Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal ammonia solutions

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal ammonia solutions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Tran, N. E., and J. J. Lagowski. "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions." Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 5 (February 2001): 1067–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic000333x.

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Leung, Kevin, and Félix S. Csajka. "Lattice Model for Metal Ammonia Solutions." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 19 (May 12, 1997): 3721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.3721.

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Deng, Zhihong, Glenn J. Martyna, and Michael L. Klein. "Electronic states in metal-ammonia solutions." Physical Review Letters 71, no. 2 (July 12, 1993): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.267.

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Tran, N. E., and J. J. Lagowski. "ChemInform Abstract: Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions." ChemInform 32, no. 22 (May 26, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200122010.

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Hannongbua, Kiselev, and Heinzinger. "MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF SUPERCRITICAL AMMONIA AND METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS." Condensed Matter Physics 3, no. 2 (2000): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.3.2.381.

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Carlile, Colin, Ian McL Jamie, John W. White, Michael J. Prager, and William Stead. "Rotational tunnelling of ammonia in two-dimensional metal–ammonia solutions." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 87, no. 1 (1991): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9918700073.

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SOLIN, S. A. "TWO-DIMENSIONAL METAL-AMMONIA-SOLUTIONS IN GRAPHITE." Le Journal de Physique IV 01, no. C5 (December 1991): C5–311—C5–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1991536.

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Burkart, Rainer, and Ulrich Schindewolf. "Highly conducting states in metal–ammonia solutions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2, no. 14 (2000): 3263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b002598o.

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Leung, Kevin, and Félix S. Csajka. "Metal ammonia solutions: A lattice model approach." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 21 (June 1998): 9050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476351.

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Heinzinger, K. "Computer simulations of metal-liquid ammonia solutions." Journal of Molecular Liquids 88, no. 1 (October 2000): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7322(00)00139-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Howard, Christopher Anthony. "Metal-ammonia-fulleride solutions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445641/.

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This project is the first concerted effort to study the structure of metal-ammonia- fulleride solutions. These novel solutions contain high concentrations of fulleride anions, C6on" (n = 1 to 5). A detailed understanding of the solubility of fullerenes and their derivatives has long been sought after: something this project addresses. The work focuses on the structure of the solutions using the complementary techniques of wide angle neutron diffraction, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), and Monte Carlo simulations. A highly developed structure is found over the short and intermediate length scales. The results show concentrated solutions of solvent separated, strongly coordinated, fulleride anions, maintained by an intriguing reorganisation of the ammonia solvent around the anions in solution. In more detail, we find two solvation shells around the C6o anions containing around 45 and -80 ammonia molecules respectively. The ammonia solvent molecules direct one of their hydrogen atoms towards the centre of the Ceo anions, allowing the other two hydrogen atoms to complete hydrogen-bonds within and across the shells. The solvation structure of the cation in solution is found to be very similar to its solvation structure in bulk metal-ammonia solutions. The structure and stability of the solutions is found to be dependent on both anionic charge and cation charge density. The scientific importance of the solutions is demonstrated by the attainment of high quality 13C NMR spectra for the fulleride anions Ceo"" {n = 1 to 5) for the first time in an identical solvent. Previous limitations of low concentrations, poor quality samples, and restrictions due to the air sensitivity of the anions have been overcome. The data here includes the first l3C NMR spectrum of C6o5". These data reveals that all the carbon atoms have an identical electronic environment in this anion.
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Matthews, Richard P. "Ion Pairing in Aqueous Metal Sulfates and Platinum Group Metal Ammonium Solutions." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6330.

