Academic literature on the topic 'Metaboliti'
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Journal articles on the topic "Metaboliti"
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Henry Federico. "Urgenza e meccanismo di biosintesi dei metaboliti secondari microbici marini." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i3.543.
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Il microrganismo marino è una delle potenziali risorse biologicamente attive dei metaboliti secondari. La sua potenza è così promettente che è necessario studiare e raccogliere la conoscenza di come si è verificato il suo metabolita secondario. Tali conoscenze consentiranno ulteriori studi stanno migliorando la produzione di metaboliti secondari in laboratorio. In natura, la sintesi dei metaboliti secondari si verifica quando vi sono l'effetto di fattori sia biotici che abiotici come l'acqua di mare e la simbiosi microbica con altri materiali viventi. Quando questo è spiegato nelle vie metaboliche, la sintesi dei metaboliti secondari è influenzata dal nutriente disponibile e regolata da molecole autoinducenti attraverso il meccanismo di rilevamento del quorum.
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Origgi, D., L. T. Mainardi, A. Falini, G. Calabrese, G. Scotti, S. Cerutti, and G. Tosi. "Quantificazione automatica di spettri 1H ed estrazione di mappe metaboliche da acquisizioni CSI mediante Wavelet Packets." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300106.
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La quantificazione dei picchi spettrali del segnale di spettroscopia 1H in risonanza magnetica, utile per un'analisi metabolica dei tessuti in-vivo, richiede un tempo di elaborazione elevato, soprattutto quando si tratta di acquisizioni CSI dove ad essere elaborata è un'intera matrice di dati. Inoltre, la sovrapposizione dei picchi, maggiormente marcata negli spettri con tempo di eco breve (20 ms), rende spesso difficoltosa la separazione dei singoli contributi metabolici. Si propone pertanto un metodo automatico per la quantificazione dei metaboliti, che utilizza l'algoritmo delle Wavelet Packets per scomporre il segnale nel dominio del tempo (FID) in sottobande. La stima dei parametri di ampiezza, fase, frequenza e smorzamento viene quindi eseguita nelle sottobande, dove cadono i picchi di interesse, mediante metodi di predizione lineare basati sulla scomposizione a valori singolari (LPSDV). L'ampiezza stimata dei picchi viene infine utilizzata sia per il calcolo dei rapporti metabolici sia per l'estrazione di mappe metaboliche. Il metodo di quantificazione proposto è stato messo a punto su fantocci e poi applicato alle acquisizioni di volontari sani e infine su alcuni pazienti. L'elaborazione automatica dei dati spettroscopici con il metodo proposto offre la possibilità di studiare in modo efficace ed affidabile i metaboliti cerebrali nonché di rappresentare la loro distribuzione spaziale mediante mappe metaboliche.
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Bianchi, Alfio Ernesto, Antonio Maggi, and Riccardo Raddino. "Il microbiota intestinale, tra salute e malattia: un vero attore a due facce." CARDIOLOGIA AMBULATORIALE 30, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17473/1971-6818-2021-2-1.
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Il microbiota intestinale è un ecosistema batterico cha ha proprietà difensive per l’ospite ma che in particolari condizioni può produrre metaboliti tossici e dannosi per l’organismo. Metaboliti benefici sono gli acidi grassi a catena corta (SCAF), i metaboliti biliari ed i probiotici. Metaboliti dannosi sono la trimetilamina-N-ossidata (TMAO), i lipopolisaccaridi (LPS) e le tossine uremiche. La permeabilità della mucosa intestinale è la causa principale del passaggio in circolo di metaboliti dannosi. Il microbiota può intervenire in modo difensivo o dannoso in molte patologie cardiovascolari come la cardiopatia ischemica e lo scompenso ed in situazioni cliniche come il diabete, l’obesità, la malattia renale, la colite ulcerosa, il morbo di Chron e le malattie neurodegenerative. La dieta corretta è il cardine per mantenere una una favorevole funzionalità del microbiota.
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Reo, Albert R., Siegfried Berhimpon, and Roike Montolalu. "Secondary Metaboliti of Gorgonia, Paramuricea clavata." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 5, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.1.2017.14971.
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Gorgonians are important organisms living around coral reefs. They have high abundance and very important ecological role. They can be found in shalow to deep sea. Gorgonians belong to octoral taxon rarely studied either their taxonomy or other aspects. Some studies have informed that gorgonians can produce secondary metabolites as anti-bacteria. These belong to terpenoid, alkaloid, and steroid groups. The objective of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, through several analytical steps, i.e. extraction, partition, chromatograpgy, and spectroscopy. Extraction was done through 5 phases of maceration and then continued with partition, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The secondary metabolites detected in ethyl acetate solvent, such as flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and saponin, were the same as those in n-hexane solvent, while not all these compounds were detected in methanol solvent.Steroid was found in all gorgonian samples extracted in all solvent materials used in this study. Triterpenoid was also detected in gorgonian skin and axial extract using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Saponin was detected in all gorgonian extract, except the axial extract using ethyl acetate solvent. Keywords: Secondary metabolite, Gorgonia, anti-bacteria. Abstrak Gorgonia merupakan organisme penting yang hidup di sekitar terumbu karang. Hewan ini memiliki kelimpahan besar dan peranan ekologis yang sangat ppenting. Organisme ini dapat ditemukan di perairan dangkal sampai laut dalam. Gorgonia termasuk taksa octokoralia yang jarang diteliti baik taksonominya maupun aspek-aspek lain. Beberapa penelitian telah menginformasikan bahwa gorgonia dapat menghasilkan metablit sekunder sebagai anti-baketri. Senyawa-senyawa ini termask golongan terpenoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan metabolit sekunder gorgonia (Paramuricea clavata) melalui beberapa tahap analisis, yaitu ekstraksi, partisi, kromatografi, dan spektroskopi. Ekstraksi dilakukan melalui 5 tahap maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan partisi, kromatografi, dan spectroskopy. Metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi pada larutan ethil asetat, seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin adalah sama dengan pada pelarut n-heksan, sedangkan tidak semua senyawa ini terdeteksi pada pelarut metanol. Steroid ditemukan pada semua sampel gorgonia yang diekstrak dalam semua bahan pelarut yang digunakan pada penelitian ini. Triterpenoid terdeteksi pada ekstrak kulit dan aksial gorgonia yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat, n-hexane, dan methanol. Saponin terdeteksi pada semua ekstrak gorgonia, kecuali ekstrak axial yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat.
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Mikić, Sanja, and Shakoor Ahmad. "Benzoxazinoids - protective secondary metabolites in cereals: The role and application." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 55, no. 1 (2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov55-12211.
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Radosavljević, Vladan. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their urinary metabolites and health." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 3 (2021): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-32819.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) stated as one of its conclusions that air pollution is a leading environmental health risk. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens (above five hundred compounds) that cause lung and skin cancer, especially in occupationally exposed workers. By significantly reducing emissions from modern combustion plants, traffic control, and strict smoking bans in public places, PAHs exposure can be reduced. PAH exposure ought to be better investigated, especially in the field of mass biomonitoring of the urinary concentrations of their major metabolites. Such biomonitoring ought to integrate exposures to chemical carcinogens from different sources (air, water, food, consumer products, professional procedures, etc.), as well as exposure to chemical noxae through the respiratory tract by (inhalation), digestive tract (ingestion), or through the skin. Analysis of the concentration of main PAHs metabolites in urine must be done with highly sophisticated equipment for a valid database to be obtained. The data thus obtained are necessary for risk assessment and health policymaking in order to reduce exposure to chemical carcinogens.
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Radosavljević, Vladan. "Urinary metabolites as indicators of human exposure to chemical carcinogens." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 4 (2021): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-34153.
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Population exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens is a growing public health problem. Carcinogenic chemicals may be classified into two groups: genotoxic and non-genotoxic. A genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce the development of cancer, either in direct interaction with DNA or with cell structures, which are responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity. A non-genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce cancer indirectly by entering the processes of cancer etiopathogenesis. Previous research studies indicate that inorganic arsenic compounds may be associated with various malign diseases (lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, skin, kidney, liver and prostate cancer). Inorganic arsenic is mainly present in meat, dairy products and grains, while organic arsenic (arsenobetaine) is present in seafood, fruit and vegetables. Benzene metabolites are associated with different types of leukemias and lymphomas, benzidine with bladder cancer, nickel with lung cancer, chromium compounds with lung cancer, nose and nasal sinus cancer. The greatest occupational exposure to benzene is in industry (leather, electronic device, shoes, sports equipment), while people may come into contact with benzidine through consumer goods (leather products, clothes, toys). The highest concentrations of nickel were measured in the beans, walnuts and grains. Cadmium and cadmium compounds cause lung cancer, and influence the occurrence of renal and prostate cancer. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in respondents with high concentrations of urinary metabolites of aflatoxin (aflatoxin N7-gvanine adducts). Lindane isomers are present in dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, garden fruit, oils and lipids, leaf and root vegetables and sugar, and they cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There is a positive correlation between the consumption of Aristolochia plants and the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma. There are no screening examinations for the identification of persons who are at great risk of developing malign disease in the next 10 or 20 years. As for the prevention of malign diseases, it is necessary to put an accent on finding the adequate methods for determining the concentrations of urinary metabolites for toxic chemical carcinogens and define their risk values.
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Mikić, Sanja, and Shakoor Ahmad. "Benzoxazinoids - protective secondary metabolites in cereals: Biochemistry and genetic control." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 55, no. 1 (2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov55-12210.
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Sarchielli, P., R. Tarducci, O. Presciutti, F. Vicinanza, G. Guercini, G. P. Pelliccioli, G. Gobbi, and V. Gallai. "Spettroscopia protonica in vivo nello studio della sclerosi laterale amiotrofica." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300111.
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Il presente studio è stato volto a verificare le modificazioni di alcuni metaboliti cerebrali in corso di SLA mediante RM spettroscopica cerebrale e quantificazione assoluta dei metaboliti. Sono stati studiati 12 pazienti affetti da sclerosi laterale amiotrofica, di sesso maschile ed età media: 53,0 ± 5,32 anni, 7 nella forma definita e 5 nella forma probabile. Lo studio ha evidenziato, a livello della sostanza grigia dell'area motoria primaria, una riduzione significativa dei livelli di N-Acetil-Aspartato rispetto ai soggetti di controllo (8,5 ± 0,6 mM vs 10,4 ± 0,7 mM, p< 0,001), più marcata nei pazienti ad esordio bulbare ed in quelli con evidenze neuroradiologiche di ipointensità di segnale a carico della corteccia motoria. Non erano evidenti differenze significative relativamente ai valori di N-Acetil-Aspartato tra pazienti con diagnosi definita e quelli con forma probabile.
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Parnetti, L., F. Corea, V. Gallai, R. Tarducci, O. Presciutti, G. Gobbi, E. Leone, P. Floridi, and G. P. Pelliccioli. "Ruolo della spettroscopia protonica nella malattia di Alzheimer." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300110.
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La spettroscopia protonica è un metodo di studio neuroradiologico non invasivo che ottiene informazioni sulla funzione cerebrale identificando diversi metaboliti, sulla base del loro contenuto protonico. Questo articolo paragona i profili dei rilievi su sostanza bianca a grigia in pazienti affetti da malattia di Alzheimer (AD), a diverso livello di gravità. Si ritrova una significativa riduzione dell'N-Acetil-Aspartato (NAA) nel cervello dei pazienti AD a confronto con i casi controllo con un orientamento opposto per il mio-inositolo (ml). La spettroscopia protonica si è dimostrata mezzo diagnostico utile addizionale nello studio della fisiopatologia dell'Alzheimer e del risultato terapeutico.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metaboliti"
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ZANONI, GIORDANO. "Nanorecettori autoorganizzati per la rilevazione di metaboliti." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3459753.
