Dissertations / Theses: 'Metafysik'

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Ericsson, Daniel. "Kreativitetsmysteriet : ledtrådar till arbetslivets kreativisering och skrivandets metafysik." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Företagslednings- och Arbetslivsfrågor (A), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-612.

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Plötsligt en dag står de där, mitt i centrum för arbetslivets ‘förnyelse’. Räddarna i den postmoderna nöden och den nya ekonomins frälsare: De kreativa människorna. Företagsledare, forskare och politiker tar dem till sina hjärtan. Med stor självklarhet ges de utrymme i maktens korridorer. Men vilka är de egentligen? Var kommer de ifrån? Vad vill de? Vart är de på väg? Och varför är de så hett eftertraktade? Trots att de verkar vara på allas läppar är det ingen som riktigt vet. De är gäckande och undflyende, som mystiska fantomer hämtade ur religionens, konstens och känslans värld. Med ett signalement över den kreativa människan, framvaskat ur kreativitetens idéhistoria, ledtrådar sig författaren in i kunskapens och kreativitetens labyrinter. På spaning efter kreativitetens osynliga orsaker och o(av)sedda konsekvenser leder spåren till en början in i mediavärlden och mot det kreativa ledarskapet. Men snart nog tätnar intrigen. Från redaktionsmötena på en affärstidning, via ett porträtt av en av landets mäktigaste chefredaktörer, till turerna kring tillsättandet av en ny VD för Sveriges Television, väver den röda tråden ett förbryllande mönster. Vad är det, förutom kreativitet, som förenar en rådgivare till den danska regeringen med styrelseordföranden för Aftonbladet? Vad sammanlänkar Dramatenchefen och en reklambyrå-VD med Platon? Vad har den nye SVT-chefen gemensamt med Sherlock Holmes? Vad har reportrarna på Finanstidningen med Karl Marx att göra? Och vilken betydelse har Kungsgatan 18 i sammanhanget? Upplösningen blir allt annat än prydlig. Offer blir till gärningsmän, gärningsmän blir till offer och i skuggan av den ‘logiska’ intrigen lurar en annan. Avhandlingen döljer en komplott. Men en skenbar sådan. Den akademiska deckaren är inte vad den synes vara. Logiken är bruten. Ledtrådarna finns överallt.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

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Ericsson, Daniel. "Kreativitetsmysteriet : ledtrådar till arbetslivets kreativisering och skrivandets metafysik /." Stockholm : Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk. (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/558.htm.

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Larsson, Max. "Ontologi och Sunt Förnuft." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394181.

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Almqvist, Louise. "Metafysik för vilddjur : En ekokritisk läsning av Donna Tartts The Secret History." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113515.

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Naturen i The Secret History beskrivs både som en ytlig omgivning, som instinkter och lagar, som material eller fenomen. Det ges uttryck både för hur människor kan kontrollera och använda sig av den, och hur det är någonting som står över oss. Detta kan tyda på att naturen, istället för att vara någonting annat än människan, är ett intrikat system av påverkan som vi innefattas i. Samtidigt skiljs dock människan från naturen genom språket, där ord som mänskligt, kultiverat, artificiellt och rationellt får sin betydelse i motsättning till djuriskt, primitivt, naturligt och instinktivt. Djuriskhet skildras tillexempel både någonting som finns inom alla människor, och något som skiljs ifrån det mänskliga genom att benämnas som djuriskt. Romanen kan således sägas vara väldigt realistisk i dagens samhälle med ”complex and contradictory attitudes to ’nature’ and our place within it”. Samma sak gäller huvudpersonerna och händelserna i boken. Drivet bakom backanalen är att förlora det rationella och mänskliga jaget, att helt gå upp i det primitiva och djuriska, i naturen. De upphöjer det irrationella, samtidigt som de närmar sig detta rationellt. De försöker använda sig av kulturen för att komma närmare naturen, de försöker forcera fram det naturliga. De avslöjas som förljugna så till den grad att det kan anses vara deras sanna natur. Romanen efterliknar en tragedi men innehåller även element från den kritiska komedin. Allting blir komplext och motsägande, det går således inte att läsa ut något entydigt svar på hur man ser på eller använder sig av naturen, utan det är just komplexiteten som förmedlas. Även om berättelsen går ut på att bli en del av, eller inse att vi är, en del av naturen, så visar dessa ständiga motsättningar på hur vårt tänkande och vårt språk sätter upp hinder för att fullständigt kunna gå upp i naturen, eftersom allt tänkande och talande om naturen kräver att vi distanserat oss från den. Människorna är alltså i grunden en naturlig varelse, men som skiljer sig från den i ögonblicket de reflekterar över naturen, det blir alltså en slags metafysik för vilddjur. Även om Tartts roman således inte ger någon entydig bild av naturen eller ger anspråk på att vara sann mot någon slags objektiv natur kan den i högsta grad anses vara sann mot vår komplexa och motsägande syn på, diskurs om, och användning av naturen.

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Jonsson, Jonathan. "Argumenterar Jonathan Tallant framgångsrikt mot mereologisk nihilism?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187520.

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Proponents of mereological nihilism attempt to achieve a simpler metaphysical ideology,a more parsimonious ontology and a solution to paradoxes of composition by denyingthat composition occurs. There are no objects with proper parts, only mereologicalsimples. One criticism of nihilism is that it appears to render propositions in scientificand ordinary language false, such as ‘there is a chair here’. van Inwagen offers usparaphrases of the form ‘there are some simples here arranged chair-wise’ that allowour ordinary language to express a true statement, albeit ontologically imprecise.Bennet argues that this does not really answer the question of composition, it merelymoves it into another one. Instead of ‘when do the xs compose a y?’, the questionbecomes ‘what does the world have to be like for some xs to be arranged y-wise?’Tallant builds on her argument to make the stronger claim that nihilism ultimately fails.This essay examines his argument and contrasts it with Sider’s positive case fornihilism, finding that while Tallant poses a serious challenge to nihilism, it can be met.However, Sider’s replacement of composition with mathematical sets does not doenough to fully answer the challenge of Tallant.

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Jonsson, Kjell. "Vid vetandets gräns : om skiljelinjen mellan naturvetenskap och metafysik i svensk kulturdebatt 1870-1920." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, 1987. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61928.

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The object of this dissertation is to describe the opinions about the limits of natural science in their social and cultural context There exist two antagonistic positions to this matter restrictionism and expansionism. Restrictionism assumes that the natural sciences have no influence on metaphysics. Expansionism, on die other hand, argues that the natural sciences can legitimise the positions of beliefs and values. During the 1870b a restrictionist attitude on scientific knowledge established itself among influential German and British scientists. Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Rudolf Virchow, Hermann von Helmholtz and Thomas Henry Huxley were some of the famous scientists who rejected attempts to adduce science in religious and metaphysical matter. This restrictionism was rejected by other scientists and philosophers who believed that the modern natural sciences constituted a complete Weltanschauung, hostile to obsolete Christianity and philosophy. The thesis primarily deals with the debate on the limits of scientific knowledge in Sweden. We follow the development of the discussion from the 1870's to the years after the First World War. At the end of the 19th century Swedish scientists freed themselves from dominant natural philosophy and natural theology. Restrictionism was later on supported, in different ways, by recognized scientists, theologians, conservative critics, and philosophers. At the turn of the centuiy the restrictionist view of science was turned against metaphysical materialism, monism, naturalism, and an emergent, radical counter-culture. The controversies continued as long as the mechanical world picture dominated the natural sciences. With social and cultural changes, and the new physics of Rutherford, Einstein, Bohr, and Heisenberg, the debate slowly faded.
digitalisering@umu

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Ewalds, Svante. "Metafysik och religionsfilosofi : det universella i K. E. Løgstrups teologisk-filosofiska tänkande 1971-1981 /." Åbo : Akademis förl, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37145838f.

