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Journal articles on the topic 'Metabolizable energy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Livesey, G. "Metabolizable energy of macronutrients." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1135S—1142S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.5.1135s.

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2

DALE, N. M., and H. L. FULLER. "Repeatability of True Metabolizable Energy Versus Nitrogen Corrected True Metabolizable Energy Values." Poultry Science 65, no. 2 (February 1986): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0650352.

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3

Leeson, S., and J. Proulx. "Enzymes and Barley Metabolizable Energy." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.1.66.

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4

Wisker, Elisabeth, and Walter Feldheim. "Metabolizable Energy and Dietary Fiber." Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/118.5.654.

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5

Lee, Mei-Ju, Sen-Yuan Hwang, and Peter Wen-Shyg Chiou. "Metabolizable energy of roughage in Taiwan." Small Ruminant Research 36, no. 3 (June 2000): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(99)00124-8.

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6

Dale, Nick. "True Metabolizable Energy of Feather Meal." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1, no. 3 (October 1992): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/1.3.331.

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7

Dale, Nick, and Donald Jackson. "True Metabolizable Energy of Corn Fractions." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3, no. 2 (July 1994): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.2.179.

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8

Nsahlai, I. V., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, Z. B. Johnson, J. E. Moore, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. "Metabolizable energy requirements of lactating goats." Small Ruminant Research 53, no. 3 (July 2004): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.007.

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9

Wolynetz, Mark. "The Variability of Metabolizable Energy Estimates." Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.4.779.

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10

Rarumangkay, Jeni. "PENGARUH FERMENTASI ISI RUMEN SAPI DENGAN Trichoderma viride TERHADAP ENERGI METABOLIS PADA AYAM BROILER." ZOOTEC 35, no. 2 (July 15, 2015): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.35.2.2015.8569.

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THE EFFECT OF DRIED COW RUMEN FERMENTATION WITH TRICHODERMA VIRIDE ON METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUE OF BROILER. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the metabolizable energy of dried cow rumen. The experiment use dried cow rumen and dried cow rumen fermented Trichoderma viride during 9 days with 0,3% inoculum dose. The experiment use 18 six weeks old male broiler metabolizable energy parameter were analyzed with Wilcoxon test. The result of this experiment showed fermentation with Trichoderma viride could increase the metabolizable energy of dried cow rumen. Key word : Fermentation of dried cow rumen, broiler, metabolizable energy
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11

Olukosi, Oluyinka, Neil Paton, Theo Kempen, and Olayiwola Adeola. "Short Communication: An investigation of the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict the energy value of meat and bone meal for swine." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 3 (September 2011): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2010-001.

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Olukosi, O. A., Paton, N. D., Van Kempen, T. and Adeola, O. 2011.Short Communication:An investigation of the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict the energy value of meat and bone meal for swine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 405–409. The feasibility of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting metabolizable energy of meat and bone meal (MBM) for swine was investigated. Thirty-three MBM samples were analyzed for chemical composition and their metabolizable energy content was determined in metabolism assays. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibrations were developed for gross and metabolizable energy of the samples. Coefficients of determination for calibration and cross-validation were greater for gross energy compared with metabolizable energy. Poorer prediction of metabolizable energy by NIRS may be due to sources of variation unaccounted for by NIRS. It was concluded that NIRS is feasible for predicting gross energy but not metabolizable energy of meat and bone meal.
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12

Rezende, Marcelo José de Mello, Alessandro Figueiredo Torres, Luci Sayori Murata, José Américo Soares Garcia, and Concepta Margaret McManus. "Determination of metabolizable energy value of corn with different average geometric diameters for european quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 2009): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000400022.