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Gold nanoparticles, or, more in general, metal nanoparticles functionalized with a monolayer of organic ligands, provide a straightforward way to implement and exploit cooperativity mechanisms between the functional groups present in attached ligands, which are kept in close proximity by the monolayer arrangement. A good variety of different species can be easily attached to the nanoparticle surface with different methods and interligand cooperation can be exploited, among the possible applications, for molecular recognition. In this way, monolayer protected metal nanoparticles ca be easily turned in self-organized supramolecular receptors.1,2 It is still difficult, however, to precisely design and control the recognition properties of the monolayers as these depend not only on the chemical structure of the species bound on the surface, but also on the ligands conformation and dynamics. In this work, new approaches to the design of the monolayers were investigated, introducing combinatorial and potentially automatable computer aided synthetic approaches, capable to predict and the properties of the nanoparticles and quickly prepare them. Pre-synthesized and pre-organized binding pockets were also used for the post-synthetic functionalization of gold nanoparticles. Novel nanoreceptors for the detection of biomedically relevant metabolites were developed, which offered several advantages with respect to the previous generation, such as an increased sensitivity and an extended concentration window for the analyte detection via NMR-chemosensing. A new hyperpolarization-based strategy to further enhance the sensitivity of this analytical technique was also conceived and explored.Gold nanoparticles, or, more in general, metal nanoparticles functionalized with a monolayer of organic ligands, provide a straightforward way to implement and exploit cooperativity mechanisms between the functional groups present in attached ligands, which are kept in close proximity by the monolayer arrangement. A good variety of different species can be easily attached to the nanoparticle surface with different methods and interligand cooperation can be exploited, among the possible applications, for molecular recognition. In this way, monolayer protected metal nanoparticles ca be easily turned in self-organized supramolecular receptors.1,2 It is still difficult, however, to precisely design and control the recognition properties of the monolayers as these depend not only on the chemical structure of the species bound on the surface, but also on the ligands conformation and dynamics. In this work, new approaches to the design of the monolayers were investigated, introducing combinatorial and potentially automatable computer aided synthetic approaches, capable to predict and the properties of the nanoparticles and quickly prepare them. Pre-synthesized and pre-organized binding pockets were also used for the post-synthetic functionalization of gold nanoparticles. Novel nanoreceptors for the detection of biomedically relevant metabolites were developed, which offered several advantages with respect to the previous generation, such as an increased sensitivity and an extended concentration window for the analyte detection via NMR-chemosensing. A new hyperpolarization-based strategy to further enhance the sensitivity of this analytical technique was also conceived and explored.
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Calabrese, D. "DIABETE E DOLORE: EFFETTO TERAPEUTICO DEI METABOLITI DEL TESTOSTERONE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232407.
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Diabetic neuropathy one of important complications of diabetes, is associated with neuropathic pain in about 50% of diabetic subjects. Clinical management of neuropathic pain is complex and so far unsatisfactory. To this aim in rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection we have analyzed the effects of the testosterone metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5α- androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), on nociceptive and allodynia thresholds. Moreover, molecular and functional parameters in the spinal cord related with pain modulation, such as the levels of glutamate, the expression and phosphorylation of synaptic proteins, the expression of substance P, neuroinflammatory markers and translocator protein, as well as the number of GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes have been analyzed. Finally, the levels of DHT and 3α-diol have been evaluated in spinal cord of steroid treated and untreated animals. Diabetes resulted in a significant decrease in DHT levels in the spinal cord that was reverted by DHT or 3α-diol treatments. In addition, 3α-diol treatment resulted in a significant increase in 3α-diol in the spinal cord over control values. Both steroids show analgesic properties on diabetic neuropathic pain. Interestingly, they exert their effects affecting different pain parameters and possibly by different mechanisms of action. Indeed, DHT treatment counteract the effect of diabetes on mechanical nociceptive threshold, pre- and post-synaptic components, glutamate release, astrocyte immunoreactivity and expression of interleukin-1β, while
3α-diol treatment was effective on tactile allodynia threshold, glutamate release, astrocyte immunoreactivity and the expression of substance P, toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor β-1, interleukin-1β and translocator protein. Moreover a DRG primary cell colture experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the 3α-diol specific effect GABA-A-mediated on substance P expression. Altogether these results suggest that testosterone metabolites are potential agents for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain.
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BOCCHI, SERENA. "Studio dei metaboliti coinvolti nella relazione simbiotica tra probiotico ed ospite." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/113112.
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I probiotici sono definiti come "microrganismi vivi che, se somministrati in quantità adeguate, conferiscono un beneficio alla salute dell'ospite". Al giorno d'oggi, ricercatori e produttori sono alla ricerca di nuovi ceppi probiotici con provata efficacia per specifiche applicazioni al fine di scegliere il ceppo più adatto all'uso richiesto.
Coree s.r.l. è un'azienda che si occupa dello screening di nuovi ceppi probiotici per lo sviluppi di alimenti ed integratori alimentari specificamente pensati per la prima fase della vita, dalla nascita allo svezzamento. La matrice alimentare è strettamente correlata all'efficacia probiotica e può essere utilizzata come sistema di somministrazione al fine di colonizzare l'intestino umano. Ad oggi, la somministrazione di probiotici attraverso nuovi alimenti funzionali rappresenta un'opportunità molto interessante per i produttori ed i consumatori.
Lo scopo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di studiare se nuovi ceppi probiotici di Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. fossero in grado di trarre vantaggio dall'interazione con il loro substrato ed esprimere questo sinergismo per migliorarne le caratteristiche benefiche nei confronti dell'ospite in una importante fase della vita, quella dello svezzamento.
Alla luce di queste evidenze, la prima parte del dottorato ha indagato se i batteri probiotici, coltivati in matrici alimentari per lo svezzamento, cambiassero le loro proprietà, come l'adesione alla parete intestinale oppure la regolazione di espressione di vari geni da parte delle cellule intestinali umane. Sono stati utilizzati alcuni alimenti convenzionali della fase dello svezzamento, come carota, purea di mela, crema di riso e bevanda a base di avena, per valutare le possibili variazioni in termini di adesività post-fermentazione. I risultati hanno mostrato che i ceppi di Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp., se coltivati nelle matrici sopracitate, erano in grado di migliorare la loro adesività alla mucosa intestinale dimostrando un effetto sinergico tra matrice alimentare e microrganismo probiotico. È stato inoltre dimostrato che la capacità di fermentare determinati alimenti per lo svezzamento e di aderire alle linee cellulari intestinali umane era ceppo-specifica e non correlata al genere dei microrganismi. I dati hanno evidenziato che i ceppi batterici isolati dalle piante possedevano una buona capacità di aderire all'intestino e, quindi, le proprietà di adesione non sono influenzate dall’origine del ceppo. I risultati ottenuti sono stati pubblicati in un articolo scientifico sulla rivista "Advances in Nutrition and Food"(Gennaio 2020).
In parallelo, l'approccio Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) è stato impiegato per studiare i genomi dei nuovi ceppi batterici di proprietà di COREE s.r.l. e valutare l’eventuale presenza di plasmidi, geni di antibiotico-resistenza ed analizzare il profilo metabolico.
Durante la fermentazione, i ceppi batterici producono una vasta gamma di metaboliti, alcuni dei quali sono composti biodisponibili e bioattivi con effetti positivi. Pertanto, un approccio metabolomico è stato applicato per fornire ulteriori informazioni sulle proprietà funzionali e nutrizionali della bevanda a base di avena fermentata da ceppi di Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. L'avena è ampiamente apprezzata per i suoi effetti salutistici nell’adulto e nel bambino, ed attualmente sono disponibili sempre più prodotti alimentari per la fase infantile. Tramite gli strumenti UHPLC-Q-TOF e HPAEC-PAD, è stato determinato l’impatto della fermentazione e della digestione sul profilo dei metaboliti della bevanda vegetale. I risultati hanno mostrato che, nel latte di avena tal quale, le classi di composti più abbondanti erano flavonoidi, acidi fenolici, aminoacidi e steroidi. Dopo la digestione in vitro, i profili metabolici hanno indicato che aminoacidi, peptidi ed acidi fenolici erano le molecole più rilasciate a livello intestinale della bevanda di avena. Successivamente, è stato valutato l'impatto della co-fermentazione di ceppi di Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. Il processo di fermentazione ha diminuito i livelli di antinutrienti, come lignani ed acido fitico, una classe di composti correlata al malassorbimento di importanti micronutrienti. Il profilo digerito della bevanda di avena fermentata ha presentato un maggiore rilascio di aminoacidi, vitamine, polifenoli e sostanze fitochimiche rispetto alla condizione non fermentata.
Secondo quanto riportato dalla letteratura scientifica, la fibra rappresenta la parte più bioattiva dell’avena, formata prevalentemente da β-glucani. La tecnica analitica di cromatografia ionica (HPAEC-PAD) ha permesso di analizzare l'impatto della digestione e della fermentazione sulla sua componente oligosaccaridica. I risultati hanno indicato che i ceppi batterici non hanno modificato il profilo degli oligosaccaridi e che quindi la sua capacità prebiotica è stata preservata. Questi dati sono stati pubblicati sulla rivista "Food Research International" (Febbraio 2021).
Successivamente, un modello di assorbimento in vitro con le cellule enterocyte-type Caco-2 ha permesso di esaminare le differenze tra i metaboliti assorbiti della bevanda di avena fermentata e non fermentata. In particolare, la bevanda di avena è stata fermentata da due diversi blend di ceppi probiotici, appartenenti alla stessa specie. Il profilo assorbito della bevanda non fermentata è risultato ricco di aminoacidi e di myo-inositolo. L'acido linoleico, uno degli acidi grassi più abbondanti in Avena S., è stato trovato totalmente non assorbito rivelandosi un potenziale substrato per il microbiota intestinale.
Dopo il processo di fermentazione, i risultati hanno mostrato che il profilo dei metaboliti assorbiti non è stato alterato drasticamente ma si è riscontrato un aumento di assorbimento di composti specifici e diversi tra i due blend utilizzati, indicando un effetto della ceppo-specificità. Questo lavoro ha suggerito l’importanza dello starter di coltura nello sviluppo di alimenti fermentati. La fermentazione da specifici ceppi batterici selezionati, anche appartenenti alla stessa specie, ha prodotto due matrici alimentari con simili profili chimici, ma con un effetto diverso sul metabolismo cellulare delle Caco-2. Questi risultati saranno presto sottomessi sulla rivista "Food Research International".Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”. Nowadays, researchers and producers are looking for probiotic strains with proven efficacy towards specific applications in order to choose the most suitable strain for the required use. Coree s.r.l. is a company dealing with the screening of potential new probiotic strains to be developed in food and food supplements specifically designed for the first phase of the life, from delivery to weaning. Food is strictly correlated to probiotic efficacy and it can be used as a deliver system to colonize the human intestine. To date, the delivery of probiotics through novel functional food represents a very interesting opportunity for manufacturers and customers. The aim of my PhD project was to study if new isolated strains of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were able to take advantage of the interaction with their substrate and express this synergism with improved beneficial features to the host by considering an important stage of life, the weaning phase. In light of this evidence, the first part of the Ph.D. investigated whether probiotic bacteria, when grown in weaning food matrices, changed their properties, such as the adhesion to the gut or the regulation of various genes expression by human intestinal cells. We used some conventional complementary foods, such as carrot, apple puree, rice cream, and oat-based beverage, to evaluate the possible variations in terms of post-fermentation adhesiveness. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains, when cultured in complementary foods, were able to improve their adhesiveness to the gut mucosa, showing a synergic effect between food matrix and probiotic microorganism. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the ability to ferment weaning foods and to adhere to the human intestinal cell lines was strain-specific and not correlated to the genus of microorganisms. Furthermore, data have evidenced that bacterial strains isolated from plants possessed good ability to adhere to gut, and, thus, the adhesion properties is not influenced by the origins. These results were published an original article titled “The Synergistic Interaction between Probiotics and Food Affects Their Beneficial Features” on the journal “Advances in Nutrition and Food” (January 2020). In parallel, genome analysis was carried out to new isolated bacterial strains of COREE in order to better characterize their profiles. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach was used to find the hypothetical presence of plasmids and antibiotic-resistance genes and determine the bacterial fermentation type. During fermentation, bacterial strains produce a wide range of metabolites, some of which are bioavailable and bioactive with health properties that can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal cells and exert their effect at the systemic level. Therefore, metabolomic approach was applied to provide information about the different functional and nutritional properties of oat-based beverage fermented by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Oat is widely appreciated for its beneficial properties for adult and infant health, and currently, more food products are available for infant phase. Firstly, we evaluated the metabolites profile of oat beverage following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion by UHPLC-Q-TOF and HPAEC-PAD analysis. The untargeted metabolomics allowed to investigate the profile of metabolites released by oat-based beverage at the end of digestion. The results showed that flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, and steroids were the major class of compounds identified in oat before any treatment. After the in vitro digestion, amino acids, peptides, and phenolic acids were the most released compounds. Afterward, the impact of co-fermentation by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains on the oat metabolites profile was evaluated. The fermentation process decreased the levels of antinutrients (lignans and phytic acid), a class of compounds that reduces the correct absorption of important micronutrients. Additionally, the digested profile of fermented oat beverage showed a major release of amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and phytochemical substances respect to the unfermented condition. Moreover, oat fiber component represents the most bioactive metabolite, consisting predominantly of β-glucans. For this reason, ion chromatography technique (HPAEC-PAD) was used to analyze the impact of digestion and fermentation on the oligosaccharidic component. Data indicated that the bacterial strains did not modify the oligosaccharides profile preserving its prebiotic capacity. These data have been submitted as original article entitled " The combined effect of fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and in vitro digestion on metabolomic and oligosaccharide profile of oat beverage” on the journal “Food Research International”. Successively, a simulated digestion/absorption model by using the enterocytes-type cells (Caco-2) allowed to examine the differences between the absorbed metabolites of fermented and non-fermented food matrix. The assimilated profile of non-fermented oat-based beverage was found rich in amino acids and myo-inositol. The linoleic acid, one of the most abundant fatty acid in Avena S., was found totally unabsorbed revealing as substrate for the intestinal microflora. Regarding the effect of fermentation on the absorbed profiles, results revealed that the bacterial strains did not alter drastically the metabolites profiles but induced few and strain-specificity effects that increased the absorption of specific compounds. This work suggests the relevance of culture starter in the development of fermented functional food. The fermentation by selected bacterial strains, even belonging to the same species, produced two food matrices with similar chemical profiles, but with a rather different effect on host metabolism. These findings are submitting as original article titled " In-vitro assessment of the strain-specific impact of fermented oat on the absorption of different metabolites” on the journal “Food Research International”.
