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Journal articles on the topic 'Metabolism; Cytosol'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Mikšanová, Markéta, Petr Novák, Eva Frei, and Marie Stiborová. "Metabolism of Carcinogenic 2-Nitroanisole in Rat, Rabbit, Porcine and Human Hepatic Cytosol." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 3 (2004): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20040589.

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We investigated the ability of hepatic cytosolic samples from human, rat, rabbit and pig to metabolize an important industrial pollutant and a potent carcinogen for rodents, 2-nitroanisole (1-methoxy-2-nitrobenzene). A comparison between experimental animals and the human enzymatic system is essential for the extrapolation of animal carcinogenicity data to humans to assess a health risk to humans. Two major metabolites produced from 2-nitroanisole by cytosols of all species were N-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine and 2-methoxyaniline. An additional minor product of 2-nitroanisole metabolism has

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2

Cruz, Rogério Santos de Oliveira, Rafael Alves de Aguiar, Tiago Turnes, Rafael Penteado Dos Santos, Mariana Fernandes Mendes de Oliveira, and Fabrizio Caputo. "Intracellular Shuttle: The Lactate Aerobic Metabolism." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/420984.

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Lactate is a highly dynamic metabolite that can be used as a fuel by several cells of the human body, particularly during physical exercise. Traditionally, it has been believed that the first step of lactate oxidation occurs in cytosol; however, this idea was recently challenged. A new hypothesis has been presented based on the fact that lactate-to-pyruvate conversion cannot occur in cytosol, because the LDH enzyme characteristics and cytosolic environment do not allow the reaction in this way. Instead, the Intracellular Lactate Shuttle hypothesis states that lactate first enters in mitochondr

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3

Greger, Janusz, and Fabianowska-Majewska Krystyna. "Different Effect Of Dgtp On 2'-Deoxyadenosine Metabolism In Mitochondria And Cytosol." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 11-12 (1992): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-11-1217.

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Two enzymes participating in 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) metabolism: dAdo kinase (dAdoK EC 2.7.1.76) and adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4) were partially purified from rat liver mitochondria and cytosol and influence of nucleosides and nucleotides on the activity of these enzymes were investigated. Mitochondrial and cytosol dAdoK are separate proteins, while ADA from both subcellular fractions possesses similar physical properties. dGTP, a com petitive inhibitor of mitochondrial dAdoK, inhibits cytosol ADA in a mixed way but activates mitochondrial ADA and cytosol dAdoK. A possible effect of

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4

Herington, A. C., J. Stevenson, L. Coulson, and S. Ymer. "Characterization of a soluble prolactin-binding activity in rat liver cytosol." Journal of Endocrinology 109, no. 1 (1986): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1090061.

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ABSTRACT Soluble binding activity for lactogenic hormones has been detected in high-speed cytosolic preparations from the livers of 21-day-old male and female rats. No lactogenic hormone binding was detected in cytosols from rat heart, kidney, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. Liver cytosol binding of 125I-labelled human growth hormone or ovine prolactin was dependent on time, temperature, and protein and calcium concentrations. Binding was specific for lactogenic hormones and not somatotrophic hormones. Scatchard analysis revealed linear plots with an affinity of 2·9–4·6 litres/ nmol. By gel

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Zhou, Lufang, Jennifer E. Salem, Gerald M. Saidel, William C. Stanley, and Marco E. Cabrera. "Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts localization of glycolysis to cytosolic subdomain during ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 5 (2005): H2400—H2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01030.2004.

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A new multidomain mathematical model of cardiac cellular metabolism was developed to simulate metabolic responses to reduced myocardial blood flow. The model is based on mass balances and reaction kinetics that describe transport and metabolic processes of 31 key chemical species in cardiac tissue. The model has three distinct domains (blood, cytosol, and mitochondria) with interdomain transport of chemical species. In addition to distinguishing between cytosol and mitochondria, the model includes a subdomain in the cytosol to account for glycolytic metabolic channeling. Myocardial ischemia wa

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Barlow, John W., Andrea J. Curtis, Lorna E. Raggatt, Nicole M. Loidl, Duncan J. Topliss, and Jan R. Stockigt. "Drug competition for intracellular triiodothyronine-binding sites." European Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 4 (1994): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1300417.

