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Journal articles on the topic 'Metaboliti'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Henry Federico. "Urgenza e meccanismo di biosintesi dei metaboliti secondari microbici marini." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i3.543.

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Il microrganismo marino è una delle potenziali risorse biologicamente attive dei metaboliti secondari. La sua potenza è così promettente che è necessario studiare e raccogliere la conoscenza di come si è verificato il suo metabolita secondario. Tali conoscenze consentiranno ulteriori studi stanno migliorando la produzione di metaboliti secondari in laboratorio. In natura, la sintesi dei metaboliti secondari si verifica quando vi sono l'effetto di fattori sia biotici che abiotici come l'acqua di mare e la simbiosi microbica con altri materiali viventi. Quando questo è spiegato nelle vie metaboliche, la sintesi dei metaboliti secondari è influenzata dal nutriente disponibile e regolata da molecole autoinducenti attraverso il meccanismo di rilevamento del quorum.
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2

Origgi, D., L. T. Mainardi, A. Falini, G. Calabrese, G. Scotti, S. Cerutti, and G. Tosi. "Quantificazione automatica di spettri 1H ed estrazione di mappe metaboliche da acquisizioni CSI mediante Wavelet Packets." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300106.

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La quantificazione dei picchi spettrali del segnale di spettroscopia 1H in risonanza magnetica, utile per un'analisi metabolica dei tessuti in-vivo, richiede un tempo di elaborazione elevato, soprattutto quando si tratta di acquisizioni CSI dove ad essere elaborata è un'intera matrice di dati. Inoltre, la sovrapposizione dei picchi, maggiormente marcata negli spettri con tempo di eco breve (20 ms), rende spesso difficoltosa la separazione dei singoli contributi metabolici. Si propone pertanto un metodo automatico per la quantificazione dei metaboliti, che utilizza l'algoritmo delle Wavelet Packets per scomporre il segnale nel dominio del tempo (FID) in sottobande. La stima dei parametri di ampiezza, fase, frequenza e smorzamento viene quindi eseguita nelle sottobande, dove cadono i picchi di interesse, mediante metodi di predizione lineare basati sulla scomposizione a valori singolari (LPSDV). L'ampiezza stimata dei picchi viene infine utilizzata sia per il calcolo dei rapporti metabolici sia per l'estrazione di mappe metaboliche. Il metodo di quantificazione proposto è stato messo a punto su fantocci e poi applicato alle acquisizioni di volontari sani e infine su alcuni pazienti. L'elaborazione automatica dei dati spettroscopici con il metodo proposto offre la possibilità di studiare in modo efficace ed affidabile i metaboliti cerebrali nonché di rappresentare la loro distribuzione spaziale mediante mappe metaboliche.
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Bianchi, Alfio Ernesto, Antonio Maggi, and Riccardo Raddino. "Il microbiota intestinale, tra salute e malattia: un vero attore a due facce." CARDIOLOGIA AMBULATORIALE 30, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17473/1971-6818-2021-2-1.

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Il microbiota intestinale è un ecosistema batterico cha ha proprietà difensive per l’ospite ma che in particolari condizioni può produrre metaboliti tossici e dannosi per l’organismo. Metaboliti benefici sono gli acidi grassi a catena corta (SCAF), i metaboliti biliari ed i probiotici. Metaboliti dannosi sono la trimetilamina-N-ossidata (TMAO), i lipopolisaccaridi (LPS) e le tossine uremiche. La permeabilità della mucosa intestinale è la causa principale del passaggio in circolo di metaboliti dannosi. Il microbiota può intervenire in modo difensivo o dannoso in molte patologie cardiovascolari come la cardiopatia ischemica e lo scompenso ed in situazioni cliniche come il diabete, l’obesità, la malattia renale, la colite ulcerosa, il morbo di Chron e le malattie neurodegenerative. La dieta corretta è il cardine per mantenere una una favorevole funzionalità del microbiota.
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4

Reo, Albert R., Siegfried Berhimpon, and Roike Montolalu. "Secondary Metaboliti of Gorgonia, Paramuricea clavata." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 5, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.1.2017.14971.

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Gorgonians are important organisms living around coral reefs. They have high abundance and very important ecological role. They can be found in shalow to deep sea. Gorgonians belong to octoral taxon rarely studied either their taxonomy or other aspects. Some studies have informed that gorgonians can produce secondary metabolites as anti-bacteria. These belong to terpenoid, alkaloid, and steroid groups. The objective of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, through several analytical steps, i.e. extraction, partition, chromatograpgy, and spectroscopy. Extraction was done through 5 phases of maceration and then continued with partition, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The secondary metabolites detected in ethyl acetate solvent, such as flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and saponin, were the same as those in n-hexane solvent, while not all these compounds were detected in methanol solvent.Steroid was found in all gorgonian samples extracted in all solvent materials used in this study. Triterpenoid was also detected in gorgonian skin and axial extract using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Saponin was detected in all gorgonian extract, except the axial extract using ethyl acetate solvent. Keywords: Secondary metabolite, Gorgonia, anti-bacteria. Abstrak Gorgonia merupakan organisme penting yang hidup di sekitar terumbu karang. Hewan ini memiliki kelimpahan besar dan peranan ekologis yang sangat ppenting. Organisme ini dapat ditemukan di perairan dangkal sampai laut dalam. Gorgonia termasuk taksa octokoralia yang jarang diteliti baik taksonominya maupun aspek-aspek lain. Beberapa penelitian telah menginformasikan bahwa gorgonia dapat menghasilkan metablit sekunder sebagai anti-baketri. Senyawa-senyawa ini termask golongan terpenoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan metabolit sekunder gorgonia (Paramuricea clavata) melalui beberapa tahap analisis, yaitu ekstraksi, partisi, kromatografi, dan spektroskopi. Ekstraksi dilakukan melalui 5 tahap maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan partisi, kromatografi, dan spectroskopy. Metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi pada larutan ethil asetat, seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin adalah sama dengan pada pelarut n-heksan, sedangkan tidak semua senyawa ini terdeteksi pada pelarut metanol. Steroid ditemukan pada semua sampel gorgonia yang diekstrak dalam semua bahan pelarut yang digunakan pada penelitian ini. Triterpenoid terdeteksi pada ekstrak kulit dan aksial gorgonia yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat, n-hexane, dan methanol. Saponin terdeteksi pada semua ekstrak gorgonia, kecuali ekstrak axial yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat.
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5

Mikić, Sanja, and Shakoor Ahmad. "Benzoxazinoids - protective secondary metabolites in cereals: The role and application." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 55, no. 1 (2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov55-12211.

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6

Radosavljević, Vladan. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their urinary metabolites and health." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 3 (2021): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-32819.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) stated as one of its conclusions that air pollution is a leading environmental health risk. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens (above five hundred compounds) that cause lung and skin cancer, especially in occupationally exposed workers. By significantly reducing emissions from modern combustion plants, traffic control, and strict smoking bans in public places, PAHs exposure can be reduced. PAH exposure ought to be better investigated, especially in the field of mass biomonitoring of the urinary concentrations of their major metabolites. Such biomonitoring ought to integrate exposures to chemical carcinogens from different sources (air, water, food, consumer products, professional procedures, etc.), as well as exposure to chemical noxae through the respiratory tract by (inhalation), digestive tract (ingestion), or through the skin. Analysis of the concentration of main PAHs metabolites in urine must be done with highly sophisticated equipment for a valid database to be obtained. The data thus obtained are necessary for risk assessment and health policymaking in order to reduce exposure to chemical carcinogens.
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Radosavljević, Vladan. "Urinary metabolites as indicators of human exposure to chemical carcinogens." Zdravstvena zastita 50, no. 4 (2021): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zdravzast50-34153.

