Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Metaboliti'
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ZANONI, GIORDANO. "Nanorecettori autoorganizzati per la rilevazione di metaboliti." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3459753.
Full textGold nanoparticles, or, more in general, metal nanoparticles functionalized with a monolayer of organic ligands, provide a straightforward way to implement and exploit cooperativity mechanisms between the functional groups present in attached ligands, which are kept in close proximity by the monolayer arrangement. A good variety of different species can be easily attached to the nanoparticle surface with different methods and interligand cooperation can be exploited, among the possible applications, for molecular recognition. In this way, monolayer protected metal nanoparticles ca be easily turned in self-organized supramolecular receptors.1,2 It is still difficult, however, to precisely design and control the recognition properties of the monolayers as these depend not only on the chemical structure of the species bound on the surface, but also on the ligands conformation and dynamics. In this work, new approaches to the design of the monolayers were investigated, introducing combinatorial and potentially automatable computer aided synthetic approaches, capable to predict and the properties of the nanoparticles and quickly prepare them. Pre-synthesized and pre-organized binding pockets were also used for the post-synthetic functionalization of gold nanoparticles. Novel nanoreceptors for the detection of biomedically relevant metabolites were developed, which offered several advantages with respect to the previous generation, such as an increased sensitivity and an extended concentration window for the analyte detection via NMR-chemosensing. A new hyperpolarization-based strategy to further enhance the sensitivity of this analytical technique was also conceived and explored.
Calabrese, D. "DIABETE E DOLORE: EFFETTO TERAPEUTICO DEI METABOLITI DEL TESTOSTERONE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232407.
Full textBOCCHI, SERENA. "Studio dei metaboliti coinvolti nella relazione simbiotica tra probiotico ed ospite." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/113112.
Full textProbiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”. Nowadays, researchers and producers are looking for probiotic strains with proven efficacy towards specific applications in order to choose the most suitable strain for the required use. Coree s.r.l. is a company dealing with the screening of potential new probiotic strains to be developed in food and food supplements specifically designed for the first phase of the life, from delivery to weaning. Food is strictly correlated to probiotic efficacy and it can be used as a deliver system to colonize the human intestine. To date, the delivery of probiotics through novel functional food represents a very interesting opportunity for manufacturers and customers. The aim of my PhD project was to study if new isolated strains of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were able to take advantage of the interaction with their substrate and express this synergism with improved beneficial features to the host by considering an important stage of life, the weaning phase. In light of this evidence, the first part of the Ph.D. investigated whether probiotic bacteria, when grown in weaning food matrices, changed their properties, such as the adhesion to the gut or the regulation of various genes expression by human intestinal cells. We used some conventional complementary foods, such as carrot, apple puree, rice cream, and oat-based beverage, to evaluate the possible variations in terms of post-fermentation adhesiveness. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains, when cultured in complementary foods, were able to improve their adhesiveness to the gut mucosa, showing a synergic effect between food matrix and probiotic microorganism. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the ability to ferment weaning foods and to adhere to the human intestinal cell lines was strain-specific and not correlated to the genus of microorganisms. Furthermore, data have evidenced that bacterial strains isolated from plants possessed good ability to adhere to gut, and, thus, the adhesion properties is not influenced by the origins. These results were published an original article titled “The Synergistic Interaction between Probiotics and Food Affects Their Beneficial Features” on the journal “Advances in Nutrition and Food” (January 2020). In parallel, genome analysis was carried out to new isolated bacterial strains of COREE in order to better characterize their profiles. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach was used to find the hypothetical presence of plasmids and antibiotic-resistance genes and determine the bacterial fermentation type. During fermentation, bacterial strains produce a wide range of metabolites, some of which are bioavailable and bioactive with health properties that can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal cells and exert their effect at the systemic level. Therefore, metabolomic approach was applied to provide information about the different functional and nutritional properties of oat-based beverage fermented by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Oat is widely appreciated for its beneficial properties for adult and infant health, and currently, more food products are available for infant phase. Firstly, we evaluated the metabolites profile of oat beverage following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion by UHPLC-Q-TOF and HPAEC-PAD analysis. The untargeted metabolomics allowed to investigate the profile of metabolites released by oat-based beverage at the end of digestion. The results showed that flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, and steroids were the major class of compounds identified in oat before any treatment. After the in vitro digestion, amino acids, peptides, and phenolic acids were the most released compounds. Afterward, the impact of co-fermentation by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains on the oat metabolites profile was evaluated. The fermentation process decreased the levels of antinutrients (lignans and phytic acid), a class of compounds that reduces the correct absorption of important micronutrients. Additionally, the digested profile of fermented oat beverage showed a major release of amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and phytochemical substances respect to the unfermented condition. Moreover, oat fiber component represents the most bioactive metabolite, consisting predominantly of β-glucans. For this reason, ion chromatography technique (HPAEC-PAD) was used to analyze the impact of digestion and fermentation on the oligosaccharidic component. Data indicated that the bacterial strains did not modify the oligosaccharides profile preserving its prebiotic capacity. These data have been submitted as original article entitled " The combined effect of fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and in vitro digestion on metabolomic and oligosaccharide profile of oat beverage” on the journal “Food Research International”. Successively, a simulated digestion/absorption model by using the enterocytes-type cells (Caco-2) allowed to examine the differences between the absorbed metabolites of fermented and non-fermented food matrix. The assimilated profile of non-fermented oat-based beverage was found rich in amino acids and myo-inositol. The linoleic acid, one of the most abundant fatty acid in Avena S., was found totally unabsorbed revealing as substrate for the intestinal microflora. Regarding the effect of fermentation on the absorbed profiles, results revealed that the bacterial strains did not alter drastically the metabolites profiles but induced few and strain-specificity effects that increased the absorption of specific compounds. This work suggests the relevance of culture starter in the development of fermented functional food. The fermentation by selected bacterial strains, even belonging to the same species, produced two food matrices with similar chemical profiles, but with a rather different effect on host metabolism. These findings are submitting as original article titled " In-vitro assessment of the strain-specific impact of fermented oat on the absorption of different metabolites” on the journal “Food Research International”.
