance systems, we show that it cannot be applied under many environmental contexts. The theory should remain general, but understanding the factors driving deviation from MST and subsequent refinements is required if it is to be applied robustly across larger scales.

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Glazier, Douglas S., Jeffrey P. Gring, Jacob R. Holsopple, and Vojsava Gjoni. "Temperature effects on metabolic scaling of a keystone freshwater crustacean depend on fish-predation regime." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 21 (2020): jeb232322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232322.

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ABSTRACTAccording to the metabolic theory of ecology, metabolic rate, an important indicator of the pace of life, varies with body mass and temperature as a result of internal physical constraints. However, various ecological factors may also affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Although reports of such effects on metabolic scaling usually focus on single factors, the possibility of significant interactive effects between multiple factors requires further study. In this study, we show that the effect of temperature on the ontogenetic scaling of resting metabolic rate of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus minus depends critically on habitat differences in predation regime. Increasing temperature tends to cause decreases in the metabolic scaling exponent (slope) in population samples from springs with fish predators, but increases in population samples from springs without fish. Accordingly, the temperature sensitivity of metabolic rate is not only size-specific, but also its relationship to body size shifts dramatically in response to fish predators. We hypothesize that the dampened effect of temperature on the metabolic rate of large adults in springs with fish, and of small juveniles in springs without fish are adaptive evolutionary responses to differences in the relative mortality risk of adults and juveniles in springs with versus without fish predators. Our results demonstrate a complex interaction among metabolic rate, body mass, temperature and predation regime. The intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature is not merely the result of physical constraints related to internal body design and biochemical kinetics, but rather is ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable.

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Pettersen, Amanda K., Craig R. White, and Dustin J. Marshall. "Why does offspring size affect performance? Integrating metabolic scaling with life-history theory." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (2015): 20151946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1946.

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Within species, larger offspring typically outperform smaller offspring. While the relationship between offspring size and performance is ubiquitous, the cause of this relationship remains elusive. By linking metabolic and life-history theory, we provide a general explanation for why larger offspring perform better than smaller offspring. Using high-throughput respirometry arrays, we link metabolic rate to offspring size in two species of marine bryozoan. We found that metabolism scales allometrically with offspring size in both species: while larger offspring use absolutely more energy than smaller offspring, larger offspring use proportionally less of their maternally derived energy throughout the dependent, non-feeding phase. The increased metabolic efficiency of larger offspring while dependent on maternal investment may explain offspring size effects—larger offspring reach nutritional independence (feed for themselves) with a higher proportion of energy relative to structure than smaller offspring. These findings offer a potentially universal explanation for why larger offspring tend to perform better than smaller offspring but studies on other taxa are needed.

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Carey, Nicholas, and Julia D. Sigwart. "Size matters: plasticity in metabolic scaling shows body-size may modulate responses to climate change." Biology Letters 10, no. 8 (2014): 20140408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0408.

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Variability in metabolic scaling in animals, the relationship between metabolic rate ( R ) and body mass ( M ), has been a source of debate and controversy for decades. R is proportional to M b , the precise value of b much debated, but historically considered equal in all organisms. Recent metabolic theory, however, predicts b to vary among species with ecology and metabolic level, and may also vary within species under different abiotic conditions. Under climate change, most species will experience increased temperatures, and marine organisms will experience the additional stressor of decreased seawater pH (‘ocean acidification’). Responses to these environmental changes are modulated by myriad species-specific factors. Body-size is a fundamental biological parameter, but its modulating role is relatively unexplored. Here, we show that changes to metabolic scaling reveal asymmetric responses to stressors across body-size ranges; b is systematically decreased under increasing temperature in three grazing molluscs, indicating smaller individuals were more responsive to warming. Larger individuals were, however, more responsive to reduced seawater pH in low temperatures. These alterations to the allometry of metabolism highlight abiotic control of metabolic scaling, and indicate that responses to climate warming and ocean acidification may be modulated by body-size.