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Population exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens is a growing public health problem. Carcinogenic chemicals may be classified into two groups: genotoxic and non-genotoxic. A genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce the development of cancer, either in direct interaction with DNA or with cell structures, which are responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity. A non-genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce cancer indirectly by entering the processes of cancer etiopathogenesis. Previous research studies indicate that inorganic arsenic compounds may be associated with various malign diseases (lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, skin, kidney, liver and prostate cancer). Inorganic arsenic is mainly present in meat, dairy products and grains, while organic arsenic (arsenobetaine) is present in seafood, fruit and vegetables. Benzene metabolites are associated with different types of leukemias and lymphomas, benzidine with bladder cancer, nickel with lung cancer, chromium compounds with lung cancer, nose and nasal sinus cancer. The greatest occupational exposure to benzene is in industry (leather, electronic device, shoes, sports equipment), while people may come into contact with benzidine through consumer goods (leather products, clothes, toys). The highest concentrations of nickel were measured in the beans, walnuts and grains. Cadmium and cadmium compounds cause lung cancer, and influence the occurrence of renal and prostate cancer. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in respondents with high concentrations of urinary metabolites of aflatoxin (aflatoxin N7-gvanine adducts). Lindane isomers are present in dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, garden fruit, oils and lipids, leaf and root vegetables and sugar, and they cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There is a positive correlation between the consumption of Aristolochia plants and the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma. There are no screening examinations for the identification of persons who are at great risk of developing malign disease in the next 10 or 20 years. As for the prevention of malign diseases, it is necessary to put an accent on finding the adequate methods for determining the concentrations of urinary metabolites for toxic chemical carcinogens and define their risk values.
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Mikić, Sanja, and Shakoor Ahmad. "Benzoxazinoids - protective secondary metabolites in cereals: Biochemistry and genetic control." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 55, no. 1 (2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov55-12210.

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9

Sarchielli, P., R. Tarducci, O. Presciutti, F. Vicinanza, G. Guercini, G. P. Pelliccioli, G. Gobbi, and V. Gallai. "Spettroscopia protonica in vivo nello studio della sclerosi laterale amiotrofica." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300111.

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Il presente studio è stato volto a verificare le modificazioni di alcuni metaboliti cerebrali in corso di SLA mediante RM spettroscopica cerebrale e quantificazione assoluta dei metaboliti. Sono stati studiati 12 pazienti affetti da sclerosi laterale amiotrofica, di sesso maschile ed età media: 53,0 ± 5,32 anni, 7 nella forma definita e 5 nella forma probabile. Lo studio ha evidenziato, a livello della sostanza grigia dell'area motoria primaria, una riduzione significativa dei livelli di N-Acetil-Aspartato rispetto ai soggetti di controllo (8,5 ± 0,6 mM vs 10,4 ± 0,7 mM, p< 0,001), più marcata nei pazienti ad esordio bulbare ed in quelli con evidenze neuroradiologiche di ipointensità di segnale a carico della corteccia motoria. Non erano evidenti differenze significative relativamente ai valori di N-Acetil-Aspartato tra pazienti con diagnosi definita e quelli con forma probabile.
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10

Parnetti, L., F. Corea, V. Gallai, R. Tarducci, O. Presciutti, G. Gobbi, E. Leone, P. Floridi, and G. P. Pelliccioli. "Ruolo della spettroscopia protonica nella malattia di Alzheimer." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300110.

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La spettroscopia protonica è un metodo di studio neuroradiologico non invasivo che ottiene informazioni sulla funzione cerebrale identificando diversi metaboliti, sulla base del loro contenuto protonico. Questo articolo paragona i profili dei rilievi su sostanza bianca a grigia in pazienti affetti da malattia di Alzheimer (AD), a diverso livello di gravità. Si ritrova una significativa riduzione dell'N-Acetil-Aspartato (NAA) nel cervello dei pazienti AD a confronto con i casi controllo con un orientamento opposto per il mio-inositolo (ml). La spettroscopia protonica si è dimostrata mezzo diagnostico utile addizionale nello studio della fisiopatologia dell'Alzheimer e del risultato terapeutico.
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11

Kiš, Maja, and Jelka Pleadin. "T-2 i HT-2 toksini u hrani i hrani za životinje." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, no. 1-2 (September 3, 2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.1-2.6.

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Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti plijesni koji imaju toksičan učinak na zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Smatraju se neizbježnim onečišćivačima hrane i hrane za životinje, a predstavljaju problem u cijelom svijetu jer se njihova koncentracija ne smanjuje ni nakon uobičajenih postupaka prerade hrane. T-2 toksin i njegov glavni metabolit HT-2 pripadaju velikoj grupi trihotecenskih mikotoksina. T-2 toksin se smatra najtoksičnijim predstavnikom trihotecenskih mikotoksina tipa A, a proizvode ga plijesni roda Fusarium, načešće Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae i Fusarium sporotrichioides. Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje raka (IARC) je uvrstila T-2 toksin u skupinu 3, među spojeve koji se ne mogu klasificirati kao ljudski karcinogeni. Ipak, izraženo citotoksično, imunosupresivno i hematotoksično djelovanje T-2 i HT-2 toksina može uzrokovati kronične bolesti kod ljudi i životinja. Daljnja istraživanja ovih mikotoksina su nužna s obzirom na nedostatak toksikoloških podataka te kako bi se odredila njihova prisutnost u hrani i hrani za životinje i efikasne metode dekontaminacije onečišćenih sirovina i proizvoda. Kako bi se izbjegli negativni učinci T-2, HT-2 toksina i ostalih trihotecenskih mikotoksina na zdravlje ljudi i životinja, važno je sprječavanje rasta plijesni i sustavan nadzor sirovina i finalnih proizvoda namijenjenih prehrani ljudi i hranidbi životinja.
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Fejzuli, Liridone, Božica Solomun Kolanović, Jagoda Šušković, Blaženka Kos, and Nina Bilandžić. "Aminoglikozidni antibiotici – primjena u veterinarstvu i kontrola u hrani životinjskog podrijetla." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.3-4.2.

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Aminoglikozidni antibiotici se upotrebljavaju u terapiji bolesti, kao aditivi stočnoj hrani, ili kao promotori rasta kako bi se poticao rast životinja. Dio apliciranih antibiotika se akumulira unutar različitih tkiva, a dio se izlučuje kroz urin, izmet, mlijeko i jaja tretiranih životinja, bilo kao nemetabolizirani ishodišni spojevi, ili kao njihovi metaboliti. To može predstavljati stvarnu prijetnju potrošaču, kroz izloženost ostacima antibiotika, a moguć je razvoj i prijenos antibiotičke rezistencije ili pojava alergija i drugih zdravstvenih poremećaja. Negativni aspekti uporabe antibiotika kod životinja potvrđuju važnost kontinuiranog praćenja ostataka antibiotika, kao i razvoja učinkovitih analitičkih tehnika za utvrđivanje njihove bioakumulacije u tkivima i precizne koncentracije ostataka antibiotika u proizvodima životinjskog podrijetla namijenjenih ljudskoj prehrani.
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Vadlja, Denis, Tonči Rezić, and Antonio Starčević. "Održivost uporabe ninskog peloida za primjenu u peloterapiji." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 17, no. 3-4 (2022): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.17.3-4.1.