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The structure and dynamics of ions and ion pairs in solution play an integral part in several biological and chemical processes. Historically the calculation of ion pair association constants from computer simulations has been complicated due to the difficulty in validating metal ion force fields for solution simulations. In this thesis a force field for divalent metal ions in metal sulfate solutions (i.e. Mg2+SO4 2-, Ca2+SO4 2-, Mn2+SO4 2-, Fe2+SO4 2-, Co2+SO4 2-, Ni2+SO4 2-, Cu2+SO4 2- and Zn2+SO4 2-) important in physical and biophysical experiments is produced. Potential of mean force calculations are used to provide ion pair free energy profiles and free energy perturbation calculations are used to calibrate the potential of mean force (PMF) from which association constants for ion pairs can be produced for these metal sulfate solutions. The calibrated free energy profiles result in calculated association constants that are in excellent agreement with available experimental data where available. Consequently the force field has been shown to be accurate for simulations of biophysical and physical systems. Furthermore the method, proposed in this thesis, for calibrating PMFs and calculating detailed association constants from those curves can most likely be used for complex systems that have previously been computationally inaccessible. Next a detailed account of solvation structures and the nature of ion pair formation mechanisms for important metal sulfates in aqueous media are presented. Radial and spatial distribution functions calculated for several ion pair species reveal that the transition from free ions to contact ion pairs involves the loss of between one to two water molecules from the cation depending on the cation size. This is correlated with the experimental hydration numbers calculated for metal sulfate electrolyte solutions at several concentrations using density and ultrasonic velocity measurements. These experiments reveal a decrease in hydration number with an increase in concentration, which can be attributed to the formation of ion pairs. A more complex metal system is the industrially important platinum group metal (PGM) chloro-anion one. Their industrial importance relates to the search for a Green Chemistry Process for the separation of PGM chloro complexes that have been extracted from the mined ore into an acidic aqueous media. This requires a PGM separation process in water. Here an understanding of the hydration structure about the iii PGM chloro-anion complexes and the role that ammonium counter-ions play in disrupting that solvent structure when ammonium PGM salts are formed, is critical in the process design. To this end a solution force field, inclusive of the majority of PGM chloro-anion complexes (i.e. (Y)2[PtCl4]2-, (Y)2[PdCl4]2-, (Y)2[PtCl6]2-, (Y)2[PdCl6]2-, (Y)2[IrCl6]2-, (Y)2[OsCl6]2-, (Y)2[RuCl6]2-, (Y)3[IrCl6]3-, (Y)3[RhCl6]3- and (Y)3[RuCl6]3- , where Y = NH4 +) arising in acidic aqueous media, parameterised from experimental and quantum mechanically derived properties, was developed. Nanosecond atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were then performed for the PGM chloro-anion complexes. Analysis of the solvation structure using radial and spatial distribution functions revealed two distinct solvent structures corresponding to the square planar and octahedral species. The formation of ion pairs disrupts the solvent structure where the hydration shells about the bivalent hexachlorometallates are more affected compared with the trivalent hexachlorometallates and these first shell waters in turn are more affected than those in the bivalent tetrachlorometallates. Finally to inform the design of a separation process transport properties such as diffusion coefficients, ion hydration numbers and water residence times for the PGM chloro-anion complexes were calculated. It is observed that the diffusion rates of PGM chloro-anion complexes are strongly correlated to their ion hydration numbers as calculated by Voronoi tessellation of the simulation cell, such that a larger hydration shell volume results in a slower PGM chloro-anion diffusion rate.
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Webb, Kelvin March. "Chemical modelling for the precipitation of metal ammonium phosphate salts from wastewater solutions." Thesis, Webb, Kelvin March (1996) Chemical modelling for the precipitation of metal ammonium phosphate salts from wastewater solutions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52402/.

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The precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO46H2O) in a variety of wastewaters and other environmental sources has been described by a number of authors. This technique offers the opportunity of simultaneous removal of soluble nitrogen (in the form of ammonia) and phosphorus (as ortho-phosphate) from wastewaters, thus moderating their impact in natural receiving waters, as well as producing a slow release fertilizer of considerable agronomic value. The solution chemistry of struvite precipitation is not well described, despite a number of pilot scale investigations having been mounted. A model of struvite solution chemistry was developed for pure component (Mg-NH3-PO4-H2O) solutions in order to elucidate the precipitation. So that this model might be applied more generally to appropriate wastewater solutions, the significance of (struvite) non-reacting components was also considered, particularly solution ionic equilibrium. Analysis of literature data for a range of wastewater solutions indicated a list of components of greatest significance to the wastewater ionic equilibrium. A series of ionic equilibrium simulations were performed, based on the components and concentrations determined above. Directed by the results of these simulations, a number of field site wastewaters (suitable for struvite precipitation) were selected and analysed. Field wastewater sample analysis extensively characterised the solutions, both by component chemical analysis and acid-base titration. The acid-base titrimetric analysis has proven useful on a number of levels. In the first instance, complete pH scans from 2 to 12 furnish data as to possible struvite precipitation process pH operating conditions. At a further level, the nature of the experimental (automated) titration apparatus and the data collected meant a novel solution ’fingerprinting’ type technique was developed which clearly identifies a range of the major acid-base components (and concentrations). This work was conducted in the context of its application to struvite precipitation from the analysed samples, however the technique may find wider application in a variety of water and wastewater technologies. The titrimetric analysis of composite solutions (based on the field and literature solution samples) identified these equilibria and precipitation independent of the non-ionic organic and particulate constituents of the field samples. The combined data of composite and field solution samples (and further equilibrium calculations) has indicated significant component interactions and how they relate to struvite precipitation and the development of a comprehensive struvite solution chemistry model for wastewaters.
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Sanyal, Udishnu. "Modulation of Nanostructures in the Solid and Solution States and under an Electron Beam." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3303.