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Wernberg, Johan. ""Allt är mycket gott" : Om Martinus metafysik och hur den kan ge stärkt stöd åt påståendet att Gud existerar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108548.

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Rutegård, David. "En sakrättslig och straffrättslig inventering av besittningsbegreppet : särskilt om besittningsbegreppets innebörd då besittaren är en juridisk person." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2486.

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Med besittning avses i juridisk mening att någon faktiskt och rättsligt kontrollerar egendom, vilket inbegriper att det hos besittaren finns en vilja att besitta egendomen. Rättsfaktumet besittning ges långtgående rättsföljder inom såväl sakrätten som straffrätten, varför det är intressant att utreda vilka omständigheter som konstituerar besittning inom respektive rättsområde. Vidare har detta betydelse för besittningsbegreppets innebörd då besittaren är en juridisk person. Förfäktar man att en juridisk person har en rättskapande vilja medför det att rekvisiten för att en juridisk person skall anses utöva besittning är desamma som en fysisk dito. Anser man däremot att en juridisk person endast är en fiktiv skapelse, utan vilja, förutsätter detta att en fysisk ställföreträdare utövar besittning för den juridiska personen, vilket i sin tur borde leda till att rekvisiten för att en juridisk person skall räknas som besittare i juridisk mening väsentligen skiljer sig från dem som gäller för fysisk persons besittning. Svensk doktrin ställer sig kallsinnig till att en juridisk person har en egen vilja. Likväl förutsätter såväl doktrinen som lagstiftaren att en juridisk person kan utöva besittning på samma sätt som en fysisk dito. Förklaringen till detta är högst sannolikt juridisk-praktiskt; en konsekvent tillämpning av det fiktiva juridisk personbegreppet skulle i förlängningen leda till oönskade resultat.

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Sirelius, Julia. "John Donnes poetiska teknik : - två små nedslag -." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262781.

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Åkerlund, Erik. "'Nisi temere agat' : Francisco Suárez on Final Causes and Final Causation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för teoretisk filosofi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160816.

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The main thesis of this dissertation is that final causes are beings of reason (‘entia rationis’) in the philosophy of Francisco Suárez (1547-1617). The rejection of final causes is often seen as one of the hallmarks of Early Modern philosophy, marking the transition from an earlier Aristotelian tradition. However, in this dissertation it is shown that final causes had a problematic position already within the Aristotelian tradition. Although other examples of this can be found, this dissertation centers around the thinking of the philosopher and theologian Francisco Suárez and his treatment of final causes in his Disputationes Metaphysicae from 1597. Suárez counts final causes as one of the four kinds of causes, in line with the Aristotelian tradition. However, what these are and how they cause is, at closer inspection, not at all clear, as Suárez shapes his notion of final causation against the background of a definition of causation where efficient causation is the principal kind of causation. Due to this basic view on causes, he is faced with a host of problems when it comes to “salvaging” final causes. Though at first sight seemingly real, in a final analysis final causes are shown to belong to the class of “beings of reason,” ‘entia rationis,’ which are not real beings at all. However, it is also argued that this does not in itself preclude counting final causes as causes; something can really be a cause without being real. Chapter one presents Suárez’ general view on causes and causation. Chapter two presents his view on final causation. Chapter three examines the close link between final causation and moral psychology. Chapter four relates the question of final causation to God’s concurrence with the world. Finally, chapter five argues for the thesis that final causes are beings of reason.

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Åkerlund, Erik. "Forms and Universals in the Philosophy of Francisco Suárez." Thesis, Uppsala University, Logic and Metaphysics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-98821.

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Kalén, Isabella. "Kroppens harmoni : om relationalitet i G.W Leibnizs monadologi." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26018.

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The purpose of this essay is to discuss relationality in G.W Leibnizs Monadologie (1714). In general terms this essay analyzes the notion of individuation in relation to the concept of monads. The analysis proposes a question regarding the body in this individuation, and what consequences follows for the understanding of the relation between the single individual and other individuals. It will be shown that the irreducibility of having a body transcendens something like ownness, subjectivity, personality and individuation, and this is explained through the pre-established harmony between the monads – where the plurality of monads is detected before the monads singularity. To widen this investigation of relationality between the monads, I will turn to Edmund Husserls phenomenological operation for solving the egological problem of solipsism in Cartesian Meditations (1929). In his meditations, Husserl uses the monad as a self-conscious ego with peculiar ownness. After having outlined the relevant characteristics of Husserl phenomenological methodical operation, I turn to Deleuzes non-phenomenological reading of Leibniz in The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (1988). In Deleuzes reading Leibniz is ascribed a transcendental philosophy which bears on the event rather than the phenomenon. The purpose is to develop a discussion between Leibniz, Husserl and Deleuze about relationality in relation to the concept of monads, and about the different ways in which we can approach this subject.

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Niklasson, Fredrik. "Själen ett holografiskt fragment av gud? : Ett jämförande studium av Alfred L. Webres och Sallie McFagues gudsbilder." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33392.

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Uppsatsens syfte är att jämföra olika gudsbilder, den monarkiska bilden, gud sett ur ett ekologiskt perspektiv och gud utifrån en vetenskaplig hypotes, hur skiljer sig dessa åt och vad förenar dem. Ur boken The Omniverse beskrivs gud ur ett metafysiskt perspektiv där transdimensionella dimensioner är en del samt de andliga dimensionerna, vilket inkluderar intelligenta civilisationer av själar, andliga varelser och skapelsen gud. Studien bygger på en jämförande litteraturstudie av böckerna The Omniverse av Alfred Lambremont Webre, och Imaging a Theology of Nature: The World as God’s bodyav Sallie McFague. Den mest framträdande skillnaden i jämförandet av författarnas gudsbilder är de olika förklaringsmodeller de båda ger Webre utifrån en vetenskaplig hypotes och McFague utifrån ett teologiskt perspektiv. Det som förenar dem är en holistisk gud sett utifrån en naturlig teologi detta relaterar till en skapelsebaserad gud sett utifrån ett kosmiskt perspektiv, en gud som står i direkt relation till människan.

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Sheikhi, Sara Alma Safije. "Beyond the Betrayal of Language : On the Role of Skepticism in Otherwise than Being." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353502.