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Evolucijski gledano, znanstveni dokazi upućuju da je život nastao u pretečama vodenih ekosustava kao nakupinama toplog blata bogatog hranjivim tvarima i mineralima. Ove vrste blata, također zvane peloidi, nastaju nakupljanjem organskih tvari i njihovim miješanjem sa anorganskim tvarima iz gline. Miješanje pospješuju slatka i morska voda bogate mineralima. Nalazišta peloida su često plitke i zatvorene lagune, stalno izložene visokom UV zračenju, koncentraciji soli i temperaturi, zapravo ekstremna okruženja za život brojnih mikroorganizama. Mikroorganizmi koriste minerale iz okoliša, razlažu organske tvari, dakle ostatke biljaka i drugih makro i mikroorganizama i prilikom prilagodbe na okolišne uvjete sintetiziraju široku paletu primarnih i sekundarnih metabolita s ciljem obrane i prilagodbe na ekstremne uvjete okoliša. Na ovaj način sintetizirani metaboliti imaju brojno i raznoliko djelovanje, a svoju potencijalnu primjenu pronalaze u biotehnološkoj, kozmetičkoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. Unatoč dva tisućljeća stare i dokazane uporabe u ljekovite i medicinske svrhe, ali i jake turističke i medijske promocije, u modernom je razdoblju mali broj znanstvenika svoje znanje i sposobnost okušao u istraživanju ljekovitosti i dokazivanja dobrobiti ili pak štetnosti uporabe i terapije ninskim peloidom na ljudsko tijelo. Studija temeljena na znanstvenom istraživanju, zajedno sa sastavljanjem racionalnog i održivog plana uporabe ninskog peloida kao prirodnog resursa, bila bi temelj potencijalne komercijalizacije nalazišta i njegove primjene u medicinskoj, farmaceutskoj i biotehnološkoj industriji.
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Vezzoli, Giuseppe, Lorenza Macrina, and Teresa Arcidiacono. "Citocromi P450 ed interazione tra i farmaci." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 26, no. 4 (November 27, 2014): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2014.939.

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Il citocromo P450 è una famiglia di enzimi coinvolti nel matabolismo di diversi farmaci. Attraverso di essi si verificano fenomeni di interazione che possono fare insorgere tossicità farmacologica oppure ridurre l'efficacia terapeutica dei medicinali. I farmaci antiepilettici, come la carbamazepina, attivano l'espressione del citocromo P450 CYP24A1 e possono perciò causare deficit di vitamina D accelerando il catabolismo dei suoi metaboliti attivi. Altri farmaci possono modificare l'attività di altri enzimi della citocromo P450. Tra questi l'omeprazolo inibisce CYP3A4 e attraverso di esso aumenta l'attività dei calcio antagonisti, delle statine, della ciclosporina e del tacrolimo. All'opposto la carbamazepina aumenta l'attività di CYP3A4. I nefrologi che spesso prescrivono terapie complesse devono perciò aver presente queste interazioni farmacologiche.
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Ersoy, Gökhan, Murat Nihat Arslan, Işıl Pakiş, and İbrahim Üzün. "İskemik Kalp Hastalığına Bağlı Ölümde Uçucu Madde Birlikteliği Olgu Sunumu." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2009141688.

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Uçucu madde kullanımı toplumda yol açtığı sosyal sıkıntı dışında meydana getirdiği ölümlerle de adli tıp çalışanları için ilgi konusu olur. Genellikle genç populasyonda yaygm kullanılan bu maddeler ölüme en sık kalp üzerine yaptıkları toksik etkilerle sebebiyet vermektedirler. Olgumuz 37 yaşında bir erkekti. Ailesinin ifadesine göre uyuşturucu kullanmayan şahsın otopsisinde çok yoğun tiner kokusu alındı. Morfolojik ve his-topatolojik incelemede myokardda nedbe ve koroner arterlerde belirgin daralma saptandı. Yapılan toksikolojik inceleme uçucu madde varlığını doğruladı. Bu tür ölümlerin doğru değerlendirilebilmesi için iyi bir anamnez alınmasının yanı sıra, toksikolojik incelemede de kan ve akciğer örnekleri alınmalı ve mutlaka miktar tayini de yapılmalıdır. Beyin ve böbrek örnekleri ayrı incelenirse maddenin ölümcül dozda alınıp alınmadığı; idrarda madde ve metaboliti aranırsa kullanımdan sonra yaşayıp yaşamadığı hakkında fikir sahibi olunabilir.Anahtar kelimeler: Adli Tıp, patoloji, toksikoloji, istismar, aritmi, koroner arter hastalığı
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Jakopović, Željko, Iva Čanak, Ksenija Markov, Željka Pavlek, Željka Kuharić, Martina Ivešić, Jasna Bošnir, and Jadranka Frece. "Uklanjanje kompleksa β-glukan-AFM1 iz mlijeka." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2018): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.3-4.6.

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Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti toksikotvornih plijesni te su česti kontaminanti raznih prehrambenih proizvoda. Pojava aflatoksina M1 (AFM1) u mlijeku, prijetnja je zdravlju potrošača, posebice maloj djeci te dovodi do ekonomskih gubitaka zbog zbrinjavanja kontaminiranog mlijeka. Metode uklanjanja i/ili redukcije mikotoksina koje se koriste u prehrambenoj industriji troše velike količine energije i kemijskih sredstava, stoga biološke metode sve više dobivaju na značaju zbog svoje netoksičnosti i ekološkog aspekta. Cilj ovog rada je bio odrediti količinu nevezanog AFM1 nakon uklanjanja kompleksa β-glukan-AFM1 pomoću Centricon 70 Plus, MWCO 100 kDa filtera. U radu je upotrijebljen komercijalni β-glukan dobiven iz zobi i β-glukan izoliran iz biomase kvasca. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je nakon uklanjanja kompleksa β-glukan-AFM1 u uzorku mlijeka zaostalo 35% AFM1 u slučaju kada je β-glukan dobiven iz zobi, odnosno 36,4% AFM1 kada je β-glukan izoliran iz kvasca.
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Palfi, Marina, Karolina Vrandečić, Vesna Popijač, and Jasenka Ćosić. "Utjecaj eteričnih ulja na fitopatogene gljive." Poljoprivreda 25, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.25.1.5.

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Primjena sintetskih fungicida predstavlja još uvijek najučinkovitiju zaštitu od uzročnika biljnih bolesti. Međutim, prekomjerna i dugotrajna uporaba fungicida može dovesti do mnogih štetnih nuspojava, poput štetnoga djelovanja na ljudsko zdravlje, zagađenja okoliša i rezistentnosti patogena. Biološki spojevi koji se nalaze u eteričnim uljima nemaju nikakve štetne učinke na ljude i okoliš, pa mogu biti jedna od značajnih alternativa sintetskim fungicidima. Eterična ulja su sekundarni metaboliti biljaka, a često posjeduju antifungalna, antibakterijska, insekticidna, antivirusna i nematocidna svojstva. Kemijski sastav i biološki učinak eteričnih ulja je složen i ovisi o vrsti biljke, dijelu biljke iz kojega se uzima, podrijetlu, pedoklimatskim uvjetima, vremenu žetve, sezoni berbe i prerade, kao i o uvjetima skladištenja, vrsti patogena, primijenjenoj količini, načinu ekstrakcije i načinu aplikacije. Zbog toga se provode mnoga istraživanja antifungalnoga djelovanja eteričnih ulja na različite fitopatogene in vitro i in vivo ne bi li se pronašla eterična ulja ili njihove kombinacije čiji je antifungalno djelovanje jednako djelovanju sintetskih fungicida.
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Demori, Ilaria. "Microbiota e immunità." PNEI REVIEW, no. 2 (November 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pnei2021-002005.

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Il nostro intestino alberga una grande quantità di microrganismi, nonché la maggioranza delle nostre cellule immunitarie. A livello intestinale, il microbiota e il sistema immunitario dialogano per tutta la vita, costruendo una rete di comunicazione complessa, da cui emerge lo stato di salute o di malattia. Il sistema immunitario, che ha tra le sue funzioni principali quella di proteggerci dai microbi, è però controllato dai microbi stessi, configurandosi quindi come un sistema di regolazione inserito nella rete Pnei. Le prime fasi della vita e la dieta sono essenziali per lo sviluppo armonico delle interazioni tra microbiota e immunità. Nella finestra di opportunità che si apre prima della nascita e accoglie gli stimoli ambientali, le segnalazioni innescate dai metaboliti microbici giocano un ruolo essenziale nella regolazione epigenetica dello sviluppo immunitario. La fibra alimentare, i probiotici e la nuova frontiera dei postbiotici costituiscono strumenti utili per l'equilibrio immunitario, da utilizzare nelle strategie di prevenzione e nella cura integrata delle patologie.
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Di Luca, Marina, Silvio Di Stante, Hirissanti Kulurianu, Flavia Manenti, Mauro Marani, and Mauro Martello. "Attivazione dei recettori della Vitamina D nell'insufficienza renale cronica." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 25, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2013.1017.