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Among various nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles are the widely studied ones because of their pronounced distinct properties arising in the nanometer size regime, which can be tailored easily by tuning predominantly their size and shape. During the past few decades, scientists are engaged in developing new synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles which can be divided into two broad categories: i) top-down approach, utilizing physical methods and ii) bottom-up approach, employing chemical methods. As the chemical methods offer better control over particle size, numerous chemical methods have been developed to obtain metal nanoparticles with narrow size distribution. However, these two approaches have their own merits and demerits; they are not complementary to each other and also not sustainable for real time applications. Recent focus on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is towards the development of green and sustainable synthetic methodologies. A solid state route is an exciting prospect in this direction because it eliminates usage of organic solvents thus, makes the overall process green and at the same time leads to the realization of large quantity of the materials, which is required for many applications. However, the major obstacle associated with the development of a solid state synthetic route is the lack of fundamental understanding regarding the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles in the solid state. Additionally, due to the heterogeneity present in the solid mixture, it is very difficult to ensure the proximity between the capping agent and nuclei which plays the most decisive role in the growth process. Recently, employment of amine–borane compounds as reducing agents emerged as a better prospect towards the development of sustainable synthetic routes for metal nanoparticles because they offer a variety of advantages over the traditional borohydrides. Being soluble in organic medium, amine– borane allows the reaction to be carried out in a single phase and due to its mild reducing ability a much better control over the nucleation and growth processes is realized. However, the most exciting feature of these compounds is that their reducing ability is not only limited to the solution state, they can also bring out the reduction of metal ions in the solid state. With the availability of a variety of amine–boranes of varying reducing ability, it opens up a possibility to modulate the nanostructure in both solid and solution states by a judicious choice of reducing agent. Although our current understanding regarding the growth behavior of nanoparticles has advanced remarkably, however, most often it is some classical model which is invoked to understand these processes. With the recent developments in in situ transmission electron microscopy techniques, it is now possible to unravel more complex growth trajectories of nanoparticles. These studies not only expand the scope of the present knowledge but also opens up possibilities for many future developments. Objectives • To develop an atom economy solid state synthetic methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles employing amine–boranes as reducing agents. • To gain a mechanistic insight into the formation mechanisms of nanoparticles in the solid state by using amine–boranes with differing reducing ability. • Synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles as well as supported metal nanoparticles in the solid state using ammonia borane as the reducing agent. • To develop a new in situ seeding growth methodology for the synthesis of core@shell nanoparticles composed of noble metals by employing a very weak reducing agent, trimethylamine borane and their transformation to their thermodynamically stable alloy counterparts. • Synthesis of highly monodisperse ultra-small colloidal calcium nanoparticles with different capping agents such as hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and a combination of hexadecylamine/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) using the solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method. To study the coalescence behavior of a pair of calcium nanoparticles under an electron beam by employing in situ TEM technique. Significant results An atom economy solid state synthetic route has been developed for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles from simple metal salts using amine–boranes as reducing agents. Amine–borane plays a dual role here: acts as a reducing agent thus brings out the reduction of metal ions and decomposes simultaneously to generate B-N based compounds which acts as a capping agent to stabilize the particles in the nanosize regime. This essentially minimizes the number of reagents used and hence simplifying and eliminating the purification procedures and thus, brings out an atom economy to the overall process. Additionally, as the reactions were carried out in