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ENQUIST, BRIAN J., ANDREW J. KERKHOFF, TRAVIS E. HUXMAN, and EVAN P. ECONOMO. "Adaptive differences in plant physiology and ecosystem paradoxes: insights from metabolic scaling theory." Global Change Biology 13, no. 3 (2007): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01222.x.

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LI, XIAO-XIA, and JI-HUAN HE. "ALONG THE EVOLUTION PROCESS KLEIBER'S 3/4 LAW MAKES WAY FOR RUBNER'S SURFACE LAW: A FRACTAL APPROACH." Fractals 27, no. 02 (2019): 1950015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19500154.

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Rubner 1880 surface law reveals that the basal metabolic rate scales with body mass raised to the power of 2/3, which is geometrically correct and biologically relevant. However, Kleiber 1932 scaling law experimentally found that the scaling index was 3/4 instead of 2/3. There is no theory that can explain the Kleiber's data, explanations in Science in 1997 and later in Nature in 2002 for 3/4 scaling law for all life were apparently wrong. Here we show that Rubner's surface law was approximately correct, and it requires modification due to the fact that a cell is porous. Using fractal theory, the scaling index is about 0.7, 0.73, and 0.83, respectively, for inactive, active and motion statuses, and Kleiber's exponent can be fully explained by Rubner's law.

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YAGI, Mitsuharu, and Shin OIKAWA. "Trends in metabolic scaling toward integrating comparative physiology and ecology: ecological theory of metabolism." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 31, no. 1 (2014): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.31.20.

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Stark, Scott C., Lisa Patrick Bentley, and Brian J. Enquist. "Response to Coomes & Allen (2009)‘Testing the metabolic scaling theory of tree growth’." Journal of Ecology 99, no. 3 (2010): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01719.x.

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Kutschera, Ulrich, and Karl J. Niklas. "Metabolic scaling theory in plant biology and the three oxygen paradoxa of aerobic life." Theory in Biosciences 132, no. 4 (2013): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-013-0194-3.

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Sun, Han, Xiangping Wang, Peng Wu, et al. "What causes greater deviations from predictions of metabolic scaling theory in earlier successional forests?" Forest Ecology and Management 405 (December 2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.007.

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Rosten, Carolyn M., Rodolphe E. Gozlan, and Martyn C. Lucas. "Allometric scaling of intraspecific space use." Biology Letters 12, no. 3 (2016): 20150673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0673.

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Allometric scaling relationships enable exploration of animal space-use patterns, yet interspecific studies cannot address many of the underlying mechanisms. We present the first intraspecific study of home range (HR) allometry relative to energetic requirements over several orders of magnitude of body mass, using as a model the predatory fish, pike Esox lucius . Analogous with interspecific studies, we show that space use increases more rapidly with mass (exponent = 1.08) than metabolic scaling theories predict. Our results support a theory that suggests increasing HR overlap with body mass explains many of these differences in allometric scaling of HR size. We conclude that, on a population scale, HR size and energetic requirement scale allometrically, but with different exponents.

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Kooijman, S. A. L. M. "Quantitative aspects of metabolic organization: a discussion of concepts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1407 (2001): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0771.

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Metabolic organization of individual organisms follows simple quantitative rules that can be understood from basic physical chemical principles. Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory identifies these rules, which quantify how individuals acquire and use energy and nutrients. The theory provides constraints on the metabolic organization of subcellular processes. Together with rules for interaction between individuals, it also provides a basis to understand population and ecosystem dynamics. The theory, therefore, links various levels of biological organization. It applies to all species of organisms and offers explanations for body–size scaling relationships of natural history parameters that are otherwise difficult to understand. A considerable number of popular empirical models turn out to be special cases of the DEB model, or very close numerical approximations. Strong and weak homeostasis and the partitionability of reserve kinetics are cornerstones of the theory and essential for understanding the evolution of metabolic organization.

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Packard, G. C. "Modeling allometric variation: lessons from the metabolic allometry of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 11 (2019): 1078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0092.

