Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal carbonyl cluster

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal carbonyl cluster'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal carbonyl cluster"

1

Bruce King, R. "Metal cluster topology. 1. Osmium carbonyl clusters." Inorganica Chimica Acta 116, no. 2 (June 1986): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82162-3.

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Bruce King, R. "Metal cluster topology. 3. Platinum carbonyl clusters." Inorganica Chimica Acta 116, no. 2 (June 1986): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82164-7.

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Chen, Hong, Zi-Chao Tang, Rong-Bin Huang, and Lan-Sun Zheng. "Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry of Trinuclear Carbonyl Clusters M3(CO)12 (M = Fe, Ru, Os)." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 6, no. 1 (February 2000): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.301.

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Photodissociation of trinuclear carbonyl cluster compounds of Fe, Ru and Os was studied by recording the mass spectra produced from laser ablation of the cluster compounds. Under the experimental conditions, dissociation of the cluster compounds is very extensive, but the dissociation pathway of the osmium cluster is different from those of the iron and ruthenium clusters. The iron and ruthenium clusters not only lost their carbonyl ligands, but their cluster cores were also fragmented. As the osmium cluster dissociated, it ejected three pairs of oxygen atoms, in sequence, before losing the carbonyl ligands, but the trinuclear osmium core did not fragment. This specific dissociation scheme of the osmium cluster reveals its special structural stability. Not only does it have stronger metal-metal bonds, but also a relatively stable coordination bond formed between osmium and carbonyl ligands. In addition, different distributions of positive and negative fragment ions were observed in the experiment. This difference is interpreted as the result of different stabilities of their electronic structures.
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Johnston, R. L. "Transition metal carbonyl cluster chemistry." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 628, no. 2 (May 2001): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(01)00786-0.

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King, R. B. "Metal cluster topology. 21. Sigma aromaticity in triangular metal carbonyl clusters." Inorganica Chimica Acta 350 (July 2003): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01501-3.

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King, R. Bruce. "Metal cluster topology 14. Fusion of octahedra in metal carbonyl clusters." Inorganica Chimica Acta 212, no. 1-2 (October 1993): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)92308-9.

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Bruce King, R. "Metal cluster topology. 4. Rhodium carbonyl clusters having fused polyhedra." Inorganica Chimica Acta 116, no. 2 (June 1986): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82165-9.

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Kiremire, Enos Masheija Rwantale. "The Categorization and Structural Prediction of Transition Metal Carbonyl Clusters Using 14n Series Numerical Matrix." International Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n1p109.

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<p>A matrix table of valence electron content of carbonyl clusters has been created using the 14n-based series. The numbers so generated form an array of series which conform precisely with valence electron contents of carbonyl clusters. The renowned 18 electron rule is a special case of 14n+4 series. Similarly, the 16 electron rule is another special case of the 14n+2 series. Categorization of the carbonyl clusters using the matrix table of series has been demonstrated. The table is so organized that clusters numerically represented can easily be compared and analyzed. The numbers that are diagonally arranged from right to left represent capping series. The row from right to left represents a decrease in valence electron content with increase in cluster linkages. The variation of cluster shapes of constant number of skeletal elements especially four or more may be monitored or compared with the variation with the valence electron content.</p>
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Sachtler, Wolfgang M. H., and Yin-Yan Huang. "Metal/overlayer and encaged carbonyl cluster catalysis." Applied Catalysis A: General 191, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00303-8.

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Kiremire, Enos Masheija Rwantale. "Carbonyl Chalcogenides Clusters Existing as Disguised Forms of Hydrocarbon Isomers." International Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 3 (June 27, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n3p35.

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<p>The 4n Series Method has been utilized to categorize, analyze and predict structures for transition metal carbonyl, borane, hydrocarbon and Zintl ion clusters. The method is being extended to study carbonyl chalcogenide clusters. Adequate examples have been given to demonstrate the application of the 4n series method to categorize clusters and where possible predict their possible skeletal structures. In this paper, the method is being applied to the study of carbonyl chalcogenide cluster complexes. What has been found is the striking structural similarity of a wide range of carbonyl chalcogenide clusters to those of corresponding hydrocarbon clusters. It was observed that when a derived hydrocarbon from a cluster, F<sub>CH</sub> = C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>q</sub>, is such that n&lt;q, the cluster portrays structural similarity with an equivalent hydrocarbon. On the other hand when n&gt;q, the ‘hydrocarbon character’ becomes reduced and the typical cluster tendencies increase. When n = q, the situation becomes more or less a borderline case. When q=0, then F<sub>CH</sub> = C<sub>n</sub>. When the series becomes bi-capped or more, then the equivalent carbon cations are obtained.</p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal carbonyl cluster"

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Butcher, C. "Gas-phase transition metal carbonyl cluster chemistry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597163.