the solid state, it eliminates use of organic solvents which have many adverse effects on the environment, thus makes the synthetic route, green. The particle size and the size distribution were tuned by employing amine–boranes with differing reducing abilities. Three different amine–boranes have been employed: ammonia borane (AB), dimethylamine borane (DMAB), and trimethylamine borane (TMAB) whose reducing ability varies as AB > DMAB >> TMAB. It was found that in case of AB, it is the polyborazylene or BNHx polymer whereas, in case of DMAB and TMAB, the complexing amines act as the stabilizing agents. Several controlled studies also showed that the rate of addition of metal salt to AB is the crucial step and has a profound effect on the particle size as well as the size distribution. It was also found that an optimum ratio of amine–borane to metal salt is important to realize the smallest possible size with narrowest size distribution. Whereas, use of AB and TMAB resulted in the smallest sized particles with best size distribution, usage of DMAB provided larger particles that are also polydisperse in nature. Based on several experiments along with available data, the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles in the solid state has been proposed. Highly monodisperse Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, and Ir nanoparticles were realized using the solid state route described herein. The solid state route was extended to the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles as well as supported metal nanoparticles. Employment of metal nitrate as the metal precursor and ammonia borane as the reducing agent resulted in highly exothermic reaction. The heat evolved in this reaction was exploited successfully towards mixing of the constituent elements thus allowing the alloy formation to occur at much lower temperature (60 oC) compared to the traditional solid state metallurgical methods (temperature used in these cases are > 1000 oC). Synthesis of highly monodisperse 2-3 nm Cu/Au and 5-8 nm Cu/Ag nanoparticles were demonstrated herein. Alumina and silica supported Pt and Pd nanoparticles have also been prepared. Use of ammonia borane as the reducing agent in the solid state brought out the reduction of metal ions to metal nanoparticles and the simultaneous generation of BNHx polymer which encapsulates the metal (Pt and Pd) nanoparticles supported on support materials. Treatment of these materials with methanol resulted in the solvolysis of BNHx polymer and its complete removal to finally provide metal nanoparticles on the support materials. An in situ seeding growth methodology for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles with core@shell architecture composed of noble metals has been developed using trimethylamine borane (TMAB) as the reducing agent. The key idea of this synthetic procedure is that, TMAB being a weak reducing agent is able to differentiate the smallest possible window of reduction potential and hence reduces the metal ions sequentially. A dramatic solvent effect was noted in the preparation of Ag nanoparticles: Ag nanoparticles were obtained at room temperature when dry THF was used as the solvent whereas, reflux condition was required to realize the same using wet THF as the solvent. However, no such behavior was noted in the preparation of Au and Pd nanoparticles wherein Au and Pd nanoparticles were obtained at room temperature and reflux conditions, respectively. This difference in reduction behavior was successfully exploited to synthesize Au@Ag, Ag@Au, and Ag@Pd nanoparticles. All these core@shell nanoparticles were further transformed to their alloy counterparts under very mild conditions reported to date. Highly monodisperse, ultrasmall, colloidal Ca nanoparticles with a size regime of 2-4 nm were synthesized using solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method and digestive ripening technique. Hexadecylamine (HDA) was used as the stabilizing agent in this case. Employment of capping agent with a longer chain length, octadecylamine afforded even smaller sized particles. However, when poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), a branched chain polymer was used as the capping agent, agglomerated particles were realized together with small particles of 3-6 nm. Use of a combination of PVP and HDA resulted in spherical particles of 2-3 nm size with narrow size distribution. Growth of Ca nanoparticles via colaesence mechanism was observed under an electron beam. Employing in situ transmission electron microscopy technique, real time coalescence between a pair of Ca nanoparticles were detected and details of coalescence steps were analyzed.
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Books on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Mayo, Susan A. Ammonia reduction for heat treat furnace atmospheres: Leach & Garner Company, General Findings Division, North Attleboro, Massachusetts. Lowell, Mass: Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1997.