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I used linear and nonlinear regression to re-examine published data on the scaling of metabolic rate vs. body mass in an ontogenetic series of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846)). My objective was to expose shortcomings of the conventional procedure for fitting statistical models to bivariate observations (i.e., the procedure that is widely attributed to J.S. Huxley) and simultaneously to outline a more general and utilitarian protocol for analyzing bivariate data in studies of allometry. Authors of the original study on carp reported exponents of 0.83 and 0.78 for two-parameter power functions fitted to observations for resting metabolism and maximum metabolism, respectively. However, metabolic scaling in these fishes actually is described best by straight lines having positive intercepts with the Y axis. The allometric exponent is 1 for a straight line, so interpretations from the current analyses differ substantially from those reached in the original investigation. Contemporary theories for the evolution of optimal body size (e.g., the Metabolic Theory of Ecology) are based on patterns of metabolic allometry that have been estimated by the conventional analytical method. Thus, the current investigation raises questions about generally accepted patterns of metabolic allometry and theoretical models based upon them.

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Xu, Meng, Mengke Jiang, and Hua-Feng Wang. "Integrating metabolic scaling variation into the maximum entropy theory of ecology explains Taylor's law for individual metabolic rate in tropical forests." Ecological Modelling 455 (September 2021): 109655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109655.

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Mäkelä, Annikki, Leila Grönlund, Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto, Tuomo Kalliokoski, and Teemu Hölttä. "Current-year shoot hydraulic structure in two boreal conifers—implications of growth habit on water potential." Tree Physiology 39, no. 12 (2019): 1995–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz107.

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Abstract Metabolic scaling theory allows us to link plant hydraulic structure with metabolic rates in a quantitative framework. In this theoretical framework, we considered the hydraulic structure of current-year shoots in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, focusing on two properties unaccounted for by metabolic scaling theories: conifer needles are attached to the entire length of shoots, and the shoot as a terminal element does not display invariant properties. We measured shoot length and diameter as well as conduit diameter and density in two locations of 14 current-year non-leader shoots of pine and spruce saplings, and calculated conductivities of shoots from measured conduit properties. We evaluated scaling exponents for the hydraulic structure of shoots at the end of the water transport pathway from the data and applied the results to simulate water potential of shoots in the crown. Shoot shape was intermediate between cylindrical and paraboloid. Contrary to previous findings, we found that conduit diameter scaled with relative, not absolute, distance from the apex and absolute under-bark shoot diameter independently of species within the first-year shoots. Shoot hydraulic conductivity scaled with shoot diameter and hydraulic diameter. Larger shoots had higher hydraulic conductance. We further demonstrate by novel model calculations that ignoring foliage distribution along the hydraulic pathway overestimates water potential loss in shoots and branches and therefore overestimates related water stress effects. Scaling of hydraulic properties with shoot size enhances apical dominance and may contribute to the decline of whole-tree conductance in large trees.

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Swetnam, Tyson L., Christopher D. O’Connor, and Ann M. Lynch. "Tree Morphologic Plasticity Explains Deviation from Metabolic Scaling Theory in Semi-Arid Conifer Forests, Southwestern USA." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (2016): e0157582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157582.

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Muller-Landau, Helene C., Richard S. Condit, Jerome Chave, et al. "Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests." Ecology Letters 9, no. 5 (2006): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00904.x.

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Coomes, David A., Emily R. Lines, and Robert B. Allen. "Moving on from Metabolic Scaling Theory: hierarchical models of tree growth and asymmetric competition for light." Journal of Ecology 99, no. 3 (2011): 748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01811.x.

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Swetnam, Tyson L., and Donald A. Falk. "Application of Metabolic Scaling Theory to reduce error in local maxima tree segmentation from aerial LiDAR." Forest Ecology and Management 323 (July 2014): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.016.

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Cheng, Dong-Liang, Tao Li, Quan-Lin Zhong, and Gen-Xuan Wang. "Scaling relationship between tree respiration rates and biomass." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (2010): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0070.