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Metabolizable energy (ME) of corn with different geometric diameters was determined in European quail with 26 days of age with 124 g of mean live weight, using the Total Collection of Excreta Method. One hundred and twenty five quails were divided in five treatments, five replications with five quails each, with one treatment used to determine endogenous losses. Values of Average Geometric Diameter (AGD) of the corn were 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 µm. ME of corn was not affected by AGD. Average values were 3079, 3274, 3300, 3137 Kcal/kg respectively for apparent metabolizable energy, corrected apparent metabolizable energy, true metabolizable energy, corrected true metabolizable energy.
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13

ALLAN DEGEN, A., and B. A. YOUNG. "Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 2 (March 2002): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001812.

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Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.
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14

Bennett, Darin C., and Leslie E. Hart. "Metabolizable energy of fish when fed to captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-251.

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The efficiency with which the gross energy content of herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is metabolized was determined for 11 captive Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias). There was a linear relationship between apparent metabolized energy and gross energy intake for the mackerel and trout. This relationship was lower and more variable for herring. Estimates of the apparent metabolizable energy coefficient for mackerel and trout were affected by the level of energy intake. Correcting for endogenous energy losses in the excreta yielded estimates of true metabolizable energy coefficients that were independent of gross energy intake. The true metabolizable energy coefficient of mackerel and trout did not differ and averaged 0.866 (SD = 0.014, n = 3 diets). Correcting for nitrogen retention did not improve the estimate of the metabolizable energy coefficient. The metabolizable energy coefficient of herring was highly variable and showed no consistent pattern in relation to energy intake.
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15

Copat, Luanna Lopes Paiva, Karina Marcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento, Charles Kiefer, Patrícia Rodrigues Berno, Henrique Barbosa de Freitas, Thiago Rodrigues da Silva, Natália Ramos Batista Chaves, Melissa Amin, Patrícia Gomes Santana, and Nadine Godoy de Oliveira. "Metabolizable Energy Levels for Free-Range Broiler Chickens." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16666.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary metabolizable energy levels on the performance and carcass yield of free-range broiler chickens from 1 to 84 days of age. A total of 900 male day-old naked neck lineage chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design between six levels of metabolizable energy (2,700; 2,800; 2,900; 3,000; 3,100 and 3,200 kcal.kg-1 diet) with six replications of 25 birds each. The increase in levels of dietary metabolizable energy resulted in a linear reduction of the feed intake, crude protein and digestible lysine intakes, as well as in the protein body deposition and protein efficiency and linear improvements in the feed conversion ratio of chickens in all experimental phases. The carcass yield, wing and abdominal fat weight and percentage of abdominal fat reduced linearly by increasing the level of dietary metabolizable energy. The diet including 2700 kcal.kg-1 of metabolizable energy in the diet of free-range broiler chickens in phases 1 to 28, 28 and 56 and 57 to 84 days of age does not interfere in the broilers performance and results in a better carcass yield in the final period of production.
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16

Leach, Alan G., Richard M. Kaminski, Jacob N. Straub, Andrew W. Ezell, Tracy S. Hawkins, and Theodor D. Leininger. "Interannual Consistency of Gross Energy in Red Oak Acorns." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102012-jfwm-095.

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Abstract Red oak Quercus spp., Subgenus Erythrobalanus acorns are forage for mallards Anas platyrhyncos, wood ducks Aix sponsa, and other wildlife that use bottomland hardwood forests in the southeastern United States. However, annual variation in true metabolizable energy from acorns would affect carrying-capacity estimates of bottomland hardwood forests for wintering ducks. Because gross energy and true metabolizable energy are strongly positively correlated and gross energy is easier to measure than true metabolizable energy, we used gross energy as a surrogate for true metabolizable energy. We measured gross energy of six species of red oak acorns in autumns 2008 and 2009. Within species, mean gross energy of these acorns varied less than 2% between years. The small interannual variation in gross energy of red oak acorns found in this study would have negligible effect on estimates of carrying capacity of bottomland hardwood forests for wintering ducks and other wildlife.
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17

DALE, N. M., G. M. PESTI, and S. R. ROGERS. "True Metabolizable Energy of Dried Bakery Product." Poultry Science 69, no. 1 (January 1990): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0690072.