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In Otherwise than Being (1974), Levinas asked if and how philosophy could make justice of the concrete ethical meeting by philosophical practice, which is unconditionally conditioned by language. Language, understood as partly situated in being and ontology, is analysed as an appropriation of the other, who is other than being. Language could therefore according to Levinas never fully express the other – sometimes referred to as “otherism”. A condition, then, that needs to be fulfilled for philosophical practice to reach the goal of making justice for the other, and hence be meaningful in the Levinasian picture, is to transcend language through language. In the essay, I analyse through textual interpretation what appears to be a contradiction regarding Levinas’ answer to the possibility of transcendence through and by language in philosophy. On one hand, it appears as if philosophy could not overcome language through language, and that philosophical practice therefore is not meaningful. On the other hand, it appears as if sceptical discourse could overcome language through language. Scepticism might then be considered as the only meaningful practice and philosophy a game of deconstructive dialogue. Since skepticism is understood as a part of philosophy, this would imply that there is a contradiction. I argue that the contradiction could be understood as apparent when considering the criticism executed in Levinas’ analysis of language. I suggest that the contradiction is apparent because sceptical interchange is meaningful.

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Rubnell, Spolander Rita. "Between given and created value : Finding new grounds for justifying human rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395539.

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This thesis aims at formulating a human rights justification based on the assumption that disbelief in human rights is found in communicative grounds, rather than some sort of unreasonable evil. I first identify what I believe to be a flaw in the communicative strength of existing human rights justifications in explaining why rights should be. I suggest that there is a gap between the justifications of human rights that contain metaphysical narrative, and the justifications that rely on subjective experience of rights as good. I further explain how this is a gap that political consensus and the idea of Kantian moral reason cannot seem to fill. I subsequently boil this gap down to the concept of value, since the foundation for each justification is based on a type of value. These are categorized as either given value – which applies to all attributes of value that is “given” to us independently of our actions or opinions, or created value – which applies to all attributes of value that stem from social interaction (thus action) and experience. As justifications are funneled into either of these two categories of value, it begins to look like no other type of value exist, and as a result no one looks for it. To respond to this problem, I formulate a philosophical explanation, in Robert Nozicks terms. This explanation shows that there may be other routes to apply to value than sticking to simply given or created value. My explanation utilizes the three theories of philosophical anthropology, internal metaphysical realism and Wittgensteins philosophy of language, and it is based on the result of an analysis of material consisting of human rights justification arguments by Nicholas Wolterstorff, Alasdaire MacIntyre, Martha Nussbaum and Richard Rorty. The actual philosophical explanation I formulate utilizes the metaphysics of Helen Steward to provide a given-value foundation for the primitive reactions of Stefan Eriksson, which creates value through social organization. Overall, I find that there are untried possibilities which may allow for a different type of value to act as the foundation for a human rights justification. My contribution to the field rests in the novelty of the theories used in my explanation, and the angle of the problem formulation.

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Lundgren, Björn. "Undermining Derk Pereboom’s Hard Incompatibilist Position Against Agent-causation : A Metatheoretical Work on the Topic of Metaphysics and Metaethics." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88587.

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The author has attempted a dubbleedged purpose, as indicated by the title. The author firstly deals with Pereboom; begining with his so-called ‘wild coincidence’-argument, by which Pereboom claims agent-causation to be unlikely. The author argues that this argument lacks both scope and strenght. The author then deals with the question of compatiblity between physics and agent-causation as related to Pereboom’s basic problematization; whether agent-causation would or would not diverge from what is expected (from any other event) given our best physical theories. This results in a strong criticism against Pereboom’s whole position, and a positive argument for agent-causation. After the first purpose is achieved, the author turns to the purpose indicated by the subtitle. The author presents a general criticism against the field of metaethics concerning the question of free will. The author also makes suggestions for a possible solution.
Författaren har, som titeln indikerar, tagit på sig ett tveeggat problem. Först hanterar författaren Pereboom; och börjar med hans så kallade ‘wild coincidence’-argument, med vilket Pereboom hävdar att agentkausalitet är osannlik. Författaren menar att detta argument saknar både omfång och styrka. Författaren hanterar sedan frågan om kompatibilitet mellan fysik och agentkausalitet, så som den är relaterad till Perebooms grundläggande problematisering; huruvida agentkausalitet skulle eller inte skulle avvika från vad som vi förväntar oss (givet någon annan händelse) från våra bästa fysiska teorier. Detta resulterar i en stark kritik mot Perebooms hela position, och ett positivt argument för agentkausalitet. Efter att det första syftet är avklarat, så vänder sig författaren till undertitelns syfte. Författaren presenterar en generell kritik mot fältet metaetik avseende frågan om fri vilja. Författaren föreslår även en möjlig lösning på problemet.

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Bäcklund, Jimmy Ulf Anti-Krister. "Reciprok egoism, skeptisk empirism och modern fysikalism : Titelförslag på några principer och diskurs kring dessas korrelation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för kulturvetenskaper, KVA, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96930.

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Denna essä är en ontologisk och epistemologisk undersökning av bland annat etiska och medvetandefilosofiska implikationer av en konsekvent fysikalistisk hållning. I detta kontrasteras mot en transcendentalistisk hållning, som den av T. M. Scanlon, den skeptiska empirismen av David Hume, reciprokt baserade moraliska system (e.g. J. L. Mackies självreferentiella altruism) samt en medvetandesyn i linje med Galen Strawsons kriterier för en realistisk fysikalism som i min mening löser alla så kallade psykofysiska problem.
This paper contains an ontological and epistemic analysis of the implication of a consistently physicalist view of reality. This in polemic contrast with transcendentalist positions as that of T. M. Scanlon. I follow along the lines of a sceptical empiricism that I ascribe to Hume and from which, I argue, consistently follows guidelines as set by for example J. L. Mackie and Galen Strawson on topics of self-referential altruism and realistic physicalism respectively.

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Dahllöv, Mats. "Jordens sång : Naturfilosofi och musik hos Gilles Deleuze." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för estetik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-293476.

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This essay provides a thorough reading of Gilles Deleuze’s (1925–95) philosophy of nature and the way music relates to this philosophy. It does so with regards to changes in the view of nature in 20th century science, especially in the theories of self-organisation as developed by, among others, Ilya Prigogine. Deleuze’s metaphysics is viewed in relation to these theories, and is also compared to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which is related to classical science. The essay then investigates certain key issues in Deleuze’s philosophy concerning difference and univocity (or immanence), developed in his doctoral thesis Différence et répétition (1968). Also, certain aspects of the further evolution of this philosophy of immanence in Mille plateaux (1980), co-written with Félix Guattari, are examined. The essay then studies the role of aesthetics in Deleuze’s philosophy, and the way he transforms the aesthetics of Kant. The following chapter deals with Deleuze & Guattari’s primary text concerning music, ”De la ritournelle” in Mille plateaux. In this text, they develop a highly abstract concept of music, which, in their philosophy, is: 1) granted a cosmological reach regarding rhythms and motives; 2) made an essential aspect of the emergence of art, which they find in animals creating a territory (especially in the songbird); 3) used to discuss Baroque/Classicist, Romantic and 20th century musical styles. Apart from analysing these aspects, this chapter focuses on 20th century music, with a thorough examination of Gustav Mahler and of spectral music, demonstrating that Deleuze’s philosophy can deepen the understanding of this music. The chapter also discusses problematic tendencies in Deleuzian research on contemporary music, which does not take the entirety of Deleuze’s philosophy of nature into account. This essay argues that such knowledge is necessary to correctly examine the implications of Deleuze & Guattari’s philosophy of music. The lack of awareness of Deleuze’s philosophy of nature is also significant in the critique that Deleuze’s aesthetics has received by Jacques Rancière, which is analysed in the final chapter. This chapter also discusses Michael Gallope’s reading of Deleuze & Guattari, in which he makes a distinction between a metaphysical and an ethical-aesthetic philosophy of music. Although the relation between metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics, is key to understanding their philosophy of music, this essay argues that Gallope’s idea of what sort of music they advocate is incorrect.