Olivera, Babić. "Karakterizacija zemljišnih cijanobakterijskih sojeva izolovanih iz šumskih ekosistema planinskih područja Republike Srbije." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107070&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAs one of the oldest groups of photoautotrophic microorganisms, cyanobacteria represent widespread prokaryotes with diverse metabolic strategies in order to survive and adapt to different environmental conditions. For this reason, cyanobacteria are significant as producers of various biologically active metabolites. However, most of the studies are mainly related to cyanobacteria of aquatic ecosystems. The subject of the research of this dissertation is to determine the diversity of autochthonous cyanobacteria of forest ecosystems and to characterize selected terrestrial cyanobacterial representatives of mountainous areas of Serbia isolated during three year monitoring by determining their basic ecophysiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The results obtained in this dissertation have show the diversity of soil cyanobacteria of forest habitats of the investigated mountain areas as well as their metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds. Based on taxonomically important features, 20 cyanobacterial strains have been identified to belong to the following genera: Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Identification of the isolated cyanobacteria using the molecular marker 16S rRNA in most cases (90%) confirmed the preliminary identification of genera based on morphological criteria. In terms of biomass production, the obtained results showed that the production of biomass in the selected tested cyanobacterial strains hepended on the applied cultivation conditions. It was found that nitrogen, glucose and sucrose acted towards the stimulation of biomass production in a large number of strains. The largest biomass production was detected in strain Calothrix M2 in the presence of nitrogen in the medium. In the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium the highest increase in biomass production was recorded in cyanobacterial strain Nostoc T18. Also, the content of phycobiliproteins has been increased in most of the tested strains in the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium. Examination of the carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose and xylose) showed that all three monosaccharides were present in all strains and that each strain had a specific carbohydrate profile whereby the content of monosaccharides in all tested strains declined in the following order: glucose ˃ fructose ˃ xylose. Among the tested strains, three strains namely Nostoc M1, Phormidium T11 and Calothrix M2 showed the exceptional ability to produce hexose and pentose. The antibacterial activity of intracellular extracts was recorded in 16 tested cyanobacterial strains and depended on the combination of cyanobacterial-bacterial strain and the type of applied extract. Compared to hexane extracts, methanol extracts showed greater efficiency, indicating on the nature of bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity. The most effective were 75% MeOH extracts of cyanobacterial strains Oscillatoria M2, C alothrix M2, Lyngbya T7 an d Cylindrospermum K1 which exhibited antibacterial activity on 4 tested bacteria. Results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the fatty acid content of tested cyanobacterial strains varied depending on the strain. The most significant constituents of the tested cyanobacterial strains were 18 and 16 carbonic fatty acids such as linoleic acid, α-linoleic. The highest content of linoleic acid was detected in two strains, Phormidium T11 and Tolypot hrix K11, indicatin g that these strains can be potentially significant sources of essential fatty acids. Results of antioxidant tests showed that all tested strains had antiradical activity. In the case of DPPH assay, ethanolic extracts of Calothrix M2 exhibited the most effective ability to scavenge DPPH •radical while in the case of the FRAP method, ethanolic extract of Cylindrospermum K1 had the greatest reduction power. Accordi ng to data obtained from chemical analysis of the phenolic composition of the analyzed cyanobacterial strains, a total of 21 phenol compounds were identified and quantified. The phenolic composition varied depending on the strain, and the most frequently detected phenolic compounds were luteolin-7-O-glucoside, baicalin and kaempferol. The strain with the most asignificant ability to produce phenolic compounds was Phormidium M1, in which the presence of 11 phenolic compounds was identified. The results of the toxicity of intracellular extracts obtained in A. salina, D. magna and D. rerio biotests, showed that a total of 40% of the tested strains exhibited a toxic effect. The most toxic strain was Nostoc T7 due to the fact that it showed toxicity in all three tests. In the case of A. salina biotest, the most potent strains were Nostoc T7, Oscillatoria M2, Oscillatoria T18 and Nostoc K15. Cyano bacterial strains that exhibited the most prominent activity in D. magna biotest were Tolypothrix K15, Nostoc T7 and Calothrix M2. In bi otest with zebrafish embryos, the strain with the most significant teratogenic effect was Cylindrospermum K1. Regarding the effect of cyanobacterialextract on gene expression in model organism D. rerio, cyanobacterial strain Cylindrospermum K1 exhibited the ability to modulate biological processes such as circadian rhythm as well as the ability to produce compounds with an estrogenic effect. The results of the toxicogenetic analysis of the tested cyanobacterial strains have shown that the genes mcyB and mcyE involved in the production of cyanotoxin microcystins have not been detected in any of the tested strains. The absence of two genes from the mcy gene cluster indicates that other compounds are responsible for the observed toxic effect in applied biotests. The obtained results point out on the importance of the study of soil cyanobacteria, since the obtained results have indicated that the tested strains possess a large metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds.
Soprani, Laura. "Metodi di quantificazione assoluta dei metaboliti cerebrali attraverso spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21609/.
Full textDonati, Irene <1977>. "Enzimi, acidi organici ed altri metaboliti coinvolti nella patogenesi di Penicillium spp." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1142/1/Tesi_Donati_Irene.pdf.
Full textDonati, Irene <1977>. "Enzimi, acidi organici ed altri metaboliti coinvolti nella patogenesi di Penicillium spp." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1142/.
Full textBracci, Antonio. "Studio di metaboliti secondari provenienti da specie vegetali che agiscono sul SNC." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/254.
Full textL’utilizzo delle piante medicinali nasce con l’uomo. Lo studio delle basi scientifiche a supporto del loro utilizzo si è sviluppato e continua a svilupparsi da poco più di un secolo. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di dottorato è di dare supporto all’utilizzo di specie vegetali applicabili in ambito farmacologico per curare determinate affezioni del Sistema Nervoso Centrale derivanti da patologie o dall’uso di sostanze stupefacenti. Molto spesso le sostanze vegetali infatti interagiscono con il sistema nervoso centrale, come accade per gli oppiacei, la coca, la nicotina ed altre specie. I metaboliti secondari provenienti da tre diverse specie di uso non comune (Brugmansia arborea, Espostoa lanata ed Ipomea violacea) sono stati sottoposti ad un attento studio per valutarne l’attività sul Sistema nervoso centrale e cercare di comprendere quale possa essere il loro utilizzo a scopo medico. Queste tre specie vengono utilizzate normalmente nella medicina tradizionale dell’America del Sud, nella maggior parte dei casi con uno scopo rituale. La società attuale ha trasformato queste specie in Smart Drugs togliendo loro il concetto di sacralità attribuitogli per millenni dai primi utilizzatori Brugmansia arborea Lagher. è normalmente consumata sotto forma di infuse e tisane per la costituzione delle “misha” bevande con attività magicocurativa. Già dagli studi precedenti era stato possibile identificare tre alcaloidi presenti nelle specie e la loro attività è stata testata in vitro per verificare la capacità di tali alcaloidi di interagire con recettori per la dopamina e serotonina. Lo studio condotto in questo lavoro si è invece basato sullo studio dei metaboliti secondari provenienti da specie naturalizzate in Italia per comprendere se fossero prodotti gli stessi alcaloidi, in quale quantità e se le diverse condizioni climatiche e territoriali avessero influenzato la loro produzione. Il processo di screening iniziale ha consentito di determinare che la frazione di interesse contenente alcaloidi fosse quella dell’estratto metabolico. Tale estratto è stato saggiato in topi CD1 per verificare la capacità di agire in combinazione con morfina e constatarne gli effetti in trattamenti sia in acuto che in cronico. Lo studio ha dimostrato la capacità di ridurre gli effetti derivanti dalla sindrome di astinenza da oppiacei, dimostrandosi come un ottima alternativa al naloxone rispetto al quale riduce i sintomi somatici di astinenza. Lo stesso studio è stato ripetuto sulla frazione purificata e sui singoli principi attivi. I composti puri hanno però dimostrato una minore efficacia rispetto al complesso. Per dimostrare che l’attività della pianta è strettamente legata ai composti di natura alcaloidea sono stati effettuati inoltre studi in vivo sulle frazioni metanoliche non contenenti gli alcaloidi. Si è dunque dimostrata l’inattività biologica di tali composti di natura non alcaloidea. Per verificare quali effetti avessero gli alcaloidi utilizzati nelle aree cerebrali connesse al sistema dopaminergico della ricompensa coinvolti nella dipendenza da oppiacei, sono state prelevati la corteccia frontale e lo striato Tutti gli esperimnenti sono stati svolti su topi CD1. I risultati hanno dimostrato che i singoli