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I pazienti affetti da IRC presentano fin dai primi stadi della malattia una ridotta attivazione del recettore per la Vitamina D (VDR), determinata da ridotti livelli sia di 1.25-idrossivitamina D (1.25(OH)2D3) che di 25-idrossivitamina D (25(OH)D3), con il conseguente sviluppo di anomalie del metabolismo osseo e minerale. La Vitamina D e i suoi metaboliti di sintesi, oltre a controllare l'iperparatiroidismo secondario (IPTS), esercitano numerosi effetti pleiotropici in diversi sistemi cellulari e, in particolare, sembrano giocare un ruolo fondamentale nella salute del sistema cardiovascolare e nella riduzione della mortalità, come suggerito da studi osservazionali. È stato di recente dimostrato che il paracalcitolo orale nell'IRC non solo riduce il paratormo-ne, ma è anche associato a un effetto antiproteinurico significativo, e ciò appare di particolare interesse in quanto la proteinuria è un fattore di rischio renale e cardiovascolare. I dati attuali non sono, tuttavia, sufficienti per raccomandare l'uso degli agenti attivatori dei VDR (VDRa) oltre al trattamento delle alterazioni del metabolismo minerale legate all'iperparatiroidismo secondario.
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Sequenza, Maria Josè, Dorian Soru, Alessandro Carrus, Maria Maddalena Sedda, Simeone Andrulli, Vincenzo Barbera, Domenico Ferrara, and Francesco Logias. "Benzodiazepine: indicazioni terapeutiche e utilizzo nel paziente nefropatico." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 25, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2013.1062.

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Le benzodiazepine, costituite da un anello benzenico unito a un anello diazepinico e a un radicale fenilico, sono una classe di farmaci elettivamente utilizzati per il trattamento dei sintomi ansiosi. Esse incrementano la trasmissione dell'acido gamma-amminobutirrico (una sorta di ansiolitico endogeno) e, perciò, presentano un effetto ansiolitico, ipnoinducente o sedativo, miorilassante, anticonvulsivante e anestetico generale. Presentano minime interazioni farmacologiche con altri farmaci ma troppo spesso vengono utilizzate come terapia a lungo termine e non quando è strettamente necessario. Il farmacista territoriale può svolgere un ruolo sempre più importante per risolvere questo problema. Nel paziente con una patologia renale, occorre tenere in alta considerazione la farmacocinetica di questi farmaci e, quindi, l'assorbimento, la degradazione e l'escrezione sia dei principi attivi che dei loro metaboliti, fattori alterati nell'insufficienza renale. I pazienti con patologia renale fanno un uso di benzodiazepine maggiore rispetto alla popolazione generale, tuttavia è necessaria una riduzione del dosaggio di circa un terzo della dose massima consentita in pazienti con una funzione renale normale. Sono, inoltre, necessarie delle ricerche che indaghino sulle principali ragioni dell'utilizzo delle benzodiazepine da parte dei pazienti nefropatici.
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Mezzapesa, D. M., V. Lucivero, I. L. Simone, G. Laddomada, M. Petruzzellis, G. Tortorella, and F. Federico. "Valore prognostico della risonanza magnetica spettroscopica protonica nell'ictus ischemico." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300112.

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La risonanza magnetica spettroscopica protonica (1H-MRS) è stata applicata allo studio di pazienti con ictus ischemico in fase acuta-subacuta per valutare l'eventuale correlazione tra concentrazione dei metaboliti ed esito funzionale. L'esame è stato condotto su 26 pazienti entro la prima settimana dall'ictus. Il VOI è stato posto sull'area ischemica e su un'area cerebrale apparentemente sana controlaterale simmetrica. A sei mesi dall'ictus è stato valutato l'esito funzionale del paziente applicando la Scandivanian Stroke Scale (SSS) ed il Barthel Index (BI). I segnali provenienti da N-acetilaspartato (NAA), colina (Cho) e creatina-fosfocreatina (Cr) erano significativamente ridotti in confronto con le aree sane controlaterali (p<0,001; p<0,001 e p<0,003 rispettivamente al test di Wilcoxon). In 19 pazienti era presente acido lattico (Lac). Il coefficiente di correlazione per ranghi di Spearman ha mostrato una significativa correlazione positiva tra punteggio SSS a sei mesi e NAA (p = 0,01). I pazienti in cui il Lac era presente avevano un punteggio SSS significativamente più basso (p = 0,049 al test U di Mann-Whitney). L'1H-MRS eseguita in fase acuta-subacuta dell'ictus ischemico fornisce utili informazioni prognostiche.
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Grubišić, Dinka, Petra Tišljar, Mirjana Brmež, and Ivan Juran. "Biofumigacija - primjena specijaliziranih pokrovnih usjeva u zaštiti bilja." Glasnik zaštite bilja 45, no. 4 (July 14, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.45.4.8.

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Biofumigacija je metoda suzbijanja štetnih organizama u tlu koja se temelji na uzgoju biljnih vrsta koje proizvode inhibitorne kemijske spojeve, poznate kao sekundarni metaboliti. Biofumigantni učinak utvrđen je u biljaka iz porodice Brassicaceae, koje u svojim tkivima sadrže glukozinolate. U većini slučajeva, biofumigantne vrste siju se i uzgajaju kao pokrovni usjevi u međuvremenu između komercijalnih usjeva, te se u fazi cvatnje usitnjavaju i inkorporiraju u tlo, kako bi u procesu hidrolize došlo do oslobađanja izotiocijanata. Izotiocijanati aktivna su tvar sintetskih pripravaka. Brojna istraživanja ukazuju kako biofumigacija dovodi do značajne redukcije populacija štetnih organizama, simptoma koje oni uzrokuju te povećanja prinosa. Osim sjetve usjeva, u svrhu biofumigacije primjenjuju se i brašna sjemena biofumigantnih vrsta u formulaciji prašiva ili peleta. Uz zaštitu komercijalnih usjeva od štetnih organizama, uzgoj biofumigantnih usjeva osigurava i druge koristi na tretiranoj površini, poput poboljšavanja vodozračnog režima, sprječavanja zbijanja tla ili erozije tla vodom ili vjetrom, poboljšavanja iskorištavanja hranjiva u tlu, obogaćivanja tla organskom tvari i porasta populacija nekih korisnih mikroorganizama. U svrhu što bolje iskoristivosti biofumigacije, potrebno je provesti istraživanja u specifičnim pedoklimatskim uvjetima Republike Hrvatske te edukacije proizvođača, kako bi ovu ekološki prihvatljivu metodu zaštite bilja od štetnika integrirali u ekološku, ali i u integriranu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju.
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Jakopović, Željko, and Iva Čanak. "Usporedba vezanja AFM1 iz mlijeka živim, mrtvim i liofiliziranim stanicama BMK." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, no. 1-2 (September 3, 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.1-2.3.