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Jonasson, Cecilia. "Klarsynthet : om den filosofiska innebörden av "det närvarande och verkliga" i Clara - or, On Nature's Connection to the Spirit World av F. W. J. Schelling." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-14839.

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This essay aims to explore the philosophical meaning of the expression ”present and real” in Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World by F. W. J. Schelling. Clara is unique among the works of Schelling since it is written as a discussion embedded in a symbolic and fictional context. One of the reasons for this is its aim to ground all scientific knowledge in that which is “present and real”. After having presented an overview of the life and philosophy of Schelling, as well as his relevance in contemporary philosophy, this essay is constituted by a thorough textual analysis of Clara. The analysis reveals how the text through descriptions of emotions, environments and a symbolic story highlights a certain “qualitative aspect” of the present and real. As what is simultaneously ”the ideal in the real” and “the real in the ideal” this aspect escapes rational quantifying reason, revealing a foundational indivisible unity of life. An awareness of this intuitively known aspect of life can give rise to an immediate knowing, and felt as inspiration it can trigger the mind into the process of making what is immediately known into scientific “realized” knowledge. This way, an awareness of the pre-rational can lead to a permanent clairvoyance – a cognition in which that, which initially appears as irrational, can be made comprehensible. Interestingly, “the ideal in the real” coincides with the concept of “qualia”, the potential existence of which is lively debated within the field of consciousness studies today. Not much has been written about Clara so far, possibly partly because it concerns “the Spirit World” in its substantial sense. However, this essay hopes to show that Clara is phenomenologically, ontologically and epistemologically relevant and that it has a philosophical value of its own.
Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera den filosofiska innebörden av uttrycket ”närvarande och verkligt” i F. W. J Schellings verk Clara – or, On Nature’s Connection to the Spirit World. Detta verk är unikt bland Schellings övriga verk då det är utformat som en diskussion satt i en symbolisk och fiktiv kontext, bland annat i syfte att förankra all vetenskaplig kunskap i det närvarande och verkliga. Efter en presentation av Schellings liv, filosofi och dagsaktualitet utgörs uppsatsen av en ingående textanalys som visar hur Schelling med hjälp av känslo- miljö- och händelseskildringar i Clara framhäver en särskild ”kvalitativ aspekt” av det närvarande och verkliga. Denna undflyr det rationella kvantifierande förnuftet och uppenbarar livets grundläggande odelbara enhet. Såsom det ideala i det reala sammanfaller denna aspekt med begreppet ”kvalia” vars existens livligt debatteras inom medvetandefilosofin idag. Clara visar dock att det ideala i det reala även är detsamma som det reala i det ideala och att en medvetandegörning om denna kvalitativt, omedelbart och intuitivt kända aspekt av livet kan ge upphov till ett omedelbart vetande och inspiration som kan realiseras vetenskapligt. I samverkan med förnuftet kan denna förrationella medvetenhet leda till en beständig klarsynthet inom vilket allt, även det som först förefaller irrationellt, kan göras begripligt. Inte mycket har tidigare skrivits om Clara, möjligen delvis beroende på att den berör andevärlden i konkret bemärkelse, vilket kan verka vetenskapligt avskräckande. Denna uppsats hoppas dock visa på verkets fenomenologiska relevans och dess filosofiska egenvärde. [1]För mer info om kvaliadebatten se exempelvis: Edmond Wright (editor). The case for qualia. (Cambridge: MIT press, 2008)

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Lindgren, Nicklas. ""Människan,djuret och den metafysiska skillnaden" : En kritisk jämförelse mellan Peter Singer och Jacques Derrida." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16512.

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När man inom filosofihistorien diskuterat frågan om djuret, har utgångspunkten ofta varit en negativ kontrast till det mänskliga. Medan människan tillskrivits förmågor som medvetenhet, rationalitet och förmåga till tal och språk, har djuret framställts som något som brister i dessa egenskaper. Dock har det uppkommit nya teorier om djuret som skiljer sig från en sådan metafysisk tradition . Peter Singer lyfter i sin bok, Praktisk Etik, att medvetande och självmedvetandeargument som syftat till att tillskriva människan en särställning gentemot djuret inte längre kan vidmakthållas. Vi har snarare skäl att tro det omvända. Jacques Derrida är likt Singer intresserad av att ändra synen på djuret som en brist i relation till det mänskliga men Derrida föreslår en radikalare lösning. Vi måste enligt Derrida dekonstruera (”bryta ner”) det antropocentriska, metafysiska subjektet - och de strukturer som inbegrips i det - för att se hur dess innehåll har fått människan att bruka våld mot djuret. Även om Derrida och Singer skiljer sig när det gäller att problematisera den metafysiska distinktionen mellan människa och djur. tar man avstamp från samma punkt, nämligen från Jeremy Benthams lidandebegrepp.
When discussing the issue of the animal within the history of philosophy, the aspect has often been somewhat of a negative contrast to what is humane. Whilst the human race has been attributed with abilities such as consciousness, rationality and the ability to speak, the animal has been described as something that lacks these abilities. However, new theories concerning the animal have arisen, theories that differentiate from such metaphysical tradition. In Praktisk Etik, Peter Singer raises an argument claiming that consciousness and self-consciousness concerning the matter of attributing humans with an exceptional position towards the animals, no longer can be admitted as valid. We more likely have the reason to believe the opposite. Jacques Derrida is like Singer interested in changing the attitude towards the animal as a flaw in relation to what is humane, but Derrida proposes a more radical solution. According to Derrida, we have to deconstruct the anthropocentric, metaphysical subject – and the structures that embodies this – to be able to see how its content has made the human being maltreat the animal. Although Derrida and Singer separate in their opinions concerning the problematizing of the metaphysical distinction between the human being and the animal, they take off from the same point of view, namely from Jeremy Bentham’s concept of suffering.
Nicklas Lindgren

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Steunebrink, Gerrit. "Kunst, utopie en werkelijkheid : Adorno's esthetica en metafysica tegen de achtergrond van Kant en Hegel /." Tilburg : Tilburg university press, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39008091p.

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Sabbagh, Sina. "Projektionsmekanismer i En kurs i mirakler (A Course in Miracles) : en jämförelse med jungiansk psykologi." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-480.