4
Olivera, Babić. "Karakterizacija zemljišnih cijanobakterijskih sojeva izolovanih iz šumskih ekosistema planinskih područja Republike Srbije." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107070&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAbstract:
Kao jedna od najstarijih grupa fotoautotrofnih mikroorganizama, cijanobakterije predstavljaju široko rasprostranjene prokariote sa raznovrsnim metaboličkim strategijama u cilju preživljavanja i adaptacije na različite uslove životne sredine. Upravo zbog toga, cijanobakterije su značajne kao producenti različitih biološki aktivnih metabolita. Međutim, većina studija o cijanobakterijama uglavnom je vezana za cijanobakterije vodenih ekosistema. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada jeutvrđivanje diverziteta autohtonih cijanobakterija šumskih ekosistema i karakterizacija odabranih terestričnih cijanobakterijskih predstavnika planinskih područja Srbije izolovanih tokom trogodišnjeg monitoringa kroz utvrđivanje njihovih osnovnih ekofizioloških, biohemijskih i genetičkih karakteristika. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu su ukazali na diverzitet zemljišnih cijanobakterija šumskih staništa ispitivanih planinskih područja kao i na njihov metabolički diverzitet, odnosno potencijal produkcije različitih bioaktivnih jedinjenja. Na osnovu taksonomski važnih odlika identifikovano je i okarakterisano 20 cijanobakterijskih sojeva za koje je utvrđeno da pripadaju sledećim rodovima: Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Identifikacija izolovanih cijanobakterija primenom molekularanog markera 16S rRNK u većini slučajeva (90%) je potvrdila preliminarnu identifikaciju rodova na osnovu morfoloških kriterijuma. U pogledu produkcije biomase dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je produkcija biomase kod odabranih testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva zavisila od primenjenih uslova kultivacije. Utvrđeno je da su azot, glukoza i saharoza delovali u pravcu stimulacije produkcije biomase kod velikog broja sojeva. Najveća produkcija biomase detektovana je kod soja Calothrix M2 u prisustvu azota u medijumu. Kod soja Nostoc T18 zabeleženo je najveće povećanje produkcije biomase u prisustvu glukoze i saharoze u medijumu. Takođe, sadržaj fikobiliproteina bio je povećan kod većine testiranih sojeva u prisustvu glukoze i saharoze u medijumu. Ispitivanjem sadržaja ugljenih hidrata (glukoze, fruktoze i ksiloze) konstatovano je prisustvo sva tri monosaharida kod svih sojeva pri čemu je svaki soj imao specifičan ugljeno-hidratni profil. Sadržaj monosaharida kod svih testiranih sojeva opadao je u sledećem redosledu glukoza ˃fruktoza ˃ ksiloza. Izuzetnu sposobnost produkcije heksoza i pentoza ispoljila su tri soja Nostoc M1, Phormidium T11 i Calothrix M2. Antibakterijska aktivnost intracelularnih ekstrakata registrovana je kod 16 testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva i zavisila je od kombinacije cijanobakterijski-bakterijski soj i tipa primenjenog ekstrakta. U odnosu na heksanske ekstrakte, metanolni ekstrakti su pokazali veću efikasnost, ukazujući na prirodu bioaktivnih jedinjenja sa antibakterijskim delovanjem. Najefikasnijim su se pokazali 75% MeOH ekstrakti cijanobakterijskih sojeva Oscillatoria M2, Calothrix M2, Lyngbya T7 i Cylindr ospermum K1 koji su ispoljili antibakterijsku aktivnost na 4 testirane bakterije. Hemijskom analizom masno kiselinskog sastava utvrđeno je da je masno kiselinski sadržaj cijanobakterijskih sojeva varirao u zavisnosti od soja. Najznačajniji konstituenti testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva bile su 18-to i 16-to ugljenične masne kiseline poput linolne kiseline i α-linoleinske. Najveći sadržaj linolne kiseline detektovan je kod sojeva Phormidium T11 i Tolypothrix K11 što ukazuje na sojeve kao potencijalno značajne izvore esencijalnih masnih kiselina. Antiradikalska aktivnost detektovana je kod svih testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva. U DPPH eseju, etanolni ekstrakti soja Calothrix M2 ispoljili su najefikasniju sposobnost „hvatanja“ DPPH·radikala dok je u slučaju FRAP metode najveću redukujuću moć imao etanolni ekstrakt soj Cylindrospermum K1. Hemijskom analizom fenolnog sastava kod analiziranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva identifikovano je i kvantifikovano ukupno 21 fenolno jedinjenje. Fenolni sastav je varirao u zavisnosti od soja, a najčešće detektovana fenolna jedinjenja bila su luteolin-7-O-glukozid, bajkalin i kemferol. Soj sa najznačajnijom sposobnošću produkcije fenolnih jedinjenja bio je Phormidium M1 kod koga je identifikovano prisustvo 11 fenolnih jedinjenja. Testirajem toksičnosti intracelularnih ekstrakata u biotestovima A. salina , D. magna i D. rerio ukupno 40 % testiranih sojeva ispoljilo je toksičan efekat. Najtoksičnijim sojem se pokazao soj Nostoc T7 koji je ispoljio tok sičnost u sva tri testa. U slučaju biotesta A. salina najtoksičnijim sojevima pokazali su se Nostoc T7, Oscillatoria M2, Oscillatoria T18 i Nostoc K15. Cijanobakterijski sojevi koji su ispoljili najpotentniju aktivnost u biotestu D. magna bili su Tolypothrix K15, Nostoc T7 i Calothrix M2. U biotestu sa embrionima zebrica, soj sa najznačajnijim teratogenim efektom bio je Cylindrospermum K1. U pogledu uticaja ekstrakta testiranog soja na ekspresiju gena kod model organizma D. rerio , Cylindrospermum K1 je ispoljio sposobnost modulacije bioloških procesa poput cirkadijalnog ritma kao i sposobnost p rodukcije jedinjenja sa estrogenim efektom. Rezultati analize toksigeničnosti testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva su pokazali da geni mcyB i mcyE koji su uključeni u produkciju cijanotoksina mikrocistina nisu detektovani ni u jednom od testiranih sojeva. Odsustvo dva gena iz mcy genskog klastera ukazuje na to da su druga jedinjenja odgovorna za uočen toksični efekat u primenjenim biotestovima. Dobijenirezultati ukazuju na značaj ispitivanja zemljišnih cijanobakterija, s obzirom na to da su rezultati ovog rada ukazali na velik metabolički diverzitet ispitivanih sojeva i izražen potencijal produkcije različitih bioaktivnih jedinjenja.As one of the oldest groups of photoautotrophic microorganisms, cyanobacteria represent widespread prokaryotes with diverse metabolic strategies in order to survive and adapt to different environmental conditions. For this reason, cyanobacteria are significant as producers of various biologically active metabolites. However, most of the studies are mainly related to cyanobacteria of aquatic ecosystems. The subject of the research of this dissertation is to determine the diversity of autochthonous cyanobacteria of forest ecosystems and to characterize selected terrestrial cyanobacterial representatives of mountainous areas of Serbia isolated during three year monitoring by determining their basic ecophysiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The results obtained in this dissertation have show the diversity of soil cyanobacteria of forest habitats of the investigated mountain areas as well as their metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds. Based on taxonomically important features, 20 cyanobacterial strains have been identified to belong to the following genera: Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Identification of the isolated cyanobacteria using the molecular marker 16S rRNA in most cases (90%) confirmed the preliminary identification of genera based on morphological criteria. In terms of biomass production, the obtained results showed that the production of biomass in the selected tested cyanobacterial strains hepended on the applied cultivation conditions. It was found that nitrogen, glucose and sucrose acted towards the stimulation of biomass production in a large number of strains. The largest biomass production was detected in strain Calothrix M2 in the presence of nitrogen in the medium. In the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium the highest increase in biomass production was recorded in cyanobacterial strain Nostoc T18. Also, the content of phycobiliproteins has been increased in most of the tested strains in the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium. Examination of the carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose and xylose) showed that all three monosaccharides were present in all strains and that each strain had a specific carbohydrate profile whereby the content of monosaccharides in all tested strains declined in the following order: glucose ˃ fructose ˃ xylose. Among the tested strains, three strains namely Nostoc M1, Phormidium T11 and Calothrix M2 showed the exceptional ability to produce hexose and pentose. The antibacterial activity of intracellular extracts was recorded in 16 tested cyanobacterial strains and depended on the combination of cyanobacterial-bacterial strain and the type of applied extract. Compared to hexane extracts, methanol extracts showed greater efficiency, indicating on the nature of bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity. The most effective were 75% MeOH extracts of cyanobacterial strains Oscillatoria M2, C alothrix M2, Lyngbya T7 an d Cylindrospermum K1 which exhibited antibacterial activity on 4 tested bacteria. Results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the fatty acid content of tested cyanobacterial strains varied depending on the strain. The most significant constituents of the tested cyanobacterial strains were 18 and 16 carbonic fatty acids such as linoleic acid, α-linoleic. The highest content of linoleic acid was detected in two strains, Phormidium T11 and Tolypot hrix K11, indicatin g that these strains can be potentially significant sources of essential fatty acids. Results of antioxidant tests showed that all tested strains had antiradical activity. In the case of DPPH assay, ethanolic extracts of Calothrix M2 exhibited the most effective ability to scavenge DPPH •radical while in the case of the FRAP method, ethanolic extract of Cylindrospermum K1 had the greatest reduction power. Accordi ng to data obtained from chemical analysis of the phenolic composition of the analyzed cyanobacterial strains, a total of 21 phenol compounds were identified and quantified. The phenolic composition varied depending on the strain, and the most frequently detected phenolic compounds were luteolin-7-O-glucoside, baicalin and kaempferol. The strain with the most asignificant ability to produce phenolic compounds was Phormidium M1, in which the presence of 11 phenolic compounds was identified. The results of the toxicity of intracellular extracts obtained in A. salina, D. magna and D. rerio biotests, showed that a total of 40% of the tested strains exhibited a toxic effect. The most toxic strain was Nostoc T7 due to the fact that it showed toxicity in all three tests. In the case of A. salina biotest, the most potent strains were Nostoc T7, Oscillatoria M2, Oscillatoria T18 and Nostoc K15. Cyano bacterial strains that exhibited the most prominent activity in D. magna biotest were Tolypothrix K15, Nostoc T7 and Calothrix M2. In bi otest with zebrafish embryos, the strain with the most significant teratogenic effect was Cylindrospermum K1. Regarding the effect of cyanobacterialextract on gene expression in model organism D. rerio, cyanobacterial strain Cylindrospermum K1 exhibited the ability to modulate biological processes such as circadian rhythm as well as the ability to produce compounds with an estrogenic effect. The results of the toxicogenetic analysis of the tested cyanobacterial strains have shown that the genes mcyB and mcyE involved in the production of cyanotoxin microcystins have not been detected in any of the tested strains. The absence of two genes from the mcy gene cluster indicates that other compounds are responsible for the observed toxic effect in applied biotests. The obtained results point out on the importance of the study of soil cyanobacteria, since the obtained results have indicated that the tested strains possess a large metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds.