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18

Dale, Nick, Bryan Fancher, Mario Zumbado, and Amable Villacres. "Metabolizable Energy Content of Poultry Offal Meal." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2, no. 1 (March 1993): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/2.1.40.

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19

Dale, Nick. "The Metabolizable Energy of Wheat By-Products." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5, no. 2 (July 1996): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/5.2.105.

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20

Dale, Nick. "Metabolizable Energy of Meat and Bone Meal." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6, no. 2 (July 1997): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/6.2.169.

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21

Petrie, Mark J., Ronald D. Drobney, and David A. Graber. "Evaluation of True Metabolizable Energy for Waterfowl." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 2 (April 1997): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802599.

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22

Muniz, Jorge Cunha Lima, Sérgio Luiz de Toledo Barreto, Raquel Mencalha, Gabriel da Silva Viana, Renata de Souza Reis, Cleverson Luís Nascimento Ribeiro, Melissa Izabel Hannas, and Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino. "Metabolizable energy levels for meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age." Ciência Rural 46, no. 10 (October 2016): 1852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141666.

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ABSTRACT: This trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietetic metabolizable energy levels on performance and carcass traits of meat quails from 15 to 35 days old. Five hundred sixty, 15-d old, meat quails were randomly assigned to five treatments (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 of diet), with eight replicates and fourteen birds per experimental unit. Feed intake, protein and lysine intake and feed conversion decreased linearly as the metabolizable energy content of diets increased (P<0.01), whereas metabolizable energy intake, body weight, weight gain and viability were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. Diets did not influence (P>0.05) carcass traits as dry matter, moisture and protein content in carcass. However a quadratic effect (P<0.04) were observed on carcass fat content. Based on these results, the adequate metabolizable energy level to ensure better meat quails' growth is 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 diet, that corresponds to a metabolizable energy: crude protein ratio of 139,24.
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23

Williams, C. B., and T. G. Jenkins. "A dynamic model of metabolizable energy utilization in growing and mature cattle. II. Metabolizable energy utilization for gain." Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2003.8161382x.

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24

Abdollahi, M. Reza, Markus Wiltafsky-Martin, and Velmurugu Ravindran. "Application of Apparent Metabolizable Energy versus Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Poultry Feed Formulations: A Continuing Conundrum." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082174.

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In the present investigation, N retention, AME, and AMEn data from six energy evaluation assays, involving four protein sources (soybean meal, full-fat soybean, rapeseed meal and maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles [DDGS]), are reported. The correction for zero N retention, reduced the AME value of soybean meal samples from different origins from 9.9 to 17.8% with increasing N retention. The magnitude of AME penalization in full-fat soybean samples, imposed by zero N correction, increased from 1.90 to 9.64% with increasing N retention. The Δ AME (AME minus AMEn) in rapeseed meal samples increased from 0.70 to 1.09 MJ/kg as N-retention increased. In maize DDGS samples, the correction for zero N retention increased the magnitude of AME penalization from 5.44 to 8.21% with increasing N retention. For all protein sources, positive correlations (p < 0.001; r = 0.831 to 0.991) were observed between the N retention and Δ AME. The present data confirms that correcting AME values to zero N retention for modern broilers penalizes the energy value of protein sources and is of higher magnitude for ingredients with higher protein quality. Feed formulation based on uncorrected AME values could benefit least cost broiler feed formulations and merits further investigation.
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25

Parker, Katherine L., Michael P. Gillingham, Thomas A. Hanley, and Charles T. Robbins. "Foraging efficiency: energy expenditure versus energy gain in free-ranging black-tailed deer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-051.