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Mirakelkursen är ett verk som definierar orsaken till projektion som skulden över tron att man har separerat sig från Gud eller Ettheten. Det ingår i Etthetens karaktär att detta är omöjligt att göra. Helandet av denna skuld tar bort orsaken till projektionerna och den verkliga världen uppenbarar sig. Projektionen är till sin karaktär en psykologisk lögn och är enligt Jung orsaken till emotionella affekter. Frågeställningarna är följande: Hur beskrivs psykets projektionsmekanism i Mirakelkursen? Är Mirakelkursens beskrivning av projektion förenlig med Jungs beskrivning av den? Är den en avvikelse från Jungs definition eller en naturlig följd av den? Vad är implikationerna av förståelsen av projektion, för vårt sätt att betrakta världen?

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Oosthout, Henri Franciscus Robert Maria. "Wijsgerig taalgebruik in de redevoeringen van Gregorius van Nazianze tegen de achtergrond van de neoplatoonse metafysica /." Boxmeer : Drukkerij Schoth, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34934438v.

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Petersson, Andreas, Martin Padu, and Daniel Ahlin. "Elektroniska spel i tidningsfältet : En studie av recensenters förhållningssätt till dator- och TV-spel." Thesis, Linköping University, Culture, Society, Media Production, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-52007.

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This paper considers the roles of critics, newspapers and magazines, in the process ofdescribing computer games and video games as either technical objects or products intendedfor entertainment.The making and “using” of computer games and videogames originates in small groups ofpeople possessing a lot of knowledge in computers, during a time when these kinds of deviceswere very expensive. But now, the gaming culture has grown and almost anyone in oursociety can own and play a video game. For that reason, one could ask the questions “are thegames and the people who plays them still parts of a ‘technical culture’?” and “do we needsome kind of prior knowledge to fully understand the videogame critics?”The critics represent “the official idea” of what a videogame is, how it works and if it is worthplaying. One should be able to trust them since they represent papers and magazines with anassignment to spread information of a serious character. Bourdieus “distinction of taste” and“capital theory” and Vedungs “idea analysis” aided us when we read and analyzed 18computer game and video game reviews in six Swedish news papers and gaming magazines.The conclusion we came up with was that the critics frequently focus their texts to cover the“story”, “graphics”, “feeling” and the “style/genre” of the reviewed games. These dimensionsare easy to understand even if one doesn’t have a lot of experience with video games. Theywere far more common than others that, for example, explained if the game was hard to play,if it contained any bugs (flaws) and discussions like “who would be likely to play thisgame?”, but sometimes they occurred. Dimensions like that require some prior knowledge.Some technical knowledge could help the reader understand more of the reviews, but arerarely essential. According to what we have read in the newspapers and magazines, gamesand gaming could consequently be considered less of a technical question and more of amatter of entertainment.

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Tomas, Walch. "Värdeförankringsprocessen i två trosförståelser." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324843.

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Uppsatsen jämför en teistisk-metafysisk och en existentiell trosförståelse när det gäller deras förklaringar till att en människa har att förhålla sig till vissa värden som objektivt givna, och vad som krävs av en människa för att få tillgång till denna kunskap. Som representant för det teistisk-metafysiska perspektivet används Francis A. Schaeffer och för det existentiella Paul Tillich.

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Glimmerveen, Cornelis Harm. "The force of dialectics on the logical and ontological structures concerning the concepts of force in Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel /." [S.l. : [Groningen] : s.n.] ; [University Library Groningen] [Host], 1992. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/124634087.

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Åhlfeldt, Lina. "En verkligt overklig Gud : om sambandet mellan non-realism och religiös pluralism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274746.

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In this essay I examine the relation between religious non-realism and religious pluralism. Religious pluralism is celebrated by it's adherents, to be benevolent and tolerant towards other religions truth claims and practices. Religious non-realism is also, by its adherents, praised for its including way to look upon truth claims and differing opinions about reality. When it comes to questions like what there is and what is not, does God exist or does he not etc. the religious non-realist is prone to less dogmatism and definite answers than metaphysical realists. Or at least so does the non-realists themselves like to think. What I examine in this essay is whether religious non-realism pragmatically implies religious pluralism, or if a non-realist judiciously can dismiss religious pluralism and instead adopt a form of confessional view of a specifik religion. Religious exclusivism, like the one Alvin Plantinga defends, rejects the possibility of x being both true and false. If a religious claim is taken to be true then incompatible claims have to be considered false according to this view. This fits poorly whith religious non-realism since the latter does not embrace a correspondance theory of truth. Religious pluralism is strongly criticized, among others for leaving “God” or other religious entities empty and whithout characteristics or content. This, because if God is litterally indescribable and unreachable, we would have no reason to believe that God has the chatacteristics we think he has. If religious pluralism cannot answer to the criticism, and if non-realism can not help pluralism evade the problems, then we are in need of a religious inclusivism that does not depend on metaphysical realism. I propose, what I have called, a pragmatic non-realistic inclusivism as an answer to the problem. This is a non-realistic theory that evades metaphysical realism and reductionism of religion, but nevertheless can prefere one religion before others. Not because one religion is concidered to have metaphysical and objective truth while others do not, but because one could prefere a specific religious language and consider that religion to be the most adequate response to human life

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Aronsson, Jan. "Det estetiska problemet : Relationen mellan det estetiska och etiska i Kierkegaards filosofi." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9034.

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This paper is about Soren Aabye Kierkegaards (1813-1855) philosophy regarding the relation between the aesthetic and the ethic stage. The result of the essay is a modification of the aesthetic problem. The suggestion is to convert part of Kierkegaard’s metaphysical claims into an epistemic approach. An epistemic approach means to hold a position of well grounded stipulative beliefs. The argument for this suggestion is that it’s not possible to decide the truth in Kierkegaard’s metaphysical claims and therefore is it more fruitful to take an epistemic position. This paper claims that for the aesthetic person an argumentation on an epistemic level should be enough to choose the ethic way of life.

Denna uppsats behandlar Sören Aabye Kierkegaards (1813-1855) filosofi med avseende på förhållandet mellan det estetiska och etiska stadiet. Resultat av uppsatsen faller ut i ett förslag till modifiering av Kierkegaards lösning på det estetiska problemet. Förslaget till modifiering går ut på att istället inta en epistemisk hållning till de metafysiska sanningsanspråk som görs i Kierkegaards filosofi. Med en epistemisk hållning menas en position som bygger på stipulativa välgrundade trosföreställningar. Argumentet för detta är att vi inte kan avgöra sanningsvärdet i Kierkegaards metafysik och därför är den epistemiska positionen mer fruktbar. Uppsatsen hävdar att för estetikern borde en argumentation på epistemisk nivå räcka för att välja det etiska.

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Lundqvist, Johan. "Processreliabilistiska rättfärdigande som funktionalistiska förlopp: Är generalitetsproblemet ett frameproblem?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104323.