5
Soprani, Laura. "Metodi di quantificazione assoluta dei metaboliti cerebrali attraverso spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21609/.
Full textAbstract:
La spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica (MRS) è un metodo non invasivo utile per la diagnosi di alcune patologie legate a variazioni del metabolismo che interessano il sistema nervoso centrale, poiché consente di quantificare i metaboliti presenti nel cervello. La MRS in vivo misura i segnali di molecole presenti in concentrazioni superiori a 1-2 mM per limiti di sensibilità della metodica. Inoltre, per avere un buon rapporto segnale rumore solitamente è necessario utilizzare lunghe procedure di acquisizione. Le concentrazioni dei metaboliti possono essere ricavate in rapporto relativo oppure in valore assoluto.
In questo elaborato si riportano alcuni protocolli sviluppati per la determinazione delle concentrazioni metaboliche assolute in vivo, che necessitano di uno standard a concentrazione nota, interno o esterno. In particolare, come riferimento interno si considera il segnale dell’acqua presente all’interno del voxel analizzato; mentre il riferimento esterno consiste in una soluzione campione a concentrazione nota, funzionale all’analisi d’interesse. Nella tesi vengono descritti metodi di calibrazione e correzione dei tempi di rilassamento per la quantificazione dei metaboliti in vivo. Nell’ultimo capitolo, si riportano due studi come esempio di protocolli per la quantificazione dei metaboliti nella diagnosi di tumori al cervello quali il glioma e nello studio di malattie metaboliche, in particolare la malattia di Canavan.
6
Donati, Irene <1977>. "Enzimi, acidi organici ed altri metaboliti coinvolti nella patogenesi di Penicillium spp." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1142/1/Tesi_Donati_Irene.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum Link is one of the most destructive
rot of pome fruit in all growing areas (Snowdon, 1990; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1991;
Tonini,1996) In the past, Penicillium rot has been controlled by fungicide postharvest
treatment mainly by thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl (Hardenburg and Spalding,
1972), but their intense use produced the appearance of resistant strains with a
great reduction of their activity
The aims of the present study were to characterize the isolates of Pencillium sp
causing blue mold on pear in Italy by physiological and biochemical parameters.
In particular differencing also the behavior of isolates to relationship with sensitivity
or resistance to TBZ treatments.
We have examined the early stage of infection in relation to enzyme activity, local
modulation of pH, production of organic acids, and to secondary metabolism of
pathogen.
The results described here confirm that the majority of P. expansum isolates from
pears packing houses are resistant to TBZ,
Among the TBZ-resistant isolates scored in this work, different isolates (RR) showed
higher percentage of conidial germination on TBZ-amended medium compared to non
amended medium. This may indicate a stimulatory effect of TBZ on conidial
germination. Therefore TBZ treatments are not only ineffective for controlling P.
expansum, but they may also increase the severity of blue mould on fruits.
In the absence of fungicide, isolates showed a significant difference for infection
severity, R and RR isolates are characterized by higher pathogenic fitness on fruits,
producing larger lesions than S isolates. These data are supported by the study with
laboratory-induced resistant isolates, which shows the lack of correlation between
TBZ resistance and osmotic sensitivity, and highlights the association between TBZ
resistance and infection severity (Baraldi et al 2003).
Enzymatic screening gave a positive reaction to esterase, urease, pectinase activity,
in addition, the pathogen is able to synthesize a complex enzyme act to degrade the
main components of the cell wall especially pectin and cellulose.
Isolated sensitive and resistant are characterized by a good activity of pectinase,
especially from poligactoronase, which, as already reported by several studies
(D'hallewin et al, 2004; Prusky et al, 2004), are the basis of degradative process of
cell wall. Also, although the measure was minor also highlighted some activities of
cellulase, but even note in the production of this kind of cellulase and hemicellulase
P. Expansum were not targeted, studies have found no other source of information in
this regard.
Twenty isolates of Penicillium expansum, were tested in vitro ad in vivo for acid
production ability and pH drop.
We have found that modulation of pH and the organic acids extrusion were influence
to various parameter:
Initial pH: in general, the greatest reduction of pH was observed in isolates
grown at pH 7, except for four isolates that maintained the pH of the medium
close to 7, the others significantly decreased the pH, ranging from 5.5 to 4.1..
In extreme acid condition (pH 3,0) growth and modulation of pH is most lower
respect optimal condition (pH 5,0). Also isolates R and RR have showed a
greater adaptation to environmental condition more than isolates S.
Time: although the acidification continues for some days, PH modulation is
strongest in early hours (48-72 hours)of inoculation process. Time also affects
the quality of organic acids, for example in vitro results showed an initial
abundant production of succinc acid, followed to important production of
galacturoinc acid.
Substrates: there are many differences for the type of acids produced in vitro
and in vivo. Results showed in vivo an abundant production of galacturonic,
malic, and citric acids and some unknown organic acids in smaller
concentrations.
Secondary metabolite analysis revealed intra-specific differences, and patulin was
found in all isolates, but most significant reduction was observed between in vitro and
in vivo samples.
There was no correlation between the concentration of patulin, and the percentage of
infected fruits, but sample with a lower infection severity of rotten area than the
others, showed a significantly lower mycotoxin concentration than samples with a
higher lesion diameter of rotten area. Beyond of patulin was detected the presence
of another secondary metabolite, penitrem A.
7
Donati, Irene <1977>. "Enzimi, acidi organici ed altri metaboliti coinvolti nella patogenesi di Penicillium spp." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1142/.
Full textAbstract:
Blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum Link is one of the most destructive
rot of pome fruit in all growing areas (Snowdon, 1990; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1991;
Tonini,1996) In the past, Penicillium rot has been controlled by fungicide postharvest
treatment mainly by thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl (Hardenburg and Spalding,
1972), but their intense use produced the appearance of resistant strains with a
great reduction of their activity
The aims of the present study were to characterize the isolates of Pencillium sp
causing blue mold on pear in Italy by physiological and biochemical parameters.
In particular differencing also the behavior of isolates to relationship with sensitivity
or resistance to TBZ treatments.
We have examined the early stage of infection in relation to enzyme activity, local
modulation of pH, production of organic acids, and to secondary metabolism of
pathogen.
The results described here confirm that the majority of P. expansum isolates from
pears packing houses are resistant to TBZ,
Among the TBZ-resistant isolates scored in this work, different isolates (RR) showed
higher percentage of conidial germination on TBZ-amended medium compared to non
amended medium. This may indicate a stimulatory effect of TBZ on conidial
germination. Therefore TBZ treatments are not only ineffective for controlling P.
expansum, but they may also increase the severity of blue mould on fruits.
In the absence of fungicide, isolates showed a significant difference for infection
severity, R and RR isolates are characterized by higher pathogenic fitness on fruits,
producing larger lesions than S isolates. These data are supported by the study with
laboratory-induced resistant isolates, which shows the lack of correlation between
TBZ resistance and osmotic sensitivity, and highlights the association between TBZ
resistance and infection severity (Baraldi et al 2003).
Enzymatic screening gave a positive reaction to esterase, urease, pectinase activity,
in addition, the pathogen is able to synthesize a complex enzyme act to degrade the
main components of the cell wall especially pectin and cellulose.
Isolated sensitive and resistant are characterized by a good activity of pectinase,
especially from poligactoronase, which, as already reported by several studies
(D'hallewin et al, 2004; Prusky et al, 2004), are the basis of degradative process of
cell wall. Also, although the measure was minor also highlighted some activities of
cellulase, but even note in the production of this kind of cellulase and hemicellulase
P. Expansum were not targeted, studies have found no other source of information in
this regard.
Twenty isolates of Penicillium expansum, were tested in vitro ad in vivo for acid
production ability and pH drop.
We have found that modulation of pH and the organic acids extrusion were influence
to various parameter:
Initial pH: in general, the greatest reduction of pH was observed in isolates
grown at pH 7, except for four isolates that maintained the pH of the medium
close to 7, the others significantly decreased the pH, ranging from 5.5 to 4.1..
In extreme acid condition (pH 3,0) growth and modulation of pH is most lower
respect optimal condition (pH 5,0). Also isolates R and RR have showed a
greater adaptation to environmental condition more than isolates S.
Time: although the acidification continues for some days, PH modulation is
strongest in early hours (48-72 hours)of inoculation process. Time also affects
the quality of organic acids, for example in vitro results showed an initial
abundant production of succinc acid, followed to important production of
galacturoinc acid.
Substrates: there are many differences for the type of acids produced in vitro
and in vivo. Results showed in vivo an abundant production of galacturonic,
malic, and citric acids and some unknown organic acids in smaller
concentrations.
Secondary metabolite analysis revealed intra-specific differences, and patulin was
found in all isolates, but most significant reduction was observed between in vitro and
in vivo samples.
There was no correlation between the concentration of patulin, and the percentage of
infected fruits, but sample with a lower infection severity of rotten area than the
others, showed a significantly lower mycotoxin concentration than samples with a
higher lesion diameter of rotten area. Beyond of patulin was detected the presence
of another secondary metabolite, penitrem A.
8
Bracci, Antonio. "Studio di metaboliti secondari provenienti da specie vegetali che agiscono sul SNC." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/254.