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Foraging efficiency (metabolizable energy intake/energy expenditure when foraging) was determined over a 2-year period in nine free-ranging Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Alaska, and related to foraging-bout duration, distances travelled, and average speeds of travel. We calculated the energy-intake component from seasonal dry matter and energy content, dry matter digestibility, and a metabolizable energy coefficient for each plant species ingested. We estimated energy expenditures when foraging as the sum of energy costs of standing, horizontal and vertical locomotion, sinking depths in snow, and supplementary expenditures associated with temperatures outside thermoneutrality. Energy intake per minute averaged 4.0 times more in summer than winter; energy expenditure was 1.2 times greater in summer. Animals obtained higher amounts of metabolizable energy with higher amounts of energy invested. Energy intake during foraging bouts in summer was 2.5 times the energy invested; in contrast, energy intake during winter was only 0.7 times the energy expended. Changes in body mass of deer throughout the year increased asymptotically with foraging efficiency, driven primarily by the rate of metabolizable energy intake. Within a season, summer intake rates and winter rates of energy expediture had the greatest effects on the relation between foraging efficiency and mass status. Seasonal changes in foraging efficiency result in seasonal cycles in body mass and condition in black-tailed deer. Body reserves accumulated during summer, however, are essential for over-winter survival of north-temperate ungulates because energy demands cannot be met by foraging alone.
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26

Margan, DE, NM Graham, and TW Searle. "Energy values of whole lucerne (Medicago sativa) and of its stem and leaf fractions in immature and fully grown sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850783.

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Chopped lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and a stem fraction derived from it were fed to two adult and two immature wethers ad libitum and at a level near maintenance. Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balances were measured during feeding and fasting. The hay contained 17% crude protein and 46% cell wall constituents (dry matter basis) and the stem, which was 53% of the total, contained 10% crude protein and 64% cell wall. Voluntary dry matter consumption rates of the hay (per kg 3/4) were 103 and 145 g/day by the adults and immatures, respectively; the corresponding values for the stem were 73 and 100 g/day. Maximum daily energy balances were 290-3 16 kJ/kg3/4 for the hay and approximately maintenance for the stem. With both ad libitum and restricted feeding, energy digestibility was higher for the hay (56- 63%) than for the stem fraction (45-51%). The metabolizable fraction of digestible energy was 78% at the low and 82% at the high level of feeding and tended to be greater with the stem than with the hay. At the lower feed intake, metabolizable energy was about 10 and 8 MJ/kg organic matter for whole lucerne and stem respectively. Net availability of metabolizable energy was 64 and 49% for maintenance and gain on the hay, compared with 53 and 34% on the stem. As estimated by difference, the energy values of leaf were: digestible energy, 76%; metabolizable energy, 77% of digestible energy or 12.4 MJ/kg organic matter; net availability of metabolizable energy, 78% for maintenance and 60% for gain. All these figures are for the adult sheep; the immature animals gave values that were lower to various degrees. Consideration of the present results together with published data for other samples of lucerne suggests that the use of equations based on study of grasses to predict the energy values of lucerne is likely to introduce significant bias. Equations for this limited set of data on lucerne are given, gross energy being related to crude protein content, metabolizable energy to crude fibre and net availability of metabolizable energy to metabolizable energy content.
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27

Jiang, Z., and R. J. Hudson. "Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-015.

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Seasonal energy intakes of 6- to 14-mo-old wapiti hinds were determined in energy balance trials under pen and field conditions in winter, spring and summer. Six animals grazed native pastures supplemented with alfalfa hay when pasture availability declined in winter. Another six were penned and fed alfalfa-barley pellets to maximize growth throughout the year. Season and diet-specific metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and liveweight gain were determined from regression of metabolizable energy intake on gain. Daily maintenance requirements of penned wapiti ranged from (mean ± SE) 473 ± 35 kJ kg−0.75 in winter to 728 ± 78 kJ kg−0.75 in summer. On spring and summer pasture, daily ecological maintenance requirements ranged from 900 ± 26 to 984 ± 37 kJ kg−0.75. Energy requirements for gain were the same in pen and field trials, ranging from 25 ± 6 to 33 ± 5 kJ g−1 in winter and from 40 ± 6 to 43 ± 12 kJ g−1 in spring and summer. This study provides basic information on the metabolizable energy needs of wapiti and insights into how their seasonal requirements can be optimally met. Key words: Elk, metabolizable energy requirement, growth, physiological maintenance, ecological maintenance, seasonality, energy balance
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28