alcaloidi hanno effetti dopaminergici differenti. Il primo di essi è in grado di riportare i valori di dopamina al livello del controllo spiegando almeno in parte l’assenza di una crisi di astinenza altrimenti presente. L’effetto degli altri alcaloidi, che determinano invece un interessante picco di dopamina aprono nuove prospettive di studio per lo sviluppo in ambito medico per la cura di sindromi da ipoproduzione di dopamina come ad esempio il Parkinson. B. arborea ha inoltre mostrato una capacità di ridurre in maniera dose dipendente iperattività motoria. Gli studi di CPL (preferenza di luogo associata alla somministrazione di una sostanza che induce dipendenza) hanno inoltre dimostrato che gli estratti della pianta sono in grado di ridurre la preferenza degli animali utilizzati (topi cd1), per le gabbie in cui vengono trattati con morfina, e che l’associazione tra trattamento e luogo si estingue molto più rapidamente negli animali trattati anche con B. arborea rispetto a quelli trattati con sola morfina. I risultati della somministrazione di B. arborea un’ora prima del trattamento con cocaina hanno dimostrato la capacità di ridurre l’iperattività da cocaina stessa. Si ipotizza dunque l’utilizzo di tale specie, e più precisamente del complesso alcaloideo presente in fiori e foglie, per ridurre le sindromi di astinenza da morfina e favorire il divezzamento da oppiacei. Espostoa lanata Britt. & Rose è utilizzata a scopo magico dagli sciamani per entrare in contatto con il mondo delle anime tramite l’aspirazione dei fumi prodotti dalla sua combustione. Dalla pianta sono stati isolati alcaloidi di natura feniletilamminica. I test bioassay oriented sono stati effettuati in activity cage sugli estratti a polarità crescente (etere di normale sano, etere di petrolio, cloroformio, cloroformio metanolo 9:1, metanolo). L’estratto risultato attivo è stato quello metanolico. Il frazionamento cromatografico dell’estratto attivo ha portato all’identificaizone della tiramina. La presenza di tiramina nella frazione con maggiore attività in activity cage ha dimostrato una capacità di abbattere la capacità locomotoria del 60% rispetto ai controlli con salino ed in modo dose dipendente. La tiramina tal quale non dovrebbe essere in grado di attraversare la barriera ematoencefalica in quantità tale da giustificare la riduzione della coordinazione motoria e le convulsioni tonico cloniche registrate. Questo effetto è stato invece attribuito alla sua coniugazione ad una catena lipidica che ne consente un più agevole trasporto attraverso la BBB (barriera emato encefalica). La tiramina in quanto simpatico-mimetico stimola il rilascio di noradrenalina. La presenza ampiamente discussa in letteratura di recettori specifici (TA1) fa presupporre la sua capacità di funzionare come neurotrasmettitore e di mediatore nell’attivazione della vasocostrizione renale. L’ultima specie presa in esame è stata Ipomea violacea L.. originaria della flora del sud America ma ampiamente diffusa in tutta Europa. La larga diffusione di questa specie negli smart shop e le scarse informazioni presenti in letteratura sulla sua composizione chimica hanno determinato il forte interesse per lo studio di questa specie. Da letteratura risultano presenti nella 4 pianta l’isoergina, che presenta un’attività molto inferiore al suo epimero, la cianoclavina, il lisergolo e l’ergometrina. La caratterizzazione chimica dei composti presenti nella specie da noi studiata ha dimostrato la presenza di swainsonina e lisergolo. L’LSA (Acido lisergico) presente in questa specie dunque causa effetti analoghi all’LSD seppure con effetti notevolmente ridotti. Il test dell’head twich non ha dato esito positivo, dimostrando la sua non attività sui recettori serotoninergici coinvolti nell’head twich 5 THP. Sono state inoltre studiate l’attività motoria, che risulta dose dipendente e la capacità di interazione sociale dei topi CD1 utilizzati per tutti i test. [a cura dell'autore]
VIII n.s.
Dajana, Kovač. "Biotehnološki potencijal filamentoznih sojeva cijanobakterija sa područja Vojvodine." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104930&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textCyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been identified as one of the most promising groups of organisms for the isolation of new and biologically active natural products, therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine the biotechnological potential of autochthonous filamentous cyanobacterial strains isolated from Vojvodina region, which belong to the N 2-fixing genera Nostoc and Anabaena and non-N2-fixing genus Spirulina. Biotechnological potential of tested strains was determined using the production of biomass, phycobiliprotein pigments, fatty acids, phenolic co mpounds, antioxidants, antibacterial and anticancer agents. The obtained results showed that the production of biomass and phycobiliprotein pigments, in all tested strains, depended on the cultivationconditions, whereas biomass production was strongly stimulated by continuous light in Spirulina strains, and by organic carbon sources (glycerol and glucose) in N2-fixingstrains. The highest potential for biomass production was shown in Spirulina S1 strain.On the other hand, the highest potential for the production of phycobiliproteins wasshown in strains Spirulina S1, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena C2 and Spirulina S2. By determination of the content of fatty acids using GC-FID method it was found that in allthe tested strains the most common fatty acids were palmit ic, palmitoleic, oleic andlinoleic acid, whereby the strains of the genus Spirulina produced γ-linolenic acid as well,while all strains of the Nostoc and Anabaena genera produced y-linolenic acid. The most frequent phenolic compounds of tested strains determined by using the HPLC-MS/MSmethod were quinic acid and catechin, with the highest content of phenolic compounds registered in Nostoc strain 2S7B. By chemical characterization of the extracts in the tested strains it was also stated a significance of the nitrogen cultivation conditions in order toincrease the production of phenolic compounds, as well as y-linolenic acid. Comparing the results of the antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP tests, it was shown that strains Spirulina S1 and Spirulina S2 had the highest antioxidant potential. The antibacterial activity of the intracellular methanolic extracts was registered in strains Nostoc 2S7B, Nostoc 2S1, Anabaena C2, Anabaena C5, Spirulina S1 and Spirulina S2, that inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria. Using MTT test, anti-cancer ie. cytotoxic activity of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts to the HepG2 cell line was detected in all tested strains, however, the highest activity was exhibited in strains Nostoc LC1B and Nostoc 2S7B . In bioassays Artemia salina, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio a small number of strains exhibited toxicity to the test organisms, while in case of cell line RTL-W1 tested strains did not show in vitro cytotoxicity, which is of great importance from the aspect of the potential biotechnological application of thestrains. Nostoc LC1B and Nostoc S8 strains induced toxicity in all three bioassays, and therefore considered as the most toxic strains. By testing in vitro toxicity in enzyme assays, it was found that few strains inhibited the activity of protein phosphatase (PP1) enzyme in relation to acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity. Using the Analytical hierarchical process in the group context, the highest weight was given to the criteria of anticancer activity, biomass production, and the phycocyanin content, respectively. Finally, in the multi-criteria context, the best-ranked strain is Spirulina S1, Spirulina strain S2 is on the second place, while Nostoc strain LC1B is the third one.
Nini, Antonella. "Analisi dei metaboliti secondari da fonti naturali: isolamento, caratterizzazione strutturale e attività biologiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/66298.
Full textThe research activity in Biological Sciences and Technology, PhD XXVII cycle, is focused on the chemistry of natural substances. The main aim is isolation and structural characterization of secondary metabolites from plants. The plant species used in this study are useful in folk medicine due to their herbal medicinal properties and edible food plants. The chemical investigation is mainly focused on the following plant species: Olea europea L., Gentiana lutea L. and Allium cepa L., a local variety found in Molise region. The decoction of the leaves of Olea europea, is widely used in folk medicine for hypotensive and hypoglycemic activities. The extract of Gentiana lutea roots is used to relieve an upset stomach. However, the roots are also used for the preparation of beverages. The species Allium cepa is known for its antibacterial activity in the digestive system. The purification and isolation of secondary metabolites was achieved by using chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Droplet Countercurrent Chromatography (DCCC). The structural characterization of all isolated compounds was based on spectroscopic techniques using both mono-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments such as, NMRs (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, i.e. 1H NMR, 13C NMR and COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY, respectively). The analysis led to the isolation of several secondary metabolites. Many compounds were tested for biological activity and some of them showed a remarkable antioxidant activity and a potential inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme. Finally, some of the isolated compounds were analyzed in silico, by using a novel technique called ChemGPS. A predictive study on the biological activities was of the isolated test compounds was possible due to this analysis.
GUZZETTI, LORENZO. "Assessing the Role of African Indigenous Vegetables to Improve Agriculture Sustainability and Diet Quality." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/305372.