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Barlow JW, Curtis AJ, Raggatt LE, Loidl NM, Topliss DJ. Stockigt JR. Drug competition for intracellular triiodothyronine-binding sites. Eur J Endocrinol 1944;130:417–21. ISSN 0804–4643 A variety of substances, including frusemide, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can compete for triiodothyronine (T3)-binding sites in serum and at the cell surface. We examined the competitive potency of these agents at intracellular T3-binding sites in order to assess their potential to act as T3 antagonists. Competition for [125I]T3 binding was determined us

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McMorris, Trevor C., Anissa N. Elayadi, Jian Yu, and Michael J. Kelner. "Metabolism of antitumor acylfulvene by rat liver cytosol." Biochemical Pharmacology 57, no. 1 (1999): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00273-1.

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8

Evans, M. A., R. Bhat, C. Papazafiratou, and D. Vidyasagar. "Effect of Hepatic Cytosol on Postnatal Drug Metabolism." Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (1987): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457745.

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9

Penning, Trevor M. "Indomethacin and glucocorticoid metabolism in rat liver cytosol." Biochemical Pharmacology 35, no. 23 (1986): 4203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(86)90696-9.

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10

Myers, Steven R., Jerry W. Blake, and James W. Flesher. "Metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene in rat liver cytosol." Chemico-Biological Interactions 71, no. 4 (1989): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(89)90113-0.

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11

Nakamura, Hirotoshi, Toshihiko Yokota, Hiroo Imura, and Leslie J. DeGroot. "Early effect of thyroid hormone on cytosolic protein phosphorylation in rat anterior pituitary." Acta Endocrinologica 109, no. 3 (1985): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1090326.

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Abstract. The effect of T3 was studied on phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins in rat anterior pituitary. Cytosols obtained from hypothyroid (H) and T3 (50 μg/100 g body weight) injected H rats (T) were phosphorylated in vitro. Although total incorporation of 32P into proteins did not differ between H and T, analysis of phosphoproteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed that T3 injection significantly increased phosphorylation of 2 proteins within 1 h. These results and our previous demonstration of T3 effects on phosphorylation in rat liver cytosol and cul

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12

Saheki, Takeyori, Mitsuaki Moriyama, Aki Funahashi, and Eishi Kuroda. "AGC2 (Citrin) Deficiency—From Recognition of the Disease till Construction of Therapeutic Procedures." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081100.

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Can you imagine a disease in which intake of an excess amount of sugars or carbohydrates causes hyperammonemia? It is hard to imagine the intake causing hyperammonemia. AGC2 or citrin deficiency shows their symptoms following sugar/carbohydrates intake excess and this disease is now known as a pan-ethnic disease. AGC2 (aspartate glutamate carrier 2) or citrin is a mitochondrial transporter which transports aspartate (Asp) from mitochondria to cytosol in exchange with glutamate (Glu) and H+. Asp is originally supplied from mitochondria to cytosol where it is necessary for synthesis of proteins,

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13

Snell, K., and D. A. Duff. "Branched-chain amino acid metabolism and alanine formation in rat muscles in vitro. Mitochondrial-cytosolic interrelationships." Biochemical Journal 225, no. 3 (1985): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2250737.

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Muscle branched-chain amino acid metabolism is coupled to alanine formation via branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, but the subcellular distributions of these and other associated enzymes are uncertain. Recovery of branched-chain aminotransferase in the cytosol fraction after differential centrifugation was shown to be accompanied by leakage of mitochondrial-matrix marker enzymes. By using a differential fractional extraction procedure, most of the branched-chain aminotransferase activity in rat muscle was located in the mitochondrial compartment, whereas a

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Leskovac, Vladimir, and Anthony D. Theoharides. "Hepatic metabolism of artemisinin drugs—II. Metabolism of arteether in rat liver cytosol." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 99, no. 3 (1991): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(91)90262-r.

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15

Zhang, Bo, Ross Carlson, and Friedrich Srienc. "Engineering the Monomer Composition of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (2006): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.536-543.2006.

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ABSTRACT Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have received considerable interest as renewable-resource-based, biodegradable, and biocompatible plastics with a wide range of potential applications. We have engineered the synthesis of PHA polymers composed of monomers ranging from 4 to 14 carbon atoms in either the cytosol or the peroxisome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by harnessing intermediates of fatty acid metabolism. Cytosolic PHA production was supported by establishing in the cytosol critical β-oxidation chemistries which are found natively in peroxisomes. This platform was utilized to supply med

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16

Pou, S., W. S. Pou, G. M. Rosen, and E. E. el-Fakahany. "N-hydroxylamine is not an intermediate in the conversion of l-arginine to an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells." Biochemical Journal 273, no. 3 (1991): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2730547.