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Unknown. Metal--Ammonia Solutions : Proceedings of an International Conference on the Nature of Metal-Ammonia Solutions: Colloque Weyl II. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Electrons in Fluids: The Nature of Metal-Ammonia Solutions. Springer, 2011.

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Jortner, Joshua, and N. R. Kestner. Electrons in Fluids: The Nature of Metal―Ammonia Solutions. Springer, 2011.

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Jortner, Joshua, and N. R. Kestner. Electrons in Fluids: The Nature of Metal--Ammonia Solutions. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Jolly, William L. "Metal-Ammonia Solutions." In Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 235–81. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470166024.ch4.

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Das, Tara Prasad. "Structure and Properties of Metal-Ammonia Solutions." In Advances in Chemical Physics, 303–88. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470143506.ch7.

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Solin, S. A. "X-ray and Neutron Scattering Studies of Graphite Intercalated with Two-Dimensional K-NH3 Metal-Ammonia Solutions." In Disordered Semiconductors, 115–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1841-5_15.

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Solin, S. A., and B. R. York. "Graphite Intercalated with Potassium and Ammonia—A Metal-Ammonia Solution in Two Dimensions." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, 1477–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7682-2_336.

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Zoraga, Mert, Cem Kahruman, and Ibrahim Yusufoglu. "Conversion of Strontium Sulfate to Strontium Oxalate in Solutions Containing Ammonium Oxalate as a Reactant." In Rare Metal Technology 2014, 17–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888551.ch4.

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Jiang, Tao, Dan Wang, Yong-bin Yang, and Qian Li. "Effect of Copper and Ammonia on Consumption of Thiosulfate in Gold Leaching Solutions." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2013, 511–18. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118659045.ch59.

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Chen, Xingyu, Xuheng Liu, Jiangtao Li, and Zhongwei Zhao. "Removal of Na from the Ammonium Tungstate Solution by Na1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3." In Rare Metal Technology 2014, 53–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888551.ch11.

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CATTERALL, R., and N. F. MOTT. "Metal–Ammonia Solutions." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, 497–513. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812794086_0029.

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Mott, N. F. "Metal–Insulator Transitions in Metal–Ammonia Solutions." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, 625–29. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812794086_0038.

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ACRIVOS, J. V., and N. F. MOTT. "On the Metal–Non–metal Transition in Sodium–Ammonia Solutions." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, 515–27. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812794086_0030.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Hannon, C. L., J. Gerstmann, F. B. Mansfeld, and Z. N. Sun. "Development of Improved Corrosion Inhibitors for Ammonia-Water Absorption Heat Pumps." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1294.

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Abstract This paper describes the initial results of a research project to develop an improved corrosion inhibitor for the protection of carbon steel surfaces of ammonia-water absorption heat pumps and chillers using rare earth metal salt (REMS) compounds. Chromate compounds are currently used as corrosion inhibitors, but they are toxic, environmentally harmful, and their use is being phased out in many localities. An effective corrosion inhibitor is needed to make advanced ammonia-water absorption heat pump and chiller systems practical. Low-temperature screening tests were conducted to evaluate the potential of cerium salts, a class of REMS compounds, to act as an inhibitor for steel in ammonia-water solutions. Successful results from these tests led to high-temperature (HT) testing in an innovative test apparatus, which simulated a range of temperatures, ammonia concentrations, and phases typically found in ammonia-water absorption systems. HT testing further demonstrated the effectiveness of cerium nitrate as a corrosion inhibitor, and suggested that it may outperform the Chromate compounds currently used. An additional outcome of the project was the successful demonstration of a cerium based surface pretreatment procedure, termed cerating, as an additional corrosion protection feature. Cerated surfaces will prevent corrosion of steel surfaces and ammonia decomposition at steel surfaces. These results have lead to the concept of a dual corrosion protection strategy utilizing a cerium based solution inhibitor with a cerating surface pretreatment to prevent both corrosion and ammonia decomposition. This approach is presently being pursued in a more intensive study.
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Lian, H. L., Q. Shen, Y. J. Fan, L. M. Wu, and Z. X. Sun. "Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Metal Xanthate to Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles in Ammonia Solution." In The International Workshop on Materials, Chemistry and Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007437402680275.

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Vesely, Andreas. "Processes for the Treatment of NORM and TENORM." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4623.