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The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of transition metal carbonyl clusters have been recorded and presented using the recently developed technique of energy-dependent electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (EDESI). EDESI has been improved to incorporate breakdown graphs, allowing complete fragmentation data to be presented. EDESI spectra facilitate the assignment of all ligands, and assist in determining the composition of the cluster core. Electron autodetachment was observed upon ligand loss from multiply charged clusters. For certain clusters, a remarkable amount of structural information was extracted. For example, the structure of [{PtRu5C(CO)15}2Pt(CO)2]2- was correctly predicted from the EDESI spectrum. Photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out on three clusters and selected CID products in the gas phase. The photoelectron spectra for each species revealed a high density of electronic states, and a reduction in electron binding energy was observed on removal of CO ligands. For the dianionic clusters, electron binding energy was approximately zero where electron autodetachment was observed in the EDESI spectra. The gas-phase reactivity of a naked metal cluster has been studied with the use of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. A novel “top down” approach has been used to form [CoRu3]- in the gas phase, by synthesising [PPN][CoRu3(CO)13] in the condensed phase and using CID in the electrospray ionisation source to strip the cluster of its ligands. The top down approach to gas phase clusters removes the requirement for a custom-built cluster source, and will allow the study of otherwise difficult to produce mixed-metal systems will interstitial ligands. The reactivity of [CoRu3]- with CH4 and H2 has been studied, and with use of tandem mass spectrometry, [CoRuC]- (a product of the reaction between [CoRu3]- and CH4) was isolated and further reacted with CH4.
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Conole, Grainne. "Structural studies of polynuclear metal carbonyl derivatives." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290436.

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Anson, C. E. "A vibrational spectroscopic study of some metal carbonyl clusters." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380118.

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Fu, Junhong. "Medium-Nuclearity Mixed-Metal Cluster Chemistry." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110707.

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The thesis is comprised of nine scientific articles and is preceded by an overview that contextualises all of publications. Mixed-metal clusters of group 6 and 9 have been of longstanding interest. The polar metal-metal bonds in these clusters exhibit great potential for substrate activation, and the widely disparate metals could increase cluster reactivity. Our previous studies of group 6 and 9 mixed-metal clusters have been mainly concentrated on low-nuclearity tetranuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters, including the study of their structure, fluxionality, reactivity, electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry and optical properties. The thesis project herein mainly focuses on the synthesis of medium-nuclearity clusters of group 6 and 9. The first part of this body of work is concerned with the synthesis of medium-nuclearity molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters. Publication 1 details the synthesis of pentanuclear clusters by core expansion of tetranuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters with capping reagents tetramethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dicarbonyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dicarbonyl. Publication 2 describes phosphine, isocyanide, and alkyne reactivity at several pentanuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters that are reported in Publication 1.Three structurally characterized medium-nuclearity molybdenum-iridium clusters are presented in Publication 3. The second part of the thesis includes the synthesis of medium-nuclearity molybdenum/tungsten-rhodium-iridium clusters by core expansion reactions of tetranuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters with capping reagents tetramethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dicarbonyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dicarbonyl. Publication 4 delineates a dynamic permutational isomerism in a pentanuclear ditungsten-rhodium-diiridium closo-cluster, together with the proposed mechanism and studies of the chemical and physical properties of the permutational isomers. Publications 5 and 6 detail the syntheses of penta- and hexa-nuclear molybdenum/tungsten-rhodium-iridium clusters by core expansion of tetranuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters with the rhodium capping reagents, and phosphine and alkyne chemistry of the pentanuclear clusters. Publication 7 demonstrates the synthesis and structural studies of a hexanuclear trimolybdenum-triiridium cluster and a heptanuclear trimolybdenum-rhodium-triiridium cluster. In addition, Publication 8 describes alkyne chemistry at a phosphine-substituted cluster and explores the impact of phosphine ligation to dimolybdenum-diiridium on optical limiting properties. Finally, Publication 9 reports a four-valence-electron-deficient butterfly tetrairidium cluster and a heptairidium cluster, together with theoretical studies of the tetrairidium cluster.
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Cook, S. L. "Structural and synthetic studies on homo- and heterogeneous transition metal carbonyl cluster." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303890.