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Först presenteras metafysisk funktionalism. En Ramseysats för smärta spelar en central roll som en implicit definition av ett mentalt tillstånd över sensorisk input och beteendemässig output. Därefter presenteras reliabilismen som en teori om kunskap. Några allmänna kunskapsteoretiska problem, samt några av reliabilismens problem presenteras. De mest relevanta problem är följande: fallet med en elak demon, klärvoajans samt Mr. Truetemp, och generalitetsproblemet. En formell och schematisk presentation ges för reliabilism som en teori för kunskap, eller möjligen tillskrivande av kunskap, och processreliabilism som en teori för epistemiskt rättfärdigande. Därefter exponeras strukturella likheter mellan funktionalism och processreliabilism. Det får anses plausibelt att det råder ett nära släktskap mellan dessa teorier då Ramseysatser för rättfärdigade trosföreställningar presenteras. Dessa analyseras sedan utifrån möjliga fall. Med ny teoretisk bakgrund prövas reliabilismens problem ånyo inom ett funktionalistisk ramverk. Nya sätt att bemöta problemen presenteras genom en analys av det Kinesiska Rummet. Det svårlösta generalitetsproblemet kan ses som ett frameproblem och hanteras med hjälp av enveloping.
Firstly, a presentation of metaphysical functionalism. A Ramsey sentence plays a central role as an implicit definition of a mental state over sensory input and behavouristic output. A presentation of reliabilism as a theory of knowledge. A summary of some general epistemological problems and some specific to reliabilism; the main ones are the evil demon, clairvoyance and Mr. Truetemp, and the generality problem. A formal and schematic presentation of reliabilism as a theory of knowlege, or possibly knowlege attribution, and process reliabilism as a theory of belief justification. Structural similarities between functionalism and process reliabilism are exposed. A close kinship between these two theories seems plausible because of the possibility to present Ramsey sentences for justified beliefs. These Ramsey sentences are then analysed over possible cases. This new theoretical background, warrents another look at problems for reliabilism. New ways to counter these problems are presented via an analysis of the Chinese Room. The elusive genrality problem is seen as a frame problem and treated using enveloping.

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Balvín, Tomáš. "Shelleyho vyjednávání metafyziky." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436349.

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This thesis aims to understand Percy Bysshe Shelley's attitude towards the role of the poet in society as an usher of progressive change. To do this, it examines his metaphysics, chiefly his contact with the doctrines of idealism, which crystallised at the dawn of his life through his intimate relationship with the works of Plato, the early engagement with French materialists, English philosophers like Priestley and Hume & a later one with Lucretian materialism, and his deep entanglement with the first modern proponent of anarchism, William Godwin - who could be described as a perfectionist by some or as utilitarianist by others. By doing that the thesis seeks to shed light on how these doctrines influenced Shelley and how he conversed with and critiqued them, revealing the intricacies of his work because, in Shelley's philosophy, the nature of differentiation between the two, that is between materialism and idealism, is notoriously problematic. The beginning of the thesis serves to engage with Shelley's early contact with materialist doctrines, their fast repudiation in their pure form and his later critique in "Cloud" and response to them. The materialist influences of Shelley are pondered, as well as some of the possibilities of interpreting Shelley in a materialist way. Next, Shelley's...

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Vohnická, Veronika. "Kierkegaard a konec metafyziky." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-274477.

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Contribution of Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard to European philosophy is his interest in the free human living (existence). The transcedence of an intellect on behalf of belief gets his thinking beyond the conventional conception of the world which culminated in the Hegel's system. Distraction of an abstract thinking and enforcement of an individual is a hard failure when we want to understand the world. The individual human being is a key and ressource to assumption of the universal being and particular existence. Complete research of ideas anxiety, irony, human existence, freedom and truth is a proof of a possibility that we can handle the complex of being and truth. The essential movement (return to own heart) is a conjuction with reflection can be a fundamental of understanding true existence. The posibility of insight of the komplex of being. Experience of a faulted moment (in human existence) enables insight into complex of being and understanding an individuality of spending human existence. This writing outlines development of méthaphysic from antique period through German classical philosophy and the influence of Soren Kierkegaard on the breakage of traditional conception of human existence and his relation to Sókratés. It's shown Kierkegaard's contributing to existentialism and destiny of...

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Michel, Beat. "Fenomén, smysl, substrát - fenomenologická metafyzika." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-440013.

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Phenomenon, sense and substrate - the case for a phenomenological metaphysics What is the substrate of consciousness, or what is it that "makes consciousness"? Asking this question amounts to not being satisfied with an answer that may seem self-evident: this substrate is the brain. In fact, situating the substrate of consciousness in the objective body, as part of the world - whether in the context of phenomenology, philosophy of mind or naturalism - leads to a circular ontology: consciousness in the body, the body in the world, the world thought, perceived, conceived, constituted by consciousness. However, even if all circularity is not necessarily problematic, we seek to show that this circularity of a general ontology is indeed fatal. So we take another path, from the subjective body to a substrate that is not located in the world. This substrate is constructed as an abstract notion, by operating two consecutive merges of existing concepts. First we bring together in a single concept, that of abstract substrate, the Aristotelian hylemorphism, on the one hand, and the idea of supervenience, from the philosophy of the mind, on the other hand, by establishing that the two are, in a way, coextensive. We then appeal to the notion of absolute Life, introduced by Michel Henry in the last period of his work,...

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Pětová, Marie. "Myšlení počátku a konce metafysiky. K Heideggerovu titulu počátek (der Anfang)." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-292663.

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The aim of this study is to help to clarify Heidegger's conception of metaphysics as "history of esse" (Geschichte des Seins), namely on the basis of one of his "leading" words (Leitworte), that is through the title "der Anfang" - beginning. The work tries to understand it using what the author terms as "anfängliches Denken", by following the initial grasp of esse.

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Rabas, Martin. "Dynamis a energeia: příspěvek k interpretaci Aristotelovy Metafyziky." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354030.

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in English: In the first half of the book Theta of his Metaphysics, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a property of a being. In this sense, dunamis is primarily a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other, thereby exercising itself in its energeia. In the second half of the book, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a way of being. In this sense, a being is dunamei another thing and in the course of its becoming that thing it changes into being energeiai. The aim of the present thesis is to offer an interpretation of the concepts of dunamis and energeia as they appear in the chapters 1, 2 and partly 6 of the book Theta. The first question is how the concepts of dunamis and energeia in both parts fit together. The problem is posed as follows: Are dunamis in the sense of a principle of change and dunamis as a way of being mutually dependent? Are energeia as change and being energeiai related? Are they not, in fact, two relatively independent philosophical concepts, relative to whether being is regarded from the point of view of physics, respectively metaphysics? Based on the interpretation of Aristotle's statements, the thesis aims to argue that Aristotle starts his exposition with the analysis of dunamis in the sense of a principle of change precisely in order to show the...

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Dvořáková, Klára. "Metafyzika a filosofie Mollá Sadrá Šírázího: existence a kontinuita." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298503.