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This study evaluates the role of N-hydroxylamine (NH2OH) in activating soluble guanylate cyclase in the mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115. It has been proposed that NH2OH is a putative intermediate in the biochemical pathway for the generation of nitric oxide (NO)/endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from L-arginine. NH2OH caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in cyclic GMP formation in intact cells. This response was not dependent on Ca2+. In cytosol preparations the activation of guanylate cyclase by L-arginine was dose-dependent and required Ca2+ and NADPH. In contrast,

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17

Mehra, R. K., and I. Bremner. "Studies on the metabolism of rat liver copper-metallothionein." Biochemical Journal 227, no. 3 (1985): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2270903.

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The degradation of purified 35S-labelled rat liver isometallothioneins (MT) by lysosomal extracts was studied. Zn-MT-I was more readily hydrolysed than Zn-MT-II, but no significant degradation of the Cu-containing metallothioneins could be detected, even after 24 h incubation. The susceptibility of MT to degradation in vitro may be related to the strength of the metal-thiolate bonds. However, the turnover rates of cytosolic MT in vivo, as established by pulse-labelling techniques, are apparently subject to different controls. The half-lives of MT-I and -II in the liver cytosol of Cu2+-injected

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18

Judge, Ayesha, and Michael S. Dodd. "Metabolism." Essays in Biochemistry 64, no. 4 (2020): 607–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20190041.

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Abstract Metabolism consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life. The process of metabolism involves many interconnected cellular pathways to ultimately provide cells with the energy required to carry out their function. The importance and the evolutionary advantage of these pathways can be seen as many remain unchanged by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In eukaryotes, the metabolic pathways occur within the cytosol and mitochondria of cells with the utilisation of glucose or fatty acids providing the majority of cellular energy in animals

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19

Esterbauer, H., H. Zollner, and J. Lang. "Metabolism of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal by isolated hepatocytes and by liver cytosolic fractions." Biochemical Journal 228, no. 2 (1985): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2280363.

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The metabolism of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and of several other related aldehydes by isolated hepatocytes and rat liver subcellular fractions has been investigated. Hepatocytes rapidly metabolize 4-hydroxynonenal in an oxygen-independent process with a maximum rate (depending on cell preparation) ranging from 130 to 230 nmol/min per 10(6) cells (average 193 +/- 50). The aldehyde is also rapidly utilized by whole rat liver homogenate and the cytosolic fraction (140 000 g supernatant) supplemented with NADH, whereas purified nuclei, mitochondria and microsomes supplemented

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20

ROWLAND, K., L. LENNARD, and J. S. LILLEYMAN. "In vitro metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine by human liver cytosol." Xenobiotica 29, no. 6 (1999): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/004982599238434.

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21

Ishizuka, Aya, Yuki Hashimto, Ryosuke Naka, et al. "Accumulation of free complex-type N-glycans in MKN7 and MKN45 stomach cancer cells." Biochemical Journal 413, no. 2 (2008): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20071562.

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During the N-glycosylation reaction, it has been shown that ‘free’ N-glycans are generated either from lipid-linked oligosaccharides or from misfolded glycoproteins. In both cases, occurrence of high mannose-type free glycans is well-documented, and the molecular mechanism for their catabolism in the cytosol has been studied. On the other hand, little, if anything, is known with regard to the accumulation of more processed, complex-type free oligosaccharides in the cytosol of mammalian cells. During the course of comprehensive analysis of N-glycans in cancer cell membrane fractions [Naka et al

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22

Nemoto, Shino, Kazuyo Takeda, Zu-Xi Yu, Victor J. Ferrans, and Toren Finkel. "Role for Mitochondrial Oxidants as Regulators of Cellular Metabolism." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 19 (2000): 7311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.19.7311-7318.2000.

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ABSTRACT Leakage of mitochondrial oxidants contributes to a variety of harmful conditions ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to cellular senescence. We describe here, however, a physiological and heretofore unrecognized role for mitochondrial oxidant release. Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate is demonstrated to activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). This metabolite-induced rise in cytosolic JNK1 activity is shown to be triggered by increased release of mitochondrial H2O2. We further demonstrate that in turn, the redox-dependent activation of JNK1 feeds back and inhibits the activi

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23

FUJIKAWA, Y., N. SAKURAI, S. SENDO, et al. "Sugar metabolism in expanding husk leaves of flint corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes differing in husk leaf size." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 1 (2002): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602002319.