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Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti niske molekulske mase koje sintetiziraju plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium te su česti kontaminanti raznovrsnih prehrambenih proizvoda. Kako bi se smanjio rast plijesni, a time i udio mikotoksina u namirnicama, koriste se razne fizikalne i kemijske metode. Posljednjih nekoliko godina ispituje se učinak bakterija mliječne kiseline (BMK) na sposobnost inhibicije rasta plijesni i njihova uloga u uklanjanju mikotoksina iz kontaminirane hrane. Zbog svojih, po zdravlje korisnih svojstava, bakterije mliječne kiseline predstavljaju izvrsno rješenje za tretiranje namirnica kontaminiranih mikotoksinima. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati i usporediti sposobnosti, živih, mrtvih i liofiliziranih stanica BMK na vezanje aflatoksina M1 (AFM1) u umjetno kontaminiranom mlijeku. Ovisno o korištenom soju, vremenu inkubacije i tretmanu, uspješnost vezanja AFM1 stanicama BMK iznosila je 23,73-94,49%. Liofilizirane stanice ispitivanih sojeva BMK manje (p&lt;0,05) vežu AFM1 u mlijeku, a jedini izuzetak su stanice Lactobacillus rhamnosus KM koje nakon 4 sata vežu AFM1 u najvećem postotku (&gt;90%). Najveća razlika u uspješnosti vezanja AFM1 između mrtvih i liofiliziranih stanica uočljiva je kod soja L. rhamnosus KM i iznosi 62,49% dok su razlike u vezanju AFM1 najmanje kod Lactococcus lactis 5MS1. Koncentracija slobodnog AFM1 u mlijeku nakon tretiranja BMK određivana je visoko djelotvornom tekućinskom kromatografijom (HPLC).
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Pleadin, Jelka, and Jadranka Frece. "Primjena fizikalnih i kemijskih metoda u uklanjanju mikotoksina iz hrane i hrane za životinje." Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, no. 1-2 (September 3, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.1-2.4.

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Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti plijesni koji predstavljaju značajan problem u području sigurnosti hrane te predstavljaju rizik za zdravlje te dobrobit ljudi i životinja. Učinkovitost metoda uklanjanja mikotoksina iz hrane i hrane za životinje, primarno žitarica kao najviše kontaminirane grupe hrane, ovisi o brojnim parametrima, od kojih su vrlo značajni svojstva onečišćenog materijala, odnosno njegov sastav, primarno sadržaj vode, te razina onečišćenja. Ovaj rad daje pregled fizikalnih i kemijskih metoda koje se manje ili više učinkovito mogu koristiti u tretmanu različitih vrsta hrane i hrane za životinje u cilju redukcije odnosno uklanjanja mikotoksina. Uklanjanje mikotoksina fizikalnim metodama uključuje njihovu ekstrakciju pomoću otapala, adsorpciju te toplinsku inaktivaciju ili inaktivaciju ozračivanjem. Najznačajnije metode su sortiranje po boji i gustoći, ljuštenje i mljevenje, flotacija, blanširanje, prženje, a u posljednje vrijeme vrlo značajna je primjena gama zračenja te hladne plazme. Uporabom kemijskih metoda koje podrazumijevaju primjenu kemikalija dolazi do konverzije mikotoksina u druge manje toksične spojeve, npr. kiseline, lužine, oksidanse, bisulfite i plinove, no moguća je konverzija i u toksičnije spojeve, što je još uvijek predmet brojnih istraživanja. Za razliku od fizikalnih metoda, kemijske metode uklanjanja mikotoksina u načelu se smatraju nepraktičnim i nepoželjnim, zbog uvjeta provedbe, stvaranja toksičnih ostataka te negativnog utjecaja na nutritivna, senzorska i funkcionalna svojstva proizvoda.
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Kordyum, E. L., and О. М. Nedukha. "Proposals for the ISS: «Starch» Experiment Structural-metabolic aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in microgravity." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 6, no. 4 (July 30, 2000): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2000.04.972.

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26

Strashok, L. A., O. V. Buznytska, and О. М. Meshkova. "Indicators of lipid metabolism disorders in the blood serum of adolescents with metabolic syndrome." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 92, no. 6 (December 24, 2020): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj92.06.137.

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27

Anton-Păduraru, Dana-Teodora. "URGENŢE METABOLICE – PARTEA I." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 64, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2015.1.9.

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Frecvent, bolnavii cu afecţiuni metabolice (boli datorate dezechilibrelor electrolitice, disfuncţii endocrine, boli înnăscute de metabolism) prezintă simptome similare cu ale altor urgenţe, în particular în perioada de nou-născut şi sugar. Autorii prezintǎ principalele urgenţe: în cazul dezechilibrelor electrolitice – hipoglicemia, hiponatremia, acidoza metabolicǎ şi hipocalcemia neonatalǎ; în cazul disfuncţiilor endocrine – insuficienţa suprarenalianǎ şi criza hipopituitarǎ neonatalǎ; în bolile înnăscute de metabolism – acidoza, hiperglicemia/ hipoglicemia, hiperamoniemia, simptomele clinice asociate acestora şi tratamentul recomandat.
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STĂNESCU, Ana Maria Alexandra, Ana Maria GOANŢĂ, Roxana IGNĂTESCU, Ekua Asafoaba APPIAH, Ioana Veronica GRĂJDEANU, and Lucian IONIŢĂ. "COMPARISON BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMAL DIAGNOSED WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND OBESITY ASSOCIATED METABOLIC PROBLEMS." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2017.4.14.

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Metabolic syndrome is an increasingly recognised problem worldwide. The diagnostic criteria may vary from country to country and between humans and animals. It is therefore essential to have a globally regulated diagnostic criteria for both animals and humans.
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Yayayürük, Aslı Erdem, Selim Girgin, Serkan Vuruk, Ülkü Güler, Melike Güngör, Halil İbrahim Bostancı, and Serap Annette Akgür. "İdrarda 11-Nor-Delta-9-Tetrahidrokannabinol-9-Karboksilik Asit’in (Thc-Cooh) GC-MS ile Analizinde Ekstraksiyon Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 21, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2016116593.

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Amaç: Günümüzde kötüye kullanılan yasadışı maddeler arasında en yaygın kullanılan madde esrardır. Esrarın saptanmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda, idrarda ana metaboliti olan THC-COOH’un kat-faz (SPE) ve sıvı-faz (ELE) ekstraksiyon teknikleri ile analizi yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sentetik idrar örneklerinde THC-COOH analizi için GC-MS ile tayini öncesinde SPE ve LLE metodlarını kullanarak örnekleri analize hazırlamak ve bu yöntemlerin örnek hazırlamadaki verimleri ve etkinlikleri karşılaştırmaktır. Aynı zamanda bu yöntemlerin tekrarlanabilirlik, seçimlilik, doğruluk, kesinlik ve doğrusallık gibi validasyon parametreleri inceleyerek yöntem geçerliliğini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ana standart olarak (±)-ll-nor-9-carboxy-A9-THC ve iç standart olarak (±)-ll-nor-9-carboxy-A9-THC-D3 kullanılmıştır. LLE için Toxi-tube B, SPE için Clean Screen THC kartuşları kullanılmıştır. Türevlendirme için BSTFA+%1 TMCS kullanılmıştır. Analizler Thermo Finnigan Trace Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrisi (GC-MS) cihazı ile yapılmıştır. SPE ve LLE metodlarının karşılaştrılması Minitabll istatistik paket programı ile yapılmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda en düşük tayin sınırı olarak (LOD) 2 pg/L elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlarda geri kazanım değerleri %90’nın üzerinde ve %RSD değerleri %10’nun altında bulunmuştur. 25-500 pg/L arasındaki konsantrasyonlarda kantitatif tayin yapılabilmesi için gerekli olan doğrusallığın var olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uygulanan Anderson-Darling testi ile LLE ve SPE sonuçlarının normal bir dağılıma uymadığı görüldüğünden non-parametrik test olan Wilcoxon signed-rank testi uygulanmıştır.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda bulunan doğrusallık, tekrarlanabilirlik ve geri kazanılabilirlik değerleri, biyoanalitik validasyon kriterleri doğrultusunda kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur. Elde edilen istatiksel sonuçlara göre, LLE ve SPE metodları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0.005). Yapılan çalışma ile analiz öncesinde örnekhazırlamabasamağının önemi gösterilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: TCH_COOH, Sıvı-Sıvı Ekstraksiyon, Katı Faz Ekstraksiyon, İdrar, Gaz Kromatografi Kütle Spektrometri.
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Crunkhorn, Sarah. "Microbial metabolite predicts human metabolism." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8, no. 10 (October 2009): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3008.