Full textTHIS THESIS WORK IS ABOUT THE IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTANT CROPS ABLE TO COUNTERACT THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE (E.G., DROUGHT) AND TO YIELD WITHOUT LOSSES UNDER SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTS PRACTICES. MOREOVER THE AIM IS TO IDENTIFY PLANT SPECIES ABLE TO EXERT BENEFICIAL AND PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES TO SAFEGUARD HUMAN HEALTH. THE IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT SPECIES WITH THESE FEATURES WAS PERFORMED BY EXPLORING THE AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY WHICH IS A SOURCE OF SEMI-DOMESTICATED AND VERY NUTRITIOUS SPECIES. IN PARTICULAR THE WORK FOCUSED ON THE EVALUATION OF GROWTH CAPABILITIES UNDER CONVENTIONAL VS CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT (I.E., NO TILLAGE, COVER CROP MAINTENANCE) OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. WALP AND CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L. THESE TREATMENTS WERE COUPLED TO NORMAL IRRIGATION VS. LOW WATER REGIME TO TEST THE SUITABILITY OF THE ABOVEMENTIONED SPECIES TO RESIST TO DROUGHT. THE INVESTIGATED PARAMETERS WERE MORPHOLOGY TRAITS, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY, BIOMASS PRODUCED AND THE METABOLIC PROFILE OF THE EDIBLE PORTIONS OF THE PLANTS (I.E., V. UNGUICULATA BEANS AND C. OLITORIUS LEAVES) . RESULTS SHOWED THE SUITABILITY OF BOTH THE CROPS TO BE GROWN UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT, SINCE BOTH AT THE YIELD AND METABOLIC LEVEL THEY DID NOT SHOWED SIGNIFICATIVE DIFFERENCES. AT THE NUTRACEUTICAL LEVELS. DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED. CORCHORUS OLITORIUS LEAVES WERE EVALUATED FOR THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS, MAINLY POLYPHENOLS. THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION REVEALED HUGE AMOUNTS OF FLAVONOIDS, ESPECIALLY QUERCETIN DERIVATIVES. INTERESTINGLY THESE COMPOUNDS WERE FOUND TO BE PRESENT EVEN AFTER BOILING, A TRATMENT WHICH LEAVES WERE UNDERGONE TO IN ORDER TO MIMIC THE CONDITION OF CONSUMPTION. MOREOVER, THESE FRACTIONS WERE FOUND TO BE ABLE TO EXERT SELECTIVE CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES AGAINST A COLON CANCER CELL LINE (CACO-2) WITHOUT DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE HEALTHY ONE CCD841. THIS BIOACTIVITY DISPLAYED ON THE CACO-2 CELL LINE IS EXPLAINED BY AN INCREASE IN THE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES LEVELS AFTER TREATMENT WITH THE PHENOLIC FRACTIONS AND BY A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE ACTIVITY OF THE GLUTATHIONE INDEPENDENT ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES. AS FAR AS VIGNA UNGUICULATA IS CONCERNED, THE BEAN OF THIS SPECIES WAS STUDIED IN TERMS OF NEUROPROTECTIVE AND ANTICANCER PROPERTIES. AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF V. UNGUICULATA BEANS DELAYED CHRONOLOGICAL LIFESPAN IN BUDDING YEAST AS WELL AS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER LARVAE. MOREOVER THEY WERE ABLE TO RESCUE THE PHENOTYPE OF MUTANT YEAST CELLS OVEREXPRESSING THE ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN GENE. AT THE NEURONAL LEVEL, EXTRACTS WERE FOUND TO INDUCE THE LOCALIZATION OF ALPHA SYNUCLEIN IN CELL CYTOPLASMS INSTEAD OF IN THE PLASMATIC MEMABRANE, A CONDITION THAT POSES A LOWER CYTOTOXICITY. V. UNGUICULATA BEANS WERE FOUND ALSO TO RESCUE THE PHENOTYPE OF HUMAN NEURONES EXPRESSING ALPHA SYNUCLEIN AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A REDUCED LEVEL OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION. FURTHERMORE, V. UNGUICULATA EXTRACTS WERE FOUND TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF DEGENERATING NEURONES IN A CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS MODEL. V. UNGUIXULATA AQUEOUS EXTRACT WAS STUDIED ALSO FOR ITS ABILITY TO EXERT CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES AGAINST HUMAN COLON CANCER CELL LINES WITH NO EFFECTS ON THE HEALTHY CELL LINE. THE CYTOTXIC ACTIVITY WAS FOUND TO BE MEDIATED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF THE EGFR PHOSPHORILATION LEVEL. THESE CANCER PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES WERE FOUND ALSO TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE TREATMENT WITH A CHEMIOTERAPIC DRUG, THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CETUXIMAB, USUALLY EXPLOITED FOR COLON CANCER CHEMOTHERAPETIC CYCLES. IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COLON CANCER CELLS ARE TREATED WITH V. UNGUICULATA BEAN EXTRACT, THE AMOUNT OF THE ADMINISTERED DRUG CAN BE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. OVERALL THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE ADOPTION OF AFRICAN INDIGENOUS SPECIES SUCH AS V. UNGUICULATA AND C. OLITORIUS TO SUPPORT AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABILITY ALSO IN FORECAST OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND TO SAFEGUARD HUMAN HEALTH BY ACTING AS NUTRACEUTICAL ELEMENT IN THE DIET.
DI, TRANA ANNAGIULIA. "Profiling of in vitro metabolism of New Psychoactive Substances." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/300345.
Full textA New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) is defined by United Nation Office of Drugs and Drug Addiction (UNODC) as a “substance of abuse, either in a pure form or a preparation, that is not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a public health threat”. To date, more than 1,100 molecules have been identified as NPS in the illicit market and every year a variable number of new alternatives appears for the first time. The mutating nature of the NPS market represents one of the most challenging aspects of the fight against this public health issues because little is known about the toxicological profile of these substances when they appear for the first time. To this concern, the in vitro metabolic studies are considered the first step in the understanding of the pharmacology of NPS, allowing the individuation of possible biomarkers of consumption. We studied the in vitro metabolism of three different NPS, two fentanyl analogues and one synthetic cathinone, in two different incubation batches according to a consolidated protocol. First, we studied phenylfentanyl and b’-phenylfentanyl metabolic fate using in silico predictions with GLORYx freeware, human hepatocyte incubations, and liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). We applied a specific targeted/untargeted workflow using data-mining software to allow the rapid and partially automated screening of LC-HRMS/MS raw data. Although the similar structure of phenylfentanyl and b’-phenylfentanyl, we observed several differences in the metabolic fate of the two analogues. The first difference is in the number of metabolites, in fact we characterized 13 phenylfentanyl metabolites and 27 b’phenylfentanyl metabolites. Furthermore, the in vitro formation of 4-anilino-phenethylpiperidine, one of the most common fentanyl analogue metabolites, was observed only for phenylfentanyl. The hydroxylation reactions were preferred for b’phenylfentanyl, targeting the lateral alkyl chain and the phenyl rings. Moreover, phase II metabolites were found only in b’-phenylfentanyl, such as glucuronides and O-methylated metabolites. However, the most intense signal was produced by the N-dealkylated metabolite, the so called nor-metabolites, in both the chromatographic separations. The differences in the metabolic fate suggest an important role of the lateral alkyl chain of fentanyl analogues. An extended in silico metabolic prediction strategy was applied for the prediction of 3fuoro-a-pyrrolidovalerophenon (3f-a-PVP), using three specific freeware to obtain a more comprehensive prediction. The same analytical and data-mining strategy was then applied for the 3f-a-PVP study. The same analytical strategy and data-mining approach was successfully applied to investigate the metabolites produced during the incubations. Ten metabolites were identified after 3 h incubation, including hydrogenated, hydroxylated, oxidated, and N-dealkylated metabolites. A total of 51 phase I and II metabolites were predicted, among which 7 were detected in the incubations. We suggest 3F-α-PVP N-butanoic acid, 3F-α-PVP pentanol, and 3F-α-PVP 2-ketopyrrolidinyl-pentanol as specific biomarkers of 3F-α-PVP consumption. This is the first time that an N-ethanoic acid is detected in the metabolic pathway of a pyrrolidine SC, demonstrating the importance of a dual targeted/untargeted data mining strategy.