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Keiller, B. T. "The vibrational spectra of metal cluster compounds containing organic ligands." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383722.

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Curtis, H. "Synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of transition metal carbido-carbonyl cluster and other organometallic compounds." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377825.

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Cooper, Brian Thomas. "Dissociation, relaxation, and oxidation of highly vibrationally excited gas phase metal carbonyl and cluster anions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186731.

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Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR) was used to study processes occurring in highly vibrationally excited metal-containing anions. The low-pressure environment of the FT-ICR trapping cell is optimal for the intentional study of nonthermal species. Vibrationally excited anions were prepared with well-defined excess internal energies by the absorption of a single 1064 nm photon into any species requiring the absorption of two such photons to dissociate. The effects of vibrational excitation on the oxidation reactions of Cr(CO)₅-, Al₁₆-, and Al₁₈- were systematically investigated. All three reactions slowed down with increasing anion vibrational energy, due to the large increase in the back-dissociation rate constants with excess internal energy. The branching fractions for the oxidation of Cr(CO)₅- and Al₁₆- also were substantially altered by excess vibrational energy. These data, along with the translationally-excited data of other workers, were used to gain insight into the mechanisms of these quite different oxidation reactions. Radiative relaxation rate constants were also measured for Cr(CO)₅- and Al₁₆- using the oxidation branching ratio as an ion thermometric probe. A complementary value was determined for Cr(CO)₅- with a two-pulse photodissociation experiment, and showed that the radiative relaxation rate constant for this ion is strongly energy dependent. Also, radiative relaxation of Cr(CO)₅- is about an order of magnitude faster than Al₁₆-. All these observations were attributed to the presence of high-frequency CO stretching modes in Cr(CO)₅-, and a detailed model was developed to support this interpretation. Finally, the photodissociation and photodetachment behavior of the M₂(CO)(n)- (where M = Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co; and 4 ≤ n ≤ 9, depending on the metal) and Al(n)- (n = 3 to 23) was investigated at 1064 nm and, for the dinuclear complexes, from 575 to 630 nm. Apparent metal atom loss from highly coordinatively unsaturated dinuclear carbonyl anions was instead ascribed to electron detachment and subsequent scavenging by the neutral metal carbonyl background.
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Daghetta, M. A. A. "USE OF POLIPHOSPHANES IN THE ASSEMBLY OF DISCRETE OR POLYMERIC COORDINATION COMPOUNDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/155259.

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Although phosphanes show useful features for the coordination chemistry, their use as pure structural building blocks, to join metal centres in larger aggregates, has not been yet well explored. In this work, synthesis and characterization of discrete and polymeric coordination compounds are presented. As metal centres both monometallic and cluster compounds have been used, whereas as ligands we have used poliphosphanes both commercially available and synthesised in our laboratories. For simplicity we can classify them in: rigid diphosphanes, flexible diphosphanes and rigid poliphosphanes.
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Jund, Rodolphe. "Electrochimie de clusters mixtes tetrametalliques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13175.

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Books on the topic "Metal carbonyl cluster"

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Scott, McIndoe J., ed. Transition metal carbonyl cluster chemistry. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 2000.

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Metal-metal bonded carbonyl dimers and clusters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Anson, Christopher Edward. A vibrational spectroscopic study of some metal carbonyl clusters. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1987.

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Fei, Rongjuan. Systematic kinetics of reactions of metal carbonyl clusters Ru3(CO)11etpb, Ru3(CO)11PMe3, and Os6(CO)18. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.

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Dyson, Paul J., and J. Scott McIndoe. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315273815.