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By contract with the Austrian government, the ARC is treating radioactive waste from research institutions and industries. In the last years, one focus was the development of processes for the treatment of NORM and TENORM. Our goal in developing such processes is to recycle valuable compounds for further industrial usage and to concentrate the radioactive elements as far as possible, to save space in the waste storage facilities. Austria is an important producer of tungsten-thoria- and tungsten-molybdenum-thoria-cermets. Scrap is generated during the production process in the form of turnings and grinding sludge and dust. Although big efforts have been undertaken to replace Thorium compounds, waste streams from past production processes are still waiting for treatment. The total amount of this waste stored in Austria may be estimated to be approx. 100 tons. In close co-operation with the tungsten industries, recycling processes were tested and further developed at ARC in laboratory, bench scale and pilot plants. Three different approaches to solve the problem were studied: Dissolution of tungsten in molten iron in an arc or induction furnace, thus producing an Fe-W or Fe-W-Mo alloy. Slag is produced upon the addition of lime and clay. This slag extracts nearly all of the Thorium contained in the metal melt. Selective dissolution of Tungsten in aqueous alkaline medium after oxidation of the metal to the hexavalent state by heating the scrap in air at temperatures of 500°C to 600°C. The resulting oxides are treated with sodium hydroxide solution. Tungsten and Molybdenum oxides are readily dissolved, while Thorium oxide together with silicon and aluminum compounds remain insoluble and are separated by filtration. Sodium tungstate solution is further processed by the usual hydrometallurgical tungsten mill process. Oxidation and dissolution of Tungsten can be achieved in one step by an electrochemical process. Thus, thoriated Tungsten scrap is used as an anode in an electrolysis cell, while sodium hydroxide or ammonia serve as electrolyte. After dissolution of Tungsten, the solids are separated from the liquid by filtration. With the electrochemical process, treatment of Tungsten-Thoria scrap can be achieved with high throughput in rather small reactors at moderate temperatures and ordinary pressure. The Tungsten solution exhibits high purity. Another process which we examined in detail is the separation of radium from rare earth compounds. Radium was separated by co-precipitation with barium sulfate from rare earth chloride solutions. The efficiency of the separation is strongly pH-dependent. Again, the valuable rare earth compound can be reused, and the radioactive elements are concentrated.
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Hannon, C. L., J. Gerstmann, F. B. Mansfeld, and Z. Sun. "Development of Corrosion Inhibitors for Absorption Heat Pumps." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33411.

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This paper describes the results of a research project to develop a non-toxic corrosion in hibitor for the protection of carbon steel surfaces of ammonia-water absorption heat pumps through the use of rare earth metal salt (REMS) compounds. Chromate compounds are currently used as corrosion inhibitors in these systems, but are toxic, environmentally harmful, and their use is being phased out. Corrosion concerns in ammonia-water absorption systems are primarily those of non-condensable (NC) gases generated by corrosion reactions impeding the heat and mass transfer processes in the system. The research focused on the development of a dual-protection REMS based strategy of applying a cerium-oxide/hydroxide coating to the metal surface in a process called cerating, in conjunction with a cerium-sulfate solution-based inhibitor. A laboratory test was conducted in test rigs designed to simulate the conditions of temperature and ammonia concentration found in the desorber component of advanced ammonia-water absorption systems. The test compared the NC gas generation rate in a rig with cerated steel surfaces to a rig using sodium chromate as a solution based inhibitor. The cerated test rig demonstrated an NC gas generation rate about 3 times lower than that of the chromate protected rig. Neither rig showed any indications of significant corrosion activity. This work has shown that cerating can provide superior suppression of NC gas generation in ammonia-water absorption systems compared to sodium chromate, in a process that is simple and readily applicable to the commercial manufacture of equipment.
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Hu, Lu, Hai-Feng Li, Mei Jin, and Guo-Xian Yu. "Effect of Metal Ion on Ammonium Bicarbonate Solution Decomposed into Carbon Dioxide." In 2nd 2016 International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsd-16.2017.7.

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Stubblebine, Michael, Sean Reilly, Qi Yao, and Ivan Catton. "Use of an Inorganic Aqueous Solution to Prevent Non-Condensable Gas Formation in Aluminum Heat Pipes." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17802.

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Heat pipes are used in many applications as an effective means for transferring heat from a source to a sink. The basic heat pipe typically consists of a solid metal casing within which a working fluid is sealed inside at a given pressure. The latent heat transfer via the heat pipe’s working fluid allows it to carry a larger amount of heat energy than would normally be possible with an identically dimensioned solid metal rod. Water is often used as a working fluid due to its high heat of vaporization and suitable operating range for electronics cooling. For many applications, especially space, aluminum is desired as a casing material for its high thermal conductivity, low weight, and low cost. However, water is incompatible for use with aluminum heat pipes because it forms a non-condensable gas (NCG), hydrogen, when they contact. In this work, an inorganic aqueous solution (IAS), which has thermophysical properties similar to water, has been used as the working fluid with an aluminum alloy 5052-H2 casing. The prepared thermosiphon underwent long-term lifetime testing and the results indicate no tube failure or significant NCG formation for the duration of the 9 week study. Furthermore, the data indicate that the IAS fluid not only inhibited NCG production but also led to a reduction in heat pipe thermal resistance over time. It is believed that the chemicals in IAS react with the aluminum surface to create a compact oxide layer and electrochemical reaction which prevents hydrogen generation. A secondary, hydrophilic surface coating is also generated by the fluid on top of the first oxide (passivation) layer. This hydrophilic layer is believed to be responsible for the heat transfer enhancement which was observed during testing and the reduction in ΔT (defined as Tevap−Tcond) over time. Aluminum heat pipes used currently in practice utilize ammonia, or other non-water based working fluids, which have inferior latent heats of vaporization compared to water or an aqueous-based fluid such as IAS. The use of aluminum heat pipe casings in combination with a water-based fluid such as IAS has the potential to provide a significant increase in heat transport capability per device unit mass over traditional ammonia charged aluminum heat pipes.
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Bianchi, Marcus V. A., and Raymond Viskanta. "Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Mushy Region During Solidification of Aqueous Solutions of Ammonium Chloride." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1036.