Putri, Bintang, Osfar Sjofjan, and Irfan H. Djunaidi. "Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Probiotik dan Tepung Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi) Terhadap Kecernaan dan Energi Metabolis pada Ayam Pedaging." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 6, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v6i2.6502.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi probiotik dan tepung belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi) terhadap kecernaan dan energi metabolis pada ayam pedaging. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode percobaan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dari 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0(-) = pakan kontrol, P1 = probiotik 0,8% + tepung belimbing wuluh 0,25%, P2 = probiotik 0,8% + tepung belimbing wuluh 0,50%, P3 = probiotik 0,8% + tepung belimbing wuluh 0,75%. Variabel yang diukur pada penelitian ini meliputi kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK), energi metabolis (AME) dan energi metabolis terkoreksi nitrogen (AMEn). Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian penambahan kombinasi probiotik dan tepung belimbing wuluh memberikan pengaruh tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) pada KcBK, KcPK, AME, dan AMEn, namun jika dilihat secara numerik penambahan kombinasi probiotik dan tepung belimbing wuluh pada pemberian presentase 0,75% memberikan hasil terbaik. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kombinasi probiotik dan tepung belimbing wuluh dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif antibiotik pada pakan.Kata Kunci:acidifier, energi metabolis, kecernaan, probiotik, tepung belimbing wuluhABSTRACTThe purpose of this research to determine the effect of the combination of probiotics and Averrhoa bilimbi on digestibility and metabolic energy in broilers. The method was field experiment using Completely Randomize Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were consist of P0 (-) = control feed, P0 (+) = antibiotic (bacitracin), P1 = probiotic 0.8% + Averrhoa bilimbi0.25%, P2 = probiotic 0.8% + Averrhoa bilimbi0, 50%, P3 = probiotic 0.8% + Averrhoa bilimbi0.75%. The measured variables were dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparet metabolizable energy (AMEn). The data were analyzed by ANOVA and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of this research showed that the addition of probiotic and Averrhoa bilimbi combination were not significantly effects (P>0,05) on dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparet metabolizable energy (AMEn), but if when viewed numerically the combination of probiotic and Averrhoa bilimbi the addition of 0,75% gived the best result. The conclusion of this research was combination of probiotic and Averrhoa bilimbi can be used as an alternative antibiotic in feed.Keywords: acidifier,Averrhoa bilimbi, digestibility, probiotic, metabolizable energy
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29

Lemiasheuski, Viktor O., and Alexey I. Denkin. "Features of energy metabolism in bull calves of Aberdeen angus breed under the influence of available diet protein levels." Agricultural Technologies 2, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/agritech/02.01.03.

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The complexity and identity of the metabolic processes in the digestive tract of ruminants impose strict requirements on the quantity and quality of nitrogenous substances in the diet. The increase in skeletal muscle mass is associated with the processes of protein synthesis and breakdown in the body. The direction of metabolic processes towards increasing the protein biosynthesis of the body is ensured by a sufficient supply of amino acids from the gastrointestinal tract to the metabolic pool of the body by optimizing the energy protein nutrition of ruminants. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of the level of metabolic protein in the diets of Aberdeen Angus bull calves on the bioconversion of metabolizable energy and amino acids into growth energy. The study involved the sequential conduct of 3 series of studies on bull calves of the Aberdeen Angus breed with a live weight of 277 kg, 317 kg and 363 kg. The animals of the 1st experiment were fed according to the RAAS (Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences) standards, where the ratio of the metabolizable protein to the metabolizable energy was 8.2 g/MJ, in the 2nd and 3rd experiments the level of the metabolizable protein was 8.6 and 9.1 g/MJ per the introduction of 0.5 kg and 0.6 kg of soybean meal into the diet, respectively. At the end of each period, physiological experiments were performed. The studied parameter did not have a significant effect on the dry matter intake of the feed, and an increase in the diet of hard-to-break down protein contributed to an increase in the concentration of metabolizable energy and digestibility of dry matter. It was found that metabolizable energy and amino acids are effectively used to increase the live weight of bulls calves during the growing period on a diet in which the ratio of metabolizable protein to metabolizable energy is 8.6 g/MJ. A further increase in metabolic protein in the diet leads to an increase in heat production, which in turn increases the use of amino acids and metabolic energy in energy metabolism and reduces their contribution to the increase in live weight.
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30