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The WBE theory proposed by West, Brown and Enquist predicts that larger plant respiration rate, R , scales to the three-quarters power of body size, M . However, studies on the R versus M relationship for larger plants (i.e. trees larger than saplings) have not been reported. Published respiration rates of field-grown trees (saplings and larger trees) were examined to test this relationship. Our results showed that for larger trees, aboveground respiration rates R A scaled as the 0.82-power of aboveground biomass M A , and that total respiration rates R T scaled as the 0.85-power of total biomass M T , both of which significantly deviated from the three-quarters scaling law predicted by the WBE theory, and which agreed with 0.81–0.84-power scaling of biomass to respiration across the full range of measured tree sizes for an independent dataset reported by Reich et al . (Reich et al . 2006 Nature 439 , 457–461). By contrast, R scaled nearly isometrically with M in saplings. We contend that the scaling exponent of plant metabolism is close to unity for saplings and decreases (but is significantly larger than three-quarters) as trees grow, implying that there is no universal metabolic scaling in plants.

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Coomes, David A., Kerry L. Jenkins, and Lydia E. S. Cole. "Scaling of tree vascular transport systems along gradients of nutrient supply and altitude." Biology Letters 3, no. 1 (2006): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0551.

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A recent metabolic scaling theory predicts that plants minimize resistance to hydraulic conduction in the bulk transport network by narrowing the diameter of xylem conduits distally. We hypothesized that trees growing at high altitude or on nutrient-depleted soils would prioritize survival over minimizing hydraulic resistance, and that their vascular systems would be structured differently from those of trees growing under more benign conditions. In fact, conduits were observed to narrow towards the periphery of vascular system within all 45 trees of three species we investigated, and scaling relationships were indistinguishable across a range of environments. Thus, conduit tapering relationships appear to be invariant with respect to environmental conditions.

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Vasseur, François, Moises Exposito-Alonso, Oscar J. Ayala-Garay, et al. "Adaptive diversification of growth allometry in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 13 (2018): 3416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709141115.

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Seed plants vary tremendously in size and morphology; however, variation and covariation in plant traits may be governed, at least in part, by universal biophysical laws and biological constants. Metabolic scaling theory (MST) posits that whole-organismal metabolism and growth rate are under stabilizing selection that minimizes the scaling of hydrodynamic resistance and maximizes the scaling of resource uptake. This constrains variation in physiological traits and in the rate of biomass accumulation, so that they can be expressed as mathematical functions of plant size with near-constant allometric scaling exponents across species. However, the observed variation in scaling exponents calls into question the evolutionary drivers and the universality of allometric equations. We have measured growth scaling and fitness traits of 451 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with sequenced genomes. Variation among accessions around the scaling exponent predicted by MST was correlated with relative growth rate, seed production, and stress resistance. Genomic analyses indicate that growth allometry is affected by many genes associated with local climate and abiotic stress response. The gene with the strongest effect, PUB4, has molecular signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that intraspecific variation in growth scaling is maintained by opposing selection on the trade-off between seed production and abiotic stress resistance. Our findings suggest that variation in allometry contributes to local adaptation to contrasting environments. Our results help reconcile past debates on the origin of allometric scaling in biology and begin to link adaptive variation in allometric scaling to specific genes.

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Kutschera, Ulrich, and Karl J. Niklas. "Organ-specific rates of cellular respiration in developing sunflower seedlings and their bearing on metabolic scaling theory." Protoplasma 249, no. 4 (2011): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0338-6.

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Rubalcaba, Juan G., Wilco C. E. P. Verberk, A. Jan Hendriks, Bart Saris, and H. Arthur Woods. "Oxygen limitation may affect the temperature and size dependence of metabolism in aquatic ectotherms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (2020): 31963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003292117.