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The thesis elaborates the philosophical system of Mulla Sadra Shirazi with the aim to present synthetic character (bridging Kalam, Peripathetic school of Ibn Sina and Sufism) of late Islamic philosophical discourse where existential approaching the reality plays a crucial role in solving the quests of unity and plurality in the macro- and microcosmos. I argue that Mulla Sadra is not only reversing the primacy of essence - a dominant discourse in philosophy of his time - into a existentially perceived changing reality, but also re-defining the terms as movement, causality and teleology in particular, and metaphysics and philosophy in general. Against the static structure of essences Sadra juxtaposes a dynamic flow of existence. Every being is determined by sharing the same existence. What is causing the plurality in this world is a changing degree of this identic existence in particular beings. The existence is being modulated in time towards its higher intensities, and in the end unites with the Pure existence, ergo God. We witness the modulation of Being as an evolutionary process where every new moment is followed by continual self-evolving rather then replacing a potential state by actual. Hence, the movement becomes a continuity of a single unity. Sadra proves his concept on a consciousness of the...

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Rabas, Martin. "Možnost a skutečnost jsoucna: příspěvek k interpretaci Aristotelovy Metafyziky." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353889.

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in English: In the first half of the book Theta of his Metaphysics, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a property of a being. In this sense, dunamis is primarily a principle of change in another thing or in the thing itself qua other, thereby exercising itself in its energeia. In the second half of the book, Aristotle discusses dunamis as a way of being. In this sense, a being is dunamei another thing and in the course of its becoming that thing it changes into being energeiai. The aim of the present thesis is to offer an interpretation of the concepts of dunamis and energeia as they appear in the chapters 1, 2, 6 and partly 7 of the book Theta. The first question is how the concepts of dunamis and energeia in both parts fit together. The problem is posed as follows: Are dunamis in the sense of a principle of change and dunamis as a way of being mutually dependent? Are energeia as change and being energeiai related? Are they not, in fact, two relatively independent philosophical concepts, relative to whether being is regarded from the point of view of physics, respectively metaphysics? Based on the interpretation of Aristotle's statements, the thesis aims to argue that Aristotle starts his exposition with the analysis of dunamis in the sense of a principle of change precisely in order to show the...

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Tomeček, Marek. "Berkeleyho metafyzika a epistemologie mezi common sense a vědou." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-287937.

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The aim of the dissertation is to provide a sympathetic interpretation of Berkeley's immaterialism that does not proceed on the assumption that there is something fundamentally wrong with the system itself. Careful close reading uncovers new semantic relationships between important philosophical concepts in immaterialism. Although traditionally viewed as anti common-sense, Berkeley devotes one whole book to explaining his position on common sense. He claims that his system is closer to it than materialism because it does not distort the meanings of such key words as "know", "certain" and "real". Furthermore, he empties words "external object", "absolute existence" etc. of their meaning, thus precluding the very semantic framework within which the traditional debate about realism, idealism, phenomenalism and solipsism takes place. Berkeley's own definition of the object of perception is to be found primarily in his scientific theory of vision, from which it is generalized into a metaphysics. And since his optical programme provides a psychology of vision, also the immaterialist metaphysical underpinning limits itself to connecting ideas as psychological entities private to each perceiver and construing objects of perception out of them. But if things are just collections of ideas and ideas are mind-dependent...

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Sladký, Pavel. "Na hranicích metafyziky. Pokus o interpretaci Patočkovy filosofie negativního platonismu." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379172.

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The thesis aims to interpret the philosophy of negative Platonism, which Jan Patočka developed during the 1950s. In the first part, negative Platonism, whose preliminary notion is derived from the interpretation of the eponymous programme essay, is studied in the context of contemporary philosophical discussion and Patočka's subjectivist humanistic conception he developed in the latter half of the 1940s as well as his lectures on classical philosophy. The second part contains author's own systematic interpretation of negative Platonism, including the reconstruction of the textual corpus of Patočka's programme. Finally, the third part, which considers first the inspirational sources of the observed project, reviews negative Platonism and outlines a concept, with which Patočka replaced negative Platonism in the late 1950s. The thesis aims to outline the philosophy of negative Platonism as an important stage in Patočka's philosophical development as well as a significant part of the modern history of European thinking.

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Heider, Daniel. "Suárezova metafyzika. Od pojmu jsoucna přes transcendentální jednotu k druhům transcendentální jednoty." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-287933.

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The goal of the thesis is to present the metaphysical system, in its systematic origins, of the foremost representative of the period, that is frequently labeled as the second scholasticism, namely of Francis Suárez (1548-1617). The origins are represented by four basic themes that become the titles of particular sections in the thesis: The object and the nature of metaphysics, the concept of being, transcendentals and transcendental unity, and kinds of transcendental unity. In the first section the author deals with Suárez's conception of the object of metaphysics that determines the nature of Suárez's metaphysics as such. The ontological nature of metaphysics is assumed by the claim that the object of metaphysics is being inasmuch as it is real being. The formal object of metaphysics, that is determined ontologically, is connected with the Aristotelian abstraction of the third grade, according to which the peculiar feature of metaphysical investigation is the abstraction from all matter in being. The author shows that that very moment of abstraction is the means by which a metaphysician approaches his/her own formal object. However, the author claims that the appropriation of that approach, which in its diverse applications implies different types of abstraction, does not entail the disciplinary scission...

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Novák, Lukáš. ""Scire Deum esse". Scotův důkaz Boží existence jako vrcholný výkon metafyziky jakožto aristotelské vědy." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-292670.

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Vydali jsme se pátrat po tom, co to pro Dunse Scota znamená, vědět, že Bůh je. Naše zkoumání nám ukázalo, že pro Dunse Scota přirozené, vědecké poznání Boha, které jediné může aspirovat na titul vědění, nelze oddělit od poznání jsoucna jakožto jsoucna - ale nejen to: ani poznání jsoucna jakožto jsoucna nelze dosáhnout nezávisle na poznání Boha. Shrňme nyní nejdůležitější aspekty tohoto vztahu ontologicky pojatého metafyzického zkoumání a poznání Boha, jak se nám v průběhu práce vyjevily. Především se ukázalo, že vědecké poznání Boha není pro člověka dosažitelné v rámci jiné vědy, než je věda o jsoucnu jakožto jsoucnu: pouze v rámci této vědy je totiž možné získat pojmy, které lze na Boha vůbec aplikovat: totiž transcendentální pojem jsoucna, jeho atributy, a pojmy čistých dokonalostí, jejichž bytostná přináležitost do rámce metafyzického zkoumání se ukázala teprve v okamžiku, kdy plně vyšla najevo role, jakou v této vědě hraje poznání Boha. Dále, při zkoumání našich možností pokud jde o vědecké poznání povahy a atributů jsoucna jakožto jsoucna vyšlo najevo, že pro důkaz skutečně transcendentálního rozsahu pojmu jsoucna, tj. pro důkaz jeho indiference vůči konečnosti a nekonečnosti, se neobejdeme bez důkazu existence nekonečného jsoucna, tedy bez důkazu existence Boží - nedisponujeme totiž žádnou jinou...

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Kvapil, Matouš. "Umění a řeč v raných textech Friedricha Nietzscheho." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-266966.