Full textAbstract:
2008 - 2009L’utilizzo delle piante medicinali nasce con l’uomo. Lo studio delle basi scientifiche a supporto del loro utilizzo si è sviluppato e continua a svilupparsi da poco più di un secolo. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di dottorato è di dare supporto all’utilizzo di specie vegetali applicabili in ambito farmacologico per curare determinate affezioni del Sistema Nervoso Centrale derivanti da patologie o dall’uso di sostanze stupefacenti. Molto spesso le sostanze vegetali infatti interagiscono con il sistema nervoso centrale, come accade per gli oppiacei, la coca, la nicotina ed altre specie. I metaboliti secondari provenienti da tre diverse specie di uso non comune (Brugmansia arborea, Espostoa lanata ed Ipomea violacea) sono stati sottoposti ad un attento studio per valutarne l’attività sul Sistema nervoso centrale e cercare di comprendere quale possa essere il loro utilizzo a scopo medico. Queste tre specie vengono utilizzate normalmente nella medicina tradizionale dell’America del Sud, nella maggior parte dei casi con uno scopo rituale. La società attuale ha trasformato queste specie in Smart Drugs togliendo loro il concetto di sacralità attribuitogli per millenni dai primi utilizzatori Brugmansia arborea Lagher. è normalmente consumata sotto forma di infuse e tisane per la costituzione delle “misha” bevande con attività magicocurativa. Già dagli studi precedenti era stato possibile identificare tre alcaloidi presenti nelle specie e la loro attività è stata testata in vitro per verificare la capacità di tali alcaloidi di interagire con recettori per la dopamina e serotonina. Lo studio condotto in questo lavoro si è invece basato sullo studio dei metaboliti secondari provenienti da specie naturalizzate in Italia per comprendere se fossero prodotti gli stessi alcaloidi, in quale quantità e se le diverse condizioni climatiche e territoriali avessero influenzato la loro produzione. Il processo di screening iniziale ha consentito di determinare che la frazione di interesse contenente alcaloidi fosse quella dell’estratto metabolico. Tale estratto è stato saggiato in topi CD1 per verificare la capacità di agire in combinazione con morfina e constatarne gli effetti in trattamenti sia in acuto che in cronico. Lo studio ha dimostrato la capacità di ridurre gli effetti derivanti dalla sindrome di astinenza da oppiacei, dimostrandosi come un ottima alternativa al naloxone rispetto al quale riduce i sintomi somatici di astinenza. Lo stesso studio è stato ripetuto sulla frazione purificata e sui singoli principi attivi. I composti puri hanno però dimostrato una minore efficacia rispetto al complesso. Per dimostrare che l’attività della pianta è strettamente legata ai composti di natura alcaloidea sono stati effettuati inoltre studi in vivo sulle frazioni metanoliche non contenenti gli alcaloidi. Si è dunque dimostrata l’inattività biologica di tali composti di natura non alcaloidea. Per verificare quali effetti avessero gli alcaloidi utilizzati nelle aree cerebrali connesse al sistema dopaminergico della ricompensa coinvolti nella dipendenza da oppiacei, sono state prelevati la corteccia frontale e lo striato Tutti gli esperimnenti sono stati svolti su topi CD1. I risultati hanno dimostrato che i singoli alcaloidi hanno effetti dopaminergici differenti. Il primo di essi è in grado di riportare i valori di dopamina al livello del controllo spiegando almeno in parte l’assenza di una crisi di astinenza altrimenti presente. L’effetto degli altri alcaloidi, che determinano invece un interessante picco di dopamina aprono nuove prospettive di studio per lo sviluppo in ambito medico per la cura di sindromi da ipoproduzione di dopamina come ad esempio il Parkinson. B. arborea ha inoltre mostrato una capacità di ridurre in maniera dose dipendente iperattività motoria. Gli studi di CPL (preferenza di luogo associata alla somministrazione di una sostanza che induce dipendenza) hanno inoltre dimostrato che gli estratti della pianta sono in grado di ridurre la preferenza degli animali utilizzati (topi cd1), per le gabbie in cui vengono trattati con morfina, e che l’associazione tra trattamento e luogo si estingue molto più rapidamente negli animali trattati anche con B. arborea rispetto a quelli trattati con sola morfina. I risultati della somministrazione di B. arborea un’ora prima del trattamento con cocaina hanno dimostrato la capacità di ridurre l’iperattività da cocaina stessa. Si ipotizza dunque l’utilizzo di tale specie, e più precisamente del complesso alcaloideo presente in fiori e foglie, per ridurre le sindromi di astinenza da morfina e favorire il divezzamento da oppiacei. Espostoa lanata Britt. & Rose è utilizzata a scopo magico dagli sciamani per entrare in contatto con il mondo delle anime tramite l’aspirazione dei fumi prodotti dalla sua combustione. Dalla pianta sono stati isolati alcaloidi di natura feniletilamminica. I test bioassay oriented sono stati effettuati in activity cage sugli estratti a polarità crescente (etere di normale sano, etere di petrolio, cloroformio, cloroformio metanolo 9:1, metanolo). L’estratto risultato attivo è stato quello metanolico. Il frazionamento cromatografico dell’estratto attivo ha portato all’identificaizone della tiramina. La presenza di tiramina nella frazione con maggiore attività in activity cage ha dimostrato una capacità di abbattere la capacità locomotoria del 60% rispetto ai controlli con salino ed in modo dose dipendente. La tiramina tal quale non dovrebbe essere in grado di attraversare la barriera ematoencefalica in quantità tale da giustificare la riduzione della coordinazione motoria e le convulsioni tonico cloniche registrate. Questo effetto è stato invece attribuito alla sua coniugazione ad una catena lipidica che ne consente un più agevole trasporto attraverso la BBB (barriera emato encefalica). La tiramina in quanto simpatico-mimetico stimola il rilascio di noradrenalina. La presenza ampiamente discussa in letteratura di recettori specifici (TA1) fa presupporre la sua capacità di funzionare come neurotrasmettitore e di mediatore nell’attivazione della vasocostrizione renale. L’ultima specie presa in esame è stata Ipomea violacea L.. originaria della flora del sud America ma ampiamente diffusa in tutta Europa. La larga diffusione di questa specie negli smart shop e le scarse informazioni presenti in letteratura sulla sua composizione chimica hanno determinato il forte interesse per lo studio di questa specie. Da letteratura risultano presenti nella 4 pianta l’isoergina, che presenta un’attività molto inferiore al suo epimero, la cianoclavina, il lisergolo e l’ergometrina. La caratterizzazione chimica dei composti presenti nella specie da noi studiata ha dimostrato la presenza di swainsonina e lisergolo. L’LSA (Acido lisergico) presente in questa specie dunque causa effetti analoghi all’LSD seppure con effetti notevolmente ridotti. Il test dell’head twich non ha dato esito positivo, dimostrando la sua non attività sui recettori serotoninergici coinvolti nell’head twich 5 THP. Sono state inoltre studiate l’attività motoria, che risulta dose dipendente e la capacità di interazione sociale dei topi CD1 utilizzati per tutti i test. [a cura dell'autore]
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Dajana, Kovač. "Biotehnološki potencijal filamentoznih sojeva cijanobakterija sa područja Vojvodine." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104930&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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S obzirom da su cijanobakterije (modrozelene alge) identifikovane kao jedna odnajperspektivnijih grupa organizama za izolaciju novih i biološki aktivnih prirodnihprodukata, cilj ove teze bio je utvrđivanje biotehnološkog potencijala autohtonihfilamentoznih sojeva cijanobakterija izolovanih sa područja Vojvodine koji pripadajuazotofiksirajućim rodovima Nostoc i Anabaena i neazotofiksirajućem rodu Spirulina. Biotehnološki potencijal testiranih sojeva je određen u smislu produkcije biomase, fikobiliproteinskih pigmenata, masnih kiselina, fenolnih jedinjenja, antioksidanata, antibakterijskih i antikancerogenih agenasa. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da su produkcija biomase i sadržaj fikobiliproteinskih pigmenata kod svih testiranih sojeva zavisili od primenjenih uslova kultivacije, pri čemu je kod sojeva roda Spirulina produkcija biomase bila jače stimulisana primenom kontinualnog osvetljenja, a kod azotofiksirajućih sojeva rodova Nostoc i Anabaena organskim izvorima ugljenika (glicerolom i glukozom). Kao soj sa najvećim potencijalom za proizvodnju biomase izdvaja se soj Spirulina S1, a za produkciju fikobiliproteina sojevi Spirulina S1, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena Č2 i Spirulina S2. Određivanjem sadržaja masnih kiselina GC-FID metodom utvrđeno je da su kod svih sojeva najzastupljenije bile palmitinska, palmitoleinska, oleinska i linolna kiselina, pri čemu su sojevi roda Spirulina produkovali i γ-linolensku kiselinu, dok su svi sojevi rodova Nostoc i Anabaena produkovali -linoleinsku kiselinu. Najzastupljenije fenolne komponente testiranih etanolnih ekstrakata određene HPLC-MS/MS metodom bile su hinska kiselina i katehin, pri čemu je najveći sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja registrovan kod soja Nostoc 2S7B. Hemijskom karakterizacijom ekstrakata kod testiranih sojeva takođe je utvrđen značaj azotnih uslova kultivacije u cilju povećanja produkcije fenolnih jedinjenja, kao i -linoleinske kiseline. Poređenjem rezultata antioksidantne aktivnosti u korišćenim testovima DPPH i FRAP, kao sojevi sa najvećim antioksidantnim potencijalom izdvajaju se Spirulina S1 i Spirulina S2. Antibakterijska aktivnost metanolnih ekstrakata registrovana je kod sojeva Nostoc 2S7B, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena Č2, Anabaena Č5, Spirulina S1 i Spirulina S2, koji su ispoljili efekat na Gram-pozitivne i Gram-negativne bakterije, pri čemu su sojevi Anabaena Č2, Nostoc 2S7B i Nostoc 2S1 delovali na najviše bakterijskih sojeva. Kod svih testiranih sojeva je primenom MTT testa uočena antikancerogena tj. citotoksična aktivnost dimetil sulfoksidnih (DMSO) ekstrakata prema HepG2 ćelijskoj liniji, među kojima su najveću aktivnost ispoljili sojevi Nostoc LC1B i Nostoc 2S7B. Primenom bioeseja Artemia salina, Daphnia magna i Danio rerio konstatovan je mali broj sojeva koji su ispoljili toksičnost na test organizme, dok na ćelijsku liniju RTL-W1 testirani sojevi nisu ispoljili citotoksičnost in vitro, što sa aspekta potencijalne biotehnološke primene sojeva ima veliki značaj. Kao najtoksičniji izdvojili su se sojevi Nostoc LC1B i Nostoc S8 koji su ispoljili toksičnost u sva tri bioeseja. Ispitivanjem toksičnosti in vitro u enzimskim esejima konstatovano je da je manji broj sojeva inhibirao aktivnost enzimaprotein fosfataze 1 (PP1) u odnosu na aktivnost enzima acetilholinesteraze (AChE). Primenom Analitičkog hijerarhijskog procesa u grupnom kontekstu, najveću težinu su dobili kriterijumi antikancerogena ativnost, produkcija biomase i sadržaj fikocijanina, navedenim redom. Konačno, u višekriterijumskom kontekstu najbolje rangiran soj jeSpirulina S1, na drugom mestu je soj Spirulina S2, dok je na trećem soj Nostoc LC1B.Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been identified as one of the most promising groups of organisms for the isolation of new and biologically active natural products, therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine the biotechnological potential of autochthonous filamentous cyanobacterial strains isolated from Vojvodina region, which belong to the N 2-fixing genera Nostoc and Anabaena and non-N2-fixing genus Spirulina. Biotechnological potential of tested strains was determined using the production of biomass, phycobiliprotein pigments, fatty acids, phenolic co mpounds, antioxidants, antibacterial and anticancer agents. The obtained results showed that the production of biomass and phycobiliprotein pigments, in all tested strains, depended on the cultivationconditions, whereas biomass production was strongly stimulated by continuous light in Spirulina strains, and by organic carbon sources (glycerol and glucose) in N2-fixingstrains. The highest potential for biomass production was shown in Spirulina S1 strain.On the other hand, the highest potential for the production of phycobiliproteins wasshown in strains Spirulina S1, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena C2 and Spirulina S2. By determination of the content of fatty acids using GC-FID method it was found that in allthe tested strains the most common fatty acids were palmit ic, palmitoleic, oleic andlinoleic acid, whereby the strains of the genus Spirulina produced γ-linolenic acid as well,while all strains of the Nostoc and Anabaena genera produced y-linolenic acid. The most frequent phenolic compounds of tested strains determined by using the HPLC-MS/MSmethod were quinic acid and catechin, with the highest content of phenolic compounds registered in Nostoc strain 2S7B. By chemical characterization of the extracts in the tested strains it was also stated a significance of the nitrogen cultivation conditions in order toincrease the production of phenolic compounds, as well as y-linolenic acid. Comparing the results of the antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP tests, it was shown that strains Spirulina S1 and Spirulina S2 had the highest antioxidant potential. The antibacterial activity of the intracellular methanolic extracts was registered in strains Nostoc 2S7B, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena C2, Anabaena C5, Spirulina S1 and Spirulina S2, that inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria. Using MTT test, anti-cancer ie. cytotoxic activity of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts to the HepG2 cell line was detected in all tested strains, however, the highest activity was exhibited in strains Nostoc LC1B and Nostoc 2S7B . In bioassays Artemia salina, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio a small number of strains exhibited toxicity to the test organisms, while in case of cell line RTL-W1 tested strains did not show in vitro cytotoxicity, which is of great importance from the aspect of the potential biotechnological application of thestrains. Nostoc LC1B and Nostoc S8 strains induced toxicity in all three bioassays, and therefore considered as the most toxic strains. By testing in vitro toxicity in enzyme assays, it was found that few strains inhibited the activity of protein phosphatase (PP1) enzyme in relation to acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity. Using the Analytical hierarchical process in the group context, the highest weight was given to the criteria of anticancer activity, biomass production, and the phycocyanin content, respectively. Finally, in the multi-criteria context, the best-ranked strain is Spirulina S1, Spirulina strain S2 is on the second place, while Nostoc strain LC1B is the third one.