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Both oxygen and temperature are fundamental factors determining metabolic performance, fitness, ecological niches, and responses of many aquatic organisms to climate change. Despite the importance of physical and physiological constraints on oxygen supply affecting aerobic metabolism of aquatic ectotherms, ecological theories such as the metabolic theory of ecology have focused on the effects of temperature rather than oxygen. This gap currently impedes mechanistic models from accurately predicting metabolic rates (i.e., oxygen consumption rates) of aquatic organisms and restricts predictions to resting metabolism, which is less affected by oxygen limitation. Here, we expand on models of metabolic scaling by accounting for the role of oxygen availability and temperature on both resting and active metabolic rates. Our model predicts that oxygen limitation is more likely to constrain metabolism in larger, warmer, and active fish. Consequently, active metabolic rates are less responsive to temperature than are resting metabolic rates, and metabolism scales to body size with a smaller exponent whenever temperatures or activity levels are higher. Results from a metaanalysis of fish metabolic rates are consistent with our model predictions. The observed interactive effects of temperature, oxygen availability, and body size predict that global warming will limit the aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms and may place a greater metabolic burden on larger individuals, impairing their physiological performance in the future. Our model reconciles the metabolic theory with empirical observations of oxygen limitation and provides a formal, quantitative framework for predicting both resting and active metabolic rate and hence aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms.

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Allgeier, Jacob Edward, Seth J. Wenger, Amy D. Rosemond, Daniel E. Schindler, and Craig A. Layman. "Metabolic theory and taxonomic identity predict nutrient recycling in a diverse food web." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 20 (2015): E2640—E2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420819112.

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Reconciling the degree to which ecological processes are generalizable among taxa and ecosystems, or contingent on the identity of interacting species, remains a critical challenge in ecology. Ecological stoichiometry (EST) and metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) are theoretical approaches used to evaluate how consumers mediate nutrient dynamics and energy flow through ecosystems. Recent theoretical work has explored the utility of these theories, but empirical tests in species-rich ecological communities remain scarce. Here we use an unprecedented dataset collected from fishes and dominant invertebrates (n = 900) in a diverse subtropical coastal marine community (50 families, 72 genera, 102 species; body mass range: 0.04–2,597 g) to test the utility of EST and MTE in predicting excretion rates of nitrogen (EN), phosphorus (EP), and their ratio (ENP). Body mass explained a large amount of the variation in EN and EP but not ENP. Strong evidence in support of the MTE 3/4 allometric scaling coefficient was found for EP, and for EN only after accounting for variation in excretion rates among taxa. In all cases, including taxonomy in models substantially improved model performance, highlighting the importance of species identity for this ecosystem function. Body nutrient content and trophic position explained little of the variation in EN, EP, or ENP, indicating limited applicability of basic predictors of EST. These results highlight the overriding importance of MTE for predicting nutrient flow through organisms, but emphasize that these relationships still fall short of explaining the unique effects certain species can have on ecological processes.

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Pretzsch, Hans. "Tree growth as affected by stem and crown structure." Trees 35, no. 3 (2021): 947–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02092-0.

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Abstract Key message Prediction of tree growth based on size or mass as proposed by the Metabolic Scaling Theory is an over-simplification and can be significantly improved by consideration of stem and crown morphology. Tree growth and metabolic scaling theory, as well as corresponding growth equations, use tree volume or mass as predictors for growth. However, this may be an over-simplification, as the future growth of a tree may, in addition to volume or mass, also depend on its past development and aspects of the current inner structure and outer morphology. The objective of this evaluation was to analyse the effect of selected structural and morphological tree characteristics on the growth of common tree species in Europe. Here, we used eight long-term experiments with a total of 24 plots and extensive individual measurements of 1596 trees in monospecific stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Some of the experiments have been systematically surveyed since 1870. The selected plots represent a broad range of stand density, from fully to thinly stocked stands. We applied linear mixed models with random effects for analysing and modelling how tree growth and productivity are affected by stem and crown structure. We used the species-overarching relationship $$\mathrm{iv}={{a}_{0}\times v}$$ iv = a 0 × v between stem volume growth, $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv and stem volume, $$v,$$ v , as the baseline model. In this model $${a}_{0}$$ a 0 represents the allometric factor and α the allometric exponent. Then we included tree age, mean stem volume of the stand and structural and morphological tree variables in the model. This significantly reduced the AIC; RMSE was reduced by up to 43%. Interestingly, the full model estimating $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv as a function of $$v$$ v and mean tree volume, crown projection area, crown ratio and mean tree ring width, revealed a $$\alpha \cong 3/4$$ α ≅ 3 / 4 scaling for the relationship between $$\mathrm{iv}\propto {v}^{\alpha }$$ iv ∝ v α . This scaling corresponded with Kleiber’s rule and the West-Brown-Enquist model of the metabolic scaling theory. Simplified approaches based on stem diameter or tree mass as predictors may be useful for a rough estimation of stem growth in uniform stands and in cases where more detailed predictors are not available. However, they neglect other stem and crown characteristics that can have a strong additional effect on the growth behaviour. This becomes of considerable importance in the heterogeneous mixed-species stands that in many countries of the world are designed for forest restoration. Heterogeneous stand structures increase the structural variability of the individual trees and thereby cause a stronger variation of growth compared with monocultures. Stem and crown characteristics, which may improve the analysis and projection of tree and stand dynamics in the future forest, are becoming more easily accessible by Terrestrial laser scanning.