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Relationships between leaf expansion and MeOH-soluble (cytosol) and cell-wall fractions, and their sugar composition prior to silking in flint corn lines were studied. A greater husk leaf area of one genotype, X-15 is mainly due to prolonged and higher rate of expansion. Prior to rapid expansion of husk leaf area, neutral sugars in the cytosol fraction accounted for most of the non-starch carbohydrates (56–62%), while hemicellulose and cellulose fractions accounted for less than 20%. In mature leaf parts, however, sugars in the cytosol fraction decreased but those in hemicellulose and cellulos

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24

Richardson, DR, P. Ponka, and D. Vyoral. "Distribution of iron in reticulocytes after inhibition of heme synthesis with succinylacetone: examination of the intermediates involved in iron metabolism." Blood 87, no. 8 (1996): 3477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.8.3477.bloodjournal8783477.

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Succinylacetone (SA) is an inhibitor of heme synthesis that acts on the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. When reticulocytes are incubated with 59Fe-transferrin (59Fe-Tf) in the presence of SA, there is an accumulation of 59Fe in the mitochondrion and in a cytosolic non- heme intermediate that has been described as a putative Fe transporter (Adams et al, Biochim Biophys Acta 1012:243, 1989). Considering these observations, the present study was designed to examine the intermediates of Fe metabolism in control and SA-treated reticulocytes. This investigation showed that in the cytos

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25

Bramley, T. A., G. S. Menzies, A. S. McNeilly, and H. G. Friesen. "Receptors for lactogenic hormones in the ovine corpus luteum. III: Inhibition of 125I-labelled human growth hormone binding by a high molecular weight factor in ovine corpus luteum cytosol." Journal of Endocrinology 114, no. 3 (1987): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140383.

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ABSTRACT Ovine luteal cytosol fractions inhibited the specific binding of 125I-labelled human GH and ovine prolactin (oPRL) to ovine luteal microsomes in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition was dependent on divalent cation concentrations, and was abolished by divalent metal ion chelating agents or by boiling. Inhibition was not due to ionic strength or salt effects on hormone binding, the release of endogenously bound oPRL into the cytosol fraction during tissue disruption and fractionation, or the presence of a soluble (or solubilized) lactogenic receptor in ovine cytosol preparations. Gel c

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26

Balaghi, M., D. W. Horne, and C. Wagner. "Hepatic one-carbon metabolism in early folate deficiency in rats." Biochemical Journal 291, no. 1 (1993): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2910145.

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Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is inhibited by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate in vitro. It is believed to play a regulatory role in the synthesis de novo of methyl groups. We have used the amino-acid-defined diet of Walzem and Clifford [(1988) J. Nutr. 118, 1089-1096] to determine whether folate deficiency in vivo would affect GNMT activity, as predicted by the studies in vitro. Weanling male rats were fed on the folate-deficient diet or a folate-supplemented diet pair-fed to the deficient group. A third group was fed on the folate-supplemented diet ad libitum. Development of folat

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27

Stern, P. H., and D. E. Vance. "Phosphatidylcholine metabolism in neonatal mouse calvaria." Biochemical Journal 244, no. 2 (1987): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2440409.

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Phosphatidylcholine metabolism was examined in neonatal mouse calvaria in vitro. Incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine was slow in this tissue. At 2 h after a pulse of [methyl-3H]choline only 30% of the tissue radioactivity was in the organic phase. Chromatography of the aqueous phase of the tissue extract revealed that more than half of the radioactivity was present as choline at this time. There was no accumulation of phosphocholine, which would have been expected if the cytidylyltransferase were the rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway in the tissue. Choline kinase acti

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28

Hou, Jin, Gionata Scalcinati, Marco Oldiges, and Goutham N. Vemuri. "Metabolic Impact of Increased NADH Availability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 3 (2009): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02040-09.

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ABSTRACT Engineering the level of metabolic cofactors to manipulate metabolic flux is emerging as an attractive strategy for bioprocess applications. We present the metabolic consequences of increasing NADH in the cytosol and the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a strain that was disabled in formate metabolism, we either overexpressed the native NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase in the cytosol or directed it into the mitochondria by fusing it with the mitochondrial signal sequence encoded by the CYB2 gene. Upon exposure to formate, the mutant strains readily consumed formate and

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Dusséaux, Simon, William Thomas Wajn, Yixuan Liu, Codruta Ignea, and Sotirios C. Kampranis. "Transforming yeast peroxisomes into microfactories for the efficient production of high-value isoprenoids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (2020): 31789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013968117.