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Nini, Antonella. "Analisi dei metaboliti secondari da fonti naturali: isolamento, caratterizzazione strutturale e attività biologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/66298.
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L’ attività di ricerca del Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, XXVII ciclo, si inserisce nell’ambito della chimica delle sostanze naturali ed è rivolta all’isolamento e alla caratterizzazione strutturale dei metaboliti secondari provenienti da matrici vegetali . Le specie oggetto di studio sono piante, utilizzate nella medicina popolare per le loro caratteristiche fitoterapiche, oppure sono impiegate anche nell’alimentazione. L’indagine chimica si è concentrata sulle seguenti specie vegetali: Olea europea L., Gentiana lutea L. e su una varietà autoctona del Molise appartenente alla specie Allium cepa L. Il decotto di foglie di Olea europea, viene utilizzato nella medicina popolare per la nota attività ipotensiva e ipoglicemica. L’estratto delle radici di Gentiana lutea è impiegato per alleviare i disturbi gastrici, inoltre le radici vengono impiegate anche per la realizzazioni di bevande utilizzate come aperitivo e amaro. La specie Allium cepa è nota per l’attività antibatterica che esplica sull’apparato digerente. La purificazione e l’isolamento dei metaboliti secondari è stata realizzata mediante l’utilizzo di tecniche cromatografiche quali: cromatografia su colonna, cromatografia su strato sottile, HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography), DCCC (Droplet Countercurrent Chromatography). La caratterizzazione strutturale di tutti i composti isolati è avvenuta attraverso tecniche spettroscopiche di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare con esperimenti monodimensionli (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) e bidimensionali (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY). L’analisi ha condotto all’isolamento di diversi metaboliti secondari. Molti composti isolati sono stati sottoposti a test di valutazione dell’attività biologica. Alcuni prodotti hanno mostrato una notevole attività antiossidante e una potenziale capacità di inibire l’enzima xantina ossidasi. Infine alcuni dei composti isolati sono stati analizzati in silico, mediante l’utilizzo di una tecnica innovativa, la ChemGPS. La ChemGPS, ha consentito di realizzare uno studio predittivo sulle eventuali attività biologiche.The research activity in Biological Sciences and Technology, PhD XXVII cycle, is focused on the chemistry of natural substances. The main aim is isolation and structural characterization of secondary metabolites from plants. The plant species used in this study are useful in folk medicine due to their herbal medicinal properties and edible food plants. The chemical investigation is mainly focused on the following plant species: Olea europea L., Gentiana lutea L. and Allium cepa L., a local variety found in Molise region. The decoction of the leaves of Olea europea, is widely used in folk medicine for hypotensive and hypoglycemic activities. The extract of Gentiana lutea roots is used to relieve an upset stomach. However, the roots are also used for the preparation of beverages. The species Allium cepa is known for its antibacterial activity in the digestive system. The purification and isolation of secondary metabolites was achieved by using chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Droplet Countercurrent Chromatography (DCCC). The structural characterization of all isolated compounds was based on spectroscopic techniques using both mono-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments such as, NMRs (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, i.e. 1H NMR, 13C NMR and COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY, respectively). The analysis led to the isolation of several secondary metabolites. Many compounds were tested for biological activity and some of them showed a remarkable antioxidant activity and a potential inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme. Finally, some of the isolated compounds were analyzed in silico, by using a novel technique called ChemGPS. A predictive study on the biological activities was of the isolated test compounds was possible due to this analysis.
Books on the topic "Metaboliti"
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Kundaković, Tatjana. Sekundarni metaboliti i aktivnost vrste Achillea alexandri-regis. Beograd: Zadužbina Adrejević, 2006.
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Simposio Chimica degli antiparassitari (5th 1985 Piacenza, Italy). 5o Simposio Chimica degli antiparassitari: Residui, metaboliti e prodotti di trasformazione : Piacenza, 6-7 giugno 1985. [Milano]: Università cattolica del S. Cuore, Facoltà di agraria, Istituto di chimica, Sezione di chimica agraria vegetale, 1985.
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American, Chemical Society Symposium "Biosynthesis and Metabolismof Secondary-Metabolite Natural Products" (1991 Atlanta Ga ). Secondary-metabolite biosynthesis and metabolism. New York: London, 1992.
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Petroski, Richard J., and Susan P. McCormick, eds. Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3012-1.
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J, Petroski Richard, McCormick Susan P, and American Chemical Society, eds. Secondary-metabolite biosynthesis and metabolism. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.
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Haslam, Edwin. Metabolites and metabolism: A commentary on secondary metabolism. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985.
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Metabolites and metabolism: A commentary on secondary metabolism. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press, 1985.
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Jiang, Xian-Cheng, ed. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disease. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6.
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Verpoorte, Robert, and A. W. Alfermann, eds. Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9423-3.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Metaboliti"
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Paro, Renato, Ueli Grossniklaus, Raffaella Santoro, and Anton Wutz. "Epigenetics and Metabolism." In Introduction to Epigenetics, 179–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_9.
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AbstractMost chromatin-modifying enzymes use metabolites as cofactors. Consequently, the cellular metabolism can influence the capacity of the cell to write or erase chromatin marks. This points to an intimate relationship between metabolic and epigenetic regulation. In this chapter, we describe the biosynthetic pathways of cofactors that are implicated in epigenetic and chromatin regulation and provide examples of how metabolic pathways can influence chromatin and epigenetic processes as well as their interplay in developmental and cancer biology.
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Hansen, Larry G. "Metabolism and Metabolites." In The ortho Side of PCBs, 81–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5057-0_6.
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Zhou, Chen-guang, Yuan-yuan Tan, Sophia Gossner, You-fa Li, Qing-yao Shu, and Karl-Heinz Engel. "Impact of cross-breeding on the metabolites of the low phytic acid rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 433–43. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0044.
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Abstract Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate), the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals, is considered as an antinutrient in food and feed. During the past few years, various cereals have been subjected to mutation breeding for generating low phytic acid (lpa) crops. Recently, it was demonstrated that reduction of phytic acid in the rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1 obtained by gamma irradiation was due to a disruption of OsSULTR3;3, an orthologue of the sulfate transporter family group 3 genes. The application of a GC/MS-based metabolite profiling approach revealed that the reduction of phytic acid was accompanied by changes in concentrations of metabolites from different classes in the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant.Lpa mutant lines often exhibit lower grain yield and seed viability compared with their wild-type parents. To improve the agronomic performance of the Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant, cross-breeding with a commercial cultivar was performed. The resulting progenies were genotyped using molecular markers to identify homozygous wildtype and lpa mutants from generations F4 to F7. The objectives of this study were: (i) to observe the consistent metabolic changes in Os-lpa-MH86-1 lpa mutants by following their composition over several independent field trials; (ii) to investigate the impact of cross-breeding on the phytic acid content and the metabolic phenotype of the homozygous lpa mutant; and (iii) to assess the stability of the mutation-specific metabolite signature in the lpa progenies over several generations. Statistical assessment of the data via multivariate and univariate approaches demonstrated that the lpa trait and the mutation-induced metabolite signature in the lpa progenies were comparable to the progenitor Os-lpa-MH86-1 mutant and consistently expressed over generations. These findings extend the basis for implementing mutation breeding in the generation of lpa rice cultivars.
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Jung, Jin G., and Anne Le. "Targeting Metabolic Cross Talk Between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts." In The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism, 205–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_15.
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AbstractAlthough cancer has classically been regarded as a genetic disease of uncontrolled cell growth, the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) [1, 2] is continuously emphasized by the accumulating evidence that cancer growth is not simply dependent on the cancer cells themselves [3, 4] but also dependent on angiogenesis [5–8], inflammation [9, 10], and the supporting roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) [11–13]. After the discovery that CAFs are able to remodel the tumor matrix within the TME and provide the nutrients and chemicals to promote cancer cell growth [14], many studies have aimed to uncover the cross talk between cancer cells and CAFs. Moreover, a new paradigm in cancer metabolism shows how cancer cells act like “metabolic parasites” to take up the high-energy metabolites, such as lactate, ketone bodies, free fatty acids, and glutamine from supporting cells, including CAFs and cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) [15, 16]. This chapter provides an overview of the metabolic coupling between CAFs and cancer cells to further define the therapeutic options to disrupt the CAF-cancer cell interactions.
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Balagurunathan, Ramasamy, Manikkam Radhakrishnan, Thangavel Shanmugasundaram, Venugopal Gopikrishnan, and Joseph Jerrine. "Metabolite Profiling of Actinobacterial Metabolites." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 139–46. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0728-2_7.
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Sackmann-Sala, Lucila, D. R. Bailey Miles, and John J. Kopchick. "Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation." In Laron Syndrome - From Man to Mouse, 451–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11183-9_52.
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Selvakesavan, Rajendran K., Dariusz Kruszka, Preeti Shakya, Dibyendu Mondal, and Gregory Franklin. "Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Secondary Metabolism." In Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications, 133–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20878-2_6.
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AbstractPlants encounter various nanomaterials (NMs) as pesticides and fertilizers. It is also possible that nanomaterials reach plants as waste from consumer products and industry. The effects of such NMs on plants have been widely studied, and both positive and negative effects of NMs on plant growth and development have been reported. Recent metabolomics studies suggest that nanoparticles affect the concentration of secondary metabolites in plants by modulating reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites are plant compounds that accumulate in plants through their secondary metabolism. To date, more than 200,000 defined structures of secondary metabolites have been identified, among which many of them possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The application of elicitors is a simple strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and tissues. The ability of nanomaterials to induce plant secondary metabolism has recently been exploited in the elicitation of pharmaceutically important compounds from various plant species. The ability of different NMs to induce the accumulation of different classes of compounds in the same plant species has also been accomplished. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of NMs on plant secondary metabolism revealed the putative genes involved in NM-mediated elicitation of various plant compounds in several reports. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on plant secondary metabolism and the elicitation of pharmacologically important compounds from plant species.
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Hutchinson, C. Richard, Heinrich Decker, Pat Guilfoile, Ben Shen, Richard Summers, Evelyn Wendt-Pienkowski, and Bill Wessel. "Polyketide Synthases: Enzyme Complexes and Multifunctional Proteins Directing the Biosynthesis of Bacterial Metabolites from Fatty Acids." In Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis and Metabolism, 3–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3012-1_1.
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Townsend, Craig A., Sean M. McGuire, Susan W. Brobst, Todd L. Graybill, Kollol Pal, and Clifton E. Barry. "Examination of Tetrahydro- and Dihydrobisfuran Formation in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis: From Whole Cells to Purified Enzymes." In Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis and Metabolism, 141–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3012-1_10.
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Isaac, Barbara G., Stephen W. Ayer, and Richard J. Stonard. "Microorganisms: A Remarkable Source of Diverse Chemical Structures for Herbicide Discovery." In Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis and Metabolism, 157–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3012-1_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Metaboliti"
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Dorokhina, Yu A., and G. F. Ryzhkova. "Morphological and biochemical parameters of blood in rabbits when using energymetabolic compositions." In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2022-7-18-23.
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Modern animal husbandry can no longer be imagined without special biologically active additives and a variety of protein, vitamin and mineral complexes. Among all additives, a special place is occupied by energy-metabolic compositions that give animals all the most necessary and important substances. The composition of the EC includes: yantaric acid is a universal intracellular metabolite, widely involved in metabolic reactions in the body; citric acid is the main intermediate product of the metabolic cycle of tricarboxylic acids, plays an important role in the system of biochemical reactions of cellular respiration of living organisms; iodinol – uniquea fecal medicinal substance, it determines high biological activity, regulates immunity and metabolism in the body; cyanocoalamin (vitamin B12) - prevents the appearance of anemia, enhances immunity, plays an important role in regulating the function of hematopoietic organs; glycerin has antiseptic and preservative properties.
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Huang, Chun-Yuh, and Wei Yong Gu. "Effects of Compression on Distributions of Oxygen and Lactate in Intervertebral Disc." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176025.