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Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of the diffusion-controlled solidification process of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride has been performed to obtain fundamental understanding relevant to metal casting, solidification of alloys, and freezing of biological materials. The effective thermal conductivity of the solidifying system is calculated using different models and the model predictions are compared. The model is validated by comparing the predictions with experimental data. It was found that, for the conditions considered in the present study, the parallel model, which is a simple average of the thermal conductivities of the two phases, leads to acceptable results. The reasons for this are related to the size of the mushy region and the morphology of the crystals during the solidification process.
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Wang, Mingxiang, Wan Lap Yeung, Yitshak Zohar, and Man Wong. "Metal-Induced Laterally Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon for Micro-Systems: Mechanical and Etching Characteristics." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/mems-23850.

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Abstract It is determined that for metal-induced laterally crystallized (MILC) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), the mechanical and etch properties compare favorably with and the sensing and electrical properties are better than those of conventional low-pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) poly-Si. The etching characteristics of MILC poly-Si in tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution have been studied. A unified model based on preferential grain boundary (GB) etching has been proposed to explain the etching behavior of poly-Si in TMAH.
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Ueno, Kosei, Xu Shi, Quan Sun, Tomoya Oshikiri, Keiji Sasaki, and Hiroaki Misawa. "Construction of visible responsive broadband absorber utilizing strong coupling between plasmon and nanocavity modes and its application to light energy conversions." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2018.19p_211b_9.

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Nanoparticles colloidal solutions of metals such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) show very intense color due to localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). LSPRs which are collective oscillations of conduction electrons give rise to the enhancement of electromagnetic field in the vicinity of nanoparticles and are expected as a light harvesting optical antenna for light energy conversion devices based on their spectrum tunability. We have successfully developed the plasmon-induced energy conversions such as water splitting and ammonia synthesis systems as well as solid-state plasmonic solar cells based on the principle of plasmon-induced hot electron transfer from gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to the semiconductor electrode.1−5
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Borello, Domenico, Zaccaria Del Prete, Andrea Marchegiani, Franco Rispoli, and Eileen Tortora. "Analysis of an Integrated PEMFC/ORC Power System Using Ammonia for Hydrogen Storage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68599.

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The present work deals with a high temperature proton exchange membrane (SPEEK-type) fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) energy system fuelled with hydrogen obtained by reforming of ammonia (NH3) and coupled with a bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) energy system. This system was designed for distributed electric power generation, mainly for production of electric power systems with potential future applications in smart-grid. The use of ammonia as hydrogen rich gas source allows to avoid hydrogen tanking with metal hydrides, giving the opportunity to lighten and simplify the storage section of the system with respect to the pure hydrogen fed systems. The hybrid fuel cell/ORC configuration allows to increase the efficiency of standard power generation technologies. In other words, the ORC subset represents the most appropriate solution, in terms of sustainability, for extracting the excess heat produced during the H2 combustion maintaining the PEMFC working temperature at 120°C and for reducing the temperature of the exhausts. The objective of the work is to optimize the electric output of the system (PEMFC + ORC), thus improving the overall efficiency. To this end, a numerical model is implemented and tested. A validation of the numerical scheme is carried out comparing the prediction of the reforming phase with experimental results obtained by the authors. The thermal and electrical energy balance is also assessed. Furthermore, the operation conditions of the reformer are studied in detail to determine the settlements leading to a proper ammonia cracking to produce nitrogen and hydrogen. Furthermore, the calculations take into account also the auxiliary equipments such as pumps, compressors and heat exchangers.
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Reports on the topic "Metal ammonia solutions"

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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.

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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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