Prato, Oleana Olga. "Studio di metaboliti bioattivi da batteri associati a poriferi antartici e da alghe marine." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4009.
Full textBertin, Riccardo. "Studio dell'attività antiossidante di metaboliti secondari da piante medicinali nella prevenzione del danno vascolare." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423093.
Full textLe specie reattive dell’ossigeno e dell’azoto rivestono un ruolo importante nella patogenesi di numerose malattie, tra le quali la neurodegenerazione, l’infiammazione cronica, il cancro e le malattie cardiovascolari come l’aterosclerosi, le cardiopatie ischemiche e l’ipertensione. Studi sperimentali ed epidemiologici suggeriscono l’ipotesi che le modificazioni ossidative a carico dell’endotelio e delle lipoproteine a bassa densità (ox-LDL) rappresentano un fattore di cruciale importanza per l’iniziazione e la progressione dei processi aterosclerotici; preservare perciò l’integrità endoteliale e inibire la perossidazione delle LDL rappresenta una valida strategia per prevenire e, probabilmente, trattare l’aterosclerosi ed altri disordini cardiovascolari. Baicaleina (estratta da Scutellaria baicalensis G.), (-)-bilobalide (Ginkgo biloba L.), eupatorina (Eupatorium semiserratum D.C.), galangina (propoli), magnololo (Magnolia officinalis L.), miricetina (Myrica rubra S.Z.), oleuropeina (Olea europaea L.) e silibinina (Silybum marianum L.) sono composti di origine vegetale ampiamente utilizzati in medicina tradizionale nella cura di svariate malattie. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato focalizzato sulla determinazione della loro capacità antiradicalica, al fine di prevenire la formazione di ox-LDL ed attenuare la disfunzione endoteliale, ricorrendo all’impiego di diversi saggi in vitro ed ex vivo. Le proprietà antiradicaliche dei metaboliti secondari sono state inizialmente studiate ricorrendo ai saggi: a) dell’1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazile (DPPH) scavenging assay, e b) dell’oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Si tratta di metodi che si avvalgono di cinetiche di reazione basate sul trasferimento di singolo elettrone o mediante cessione di un atomo di idrogeno. Il DPPH scavenging assay è stato eseguito entro un intervallo di concentrazioni compreso tra 10^-7 M e 10^-2 M confermando una notevole capacità riducente per ciascun composto polifenolico, specialmente per miricetina, oleuropeina e baicaleina. L’analisi ORAC ha indicato come oleuropeina, miricetina e magnololo siano i composti più attivi. In entrambi i protocolli, il composto (-)-bilobalide non ha mostrato alcuna attività degna di nota. I processi di ossidazione delle LDL potrebbero, di fatto, rappresentare il nesso cruciale tra LDL plasmatiche ed aterogenesi: per questa ragione l'effetto antiossidante di ciascun composto è stato studiato in relazione alla suscettibilità delle LDL umane all'ossidazione. La determinazione del grado di ossidazione delle LDL è stata rilevata misurando la formazione di specie reattive dell’acido tiobarbiturico (TBARS), a seguito dell’incubazione con CuSO4 10 microM e monitorando il profilo cinetico di ossidazione delle LDL a 234 nm. I danni radicalici provocati a carico della frazione lipidica si traducono nella produzione di malondialdeide (MDA), una molecola in grado di reagire con l'acido tiobarbiturico in condizioni di alta temperatura ed acidità generando un addotto cromogeno; i composti oleuropeina 2.5 microM e baicaleina 5 microM hanno evidenziato i minori valori di TBARS, misurati come nMol MDA/mg LDL. Il profilo cinetico delle LDL trattate con ciascun fitocostituente è stato studiato ricorrendo all'indice di lag time. Alla concentrazione di 0.5 microM il magnololo, l’oleuropeina e la miricetina hanno mostrato un grado di protezione delle LDL significativamente più elevato rispetto agli altri polifenoli, con un notevole prolungamento della fase di latenza. Successivamente, si è passati allo studio delle colture primarie di cellule endoteliali umane isolate da vena ombelicale (HUVEC), per indagare la produzione di ROS. Le HUVEC rappresentano infatti un modello di fondamentale importanza nello studio di diversi processi patofisiologici correlati al sistema vascolare. L’attività degli antiossidanti nei confronti dello stress ossidativo è stata misurata nell’intervallo di concentrazione 0.01 - 5 microM mediante il saggio della diclorofluorescina, una sonda fluorimetrica impiegata per valutare la produzione intracellulare di perossidi. La determinazione delle specie reattive dell’ossigeno è stata condotta sia in condizioni basali, sia dopo l'aggiunta di H2O2 500 microM. In condizioni basali, i fitocostituenti hanno mostrato una modesta attività antiossidante mentre in condizioni di stress ossidativo indotto da H2O2, la galangina 5 microM ha dimostrato un più spiccato carattere antiossidante; anche la miricetina ha mostrato un profilo antiossidante significativo a 0.01 microM, 0.1 microM e 5 microM, anche se di minore entità. I risultati ottenuti in vitro suggeriscono che i polifenoli rappresentano una classe di composti naturali in grado di contrastare le disfunzioni ossidative legate all’aterosclerosi. Tali evidenze sperimentali incoraggiano la ricerca futura di derivati vegetali come efficaci agenti dotati di attività antiossidante anche in vivo, al fine di limitare la produzione di ox-LDL e fornire un adeguato presupposto per lo sviluppo di farmaci contro i danni provocati dalle specie radicaliche, in particolare a livello cardiovascolare.
TSOLAKIS, CHRISTOS. "Studio dei metaboliti del vino da vitigni coltivati in Piemonte attraverso l'uso della spettroscopia NMR." Doctoral thesis, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11579/115203.
Full textMASCHIETTO, VALENTINA. "Identificazione di geni, QTL e metaboliti per la resistenza alla fusariosi della spiga in mais." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1731.
Full textFusarium verticillioides is responsible for Fusarium ear rot in maize and mycotoxin contamination of grain. Genomic regions and candidate genes for resistance to Fusarium were detected through the comparison of resistant (CO441) and susceptible (CO354) maize lines, by following three different approaches: Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), transcriptomic (RNASeq) and metabolomic analyses. 184 F2:3 families (CO441xCO354) were evaluated in two different environments in 2011 and artificially infected with two side-needle inoculation methods (pin-bar and toothpick). Significant genotypic variation in response to infection was detected. On the basis of a genetic draft map containing 74 polymorphic SSRs markers, 8 common QTLs for Fusarium ear rot resistance and fumonisin contamination reduction were revealed. Candidate genes for resistance resulted from differentially expressed genes before and 72 hours post infection of CO441 kernels through RNASeq technology. Putative metabolites related to resistance were detected through high resolution LC-MS in both maize lines. Candidate genes and metabolites mapped in pathways involved in defense mechanism: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Abundant genic transcripts derived from terpenoid and diterpenoid biosynthesis. Candidate genes will be screened for polymorphisms between the two maize lines in order to enrich the linkage map.
MASCHIETTO, VALENTINA. "Identificazione di geni, QTL e metaboliti per la resistenza alla fusariosi della spiga in mais." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1731.