Liu, M. F., L. A. Goonewardene, D. R. C. Bailey, J. A. Basarab, R. A. Kemp, P. F. Arthur, E. K. Okine, and M. Makarechian. "A study on the variation of feed efficiency in station tested beef bulls." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-030.

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The records of 282 young beef bulls from eight breeds tested from November 1981 to April 1987 at the Ellerslie Bull Test Station, Alberta, Canada, were used to study the variation in feed efficiency among young performance-tested bulls. Considerable variation existed among the animals in both residual metabolizable energy consumption and residual dry matter consumption. The heritability estimates for residual metabolizable energy consumption and residual dry matter consumption were 0.33 and 0.29, respectively. In addition, residual metabolizable energy consumption and residual dry matter consumption were moderately correlated (r = 0.43) with conventional feed-to-gain ratio, indicating that conventional feed-to-gain ratio only accounted for 18% of the variation in residual metabolizable energy consumption or residual dry matter consumption. It was, therefore, worthwhile to use residual metabolizable energy consumption or residual dry matter consumption as separate measures of feed efficiency. For rapid improvement in feed efficiency in beef cattle, selection pressure should be applied to both growth traits and residual energy consumption or residual dry matter consumption. Multi-trait optimum restricted selection indices and similar selection procedures may serve as useful means in balanced selection programs to improve the productivity of beef cattle. Key words: Feed efficiency, residual ME consumption, beef bulls
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31

Costa, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo, Janaine Sena da Costa, Cláudia de Castro Goulart, Denise Fontana Figueiredo-Lima, Raul da Cunha Lima Neto, and Bárbara Josefina de Sousa Quirino. "Metabolizable energy levels for semi-heavy laying hens at the second production cycle." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 5 (May 2009): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009000500011.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the energy levels in the diet to obtain better performance rates and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle. One hundred and eighty Bovans Goldline laying hens with 62 weeks of age were used during four 28-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four metabolizable energy levels (2,650, 2,725, 2,800, 2,875 and 2,950 kcal/kg), each with six replicates of six birds. The energy level of diet did not affect the weight of the egg, yolk, albumen and eggshell, the percentages of yolk, albumen and eggshell, yolk color and egg specific gravity. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs increased significantly with increasing levels of metabolizable energy. Feed intake decreased linearly as the energy level in the diet increased. The metabolizable energy levels showed a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs. The metabolizable energy level of 2,830 kcal/kg was the most appropriate to promote better performance and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle.
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32

HALLEY, JOHN T., TALMADGE S. NELSON, LINDA K. KIRBY, and ZELPHA B. JOHNSON. "Relationship Between Dry Matter Digestion and Metabolizable Energy." Poultry Science 64, no. 10 (October 1985): 1934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0641934.

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33

Latshaw, J. D., and J. S. Moritz. "The partitioning of metabolizable energy by broiler chickens." Poultry Science 88, no. 1 (January 2009): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00161.

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34

Dozier, W. A., B. J. Kerr, A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, T. E. Weber, and K. Bregendahl. "Apparent Metabolizable Energy of Glycerin for Broiler Chickens." Poultry Science 87, no. 2 (February 2008): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00309.