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McIndoe, J. Scott, and Paul J. Dyson. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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McIndoe, J. Scott, and Paul J. Dyson. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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McIndoe, J. Scott, and Paul J. Dyson. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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McIndoe, J. Scott, and Paul J. Dyson. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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McIndoe, J. Scott, and Paul J. Dyson. Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Chemistry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal carbonyl cluster"

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Johnson, Brian F. G., Adrian Bott, Robert E. Benfield, Dario Braga, Elisabeth A. Marseglia, and Alison Rodger. "Mechanistic Features of Carbonyl Cluster Rearrangement." In Metal-Metal Bonds and Clusters in Chemistry and Catalysis, 141–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2492-6_11.

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Ceriotti, Alessandro, Roberto Della Pergola, and Luigi Garlaschelli. "High-Nuclearity Carbonyl Metal Clusters." In Physics and Chemistry of Metal Cluster Compounds, 41–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1294-7_2.

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Adams, Richard D., and István T. Horváth. "Novel Reactions of Metal Carbonyl Cluster Compounds." In Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, 127–81. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470166345.ch3.

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Robinson, Brian H., and Jim Simpson. "Chemistry and Reactivity of Metal Cluster Carbonyl Radical Anions." In Paramagnetic Organometallic Species in Activation/Selectivity, Catalysis, 357–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0877-2_25.

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Russell, David H., Donnajean Anderson Fredeen, and Ronald E. Tecklenburg. "Structure—Reactivity Relationships for Ionic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cluster Fragments." In Gas Phase Inorganic Chemistry, 115–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5529-8_4.

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Uribe-Godínez, Jorge. "Metal Carbonyl Cluster Complexes as Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells." In Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage and Conversion, 115–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56364-9_4.

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Mcauliffe, C. A., and D. G. Kelly. "By Reaction with Transition- or Inner-Transition-Metal Carbonyl, Organometallic and Cluster Compounds." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 167–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145227.ch116.

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Braunstein, Pierre, Robert Bender, Jeanmarc Jud, H. Vahrenkamp, Glen C. Vogel, and Gregory L. Geoffroy. "Cyclopentadienylsodium and some mono-, tri-, and tetranuclear metal carbonyl derivatives and cluster complexes." In Inorganic Syntheses, 341–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132579.ch62.

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Bruce, Michael I., Brian K. Nicholson, Michael L. Williams, Thérèse Arliguie, and Guy Lavigne. "Tri- and Tetranuclear Carbonyl-Ruthenium Cluster Complexes Containing Isocyanide, Tertiary Phosphine, and Phosphite Ligands. Radical Ion-Initiated Substitution of Metal Cluster Carbonyl Complexes Under Mild Conditions." In Inorganic Syntheses, 271–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132579.ch48.

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Bruce, Michael I., Brian K. Nicholson, Michael L. Williams, Thérèse Arliguie, and Guy Lavigne. "Tri- and Tetranuclear Carbonyl-Ruthenium Cluster Complexes Containing Isocyanide, Tertiary Phosphine, and Phosphite Ligands. Radical Ion-Initiated Substitution of Metal Cluster Carbonyl Complexes Under Mild Conditions." In Inorganic Syntheses, 221–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132593.ch56.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal carbonyl cluster"

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Angel, S. A., P. A. Hansen, E. J. Heilweil, and J. C. Stephenson. "Application of Ultrafast Broadband Infrared Spectroscopy to Measurement of Metal-carbonyl Dynamics." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1990.mc13.

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There is growing interest in identifying transient structures, mode-specific energy content and reaction products generated in condensed-phase molecular systems on the picosecond or shorter timescale. This information is important for understanding the details of chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics at ambient or elevated temperatures, especially for polyatomic molecules in solution. Recent developments in the field of ultrafast time-resolved infrared (IR) spectroscopy show promise of being able to observe these dynamical processes. In this poster, transient IR spectral measurements for CO-stretching vibrations of metal-carbonyl molecules and cluster compounds in solution which identify vibrational relaxation rates, intra-mode and intermolecular energy transfer and photo-dissociation products will be presented.
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Froben, F. W., and J. Kolenda. "Laser vaporization of ceramics and superconductors and optical spectroscopic characterization of the plume." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mee4.

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The plume visible where a high power laser strikes metals, ceramics, or other composite material (like a high Tc superconductor) is investigated spectroscopically. Signals from neutral and ionized atoms, molecules, and clusters are visible in the emission spectra which are recorded time and spatially resolved, to allow some inside view into the dynamics of the vaporization process and possibly optimize thin film production of exotic materials. The measurement is thought of as an additional tool to characterize clusters. For identification of cluster size distribution the beam is deposited on a carbon film for electron microscopy measurement.
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KOOI, S. E., B. D. LESKIW, and A. W. CASTLEMAN. "IONIZATION DYNAMICS OF TRANSITION METAL - CARBON CLUSTERS." In Proceedings of the International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793805_0066.