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Current approaches for the production of high-value compounds in microorganisms mostly use the cytosol as a general reaction vessel. However, competing pathways and metabolic cross-talk frequently prevent efficient synthesis of target compounds in the cytosol. Eukaryotic cells control the complexity of their metabolism by harnessing organelles to insulate biochemical pathways. Inspired by this concept, herein we transform yeast peroxisomes into microfactories for geranyl diphosphate-derived compounds, focusing on monoterpenoids, monoterpene indole alkaloids, and cannabinoids. We introduce a co

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Kaye, B., D. J. Rance, and L. Waring. "Oxidative metabolism of carbazeranin vitroby liver cytosol of baboon and man." Xenobiotica 15, no. 3 (1985): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498258509045354.

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Ward, S., and D. J. Back. "Metabolism of gestodene in human liver cytosol and microsomes in vitro." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 46, no. 2 (1993): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(93)90299-c.

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32

Kyakumoto, S., R. Kurokawa, Y. Ohara-Nemoto, and M. Ota. "Sex difference in the cytosolic and nuclear distribution of androgen receptor in mouse submandibular gland." Journal of Endocrinology 108, no. 2 (1986): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1080267.

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ABSTRACT Cytosol and nuclear androgen receptors in submandibular glands of male and female mice were measured by an exchange assay at 0 °C. The binding of [3H]methyltrienolone to cytosol receptors in females was mostly saturated within a short period of incubation (3 h), whereas the saturation was much slower in males; suggesting that almost all of the cytosol receptors were unoccupied in females and the receptors were partially occupied in males. Nuclear receptors were extracted with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (5 mmol/l) from nuclear fractions with 93–95% efficiency. The exchange of the bound ste

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Agrò, Mauro, and Javier Díaz-Nido. "Effect of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic FXN Isoform Expression on Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolism." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218251.

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Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by recessive mutations in the frataxin gene that lead to a deficiency of the mitochondrial frataxin (FXN) protein. Alternative forms of frataxin have been described, with different cellular localization and tissue distribution, including a cerebellum-specific cytosolic isoform called FXN II. Here, we explored the functional roles of FXN II in comparison to the mitochondrial FXN I isoform, highlighting the existence of potential cross-talk between cellular compartments. To achieve this, we transduced two human cell lines of patien

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Cho, Yong-Gu, and Kwon-Kyoo Kang. "Functional Analysis of Starch Metabolism in Plants." Plants 9, no. 9 (2020): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091152.

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In plants, starch is synthesized in leaves during the day-time from fixed carbon through photosynthesis and is mobilized at night to support continued respiration, sucrose export, and growth in the dark. The main crops where starch is biosynthesized and stored are corn, rice, wheat, and potatoes, and they are mainly used as food resources for humankind. There are many genes that are involved in starch biosynthesis from cytosol to storage organs in plants. ADP-glucose, UDP- glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate are synthesized catalyzed by UDP-invertase, AGPase, hexokinase, and P- hexose-isomerase i

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Thieulant, Marie-Lise, and Jean Pelletier. "Oestradiol binding to nuclei of anterior pituitary cells of the ram." Acta Endocrinologica 109, no. 1 (1985): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1090050.

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Abstract. The methodology to fully characterise nuclear receptor for oestradiol-17β (E2) in the ram pituitary has been investigated. Purified nuclei, clean under the electron microscope, were obtained from 2.4 m sucrose ultracentrifugation and were extracted for 2 h at 0°C with 0.6 m NaCl. After centrifugation, the supernatant was incubated with [3H]E2 with or without a 100-fold excess of unlabelled E2. The main results were: the specific binding was maximum at 20°C in 2–3 h and remained constant up to 19 h without significant metabolism; an incubation temperature of 25°C reduces the binding,

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Daniel, Trnka, Hossain Md Faruq, Jordt Laura Magdalena, Gellert Manuela, and Lillig Christopher Horst. "Role of GSH and Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxins in Iron Metabolism—Review." Molecules 25, no. 17 (2020): 3860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173860.