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Kremer, Colin T., Mridul K. Thomas, and Elena Litchman. "Temperature‐ and size‐scaling of phytoplankton population growth rates: Reconciling the Eppley curve and the metabolic theory of ecology." Limnology and Oceanography 62, no. 4 (2017): 1658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10523.

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Reich, Peter B., Jacek Oleksyn, Ian J. Wright, Karl J. Niklas, Lars Hedin, and James J. Elser. "Evidence of a general 2/3-power law of scaling leaf nitrogen to phosphorus among major plant groups and biomes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (2009): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1818.

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Scaling relations among plant traits are both cause and consequence of processes at organ-to-ecosystem scales. The relationship between leaf nitrogen and phosphorus is of particular interest, as both elements are essential for plant metabolism; their limited availabilities often constrain plant growth, and general relations between the two have been documented. Herein, we use a comprehensive dataset of more than 9300 observations of approximately 2500 species from 70 countries to examine the scaling of leaf nitrogen to phosphorus within and across taxonomical groups and biomes. Power law exponents derived from log–log scaling relations were near 2/3 for all observations pooled, for angiosperms and gymnosperms globally, and for angiosperms grouped by biomes, major functional groups, orders or families. The uniform 2/3 scaling of leaf nitrogen to leaf phosphorus exists along a parallel continuum of rising nitrogen, phosphorus, specific leaf area, photosynthesis and growth, as predicted by stoichiometric theory which posits that plants with high growth rates require both high allocation of phosphorus-rich RNA and a high metabolic rate to support the energy demands of macromolecular synthesis. The generality of this finding supports the view that this stoichiometric scaling relationship and the mechanisms that underpin it are foundational components of the living world. Additionally, although abundant variance exists within broad constraints, these results also support the idea that surprisingly simple rules regulate leaf form and function in terrestrial ecosystems.

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Wang, Z., M. Ji, J. Deng, et al. "A theoretical framework for whole-plant carbon assimilation efficiency based on metabolic scaling theory: a test case using Picea seedlings." Tree Physiology 35, no. 6 (2015): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv030.

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Hu, Kai-Ting, and Cho-ying Huang. "A metabolic scaling theory-driven remote sensing approach to map spatiotemporal dynamics of litterfall in a tropical montane cloud forest." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 82 (October 2019): 101896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.06.006.

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Anfodillo, Tommaso, Marco Carrer, Filippo Simini, Ionel Popa, Jayanth R. Banavar, and Amos Maritan. "An allometry-based approach for understanding forest structure, predicting tree-size distribution and assessing the degree of disturbance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1751 (2013): 20122375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2375.

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Tree-size distribution is one of the most investigated subjects in plant population biology. The forestry literature reports that tree-size distribution trajectories vary across different stands and/or species, whereas the metabolic scaling theory suggests that the tree number scales universally as −2 power of diameter. Here, we propose a simple functional scaling model in which these two opposing results are reconciled. Basic principles related to crown shape, energy optimization and the finite-size scaling approach were used to define a set of relationships based on a single parameter that allows us to predict the slope of the tree-size distributions in a steady-state condition. We tested the model predictions on four temperate mountain forests. Plots (4 ha each, fully mapped) were selected with different degrees of human disturbance (semi-natural stands versus formerly managed). Results showed that the size distribution range successfully fitted by the model is related to the degree of forest disturbance: in semi-natural forests the range is wide, whereas in formerly managed forests, the agreement with the model is confined to a very restricted range. We argue that simple allometric relationships, at an individual level, shape the structure of the whole forest community.