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., Abolfazl Zarei. "Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy in Artemia Meal." International Journal of Poultry Science 5, no. 7 (June 15, 2006): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.627.628.

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36

HIJIKURO, Sadanobu, and Masaaki TAKEMASA. "Metabolizable energy values of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meals." Japanese poultry science 22, no. 1 (1985): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.22.33.

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37

Cheva-Isarakul, Boonlom, Suchon Tangtaweewipat, Piched Sangsrijun, and Koh-en Yamauchi. "Chemical Composition and Metabolizable Energy of Mustard Meal." Journal of Poultry Science 40, no. 3 (2003): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.40.221.

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38

Thes, M., N. Koeber, J. Fritz, F. Wendel, B. Dobenecker, and E. Kienzle. "Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult cats." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99, no. 6 (October 12, 2015): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12298.

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39

Thes, M., N. Koeber, J. Fritz, F. Wendel, N. Dillitzer, B. Dobenecker, and E. Kienzle. "Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult dogs." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 100, no. 5 (July 15, 2016): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12541.

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40

Coluccy, John M., Michael V. Castelli, Paul M. Castelli, John W. Simpson, Scott R. Mcwilliams, and Llwellyn Armstrong. "True metabolizable energy of American black duck foods." Journal of Wildlife Management 79, no. 2 (February 2015): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.833.

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41

Laflamme, D. P. "Determining metabolizable energy content in commercial pet foods." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 85, no. 7-8 (August 2001): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00330.x.

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42

Sakomura, NK, R. Silva, HP Couto, C. Coon, and CR Pacheco. "Modeling metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder pullets." Poultry Science 82, no. 3 (March 2003): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.419.

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43

Abate, A. "Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance of Kenyan goats." Small Ruminant Research 2, no. 4 (November 1989): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(89)90025-4.

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44

Petrie, Mark J., Ronald D. Drobney, and David A. Graber. "True Metabolizable Energy Estimates of Canada Goose Foods." Journal of Wildlife Management 62, no. 3 (July 1998): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802570.

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45

Liu, Hu, Yifan Chen, Zhongchao Li, Yakui Li, Changhua Lai, Xiangshu Piao, Jaap van Milgen, and Fenglai Wang. "Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance estimated by regression analysis of body weight gain or metabolizable energy intake in growing pigs." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0898.

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46

DARMANI KUHI, H., E. KEBREAB, S. LOPEZ, and J. FRANCE. "A comparative evaluation of functions for the analysis of growth in male broilers." Journal of Agricultural Science 140, no. 4 (June 2003): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003149.

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Data from six studies with male broilers fed diets covering a wide range of energy and protein were used in the current two analyses. In the first analysis, five models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine metabolizable energy intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy intake for producing gain. In addition to the straight line, two types of functional form were used. They were forms describing (i) diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and (ii) sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz and logistic). These models determined metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance to be in the range 437–573 kJ/kg of body weight/day depending on the model. The values determined for average net energy requirement for body weight gain varied from 7·9 to 11·2 kJ/g of body weight. These values show good agreement with previous studies. In the second analysis, three types of function were assessed as candidates for describing the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake. The functions used were: (a) monomolecular (diminishing returns behaviour), (b) Gompertz (smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection) and (c) Lopez, France and Richards (diminishing returns and sigmoidal behaviour with a variable point of inflection). The results of this analysis demonstrated that equations capable of mimicking the law of diminishing returns describe accurately the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake in broilers.
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47

Hales, Kristin E. "Relationships between digestible energy and metabolizable energy in current feedlot diets1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz073.