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Glutathione (GSH) was initially identified and characterized for its redox properties and later for its contributions to detoxification reactions. Over the past decade, however, the essential contributions of glutathione to cellular iron metabolism have come more and more into focus. GSH is indispensable in mitochondrial iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster biosynthesis, primarily by co-ligating FeS clusters as a cofactor of the CGFS-type (class II) glutaredoxins (Grxs). GSH is required for the export of the yet to be defined FeS precursor from the mitochondria to the cytosol. In the cytosol, it is an es

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Isomaa, Veli, Mauri Orava, and Reijo Vihko. "Evidence for an androgen receptor in porcine Leydig cells." Acta Endocrinologica 115, no. 1 (1987): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1150119.

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Abstract. Cytosol and nuclear androgen receptor concentrations were measured in freshly prepared and cultured Leydig cells of immature pig testis with exchange assays using [3H]methyltrienolone as labelled ligand. Androgen receptors in Leydig cells had high affinity for [3H]methyltrienolone and steroid binding specificity typical of an androgen receptor. The mean receptor concentrations were 76 fmol/mg protein and 210 fmol/mg DNA for cytosol and nuclei, respectively. In sucrose gradients, cytosol androgen receptors sedimented in the 4 S region. The cells maintained androgen receptors under cul

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Takahashi, T., T. Yamaguchi, M. Shitashige, T. Okamoto, and T. Kishi. "Reduction of ubiquinone in membrane lipids by rat liver cytosol and its involvement in the cellular defence system against lipid peroxidation." Biochemical Journal 309, no. 3 (1995): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3090883.

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Rat liver homogenates reduced ubiquinone (UQ)-10 to ubiquinol (UQH2)-10 in the presence of NADPH rather than NADH. This NADPH-dependent UQ reductase (NADPH-UQ reductase) activity that was not inhibited by antimycin A and rotenone, was located mainly in the cytosol fraction and its activity accounted for 68% of that of the homogenates. Furthermore, the NADPH-UQ reductase from rat liver cytosol efficiently reduced both UQ-10 incorporated into egg yolk lecithin liposomes, and native UQ-9 residing in rat microsomes, to the respective UQH2 form in the presence of NADPH. The gross redox ratios of UQ

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Sheflin, Lowell G., and Stephen W. Spaulding. "Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone regulate AUF1 isoforms in a tissue-specific fashion in the mouse." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 1 (2000): E50—E57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e50.

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.—The sex difference in the metabolism of certain mRNAs in the murine submaxillary gland (SMG) prompted us to determine whether androgens regulate the expression of any of the four isoforms of AUF1, proteins that bind differentially to AU-rich RNA. We found that cytosol from female SMGs contains two major isoforms (p45 and p40), whereas cytosol from male SMGs contains a prominent p37 and a weaker p42. Injecting female mice with testosterone decreases p45 levels by 81% after 7 days ( P < 0.05, n = 4), whereas p42 and p37 increase 74 and 449% at 7 days ( P < 0.05, n = 4, for both). Orchiec

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Lewis, Caroline A., Seth J. Parker, Brian P. Fiske, et al. "Tracing Compartmentalized NADPH Metabolism in the Cytosol and Mitochondria of Mammalian Cells." Molecular Cell 55, no. 2 (2014): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.008.

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Kaur, Kamaljeet, and Rangil Singh. "Sugar metabolism and partitioning in cytosol and bacteroid fractions of chickpea nodules." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 37, no. 9 (1999): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0981-9428(00)80099-6.

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Tulayakul, Phitsanu, Kesu Dong, and Susumu Kumagai. "Organ differences in microsomes and cytosol metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in piglets." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 88, no. 3 (2006): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772240600662203.

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Tsushima, Keizo. "Properties of cytosol 5′-nucleotidase and its role in purine nucleotide metabolism." Advances in Enzyme Regulation 25 (January 1986): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0065-2571(86)90014-2.

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Castro, GD, MH Costantini, and JA Castro. "Rat ventral prostate xanthine oxidase–mediated metabolism of acetaldehyde to acetyl radical." Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, no. 4 (2009): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109105406.

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Alcohol drinking is known to lead to deleterious effects on prostate epithelial cells from humans and experimental animals. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects is relevant to intraprostatic ethanol treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and to shed some light into the conflictive results linking alcohol consumption to prostate cancer. In previous studies, we provided evidence about the presence in the rat ventral prostate of cytosolic and microsomal metabolic pathways of ethanol to acetaldehyde and 1-hydroxyethyl radical and about the low levels of alcohol dehydroge

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Nilsson, Avlant, Jurgen R. Haanstra, Martin Engqvist, et al. "Quantitative analysis of amino acid metabolism in liver cancer links glutamate excretion to nucleotide synthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (2020): 10294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919250117.