Full textFusarium verticillioides is responsible for Fusarium ear rot in maize and mycotoxin contamination of grain. Genomic regions and candidate genes for resistance to Fusarium were detected through the comparison of resistant (CO441) and susceptible (CO354) maize lines, by following three different approaches: Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), transcriptomic (RNASeq) and metabolomic analyses. 184 F2:3 families (CO441xCO354) were evaluated in two different environments in 2011 and artificially infected with two side-needle inoculation methods (pin-bar and toothpick). Significant genotypic variation in response to infection was detected. On the basis of a genetic draft map containing 74 polymorphic SSRs markers, 8 common QTLs for Fusarium ear rot resistance and fumonisin contamination reduction were revealed. Candidate genes for resistance resulted from differentially expressed genes before and 72 hours post infection of CO441 kernels through RNASeq technology. Putative metabolites related to resistance were detected through high resolution LC-MS in both maize lines. Candidate genes and metabolites mapped in pathways involved in defense mechanism: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Abundant genic transcripts derived from terpenoid and diterpenoid biosynthesis. Candidate genes will be screened for polymorphisms between the two maize lines in order to enrich the linkage map.
BOTTERI, LUCIO. "Presenza di erbicidi triazinici e loro metaboliti nelle acque di falda di aree maidicole italiane." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/92058.
Full textThe presence of pesticides in groundwater has emerged as an important environmental issue in the last decades. According to “Rapporto nazionale pesticidi nelle acque - Dati 2015-2016” (ISPRA, 2018), in Italy triazine herbicides and their metabolites are among the substances most frequently detected in water. While terbuthylazine is still used under restriction, atrazine was banned in 1992. The aim of research project is to investigate the presence of atrazine, terbuthylazine and their metabolites in groundwater in Italian maize-growing areas in order to supply data and information on the groundwater quality. The results show that atrazine, terbuthylazine and their metabolites were often detected in groundwater, even if their concentrations were below the limit established by European Commission. Considering these molecules are banned or heavily regulated, it is interesting to evaluate their behavior on a multiannual time scale in order to highlight the groundwater contamination due to the widespread use and to the environmental persistence of these substances.
BOTTERI, LUCIO. "Presenza di erbicidi triazinici e loro metaboliti nelle acque di falda di aree maidicole italiane." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/92058.
Full textThe presence of pesticides in groundwater has emerged as an important environmental issue in the last decades. According to “Rapporto nazionale pesticidi nelle acque - Dati 2015-2016” (ISPRA, 2018), in Italy triazine herbicides and their metabolites are among the substances most frequently detected in water. While terbuthylazine is still used under restriction, atrazine was banned in 1992. The aim of research project is to investigate the presence of atrazine, terbuthylazine and their metabolites in groundwater in Italian maize-growing areas in order to supply data and information on the groundwater quality. The results show that atrazine, terbuthylazine and their metabolites were often detected in groundwater, even if their concentrations were below the limit established by European Commission. Considering these molecules are banned or heavily regulated, it is interesting to evaluate their behavior on a multiannual time scale in order to highlight the groundwater contamination due to the widespread use and to the environmental persistence of these substances.
Gallina, Guglielmo. "Marker urinari di trattamenti illeciti nel vitello: il residuo, i suoi metaboliti e nuovi parametri fisiologici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425474.
Full textZIGHETTI, CAMILLA. "Valutazione del rischio mediante uno studio di higher tier per pesticidi e relativi metaboliti in Italia." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/72716.
Full textRecently, several regulations have been published, among which we find Decision 2015/495 which contains a list of contaminants with emerging problems. Among these we find Triallate, an herbicide on which this project was based. In this paper, the results of a three-year study on two metabolites of Triallate (DIPA and TCPSA) were compared with the data emerging from models (FOCUS-Pearl ). At the end we check if these data were in agreement or if the values of the modeling provided a largely protective protection towards the environment.
ZIGHETTI, CAMILLA. "Valutazione del rischio mediante uno studio di higher tier per pesticidi e relativi metaboliti in Italia." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/72716.
Full textRecently, several regulations have been published, among which we find Decision 2015/495 which contains a list of contaminants with emerging problems. Among these we find Triallate, an herbicide on which this project was based. In this paper, the results of a three-year study on two metabolites of Triallate (DIPA and TCPSA) were compared with the data emerging from models (FOCUS-Pearl ). At the end we check if these data were in agreement or if the values of the modeling provided a largely protective protection towards the environment.
CROBU, Salvatore. "Analisi comparativa dei metaboliti presenti nelle urine di soggetti sani ed affetti da carcinoma alla vescica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337595.
Full textFor several years proteomics research has been expected to lead to the finding of new markers that will translate into clinical tests applicable to samples such as serum, plasma and urine: so-called in vitro diagnostics (IVDs). Attempts to implement technologies applied in proteomics as 2DE, Immuno Blotting, Mass Spectrometry have initiated constructive discussions on opportunities and challenges inherent in such a translation process also with respect to the use of multi-marker profiling approaches and pattern signatures in IVD. It is mandatory to fulfil requirements in routine IVD, including disease prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring or follow up among others. To fulfill IVD requirements, it is essential to provide diagnostic tests that allow for definite and reliable diagnosis tied to a decision on interventions (prevention, treatment, or non treatment), meet stringent performance characteristics for each analyte (in particular test accuracy, including both precision of the measurement and trueness of the measurement), and provide adequate diagnostic accuracy, i.e., diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity, determined by the desired positive and negative predictive values which depend on disease frequency. The fulfilment of essential IVD requirements is mandatory in the regulated environment of modern diagnostics. Addressing IVD needs at an early stage can support a timely and effective transition of findings and developments into routine diagnosis. IVD needs reflect features that are useful in clinical practice. This helps to generate acceptance and assists the implementation process. The medical need for relevant biomarkers is enormous. This is particularly true for the many types of cancer, but other diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (DMT1) also lack useful and adequate diagnostic markers with high specificity and sensitivity. Despite advances in imaging technologies for early detection of diseases, proteomic and peptidomic multiplex techniques and metabolomics statistical analysis have evolved in recent years.
Dijana, Pantelić. "Potencijal sekundarnih metabolita cijanobakterija kao biomarkera u paleoklimatskoj rekonstrukciji." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104926&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textThis PhD thesis analyzed the production and stability of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. The results describe the effects of pH, temperature and light source combined with the effects of medium nitrogen content on the production of the MOSA and MOMA compounds of aquatic and soil cyanobacterial strains through AMMI model. The application of the AMMI model represents a significant contribution to the selection of appropriate biomarkers in the paleoclimatic reconstructions because it reveals the increased production of certain secondary metabolites in certain environmental conditions. MOSA compounds were observed in 8 out of 15 soil and aquatic cyanobacterial strains, while MOMA compounds were found in all 15 strains. Results show that exposure to UV light induced a higher synthesis of both pigments. The production of the MOSA compounds was clearly increased by UV irradiation and other treatments did not show a significant impact on its production. The production of MOMA compounds was increased by several stress factors including pH (pH 9.0), temperature (30-35 °C), nitrogen content and UV irradiation. A higher concentration of nitrogen in the medium did not influence the increase in the production of MOSA compounds in most of the analyzed strains, while it significantly influenced the increase in the production of MOMA in all analyzed strains.By analyzing the production of pigments in 19 loess cultures, phycobilins and MOSA were present in all examined loess isolates, while presence of MOMA was not detected in two samples from China. In control conditions, it was observed degradation of phycobilins depending on time, but MOSA and MOMA showed a stable structure.Stability assessment of the MOSA and MOMA by the treatment with abiotic factors (different pH and temperature values of the medium, different time of exposure to UV light) revealed their pronounced stability on tested abiotic factors. Considering unstable structure of phycobilins in the presence of bacterial strains, phycobilins cannot be considered as biomarkers in loess studies. Detected results indicate that MOSA and MOMA have stable core structures resistant to bacterial strains, which makes them potentially good biomarkers for paleoclimatic reconstruction.Moreover, the presence of MOSA and MOMA compounds was confirmed in loess sediment samples and BLC. Also, the LC-MS(/MS) method revealed the presence of scytonemin in 10 terrestrial cyanobacterial cultures.Testing of the toxicity of loess cyanobacterial cultures and their ability to produce microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins, negative results were obtained. The development of new methods for detection of cyanotoxins in terrestrial ecosystems is necessary in order to revise obtained results. By assessing the stability of microcystins of the reference strain of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, its pronounced stability was observed over a 96 h in control conditions and in the presence of three bacterial strains.Due to MOSA and MOMA narrow environment and organism specificity, as well as its structural stability, these metabolites are designated with a strong potential to be used as a cyanobacterial biomarker in paleoclimatic research. Due to the inability to detect cyanotoxins in loess cyanobacteria, despite the pronounced stability of the microcystin of the reference strain, cyanotoxins cannot be considered as adequate biomarkers of cyanobacteria in geological research.The production of the MOSA and MOMA compounds across examined stress conditions, and further, their presence in loess samples and BLCs indicate the potential of these compounds to be regarded as biomarkers in paleoclimatic research of lacustrine/marine and loess sediments. Setting up the BLOCDUST theory and determining stability of MOSA and MOMA compounds and their aplication as a convinient biomarkers of cyanobacteria in paleoclimatic reconstruction provides the foundation for many future research of invaluable scientific significance, especially in the paleoclimatic reconstruction of loess. The proposed scenario can be considered as one of the basic model for paleoclimatic reconstruction.