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Since the intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular cartilaginous structure in the human body, poor nutrient supply has been suggested as a potential mechanism for disc degeneration. The previous theoretical studies have shown that the distributions of nutrients and metabolites (e.g., oxygen, glucose, and lactate) within the IVD depended on tissue diffusivities, nutrient supply, cellular metabolic rates, and coupling effects between nutrient and metabolite [1,2]. Our recent theoretical study suggested that dynamic compression can promote transport of neutral solute in the anisotropic cartilaginous tissue by enhancing both diffusive and convective solute fluxes [3]. However, the effect of compression on distributions of nutrients and metabolites in the IVD has not been studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of compression on distributions of oxygen and lactate in the IVD under static and dynamic unconfined compression using a new formulation of the triphasic theory.
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Setty, B. N. Y., M. Berger, and M. J. Stuart. "13-HYDROXY-9,11-OCTADECADIENOIC ACID (13-HOD) INCREASES PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643948.
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Recently, endothelial cells (ECs) have been shown to generate a potent vascular chemorepellant factor. This metabolite, 13-HOD is reported to be the major lipoxygenase product produced in microgram amounts in ECs (JBC 260:16056, 1985). We have studied the effect of 13-HOD on EC arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, and report modulation of both AA release and conversion to prostacyclin. Using fetal bovine aortic ECs, 13-HOD stimulated prostacyclin production (RIA for 6KPGF1α ) by 40±13% (1SE), and 51±09% at 10 and 30μM (P<0.05; n=5). When the time-course of this effect was evaluated, 13-HOD (30μM) significantly enhanced the time-dependent release of 6KPGF1α by 31 to 51% between 5 and 120 min. (P<0.05 to 0.01; n=5). In [14C]AA labeled cells, this compound modulated both AA release and its subsequent conversion. In 5 paired experiments, 13-HOD (30μM) enhanced the release of AA from membrane phospholipids (9065±0553 cpm/well in controls vs 10738±1725 in 13-HOD treated cells; PC0.01). Analysis of cellular phospholipids revealed a significant decrease in [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine (62312±3963 cpm/well in controls vs 56959±4104 in 13-HOD treated cells; P<0.02). No significant changes were seen in the levels of phosphatidyl-choline, -serine, -inositol, or phosphatidic acid. Production of [14C]prostacyclin was stimulated by 56±16% (P<0.01 ), while total cyclooxygenase metabolites increased by 28±8% (P<0.01), suggesting effects on both cyclooxygenase and prostacyclin synthetase. 13-HOD, the major vascular product of linoleic acid enhances both AA release and metabolism, thus demonstrating an intimate hemostatic interaction between the metabolic products of these two polyunsaturated fatty acids in endothelial cells.
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Marcus, A. J., L. B. Safier, H. L. Ullman, N. Islam, M. J. Broekman, and C. V. Schacky. "NEW EICOSANOIDS FORMED DURING PLATELET-NEUTROPHIL INTERACTIONS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644626.
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In physiologic and pathologic processes such as hemostasis, thrombosis and inflammation, multiple cell types are brought into close proximity - thereby increasing the possibility of metabolic interactions in the microenvironment. Activated platelets synthesize12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in the presence or absence of aspirin. During a cell-cell interaction, platelet 12-HETE is metabolized by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in unstimulated neutrophils to 12.20-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12,20-DiHETE). Recently, we observed time-dependent formation of a new eicosanoid following exposure of neutrophils to 12-HETE. This compound is more polar than the parent eicosanoid 12,20-DiHETE (reversed-phase HPLC). Incubation of purified 12,20-DiHETE with neutrophils resulted in a progressive decrease in the 12,20-DiHETE with increasing formation of the polar metabolite. In the absence of neutrophils, 12.20-DiHETE was quantitatively unchanged. The new metabolite of 12.20-DiHETE has been tentatively identified as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraen-l,20-dioic acid. The UV absorption maximum of the new compound is 237 nm which is identical to that of 12-HETE and 12,20-DiHETE. 20-hydroxy-LTB4 is the omega-hydroxylated derivative of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoid LTB4. When added to neutrophils 15 sec prior to 12,20-DiHETE, equimolar concentrations of 20-hydroxy-LTB4 (2.8uM) inhibited formation of the new metabolite by 28%. A concentration of 8uM 20-hydroxy-LTB4 inhibited the reaction by 49%. These results indicate that the neutrophil enzyme system responsible for conversion of 20-hydroxy-LTB4 to 20-carboxy-LTB4 may also be involved in further metabolism of-12,20-DiHETE. Neutrophil homogenization resulted in loss of the capacity to transform 12.20-DiHETE to the new metabolite despite pretreatment with DFP and addition of NADPH. Our data provide further evidence for the occurrence of transcellular metabolic events during thrombosis and the inflammatory response.
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Cajka, Tomas, Jiri Hricko, Lucie Rudl Kulhava, Michaela Novakova, Michaela Paucova, and Ondrej Kuda. "MetaboAtlas21: A comprehensive metabolome and lipidome atlas of mouse tissues and biofluids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mzeg6052.
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Here, we present a specific atlas of mouse metabolome and lipidome (MetaboAtlas21) in the context of systemic energy balance (chow diet) and under chronic nutrient stress (high-fat diet). Male mice were fed a control (chow) diet for 2 months or a high-fat diet for 2 months and 10 months. Urine, plasma, feces, and 18 different tissues were collected from each animal for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis. These matrices cover digestive, excretory, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, muscular, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Also, chow and high-fat diet feeds were analyzed along with quality control human plasma/serum materials (NIST SRM 1950 plasma, Merck S1-100ML serum, Sigma–Aldrich S7023 serum). In total, 408 samples were included in this study. An “all-in-one” extraction protocol LIMeX using methyl tert-butyl ether, methanol, and water was used to isolate metabolite fractions and analyzed using a multiplatform LC-MS-based approach (7 platforms for non-fat tissues and biofluids; 8 platforms for adipose tissues). Raw data files were processed using MS-DIAL 4. Metabolites were annotated using in-house retention time–m/z library and using MS/MS libraries available from commercial and open sources (NIST20, MassBank, MoNA). Lipids were annotated using LipidBlast in MS-DIAL. Ultimately, we annotated over 3,000 unique polar metabolites and complex lipids. To better understand the structure of generated data, we provide a user-friendly data visualization tool (metaboatlas21.metabolomics.fgu.cas.cz) to easily access and analyze the different combinations of tissues and biofluids in response to the metabolic challenge (NIST20, MassBank, MoNA). Lipids were annotated using LipidBlast in MS-DIAL. Ultimately, we annotated over 3,000 unique polar metabolites and complex lipids. To better understand the structure of generated data, we provide a user-friendly data visualization tool (metaboatlas21.metabolomics.fgu.cas.cz) to easily access and analyze the different combinations of tissues and biofluids in response to the metabolic challenge.
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Mointire, V. L., A. J. Frangos, G. B. Rhee, G. S. Eskin, and R. E. Hall. "RHEOLOGY AND CELL ACTIVATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643988.
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The subject of this work is to examine the hypothesis that some sublytic levels of mechanical perturbation of cells can stimulate cell metabolism. As a marker metabolite, we have chosen arachidonic acid. Principal metabolites for platelets include the cyclooxygenase product thromboxane A2(TXA2) and the lipoxygenase product 12-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) initally produce principally 5-HPETE, somtimes leading to the formation leukotrienes, though many other metabolites of arachidonic acid have been isolated from activated neutrophils. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells utilize arachidonic acid to produce mainly prostaglandin I2(PGI2). All of these metabolites are biologically active and modulate cell function - sometimes in quite contrasting ways. We will show that levels of sublytic mechanical stress exposure can stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism in all three of the cell types mentioned above. The biological implications of this stress/metabolism coupling may be quite far reaching.Human platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells all appear to be sensitive to mechanical stress induced activation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Sheared PRP exhibited greatly increased synthesis of 12-HETE and surprisingly little thromboxane B2 production. This indicates that shear stress stimulation of platelets may produce quite different arachidonic acid metabolism than that seen with many direct chemical stimuli, such as thrombin or collagen.Our data demonstrate that a substance derived from shear induced platelet activation may activate the C-5 lipoxygenase of human PMNL under stress, leading to the production of LTB4. We hypothesize that this substance maybe 12-HPETE. LTB4 is known to be a very potent chemotactic factor and to induce PMNL aggregation and degranulation. Our studies provide further evidence that lipoxygenase products of one cell type can modulate production of lipoxygenase products in a second cell type, and that shear stress can initiate cell activation. This kind of coupling could have far reaching implications in terms of our understanding of cell/cell interaction in flowing systems, such as acute inflammation, artificial organ implantation and tumor metastasis.The data on PGI2 production by endothelial cells demonstrate that physiological levels of shear stress can dramatically increase arachidonic acid metabolism. Step increases in shear stress lead to a burst in production of PGI2 which decayed to a steady state value in several minutes. This longer term stimulation of prostacyclin production rate increased linearly with shear stress over the range of 0-24 dynes/cm2. In addition, pulsatile flow of physiological frequency and amplitude caused approximately 2.4 times the PGI2 production rate as steady flow with the same mean stress. Although only PGI2 was measured, it is likely that other arachidonic acid metabolites of endothelial cells are also affected by shear stress.The ability of cells to respond to external stimuli involves the transduction of a signal across the plasma membrane. One such external stimulus appears to be fluid shear stress. Steady shear flow induces cell rotation in suspended cells, leading to a periodic membrane loading, with the peak stress proportional to the bulk shear stress. On anchorage-dependent cells, such as endothelial cells, steady shear stress may act by amplifying the natural thermal or Brownian fluttering or rippling of the membrane. There are several possible mechanisms by which shear stress induced membrane perturbation could mimic a hormone/receptor interaction, leading to increased intracellular metabolism. Shear stress may induce increased phospholipase C activity, caused by translocation of the enzyme, increased substrate (arachidonic acid) pool availability to phospholipase C (particularly from that stored in phosphoinositols) due to shear-induced membrane movements or changes in membrane fluidity, direct activation of calcium - activated phospholipase A2 by increased membrane calcium ion permeability, or most probably by a combination of these mechanisms.
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LELIŪNIENĖ, Jolanta, Ligita BALEŽENTIENĖ, and Evaldas KLIMAS. "FESTULOLIUM METABOLITES ACCUMULATION RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD OF FLOWERING TERMOINDUCTION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.003.
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Most of plant development, physiological and metabolic processes are regulated by not only soluble sugars such as glucose and sucrose, but also by other signal molecules, such as phytohormones. The investigation of flowering induction, considering the influence of vernalisation duration and photoperiod on morphogenesis stages and accumulation metabolites in the new Festulolium cultivars ’Vėtra’ and ’Punia’ was carried out at the phytotron complex of the Plant Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2011-2012. The data revealed impact of vernalisation and photoperiod on accumulation of both types of assessed metabolies, i.e. phytohormones and saccharides, and thus confirmed their substantial role. 90 short-day vernalisation induced the highest total phytohormone content in ‘Vėtra’, when plant achieved tillering stage and was going for intensive growth when growth regulators will be important in the metabolic regulation. The highest phytohormone content was recorded after long – day 130+20 day vernalization at VII and IV organogenesis stages of ‘Vėtra’ and ʽPuniaʼ respectively. Saccharides content significantly depended on photoperiod and temperature during vernalisation and was different in ’Vėtra’ and ’Punia’.
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Belova, Y. I., and O. V. Yakovleva. "Analysis of the content of nitric oxide (II) metabolites rats of different ages." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-27-29.
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Nitrogen monoxide is a gas transmitter that is an important intermediary in many organ systems, especially in the central nervous system. Nitrogen monoxide is involved in the relaxation of smooth vascular muscles, activation of neurons and responsible for the cytotoxicity of macrophages. The study of change nitrogen oxide metabolite concentration helps to determine its effects on human and animal organs. The study was carried out on laboratory animals of different ages. We used a spectrophotometric method to determine the level of metabolites based on the reaction of nitrites to the Griss reagent. We noted that the maximum level of metabolites NO was observed in newborn animals at the age of 4 days. In addition, metabolite concentrations decreased gradually by 14-15 days of life, reaching a minimum of 30 days
Key words: nitrogen monoxide, rats, age, metabolites of nitrogen monoxide, spectrophotometry.
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Cunha, Heloíza Rabêlo, Johann Victor Neves de Souza, Ana Luzia Ferreira Farias, Patrick de Castro Cantuária, and Sheylla Susan Moreira da Silva de Almeida. "Obtaining alcoholic extract from leaves from species Sapindus Saponarial. (sapindaceae) for phytochemical analysis." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-020.