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Many cancer cells consume glutamine at high rates; counterintuitively, they simultaneously excrete glutamate, the first intermediate in glutamine metabolism. Glutamine consumption has been linked to replenishment of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but the reason for glutamate excretion is unclear. Here, we dynamically profile the uptake and excretion fluxes of a liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and use genome-scale metabolic modeling for in-depth analysis. We find that up to 30% of the glutamine is metabolized in the cytosol, primarily

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Altschuler, L. R., J. A. Ceppi, M. N. Ritta, R. S. Calandra, and A. A. Zaninovich. "Effects of thyroxine on oestrogen receptor concentrations in anterior pituitary and hypothalamus of hypothyroid rats." Journal of Endocrinology 119, no. 3 (1988): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1190383.

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ABSTRACT The effects of thyroxine (T4) were studied on the concentration of oestrogen receptors in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus of ovariectomized euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. A group of rats was made hypothyroid by the administration of I. Seven days after ovariectomy, animals were separated into five groups: I, euthyroid controls; II, hypothyroid controls; III, hypothyroid and injected with oestradiol benzoate (10 μg/day for 10 days); IV, hypothyroid and injected with T4 (4 μg/day for 10 days) and V, hypothyroid and injected with both oestradiol and T4 as described above.

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Elliott, Robert L., Fen Wang, Mary C. Elliott, and Jonathan F. Head. "An immunocytochemical, cytosol, and ultrastructural study of tissue ferritin in breast carcinoma." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169225.

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Increased levels of serum ferritin in breast carcinoma is well known, however, its exact source has been disputed. Weinstein et al found six times the ferritin concentration in malignant tissue as compared to benign tissue. The anaplastic tumors had the highest ferritin concentrations, suggesting that the major site of the increased ferritin was the malignant epithelium. We found in a previous cytosolic and electron microscopic study of tissue ferritin in breast carcinoma that the malignant epithelium is almost certainly the source of the increased ferritin.To better define and expand this stu

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Pedersen, Henrik, Morten Carlsen, and Jens Nielsen. "Identification of Enzymes and Quantification of Metabolic Fluxes in the Wild Type and in a Recombinant Aspergillus oryzae Strain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 1 (1999): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.1.11-19.1999.

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ABSTRACT Two α-amylase-producing strains of Aspergillus oryzae, a wild-type strain and a recombinant containing additional copies of the α-amylase gene, were characterized with respect to enzyme activities, localization of enzymes to the mitochondria or cytosol, macromolecular composition, and metabolic fluxes through the central metabolism during glucose-limited chemostat cultivations. Citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD) activities were found only in the mitochondria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP) activities were found only in the cytosol

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Herington, A. C., J. L. Stevenson, and S. I. Ymer. "Binding proteins for growth hormone and prolactin in rabbit kidney cytosol." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 3 (1988): E293—E298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.3.e293.

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Two soluble, receptor-like binding proteins with apparent somatotrophic [growth hormone (GH)] and lactogenic [prolactin (PRL)] specificities, respectively, and that are present in rabbit kidney cytosol have now been examined in more detail using specific GH receptor and PRL receptor monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Gel chromatography of 125I-labeled human GH (125I-hGH) kidney cytosol complexes in the absence of these MAbs revealed two specifically bound regions of radioactivity at molecular weights (MW) of approximately 120,000 and approximately 60,000, which are similar in size to complexes forme

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Shelp, Barry J., Gale G. Bozzo, Christopher P. Trobacher, Greta Chiu та Vikramjit S. Bajwa. "Strategies and tools for studying the metabolism and function of γ-aminobutyrate in plants. I. Pathway structure". Botany 90, № 8 (2012): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-030.

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γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) is a ubiquitous four-C, nonprotein, amino acid that has been linked to stress, signaling, and storage in plants. In this paper, we discuss analytical, enzyme-linked, and colorimetric methods for analyzing GABA and related metabolites, and review tracer evidence for the derivation of GABA from glutamate and its subsequent catabolism to succinic semialdehyde and either succinate or γ-hydroxybutyrate. Also, we describe biochemical, complementation, bioinformatic, recombinant, and modelling strategies for identifying genes and investigating properties of the encoded proteins

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