Locatelli, Marcello <1979>. "Metodologie analitiche combinate di spettrometria di massa per lo studio di impurezze in farmaci e di metaboliti di biomolecole." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/300/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_LOCATELLI.pdf.
Full textLocatelli, Marcello <1979>. "Metodologie analitiche combinate di spettrometria di massa per lo studio di impurezze in farmaci e di metaboliti di biomolecole." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/300/.
Full textGALLO, ANTONIO. "Studi sull'assorbimento e sull'escrezione delle aflatossine nella vacca da latte: tecniche di riduzione del carry over dei metaboliti nel latte." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/299.
Full textAflatoxins are the most potent natural carcinogenic compound present in nature. Aflatoxin B1 is poorly degraded in the rumen and is excreted in milk as aflatoxin M1 with a carry-over rate of 1-3%. The present work investigated rate and schedule of aflatoxins plasma appearance following an oral contaminated bolus to verify how these toxins are absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract of dairy cows. Aflatoxins plasma and milk appearances were also investigated using a non-absorbing mucosa to understand the possible aflatoxins absorption mechanism through mucous membranes. A trial was carried out in lactating dairy cows to study the carry over of ingested aflatoxin B1 in milk as aflatoxin M1 in relation to milk yield and somatic cells count, the latter as indicator of udder inflammatory processes. sequestering capacity of different kinds of mycotoxins sequestering agents were compared in vitro trial carried out at different experimental conditions. The behaviour of the aflatoxins-adsorbents complexes through digestive tract of lactating dairy cows were also investigated in vivo by measuring appearance of aflatoxin M1 into milk. An in vivo trial was conducted to verify if effect of pelletizing or simply mixing processes is useful to improve mycotoxins sequestering agents efficacy in dairy cow nutrition.
GALLO, ANTONIO. "Studi sull'assorbimento e sull'escrezione delle aflatossine nella vacca da latte: tecniche di riduzione del carry over dei metaboliti nel latte." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/299.
Full textAflatoxins are the most potent natural carcinogenic compound present in nature. Aflatoxin B1 is poorly degraded in the rumen and is excreted in milk as aflatoxin M1 with a carry-over rate of 1-3%. The present work investigated rate and schedule of aflatoxins plasma appearance following an oral contaminated bolus to verify how these toxins are absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract of dairy cows. Aflatoxins plasma and milk appearances were also investigated using a non-absorbing mucosa to understand the possible aflatoxins absorption mechanism through mucous membranes. A trial was carried out in lactating dairy cows to study the carry over of ingested aflatoxin B1 in milk as aflatoxin M1 in relation to milk yield and somatic cells count, the latter as indicator of udder inflammatory processes. sequestering capacity of different kinds of mycotoxins sequestering agents were compared in vitro trial carried out at different experimental conditions. The behaviour of the aflatoxins-adsorbents complexes through digestive tract of lactating dairy cows were also investigated in vivo by measuring appearance of aflatoxin M1 into milk. An in vivo trial was conducted to verify if effect of pelletizing or simply mixing processes is useful to improve mycotoxins sequestering agents efficacy in dairy cow nutrition.
Trezza, Maicol. "Analisi sperimentale della composizione del liquido di dialisi mediante spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica nucleare." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Find full textMalicoutis, Flavia. "Studio del ruolo dei differenti metaboliti degli ellagitannini nella modulazione del processo infiammatorio: analisi trascrittomica delle diverse tipologie di attivazione macrofagica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15598/.
Full textGHISONI, SILVIA. "UNTARGETED METABOLOMIC FINGERPRINTING FOR AUTHENTICITY AND TRACEABILITY OF FOODS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/72714.
Full textNowadays, food traceability is a growing consumer interest worldwide. Food traceability could be considered a fundamental tool for ensuring safety and high quality of food. Food quality is based not only on the safety and integrity of food, but also on the authenticity, the genuineness of the raw material and the geographical origin. The aim of the work was to investigate the potential of untargeted metabolomics to ensure the authenticity and traceability of foods. Secondary metabolites, like polyphenols and sterols, could be conveniently used to meet this goal due to their chemical diversity and their responses to environmental stimuli. Samples were analyzed through UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS. The obtained data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. The obtained results showed that secondary metabolites can be efficiently used for authenticity and traceability purposes, with regards to cultivars and geographical origin. These information confirm the role of environmental factors in shaping the actual profile of secondary metabolites in plant foods. The markers found could be used for a target quantification method, a less expensive and less sophisticated analysis, in order to provide an efficient tool that could help to guarantee food quality on routine basis.
GHISONI, SILVIA. "UNTARGETED METABOLOMIC FINGERPRINTING FOR AUTHENTICITY AND TRACEABILITY OF FOODS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/72714.
Full textNowadays, food traceability is a growing consumer interest worldwide. Food traceability could be considered a fundamental tool for ensuring safety and high quality of food. Food quality is based not only on the safety and integrity of food, but also on the authenticity, the genuineness of the raw material and the geographical origin. The aim of the work was to investigate the potential of untargeted metabolomics to ensure the authenticity and traceability of foods. Secondary metabolites, like polyphenols and sterols, could be conveniently used to meet this goal due to their chemical diversity and their responses to environmental stimuli. Samples were analyzed through UHPLC-ESI/QTOF-MS. The obtained data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. The obtained results showed that secondary metabolites can be efficiently used for authenticity and traceability purposes, with regards to cultivars and geographical origin. These information confirm the role of environmental factors in shaping the actual profile of secondary metabolites in plant foods. The markers found could be used for a target quantification method, a less expensive and less sophisticated analysis, in order to provide an efficient tool that could help to guarantee food quality on routine basis.
MARCHETTI, LUCIA. "Tecniche innovative per la caratterizzazione di prodotti naturali quali fonti di composti attivi e valutazione della loro attività biologica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1278348.