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Mann, John. "Secondary metabolite biosynthesis and metabolism:." Phytochemistry 34, no. 1 (August 1993): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90826-4.

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Wyss, M., and T. Wallimann. "Metabolite channelling in aerobic energy metabolism." Journal of Theoretical Biology 158, no. 1 (September 1992): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80650-2.

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33

Denver, Nina, Natalie Z. M. Homer, Ruth Andrew, Katie Y. Harvey, Nicholas Morrell, Eric D. Austin, and Margaret R. MacLean. "Estrogen metabolites in a small cohort of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension." Pulmonary Circulation 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 204589402090878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894020908783.

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Increased risk and severity of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) is associated with elevated estradiol in men and postmenopausal women. Pulmonary arteries synthesise estradiol via aromatase and metabolise it via CYP1B1 to mitogenic metabolites; SNPs in aromatase and CYP1B1 have been associated with PAH. This suggests that estradiol metabolism could be altered in iPAH. This proof-of-concept study profiles estradiol and several metabolites of estradiol simultaneously in serum from iPAH patients and controls. We show that the estradiol and metabolite profile is altered in iPAH and that 16-hydroxyestrone and 16-hydroxyestradiol accumulate in iPAH patients with 16-hydroxyestrone levels relating to disease severity.
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Shrestha, Nirajan, Alexandra McCarron, Nathan Rout-Pitt, Martin Donnelley, David W. Parsons, and Deanne H. Hryciw. "Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Cystic Fibrosis Disease Progression: Role of Genotype and Sex." Nutrients 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 4666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214666.

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Adequate intake of nutrients such as essential fatty acids (EFA) are critical in cystic fibrosis (CF). The clinical course of deterioration of lung function in people with CF has been shown to relate to nutrition. Independent of the higher energy consumption and malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency, EFA deficiency is closely associated with the risk of pulmonary infection, the most significant pathology in CF. This review will focus on the EFA deficiency identified in people with CF, as well as the limited progress made in deciphering the exact metabolic pathways that are dysfunctional in CF. Specifically, people with CF are deficient in linoleic acid, an omega 6 fatty acid, and the ratio of arachidonic acid (omega 6 metabolite) and docosahexaenoic acid (omega 3 metabolite) is increased. Analysis of the molecular pathways in bronchial cells has identified changes in the enzymes that metabolise EFA. However, fatty acid metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, with EFA metabolism in CF liver not yet investigated, indicating that further research is required. Despite limited understanding in this area, it is well known that adequate EFA concentrations are critical to normal membrane structure and function, and thus are important to consider in disease processes. Novel insights into the relationship between CF genotype and EFA phenotype will be discussed, in addition to sex differences in EFA concentrations in people with CF. Collectively, investigating the specific effects of genotype and sex on fatty acid metabolism may provide support for the management of people with CF via personalised genotype- and sex-specific nutritional therapies.
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Shigematsu, Mei, Ryosuke Nakagawa, Shozo Tomonaga, Masayuki Funaba, and Tohru Matsui. "Fluctuations in metabolite content in the liver of magnesium-deficient rats." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 10 (November 9, 2016): 1694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003676.

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AbstractMg deficiency induces various metabolic disturbances including glucose metabolism in the liver. However, no comprehensive information is currently available on the metabolic pathways affected by Mg deficiency. The present study examined metabolite content in the liver of Mg-deficient rats using a metabolomic analysis. In this study, 4-week-old, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control diet or a Mg-deficient diet for 8 weeks. The metabolomic analysis identified 105 metabolites in the liver, and significant differences were observed in the hepatic contents for thirty-three metabolites between the two groups. An analysis by MetaboAnalyst, a web-based metabolome data analysis tool, indicated that the Mg deficiency affected taurine/hypotaurine metabolism, methionine metabolism and glycine/serine/threonine metabolism; taurine, hypotaurine, glycine, serine and threonine contents were increased by Mg deficiency, whereas the amounts of 2-ketobutyric acid (a metabolite produced by the catabolism of cystathionine or threonine) and 5'-methylthioadenosine (a metabolite involved in spermidine synthesis) were decreased. The amount of glucose 6-phosphate, a hub metabolite of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, was significantly decreased in Mg-deficient rats. Mg deficiency also decreased metabolite contents from the citric acid cycle, including citric acid, fumaric acid and malic acid. Aberrant metabolism may be related to the allosteric regulation of enzymes; the mRNA levels of enzymes were generally similar between the two groups. The present study suggests that the Mg deficiency-mediated modulation of hepatic metabolism is as yet uncharacterised.
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36

Sauer, Uwe. "Coordination of Metabolism Through Metabolite-Protein Interactions." Biophysical Journal 112, no. 3 (February 2017): 342a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1856.

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37

K, Kavitha, Asha S, Hima Bindu T.V.L, and Vidyavathi M. "Effect of carbon source on Phenobarbital metabolism by Rhizopus stolonifer." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2010): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2010.3.2.17.

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The safety and efficacy of a drug is based on its metabolism or metabolite formed. The metabolism of drugs can be studied by different in vitro models, among which microbial model became popular. In the present study, eight microbes were screened for their ability to metabolize phenobarbital in a manner comparable to humans with a model to develop alternative systems to study human drug metabolism. Among the different microbes screened, a filamentous fungi Rhizopus stolonifer metabolized phenobarbital to its metabolite which is used for further pharmacological and toxicological studies. The transformation of phenobarbital was identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Interestingly, Rhizopus stolonifer sample showed an extra metabolite peak at 3.11min. compared to its controls. The influence of different carbon sources in media used for growth of fungus, on metabolite production was studied, to find its effect in production of metabolite as the carbon source may influence the growth of the cell.
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Xing, Han, Dexuan Kong, Chen Ning, Ying Kong, Chang Ren, Yujie Cheng, Hui Cai, et al. "An Investigation on Glucuronidation Metabolite Identification, Isozyme Contribution, and Species Differences of GL-V9 In Vitro and In Vivo." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081576.

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GL-V9 is a prominent derivative of wogonin with a wide therapeutic spectrum and potent anti-tumor activity. The metabolism characteristics of GL-V9 remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the metabolic pathway of GL-V9 and investigate the generation of its glucuronidation metabolites in vitro and in vivo. HPLC-UV-TripleTOF was used to identify metabolites. The main metabolite that we found was chemically synthesized and the synthetic metabolite was utilized as standard substance for the subsequent metabolism studies of GL-V9, including enzyme kinetics in liver microsomes of five different species and reaction phenotyping metabolism using 12 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms. Results indicated that the glucuronidation reaction occurred at C5-OH group, and 5-O-glucuronide GL-V9 is the only glucuronide metabolite and major phase II metabolite of GL-V9. Among 12 recombinant human UGTs, rUGT1A9 showed the strongest catalytic capacity for the glucuronidation reaction of GL-V9. rUGT1A7 and rUGT1A8 were also involved in the glucuronidation metabolism. Km of rUGT1A7-1A9 was 3.25 ± 0.29, 13.92 ± 1.05, and 4.72 ± 0.28 μM, respectively. In conclusion, 5-O-glucuronide GL-V9 is the dominant phase II metabolite of GL-V9 in vivo and in vitro, whose formation rate and efficiency are closely related to isoform-specific metabolism profiles and the distribution of UGTs in different tissues of different species.
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Ramesh, Muthusamy, and Prasad V. Bharatam. "Formation of a Toxic Quinoneimine Metabolite from Diclofenac: A Quantum Chemical Study." Drug Metabolism Letters 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872312812666180913120736.