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KVAPIL, M.: Arts And Language In The Early Work Of Friedrich Nietzsche. (Master thesis) Charles University In Prague, Faculty Of Humanities, Department Of Europhilosophy. Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Aleš Novák, Ph.D. This work aims to examine the early philosophical and esthetical concept of Friedrich Nietzsche, which is elaborated in his first published work The Birth of Tragedy from the spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872). This concept, based on a mutual tension between the Apollonian and Dionysian, will be examined mostly from the perspective of a significant "struggle" of Dionysus and Socrates. Its manifestation is first apparent as a contradiction between theoretical and tragical world understanding or a contradiction between optimism of science and pessimism of arts. The work will mostly focus on the origin of the theoretical optimism, which is coming from the human "will to truth". Its archetype is represented in Nietzsche's early philosophy by Socrates. The problem, which comes to light with this struggle of Dionysus and Socrates, will necessarly lead the work to examine Nietzsche's critique of cognition led by the metaphysical understanding of the term "truth". The basis of this critique lies in the metaphorical character of language and human cognition in...

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Zajíc, Václav. "Jazyk, řeč a rozumění." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350074.

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This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...

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Sedlická, Denisa. "Motiv stroje v Descartově metafyzice." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436288.

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The master's thesis discusses basic elements of metaphysics by René Descartes. The first part of the thesis focuses on his personal life because certain events shaped and influenced his further actions and ideas. To understand the context of time, the paper presents history knowledge that is relevant to the topic. René Descartes is still known today for his philosophical ideas which helped to develop findings in the field of metaphysics. During his lifetime, that is the first half of the 17th century, natural sciences were gaining in popularity. The thesis follows up with mathematization and geometrization of nature. Descartes' basic premise of knowledge is methodical skepticism which ultimately results in his first personal certainty of philosophy. Next part focuses on the clarification of the dualistic concept of two different substances - rez extensa and res cogitans. The largest and most important part deals with the mechanical conception of the human body. René Descartes believes that the human body is a machine operated by mechanical principles. The thesis introduces a systematic description of the body which logically justifies the primary ideas of this French philosopher. KEYWORDS René Descartes, methaphysics, dualism, mind, body, God, machine, mathematics, geometry

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Pavlorek, David. "Suárezův důkaz Boží existence." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324394.

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of the Paper The goal of submitted paper is to show Suárez's proof of the existence of God as the main task of his metaphysics and to show the influence of St. Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus on his own system of metaphysics. As will be shown, the importance of this preeminent thinker of so called second scholasticism is in his synthesis of relatively incompatible doctrines of thomism and scotism. This paper will therefore deal with main problems of precedening tradition of Aristotelian metaphysics, especially with analogy of being as applied to God and creatures, then with theory of causality and other connected questions. Keywords Suárez - Thomas Aquinas - Duns Scotus - metaphysics - proof of existence of God

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Švarný, Michal. "Čínská debata o vědě a životních názorech z roku 1923." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348062.

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The Debate on Science and the Philosophy of life, which took place on the pages of several important journals in China during the year 1923, is an important witness to the evolution of the Chinese way of thinking. At this period, the Chinese society critically reflected upon its traditional culture and on the influences from the western civilization. Therefore many significant Chinese scientists, philosophers and journalists took part in this debate. This text's aims are the following: to create a concise report about the debate, its context, process and the evolution of its perception in the later periods in China or elsewhere and also to present in more detail three the topics that are significant for the whole debate. These topics can be used to investigate the variety of views among the debate's participants. The three topics covered are: (1) the concept of metaphysics, (2) free will and causality with regards to morality, and (3) education. The investigation of these topics allows us also to critically reflect upon the usual perception of the debate as a whole. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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Soška, Bernard. "Genealogie apollinského a dionýského principu." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435390.

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This work is focused on the work The Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzsche. The aim of this work is an attempt to reveal the origin of the concept of the apollinian and dionysian principle. We assume that Nietzsche conceals his true sources in the Birth of Tragedy from the reader. However, in this work, based on numerous clues from the primary text, we show that both the Dionysian and the Apollonian principle derives from the German Romantic tradition of the first half of the 19th century. In this thesis we prove this statement on many examples of authentic sources which Nietzsche has demonstrably worked with. The main "discovery" of the work lies in the historical contextualization of the formation of both principles within the conflict between Romanticism and Classicism concerning the true nature of Greek culture.

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Najman, Jiří. "Schopenhauerův pohled na člověka." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354098.

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7 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to clear up the role of human in Schopenhauer's philosophical thinking. This goal could have been achieved only by clarifying the world's metaphysical substance. This substance proved to be the cruel will that manifests itself through the platonic ideas. It was shown that each human being is part of this eternal substance. Intellect, as explained in the thesis, is primarily mere instrument of the will designed to deliver motives. For this reason, the majority of people in different ways continually keep satisfying thein needs, therefore almost everyone enjoys the opinion of will affirmation. People constantly succumb to disilusion, which proved to be egoism. Therefore, what appears to be the greatest good for most of us is actually only good for the evil substance. Blind will plays with us so fraudulent and truly perverse game that most of us can never win. However, I have pointed out that there were some individuals who had been endowed by excessively developed intellect power. Only this paradoxically almost unnaturally developed power of intellect can lead to knowledge that the blind will in its game with people plays unfairly. I also presented three groups of people who are capable of that kind of knowledge. The first group are genius people who can plunge into a...

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Netíková, Klára. "Hu Shiova filozofie sociální nesmrtelnosti a její vztah k čínské tradici." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337853.

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The dissertation "Hu Shi's Theory of Social Immortality and Its Relation to Chinese Tradition" aims to map the influence of Chinese traditional thought and modern Western concepts on Hu Shi's theory of social immortality. It also seeks to answer the question whether the theory inclined towards China's own tradition or to the new Western ideas. It consists of four major parts. The first part concentrates on selected parts of Hu Shi's life, which had an impact on his thought and philosophy. This part is primarily built on Hu Shi's own autobiographical work as well as on literature by Western and Chinese authors. The second part of the thesis describes the theory of social immortality in detail. The third part analyses the influence of traditional Chinese concepts on this theory, as revealed in Hu Shi's own articles. The last part of the thesis analyzes reactions to Hu Shi's theory using contemporary sources and modern scholarly articles about Hu Shi and his theory of social immortality.

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Bromková, Petra. "Definice náboženství z hlediska sémiotiky Ch. S. Pierce." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352928.

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The work is focused on delimiting the basic problematic of definition of religion in terms of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics. Its objective is througt selected Peirce's texts to interpret Peirce's philosophy of religion, which consists of concept of religion closely connected with Peirce's metaphysics, phaneroscopy, semiotics and agapism. It focuses primarily on Peirce's theory of evolution, the idea of God, the pragmatic way of inference through which one can come to the idea of God, and the relationship between religion and science. I conclude through the interpretation of Ch. S. Peirce's texts that the precise definition of religion can not be pursued in his theory. Even so, the semiotic conception of religion brings a new perspective: the religion could be based on the same principles that govern the science. It can also be understood as a community of people continually striving for truth. This community of people searches in its investigation for answers to the questions about theological ideals. The precondition of faith of individual members of religious communities is an experience of God, who is a perfect and the most general sign and together growth and semiosis in the universe, which people interpret. A believer comes to the worship of God through Musement, a special purposeless...

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Metafysik'

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