Full textPlant extracts mainly consist in complex mixtures of chemically different bioactive compounds also known as secondary metabolites. In most cases, the bioactivity of natural products is not ascribable to a single compound, but rather to a multitude of them acting in a synergistic way. In this view, the complete definition of all the phytochemical constituents represents a key point to ensure the efficacy, reliability, and safety in the use of herbal medicines. Even today, the quality and authenticity assessment of herbal raw materials is frequently impaired by the lack of validated analytical methods and by the limited availability of certified references. Techniques for the analysis of herbal extracts and nutraceuticals need to be developed and upgraded continuously since different combinations of ingredients are employed in new formulations. In view of the above, the current PhD project was focused on the development and application of innovative analytical methods for the analysis of plant bioactive secondary metabolites. Particular attention was paid to plants of pharmaceutical (Cannabis sativa L., and Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.) and nutraceutical interest (Morus alba L., Aloysia polystachya Griseb. et Moldenke). Different in-vitro assays for the bioactivity evaluation of these plants’ extracts were also the object of this PhD Thesis. In Chapter 1, the NMR technique was applied for the determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fiber-type Cannabis female inflorescences. The analytical method was developed and fully validated to show compliance with international requirements. This technique finds application in the monitoring of the plant material, to guarantee a better reproducibility for biological assays, and to ensure the efficacy and safety of Cannabis-derived products. As a continuation of this project, the potentialities and drawbacks of separation and non-separation methods for the analysis of cannabinoids were considered and compared. Finally, C. sativa non-psychoactive varieties were selected for the preparation of cannabinoids rich extracts to evaluate their antiproliferative activity, by using cellular models. In Chapter 2 the chemical composition of Italian mulberry was investigated, as a source of phytochemicals in the context of new therapeutic approaches for diabetes mellitus. The first aim was to assess the quality of the plant material in comparison to Far Eastern Asia cultivations, where mulberry has been considered as a medicine for the treatment of diabetes for decades. The antiglycative capacity and hypoglycaemic effect of leaf extracts were evaluated on different in vitro models, to understand the potentialities of mulberry for the therapy of hyperglycaemia. Finally, the development of novel strategies for delaying the release of mulberry active constituents and enhancing therapeutic results will be discussed and are intended as the conclusion of this research project. In Chapter 3 the chemical composition of S. campanulata was investigated by HPLC-ESI-MS2, to clarify which are the most active components responsible for the inhibition of H. pylori growth. The aim was also to disclose the mechanisms underlying the biological activity. In Chapter 4 the phenolic composition of A. polystachya was investigated by means of three different MS techniques coupled to HPLC. The analytical method was developed and validated for the identification of metabolites and some phenylpropanoids were detected in this plant for the first time.
Dedhia, Neilay N. Bailey James E. "Metabolic engineering of central carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli : improving the production of biomass and metabolites /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1995. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01252007-075907.
Full textMarra, Valentina <1982>. "Messa a punto di un metodo analitico per la determinazione di metaboliti ossidrilati di PCB (PCB-OH) in specie ittiche di interesse alimentare." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3037.
Full textDe, Marchi Fabiola. "Studio dei metaboliti chimici dell'uva finalizzato a valutare le potenzialità enologiche, nutraceutiche ed industriali di alcune varietà di vite e nuovi approcci di metabolomica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423516.
Full textL’uva, il vino ed i sottoprodotti dell’industria enologica sono ricche fonti di polifenoli e flavonoidi, quali flavonoli, antociani, flavanoli e proantocianidine. Questi composti determinano le caratteristiche sensoriali delle uve e dei vini, come il colore, il sapore e l’astringenza. Numerosi studi epidemiologici hanno dimostrato che questi composti esercitano un’azione benefica sulla salute umana e proteggono dall’insorgere di patologie croniche e degenerative soprattutto a carico dell’apparato cardiovascolare, grazie alle loro proprietà antiossidanti, anticancro, antinfiammatorie ed antimicrobiche. Questi biocomponenti, una volta estratti dalle varie parti della pianta, possono trovare importanti applicazioni come principi attivi di supplementi farmaceutici con attività antiossidante, ingredienti a valore aggiunto in alimenti fortificati, coloranti e conservanti naturali per l’industria alimentare. Lo scopo della ricerca è quello di studiare, mediante le moderne tecniche analitiche di spettrofotometria, cromatografia e spettrometria di massa (MALDI/MS, LC/MS, GC/MS), i metaboliti nelle uve di alcune varietà di Vitis vinifera e di viti ibride ad oggi poco conosciute al fine di individuarne le potenzialità enologiche, nutraceutiche ed industriali. Sono state valutate le potenzialità enologiche di nove varietà di V. vinifera appartenenti a vitigni autoctoni del Friuli Venezia Giulia e del Veneto, attraverso lo studio delle principali classi di polifenoli e aromi delle uve e dei principali parametri chimici e profili organolettici dei vini. Inoltre, sono state studiate le uve di 32 varietà di viti ibride (21 rosse e 11 bianche) presenti nella collezione del Germoplasma viticolo del CRA-VIT al fine di valutarne le potenzialità per i loro impieghi industriali e nella nutraceutica. Lo studio degli antociani delle varietà ibride rosse ha evidenzato alcune varietà particolarmente ricche di pigmenti (es. il Seibel 8357) e quindi interessanti per la produzione di coloranti naturali che vengono impiegati in particolare nell’industria alimentare e farmaceutica. Lo studio dei trigliceridi dell’olio di vinaccioli delle uve ibride ha evidenziato che in generale queste varietà hanno un elevato contenuto di acido linoleico (superiore al 70%), un acido grasso essenziale avente la proprietà di diminuire i livelli di colesterolo LDL, ed alcune varietà particolarmente interessanti per la loro produttività (Bacò 1 e Seibel 10878). Le potenzialità nutraceutiche di queste varietà sono state investigate anche studiando le proantocianidine negli estratti di vinaccioli. Sono state determinate numerose proantocianidine oligomere e polimere aventi diversi gradi di galloilazione, utilizzabili, oltre che come preparati antiossidanti, anche come tannini enologici per la chiarifica di mosti e vini. Infine, è stato sviluppato un nuovo metodo per lo studio della metabolomica dell’uva mediante analisi di spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione (HR-MS) con un approccio di “suspect screening analysis”. Il metodo è risultato molto efficace, ed ha permesso l’identificazione di centinaia di metaboliti con una singola analisi, incluse diverse classi di polifenoli dell’uva
Long, Cai. "Identification of essential metabolites in metabolite networks." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43554.
Full textBeard, Katherine F. M. "Investigating metabolite channelling in primary plant metabolism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8172377f-5eca-4825-b6f1-5c10f02bede5.
Full textBickerton, Alex Sam Thomas. "Fat metabolism and the metabolic syndrome." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9108a8ca-8b3e-4e45-98e2-4765c009774f.
Full textSchauer, Nicolas. "Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for metabolite accumulation and metabolic regulation : metabolite profiling of interspecific crosses of tomato." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98050886X.
Full textÖfverman, Charlotte. "Progesterone metabolites : learning, tolerance, antagonism & metabolism." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Obstetrik och gynekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-27064.
Full textÖfverman, Charlotte. "Progesterone metabolites learning, tolerance, antagonism & metabolism /." Umeå : Umeå university, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-27064.
Full textAarts, Michelle M. "Metabolism and immune effects of sulfamethoxazole and hydroxylamine metabolite." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21080.pdf.
Full textReaich, David. "Protein and carbohydrate metabolism in metabolic acidosis." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308003.
Full textKulkarni, Aditya S. "Metabolic Studies of Albomycin Biosynthesis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439979936.
Full textVarela, Ramirex Cristian. "Metabolism and transport of complex metabolites of mycobacteria." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5412/.
Full textNgouloure, Abdel Karim. "Utilizzo di colture di biocontrollo in frutta e verdura di IV gamma." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23328/.
Full textMarsland, C. H. "Chirality of urinary metabolites in inherited metabolic disorders." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1989. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20019/.
Full textWalsh, Kelly Robert. "Digestion and intestinal metabolism of soyisoflavonoids and isoflavonoid metabolites." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1154699096.
Full textAndreola, Diego <1991>. "Elaborazione di un metodo di analisi per la determinazione di metaboliti volatili che consentono l'individuazione in fase precoce della presenza di muffe in ambienti chiusi mediante GC-MS e desorbimento termico." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12137.
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