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Clemmer, David E., and Martin F. Jarrold. "Structural dynamics of carbon- and metal- containing carbon clusters." In OE/LASE '94, edited by John W. Hepburn. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.178114.

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Barnett, Steven M., Stephane H. Brienne, Ian S. Butler, Frederick W. Einstein, Mike C. Jennings, Jonathan L. Male, and Roland K. Pomeroy. "Fourier transform infrared and Raman study of metal carbonyl clusters: distinction of covalent and dative metal-metal bonds." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: Ninth International Conference, edited by John E. Bertie and Hal Wieser. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.166719.

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Ishikawa, Fumiaki N., and Chongwu Zhou. "Rapid and Label-Free Cell Detection by Metal-Cluster-Decorated Carbon Nanotube Biosensors." In 2008 66th Annual Device Research Conference (DRC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2008.4800763.

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Ibrahim, Mohamad, Benoît Tremblay, Esmaïl Alikhani, and pascale soulard. "FTIR STUDY OF THE REACTIVITY OF HETERONUCLEAR SMALL TRANSITION METAL CLUSTER WITH CARBON MONOXIDE." In 73rd International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2018.fb02.

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Ramchandran, Vignesh, and Jeremy M. Gernand. "Examining Pulmonary Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles Using Clustering for Safe Exposure Limits." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87431.

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Experimental toxicology studies for the purposes of setting occupational exposure limits for aerosols have drawbacks including excessive time and cost which could be overcome or limited by the development of computational approaches. A quantitative, analytical relationship between the characteristics of emerging nanomaterials and related toxicity is desired to better assist in the subsequent mitigation of toxicity by design. Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR’s) and meta-analyses are popular methods used to develop predictive toxicity models. A meta-analysis for investigation of the dose-response and recovery relationship in a variety of engineered nanoparticles was performed using a clustering-based approach. The primary objective of the clustering is to categorize groups of similarly behaving nanoparticles leading to the identification of any physicochemical differences between the various clusters and evaluate their contributions to toxicity. The studies are grouped together based on their similarity of their dose-response and recovery relationship, the algorithm utilizes hierarchical clustering to classify the different nanoparticles. The algorithm uses the Akaike information criterion (AIC) as the performance metric to ensure there is no overfitting in the clusters. The results from the clustering analysis of 2 types of engineered nanoparticles namely Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) for 5 response variables revealed that there are at least 4 or more toxicologically distinct groups present among the nanoparticles on the basis of similarity of dose-response. Analysis of the attributes of the clusters reveals that they also differ on the basis of their length, diameter and impurity content. The analysis was further extended to derive no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAEL’s) for the clusters. The NOAELs for the “Long and Thin” variety of CNTs were found to be the lowest, indicating that those CNTs showed the earliest signs of adverse effects.
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Dodson, Leah, J. Weber, and Michael Thompson. "BOND INSERTION IN METAL–CARBON DIOXIDE ANIONIC CLUSTERS STUDIED BY INFRARED PHOTODISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY." In 73rd International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2018.ra03.

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Wu, Yufeng, and Gap-Yong Kim. "Fabrication of Al6061-CNT Composite by Mechanical Alloying Followed by Semi-Solid Powder Processing." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34074.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely investigated as a reinforcement material to improve the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of composite materials. Various routes have been employed to fabricate aluminum-carbon nanotube (Al-CNT) composites in the past few years. However, uniform distribution of CNTs in the metal matrix is still challenging. In this paper, a novel semi-solid powder processing (SPP) was used to incorporate CNT uniformly into the Al6061-CNT composite. Al6061-CNT powders mechanically alloyed for different durations were also examined to understand how the CNTs were dispersed in the Al6061 powders. As-received CNT cluster balls were crushed into dense thin CNT layers during mechanical alloying. As mechanical alloying time increased, CNTs were dispersed in the Al6061 particles. Well-densified microstructures with severely deformed grains were observed in the Al6061-CNT composite.
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