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Abstract It is commonplace that metabolizable energy (ME) is calculated from digestible energy (DE) as DE × 0.82. However, recent published literature suggests that the relationship between DE and ME is variable depending on the type of diet used, and is typically &gt; 0.90 when high-concentrate diets are fed. Literature means were compiled from 23 respiration calorimetry studies where total fecal and urine collections were conducted and gaseous energy was measured. The relationship between experimentally observed and predicted ME (DE × 0.82) was evaluated using these previously reported treatment means. Additionally, a previously published linear regression equation for predicting ME from DE was also evaluated using a residual analysis. Published (Hales, K. E., A. P. Foote, T. M. Brown-Brandl, and H. C. Freetly. 2017. The effects of feeding increasing concentrations of corn oil on energy metabolism and nutrient balance in finishing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 95:939–948. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0902 and Hemphill, C. N., T. A. Wickersham, J. E. Sawyer, T. M. Brown-Brandl, H. C. Freetly, and K. E. Hales. 2018. Effects of feeding monensin to bred heifers fed in a drylot on nutrient and energy balance. J. Anim. Sci. 96:1171–1180. doi:10.1093/jas/skx030) and unpublished data (K. E. Hales, unpublished data) were used to develop a new equation for estimating ME from DE (megacalories/kilogram [Mcal/kg] of DM; ME = −0.057 ± 0.022 DE2 + 1.3764 ± 0.1197 DE – 0.9483 ± 0.1605; r2 = 0.9671, root mean square error = 0.12; P &lt; 0.01 for intercept, P &lt; 0.01 for linear term, and P &lt; 0.01 for quadratic term). To establish a maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME, individual animal data were used (n = 234) to regress the ME:DE on DE concentration (1.53 to 3.79 Mcal DE/kg). When using experimentally derived data and solving for the first derivative, the maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME was 3.65 Mcal DE/kg. Additionally, the quadratic regression (equation 1) was used to predict ME from a wide range of DE (1.8 to 4.6 Mcal/kg). The ME:DE ratio was then calculated by dividing predicted ME by DE. The maximum biological threshold for the conversion of DE to ME was estimated by solving for the first derivative and was 3.96 Mcal DE/kg. In conclusion, this review suggests that the relationship between DE and ME is not static, especially in high-concentrate diets. The equation presented here is an alternative that can be used for the calculation of ME from DE in current feedlot diets, but it is not recommended for use in high-forage diets. The maximization of ME in current diets, maximum biological threshold, occurs between 3.65 and 3.96 Mcal DE/kg in the diet, which based on these data is approximately 3.43 to 3.65 Mcal/kg of ME consumption.
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48

Warwick, Penelope M. "Expression of energy: commentary on the case for net metabolizable energy." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18, no. 2-3 (March 2005): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.12.011.

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49

Williams, C. B., and T. G. Jenkins. "A dynamic model of metabolizable energy utilization in growing and mature cattle. I. Metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and support metabolism." Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2003.8161371x.

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50

Penkov, D., and S. Grigorova. "METHODOLOGY FOR REPORTING OF THE ENERGY AND PROTEIN TRANSFORMATION IN THE ECO-TECHNICAL CHAIN “FEED-EGG MELANGE” BY LAYING HENS THROUGH INTRODUCING OF “CLARC OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION/CLARC OF PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION”." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.01.004.

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A methodology to account for transformation of metabolizable energy and crude protein in compound feed for laying hens to energy and protein in egg melange (albumen and egg yolk) has been developed. The introduction of Clarc of metabolizable energy transformation and Clarc of crude protein distribution could help to more exactly account of net utilization of nutrients in the eco-technical feed chain. “Clarc” is the ratio of the nutrients studied between primary (feed) and secondary level (animal products, edible by humans). For their establishing, original formulas have been used. They could be used in at least three important areas – ecological (bio-transformation); selectional (development of objective selection criteria and indices) and technological (as indicators to improve the feeding and housing technologies). In the scientific experiment the following values of energy and protein transformation in experiments with laying hens from Lohman Brown Klassik hybrid are observed: Clarc of metabolizable energy transformation (fodder-egg melange) – 0.2313 (23.13%); Clark of crude protein distribution (fodder-egg melange) – 0.2096 (20.96%).
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