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Abstract Phytochemical analysis aims to know the secondary metabolites. According to Simões et. al. (2010), metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that are continuously occurring in each cell, being divided into primary and secondary. Beings and general m have primary metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Plants, micro-organisms and a few animals also have secondary metabolism (whose products, although not necessarily essential for the producing organism, guarantee advantages for their survival and the perpetuation of their species, in its ecosystem). Such metabolites can trigger reactions in the body, which according to dosage can be toxic or beneficial, which is why there is interest in the study of plant extracts (FRANCO et al., 2021).
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Tourlomousis, Filippos, and Robert C. Chang. "2D and 3D Multiscale Computational Modeling of Dynamic Microorgan Devices as Drug Screening Platforms." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52734.
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The ability to incorporate three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte-laden hydrogel constructs using layered fabrication approaches into devices that can be perfused with drugs enables the creation of dynamic microorgan devices (DMDs) that offer an optimal analog of the in vivo liver metabolism scenario. The dynamic nature of such in vitro metabolism models demands reliable numerical tools to determine the optimum process, material, and geometric parameters for the most effective metabolic conversion of the perfused drug into the liver microenvironment. However, there is a current lack of literature that integrates computational approaches to guide the optimum design of such devices. The groundwork of the present numerical study has been laid by our previous study [1], where the authors modeled in 2D an in vitro DMD of arbitrary dimensions and identified the modeling challenges towards meaningful results. These constructs are hosted in the chamber of the microfluidic device serving as walls of the microfluidic array of channels through which a fluorescent drug substrate is perfused into the microfluidic printed channel walls at a specified volumetric flow rate assuring Stokes flow conditions (Re<<1). Due to the porous nature of the hydrogel walls, a metabolized drug product is collected at the outlet port. A rigorous FEM based modeling approach is presented for a single channel parallel model geometry (1 free flow channel with 2 porous walls), where the hydrodynamics, mass transfer and pharmacokinetics equations are solved numerically in order to yield the drug metabolite concentration profile at the DMD outlet. The fluid induces shear stresses are assessed both in 3D, with only 27 cells modeled as single compartment voids, where all of the enzymatic reactions are assumed to take place. In this way, the mechanotransduction effect that alters the hepatocyte metabolic activity is assessed for a small scale model. This approach overcomes the numerical limitations imposed by the cell density (∼1012 cells/m3) of the large scale DMD device. In addition, a compartmentalization technique is proposed in order to assess the metabolism process at the subcellular level. The numerical results are validated with experiments to reveal the robustness of the proposed modeling approach and the necessity of scaling the numerical results by preserving dynamic and biochemical similarity between the small and large scale model.
Reports on the topic "Metaboliti"
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Corscadden, Louise, and Anjali Singh. Metabolism And Measurable Metabolic Parameters. ConductScience, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me20221213.
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Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions involved in sustaining the life of organisms.[1] It constantly provides your body with the energy to perform essential functions. The process is categorized into two groups:[2] Catabolism: It’s the process of breaking down molecules to obtain energy. For example, converting glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration. Anabolism: It’s the process of synthesis of compounds required to run the metabolic process of the organisms. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.[2] Metabolism is affected by a range of factors, such as age, sex, muscle mass, body size, and physical activity affect metabolism or BMR (the basal metabolic rate). By definition, BMR is the minimum amount of calories your body requires to function at rest.[2] Now, you have a rough idea about the concept. But, you might wonder why you need to study it. What and how metabolic parameters are measured to determine the metabolism of the organism? Find the answer to all these questions in this article.
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Galili, Gad, Harry J. Klee, and Asaph Aharoni. Elucidating the impact of enhanced conversion of primary to secondary metabolism on phenylpropanoids secondary metabolites associated with flavor, aroma and health in tomato fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597920.bard.
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• Targeted manipulating Phenylalanine (Phe) synthesis is one of the most powerful strategies to boost the biologically and economically important secondary metabolites, including phenylpropaniods, aromatic volatiles and specialized secondary metabolites. • Over-expression of the petunia MYB transcript factor, ODORANT1 (ODO1), results in significant alterations of the levels of specific phenylpropanoid compounds in plants. • Our previous studies indicated that ectopic expression of the feedback-insensitive AroG could break the bottleneck between primary and secondary metabolisms in tomato, thereby aiding in producing new tomato composition and identifying the unknown roles of multiple key regulators in specialized metabolism. Therefore, combining the AroG and ODO1 is of particular interest for elucidating the combined regulatory role of both of these genes in the Phe metabolic pathway, as well as generating tomato fruits that contain higher levels of secondary metabolites. • Here, we performed the LC-MS and GC-MS analyses on fruits of four tomato genotypes, namely, wild type tomato fruits as well as tomato fruits expressing the AroG, ODO1 and the combination of AroG plus ODO1 (AO) genotypes. Our results elaborated that the levels of many of the Phe-derived metabolites were predominately altered in fruits of the AO genotype, compared to tomato fruits expressing either AroG or ODO1 individually. The levels of most of these metabolites were significantly stimulated, such as Tyrosine (Tyr), coumaric acid and ferulic acid derived metabolites, but the levels of some important secondary metabolites were reduced in the AO transgenic genotypes as compared to either AroG or ODO1 lines. Nevertheless, our results also revealed that the levels of aromatic volatiles were obviously down regulated in the AO, compared to that in AroG transgenic fruits, but were boosted while compared to the wild type and ODO1 transgenic fruits. • Our results suggest that ODO1 expression may also have a negative effect on the production of some of the aromatic volatiles in tomato fruits, indicating that ODO1 acts as an important regulator of the shikimate pathway, which leads to the production of the aromatic amino acids and secondary metabolites derived from them. Key words: AroG, ODO1, tomato, metabolism, shikimate pathway
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Aharoni, Asaph, Zhangjun Fei, Efraim Lewinsohn, Arthur Schaffer, and Yaakov Tadmor. System Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Diversity in Melon. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593400.bard.
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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.
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Chipiso, Kudzanai. Biomimetic Tools in Oxidative Metabolism: Characterization of Reactive Metabolites from Antithyroid Drugs. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3078.
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Amir, Rachel, David J. Oliver, Gad Galili, and Jacline V. Shanks. The Role of Cysteine Partitioning into Glutathione and Methionine Synthesis During Normal and Stress Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699850.bard.
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The objective of this research is to study the nature of the competition for cysteine (Cys), the first organic sulfur-containing compound, between its two main metabolites, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met). GSH plays a central role in protecting plants during various stresses, while Met, an essential amino acid, regulates essential processes and metabolites in plant cells through its metabolite S-adenosyl-Met. Our results, which are based on flux analysis and measurements of Met- metabolites, show that the flux towards Met synthesis is high during non-stress conditions, however the flux is significantly reduced under stress conditions, when there is high synthesis of GSH. Under oxidative stress the expression level of the regulatory enzyme of Met synthesis, cystathionine g-synthase (CGS) was reduced. By using three different systems, we have found that that GSH down regulates the expression level of CGS, thus reducing Met synthesis. We have found that this regulation occurs at the post-transcriptional level, and further studies have shown that it occurs at post-translationaly. To reveal how oxidative stress affects the flux towards Met and GSH, flux analysis was performed. We have found that the level of Met is significantly reduced, while the level of glutathione significantly increases during stress. Under stress conditions most of the glutathione is converted from GSH to GSSG (the oxidised form of glutathione). These results suggest that under normal growth conditions, Cys is channelled towards both pathways to support GSH accumulation and the synthesis of growth-essential Met metabolites. However, during oxidative stress, when a high level of GSH is required to protect the plants, the levels of GSH increase while those of CGS are reduced. This reduction leaves more Cys available for GSH synthesis under stress conditions. In addition we have also studied the effects of high GSH level on the transcriptome profile. The analysis revealed that GSH affects the expression level of many major genes coding to enzymes or proteins associated with photosynthesis, starch degradation, hormone metabolism (especially genes associated with jasmonate), biotic stress (especially genes associated with PR-proteins), cytochrome P450 genes, regulation of transcription and signaling (especially genes associated with receptor kinases and calcium). These results suggest that indeed GSH levels affect different pathways and metabolites in plants.
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Jander, Georg, Gad Galili, and Yair Shachar-Hill. Genetic, Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Arabidopsis Threonine Aldolase and Associated Molecular and Metabolic Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696546.bard.
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Since the amino acids threonine and isoleucine can be limiting in mammalian diet and there is interest in increasing their abundance in certain crop plants. To meet this need, a BARD proposal was written with two main research objectives: (i) investigate new avenues for manipulating threonine and isoleucine content in plants and (ii) study the role of threonine aldolase in plant metabolism. Research conducted to meet these goals included analysis of the sub-cellular localization of threonine aldolase in the plant, analysis of metabolic flux in developing embryos, over- and under-expression of Arabidopsis threonine aldolases, and transcriptional and metabolic analysis of perturbations resulting from altered threonine aldolase expression. Additionally, the broader metabolic effects of increasing lysine biosynthesis were investigated. An interesting observation that came up in the course of the project is that threonine aldolase activity affects methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis. Further research showed that threonine deaminase and methionine gamma-lyase both contribute to isoleucine biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, isoleucine content can be altered by manipulating the expression of either or both of these enzymes. Additionally, both enzymes contribute to the up to 100-fold increase in isoleucine that is observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. Toward the end of the project it was discovered that through different projects, both groups had been able to independently up-regulate phenylalanine accumulation by different mechanisms. The Galili lab transformed Arabidopsis with a feedbackinsensitive bacterial enzyme and the Jander lab found a feedback insensitive mutation in Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase. Exchange of the respective plant lines has allowed a comparative analysis of the different methods for increasing phenylalanine content and the creation of double mutants. The research that was conducted as part of this BARD project has led to new insights into plant amino acid metabolism. Additionally, new approaches that were found to increase the accumulation of threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine in plants have potential practical applications. Increased threonine and isoleucine levels can increase the nutritional value of crop plants. Elevated isoleucine accumulation may increase the osmotic stress tolerance of plants. Up-regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis can be used to increase the production of downstream higher-value plant metabolites of biofuel feed stocks.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.
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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Starr, Robert C., Brennon R. Orr, M. Hope Lee, and Mark Delwiche. Final Project Report - Coupled Biogeochemical Process Evaluation for Conceptualizing Trichloriethylene Co-Metabolism: Co-Metabolic Enzyme Activity Probes and Modeling Co-Metabolism and Attenuation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972652.
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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
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Schaffer, Arthur A., D. Mason Pharr, Joseph Burger, James D. Burton, and Eliezer Zamski. Aspects of Sugar Metabolism in Melon Fruit as Determinants of Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568770.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The cucurbit family, including melon, translocates the galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, in addition to sucrose, from the source leaves to the fruit sink. The metabolism of these photoassimilates in the fruit sink controls fruit growth and development, including the horticulturally important phenomenon of sucrose accumulation, which determines melon fruit sweetness. During this research project we have characterized the complete pathway of galactosyl sucrose metabolism in developing fruit, from before anthesis until maturity. We have also compared the metabolic pathway in scurose accumulating genotypes, as compared to non-accumulating genotypes. Furthermore, we studied the pathway in different fruit tissues, in response to pollination, and also analyzed the response of the individual steps of the pathway to perturbations such as low temperature and leaf removal. The results of our studies have led to the conclusion that generally galactosyl-sucrose metabolism functions as a coordinately controlled pathway. In one case, as an immediate response to the absence of pollination, the activity of a single enzyme, UDPglu pyrophosphorylase, was drastically reduced. However, during young fruit development, sucrose accumulation, and in response to perturbations of the system, groups of enzymes, rather than single enzymes, respond in a concerted manner. Our research has characterized in detail the initial enzymes of galactosyl-sucrose metabolism, including the galactosidases, galactokinase and the UDPgal- and UDPglu pyrophosphorylases. We have discovered a novel alkaline a-galactoside which hydrolyzes both stachyose and reaffinose and thereby may have solved the dilemma of cytosolic-sucrose metabolism, since prior to this research there was no known alkaline a-galactosidase capable of hydrolyzing raffinose.