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Background: Diclofenac is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug. It is predominantly metabolized by CYP2C9. 4'-hydroxydiclofenac and its quinoneimine are the metabolites of diclofenac. However, few numbers of serious cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity due to diclofenac metabolism were reported. The formation of the quinoneimine metabolite was found to be responsible for this idiosyncratic toxicity. Quinoneimine is an over-oxidized metabolite of diclofenac. Method: In this work, computational studies were conducted to detail the formation of a quinoneimine metabolite from diclofenac. Further, the idiosyncratic toxicity of quinoneimine due to its reactivity was also investigated by quantum chemical analysis. Results & Conclusion: The results demonstrate the possibility of formation of quinoneimine metabolite due to various factors that are involved in the metabolism of diclofenac. The present study may provide the structural in-sights during the drug development processes to avoid the metabolism directed idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Karpavičiūtė, Vita, Mantė Jermakovičiūtė, and Sigita Gelman. "Metabolinio sindromo gydymas: mikrobiotos moduliacija – ateities perspektyva, o gal sprendimas šiandien?" Lithuanian General Practitioner 26, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37499/lbpg.905.

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Tyrimo tikslas. Išnagrinėti bei įvertinti skirtingų mikrobiotą moduliuojančių metodų vaidmenį metabolinio sindromo gydyme. Tyrimo metodai. Literatūros apžvalga parengta remiantis bibliografinės mokslinių darbų bazės PubMed straipsnių atranka naudojant reikšminius žodžius ir jų derinius. Straipsniai buvo atrinkti remiantis įtraukimo ir atmetimo kriterijais. Rezultatai. Iš viso buvo rastas 591 straipsnis, iš kurių į apžvalgą įtraukta 13 straipsnių. Išvados. Žarnyno mikrofloros sudėties pokyčiai padeda sumažinti metabolinę endotoksemiją ir taip išvengti lėtinio žemo laipsnio uždegimo, kuris ilgainiui sąlygoja metabolizmo sutrikimus. Įrodyta, kad tinkama mityba, fiziniu aktyvumu, išlaikant normalų cirkadinį ritmą, galima paskatinti teigiamus mikrobiotos pokyčius. Duomenys apie probiotikų bei išmatų mikrobiotos transplantacijos naudą, gydant metabolinį sindromą, išlieka nevienareikšmiai, reikalingi tolesni klinikiniai tyrimai.
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Kar, Soumya, Marinus te Pas, Leo Kruijt, Jacques Vervoort, Alfons Jansman, and Dirkjan Schokker. "Sanitary Conditions on the Farm Alters Fecal Metabolite Profile in Growing Pigs." Metabolites 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060538.

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The aim of this study was to use fecal metabolite profiling to evaluate the effects of contrasting sanitary conditions and the associated subclinical health status of pigs. We analyzed fecal metabolite profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) from pigs aged 14 and 22 weeks. Pigs kept under low and high sanitary conditions differed in fecal metabolites related to the degradation of dietary starch, metabolism of the gut microbiome, and degradation of components of animal (host) origin. The metabolites that differed significantly (FDR < 0.1) were from metabolic processes involved in either maintaining nutrient digestive capacity, including purine metabolism, energy metabolism, bile acid breakdown and recycling, or immune system metabolism. The results show that the fecal metabolite profiles reflect the sanitary conditions under which the pigs are kept. The fecal metabolite profiles closely resembled the profiles of metabolites found in the colon of pigs. Fecal valerate and kynurenic acid could potentially be used as “non-invasive” biomarkers of immune or inflammatory status that could form the basis for monitoring subclinical health status in pigs.
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Kharasch, Evan D., Jesara L. Schroeder, H. Denny Liggitt, Sang B. Park, Dale Whittington, and Pamela Sheffels. "New Insights into the Mechanism of Methoxyflurane Nephrotoxicity and Implications for Anesthetic Development (Part 1)." Anesthesiology 105, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200610000-00019.

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Background Methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity results from biotransformation; inorganic fluoride is a toxic metabolite. Concern exists about potential renal toxicity from volatile anesthetic defluorination, but many anesthetics increase fluoride concentrations without consequence. Methoxyflurane is metabolized by both dechlorination to methoxydifluoroacetic acid (MDFA, which may degrade to fluoride) and O-demethylation to fluoride and dichloroacetatic acid. The metabolic pathway responsible for methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity has not, however, been identified, which was the aim of this investigation. Methods Experiments evaluated methoxyflurane metabolite formation and effects of enzyme induction or inhibition on methoxyflurane metabolism and toxicity. Rats pretreated with phenobarbital, barium sulfate, or nothing were anesthetized with methoxyflurane, and renal function and urine methoxyflurane metabolite excretion were assessed. Phenobarbital effects on MDFA metabolism and toxicity in vivo were also assessed. Metabolism of methoxyflurane and MDFA in microsomes from livers of pretreated rats was determined in vitro. Results Phenobarbital pretreatment increased methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity in vivo (increased diuresis and blood urea nitrogen and decreased urine osmolality) and induced in vitro hepatic microsomal methoxyflurane metabolism to inorganic fluoride (2-fold), dichloroacetatic acid (1.5-fold), and MDFA (5-fold). In contrast, phenobarbital had no influence on MDFA renal effects in vivo or MDFA metabolism in vitro or in vivo. MDFA was neither metabolized to fluoride nor nephrotoxic. Barium sulfate diminished methoxyflurane metabolism and nephrotoxicity in vivo. Conclusions Fluoride from methoxyflurane anesthesia derives from O-demethylation. Phenobarbital increases in methoxyflurane toxicity do not seem attributable to methoxyflurane dechlorination, MDFA toxicity, or MDFA metabolism to another toxic metabolite, suggesting that nephrotoxicity is attributable to methoxyflurane O-demethylation. Fluoride, one of many metabolites from O-demethylation, may be toxic and/or reflect formation of a different toxic metabolite. These results may have implications for interpreting anesthetic defluorination, volatile anesthetic use, and methods to evaluate anesthetic toxicity.
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43

Zhang, Zhuo, Xiawei Cheng, Yuzheng Zhao, and Yi Yang. "Lighting Up Live-Cell and In Vivo Central Carbon Metabolism with Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 13, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-091306.

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As the core component of cell metabolism, central carbon metabolism, consisting of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle converts nutrients into metabolic precursors for biomass and energy to sustain the life of virtually all extant species. The metabolite levels or distributions in central carbon metabolism often change dynamically with cell fates, development, and disease progression. However, traditional biochemical methods require cell lysis, making it challenging to obtain spatiotemporal information about metabolites in living cells and in vivo. Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors allow the rapid, sensitive, specific, and real-time readout of metabolite dynamics in living organisms, thereby offering the potential to fill the gap in current techniques. In this review, we introduce recent progress made in the development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for central carbon metabolism and discuss their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Moreover, several future directions of metabolite sensors are also proposed.
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44

Marton, A., V. Faigl, M. Kerestes, M. Kulcsar, S. Nagy, H. Febel, G. Novotni Danko, et al. "Milk progesterone profiles, blood metabolites, metabolic hormones and pregnancy rates in Awassi ewes treated by gestagen + eCG at the early breeding season." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 11 (December 23, 2009): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/20/2009-vetmed.