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Lazarus, Eli D., Kirstin L. Davenport, and Ana Matias. "Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 1 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020.

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Abstract. Allometry refers to a physical principle in which geometric (and/or metabolic) characteristics of an object or organism are correlated to its size. Allometric scaling relationships typically manifest as power laws. In geomorphic contexts, scaling relationships are a quantitative signature of organization, structure, or regularity in a landscape, even if the mechanistic processes responsible for creating such a pattern are unclear. Despite the ubiquity and variety of scaling relationships in physical landscapes, the emergence and development of these relationships tend to be difficult to observe – either because the spatial and/or temporal scales over which they evolve are so great or because the conditions that drive them are so dangerous (e.g. an extreme hazard event). Here, we use a physical experiment to examine dynamic allometry in overwash morphology along a model coastal barrier. We document the emergence of a canonical scaling law for length versus area in overwash deposits (washover). Comparing the experimental features, formed during a single forcing event, to 5 decades of change in real washover morphology from the Ria Formosa barrier system, in southern Portugal, we find differences between patterns of morphometric change at the event scale versus longer timescales. Our results may help inform and test process-based coastal morphodynamic models, which typically use statistical distributions and scaling laws to underpin empirical or semi-empirical parameters at fundamental levels of model architecture. More broadly, this work dovetails with theory for landscape evolution more commonly associated with fluvial and alluvial terrain, offering new evidence from a coastal setting that a landscape may reflect characteristics associated with an equilibrium or steady-state condition even when features within that landscape do not.

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Robinson, James P. W., and Julia K. Baum. "Trophic roles determine coral reef fish community size structure." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 4 (2016): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0178.

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Relationships between abundance – body size and trophic position – body size can reveal size structuring in food webs and test ecological theory. Although there is considerable evidence of size structuring in temperate aquatic food webs, little is known about the structure of tropical coral reef food webs. Here, we use underwater visual-census data and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to test if coral reef fish communities (i) are size structured and (ii) follow metabolic scaling rules. After examining individuals from over 160 species spanning four orders of magnitude in body size, we show that abundance scaled negatively with body size and, as predicted, individuals sharing energy through predation (carnivorous fishes) scaled more steeply than those individuals sharing a common energy source (herbivorous fishes). Estimated size spectra were, however, shallower than predicted by metabolic theory. Trophic position scaled positively with body size across species and across individuals, providing novel evidence of size structuring in a diverse tropical food web. Size-based approaches hold great promise for integrating the complexities of food webs into simple quantitative measures, thus providing new insights into the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems.

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Choi, Sungho, Christopher P. Kempes, Taejin Park, et al. "Application of the metabolic scaling theory and water-energy balance equation to model large-scale patterns of maximum forest canopy height." Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, no. 12 (2016): 1428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12503.

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Lee, Edward D., Christopher P. Kempes, and Geoffrey B. West. "Growth, death, and resource competition in sessile organisms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 15 (2021): e2020424118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020424118.

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Population-level scaling in ecological systems arises from individual growth and death with competitive constraints. We build on a minimal dynamical model of metabolic growth where the tension between individual growth and mortality determines population size distribution. We then separately include resource competition based on shared capture area. By varying rates of growth, death, and competitive attrition, we connect regular and random spatial patterns across sessile organisms from forests to ants, termites, and fairy circles. Then, we consider transient temporal dynamics in the context of asymmetric competition, such as canopy shading or large colony dominance, whose effects primarily weaken the smaller of two competitors. When such competition couples slow timescales of growth to fast competitive death, it generates population shocks and demographic oscillations similar to those observed in forest data. Our minimal quantitative theory unifies spatiotemporal patterns across sessile organisms through local competition mediated by the laws of metabolic growth, which in turn, are the result of long-term evolutionary dynamics.

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