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The ovarian response to a standard chronogest + eCG treatment with plasma levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), thyroids, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), OH-butyrate (BHB) and urea-N (PUN) was studied in lactating Awassi ewes (<i>n</i> = 105) during the late-summer – early autumn transition period. The ewes were inseminated with diluted fresh semen after gestagen removal, and mated thereafter; 26 of them conceived at the fixed-time AI (fix AI; conception rate is calculated from lambing dates). Ovarian function was monitored by milk progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>) profiles. Before synchronization, the ovary was still acyclic in 33 and already cyclic in 72 ewes. Twenty-nine and 43 of the cyclic animals were in the follicular and luteal phases, respectively. After gestagen removal almost all (<i>n</i> = 104) ewes ovulated, although at AI elevated P<sub>4</sub> levels related to the presence of partially luteinized follicles, and short-lived CL-s were observed in 10 and five animals (none of them re-conceived at the fixed time AI). Cycling ewes showed higher insulin and IGF-I levels than the acyclic animals, and those who had not conceived had higher PUN than the pregnant ones. The other metabolic parameters did not differ. Neither conception rate, nor the ovarian response was influenced by the pre-treatment.
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45

Jann, Michael W., and Sara R. Grimsley. "Pharmacogenetics of Agents Acting on the Central Nervous System." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 6, no. 1 (February 1993): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009300600103.

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This article will review the various agents affecting the central nervous system (CNS) such as the analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. Most of the research in pharmacogenetics with the CNS agents have been conducted in the antidepressants. The cytochrome 450 IID6 isozyme system has been shown to influence the disposition of the antidepressants and antipsychotics. Amitriptyline metabolism to nortriptyline and nortriptyline conversion to its 10-OH metabolite were shown to be influenced by the IID6 isozyme. Interestingly, imipramine metabolism to desipramine is only partially related to the IID6 isozyme. Biotransformation of imipramine to its 2-OH metabolite was shown to be affected by the IID6 isozyme, but its metabolism to the 10-OH remains to be investigated. Of the antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and thioridazine are two agents most studied. Haloperidol is converted to a reduced metabolite via a ketone reductase enzyme. The reduced metabolite is oxidized back to Haloperidol. This oxidation pathway was reported to be affected by the IID6 isozyme. Thioridazine metabolism to mesoridazine and conversion of codeine to morphine appear to be also influenced by CP-450 IID6. Other 450 isozymes are reported to be involved with other CNS agents.
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Scornaienchi, Marcus L., Cammi Thornton, Kristine L. Willett, and Joanna Y. Wilson. "Cytochrome P450-mediated 17β-estradiol metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Journal of Endocrinology 206, no. 3 (June 3, 2010): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0075.

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Cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) and CYP3A proteins are primarily responsible for the metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) in mammals. We have cloned and heterologously expressed CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, CYP1D1, and CYP3A65 from zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine the CYP-mediated metabolism of E2 in a non-mammalian species. Constructs of each CYP cDNA were created using a leader sequence from the bacterial ompA gene to allow appropriate expression in Escherichia coli without 5′ modification of the gene. Membrane vesicles were purified, and functional CYP protein was verified using carbon monoxide difference spectra and fluorescent catalytic assays with the substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin and 7-benzyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-coumarin. Rates of in vitro E2 metabolism into 4-hydroxyE2 (4-OHE2), 2-hydroxyE2 (2-OHE2), and 16α-hydroxyE1 (16α-OHE1) metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The 2-OHE2 metabolite was produced by all CYPs tested, while 4-OHE2 was only detected following incubation with CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2. The 16α-OHE1 metabolite was only produced by CYP1A. The highest rates of E2 metabolism were from CYP1A and CYP1C1, followed by CYP1C2. CYP1B1, CYP1D1, and CYP3A65 had low rates of E2 metabolism. E2 metabolism by zebrafish CYP1A, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2 produced similar ratios of 4-OHE2 to 2-OHE2 as previous studies with mammalian CYP1As. CYP1B1 formed the highest ratio of 4-OHE2 to 2-OHE2 metabolites. Contrary to mammals, these results suggest that fish CYP1A and CYP1C proteins are primarily responsible for E2 metabolism, with only minor contributions from CYP3A65 and CYP1B1. Similar to mammals, 2-OHE2 is the predominant metabolite from CYP-mediated E2 metabolism in fish, suggesting that all vertebrate species produce the same major E2 metabolite.
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Krvavica, Marina, Jelena Đugum, Munevera Begić, and Amir Ganić. "Hlapivi spojevi arome kupreške janjetine." Meso 22, no. 2 (2020): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/m.22.2.4.

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U okviru projekta utvrđivanja aroma profila različitih hrvatskih vrsta janjetine čiji je osnovni cilj bio ponuditi jednostavnu i pouzdanu analitičku metodu kojom bi se mogla potvrditi njihova autentičnost povezujući ih sa zemljopisnim područjem uzgoja, izvršena je analiza hlapivih spojeve arome kupreške janjetine uzgojene na Kupreškoj visoravni (BiH) na oko 1200 m n.v. Znatna teritorijalna odvojenost (horizontalna i vertikalna) Kupreške visoravni od hrvatskih područja na kojima je istraživanje organizirano (Lika, Dalmatinska zagora, otoci Pag i Cres) te razlike u njihovim prirodnim obilježjima doprinos su sigurnijem donošenju zaključaka o mogućim biomarkerima janjećeg mesa koji bi se s obzirom na florni sastav mogli povezati s određenim zemljopisnim područjem uzgoja. Analizom hlapivih spojeva toplinski obrađene kupreške janjetine na GC-MS, metodom mikroekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPME) te određeni metodom plinske kromatografije s masenom spektrofotometrijom (GC-MS), izolirano je ukupno 66 spojeva, od čega 14 aldehida (61,55 % ukupne površine pikova), 10 alkohola (7,78 %),12 ketona (12,11 %), 8 alifatskih ugljikovodika (1,23 %), 7 aromatskih spojeva (9,63 %), 3 heterociklička spoja (0,95 %), 1 furan (1,34 %), 2 kiseline i 3 estera (3,75 %), 4 terpena (0,94 %) te 3 sumporna spoja (0,73 %). U odnosu na dalmatinsku, pašku, ličku i cresku janjetinu, aroma kupreške janjetine sadrži 3 hlapiva spoja (2 ketona i 1 ester) koja nisu utvrđena u navedenim vrstama janjetine. Nadalje, aroma kupreške janjetine sadrži znatno više C-7 aldehida (16,24 %), ketona 2,3-oktadienona i 2-oktanona (9,96 %) te dugolančanih alkana (0,71 %) koji se u literaturi navode kao pašni markeri, ali i znatno manji broj i udio terpena (0,94 %) koji se u literaturi spominju kao mogući pouzdani biomarkeri zemljopisnog područja uzgoja. S obzirom da su terpeni isključivo metaboliti biljaka (biljke dvosupnice ih sadrže znatno više nego jednosupnice) koji se uglavnom izravno iz hrane ugrađuju u životinjska tkiva, terpenski profil janjetine može ukazivati na područje uzgoja janjadi (efekt teritorija). Sudeći prema aroma profilu (markerima paše), a osobito terpenskom profilu kupreške janjetine, kupreški pašnjaci i livade obiluju bogatom biljnom masom u kojoj dominiraju trave, dok su biljke dvosupnice (bogate aromatskim spojevima) manje zastupljene. Za pouzdanije rezultate potrebno je provesti dodatna istraživanja botaničkog i kemijskog sastava flore kupreških pašnjaka i livada, čije će se rezultati povezati s odgovarajućim spojevima arome janjećeg mesa.
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Schrader, J. "Adenosine. A homeostatic metabolite in cardiac energy metabolism." Circulation 81, no. 1 (January 1990): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.81.1.389.

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49

Lipsky, James J., Jeffrey J. Berti, Joseph W. Aquilina, and Dennis C. Mays. "Effect of a disulfiram metabolite on retinaldehyde metabolism." Lancet 350, no. 9085 (October 1997): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63821-4.

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50

Kim, P. J., D. Y. Lee, T. Y. Kim, K. H. Lee, H. Jeong, S. Y. Lee, and S. Park. "Metabolite essentiality elucidates robustness of Escherichia coli metabolism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 34 (August 13, 2007): 13638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703262104.

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