Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal contamination

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal contamination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal contamination"

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Samanta, S., V. Kumar, S. K. Nag, K. Saha, Sajina A.M., S. Bhowmick, S. K. Paul, and B. K. Das. "Assessment of heavy metal contaminations in water and sediment of River Godavari, India." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.04.05.

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Abstract The Godavari is the largest river of peninsular India and receives a significant quantity of pollutants from diverse sources, including many industries, urban developments and agricultural fields. Such pollution is more prominent in the upper stretch of the river. This work aimed to assess the water and sediment contaminations of River Godavari for the presence of trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. Samples were collected from 10 sampling stations covering the entire stretch of the river. Sediment pollution characteristics and potential ecological risks were evaluated by calculating contamination factor, degree of contamination, pollution load index, geo-accumulation, and the potential ecological risk index. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to predict the probable sources of heavy metals. The concentrations of studied heavy metals in water were mostly observed below the detection limit using the flame mode of an Atomic Absorption Spectroscope and recorded safe for the biotic community. The mean concentrations of metals in the sediments were calculated and also recorded to be safe with respect to the guideline values of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1999). However, the sampling site-specific calculated contamination factors indicated moderate contamination of some of the stretches as: S1 for the presence of Cu, Mn, Zn; S2 for Cu, Zn; S3 and S4 for Cu; S5 for the dominance of Mn. The rest of the sites were free from sediment metal contaminations. The degree of contamination values specified S2 as moderately contaminated. Pollution load index indicated sites S1 and S2 as contaminated. Both geo-accumulation and potential ecological risk index designated lower levels of pollution in the river owing to sediment metal contaminations. Furthermore, a comparison of the heavy metal concentrations with sediment quality guidelines signified that the heavy metal pollutions (Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn) tend to pose occasional harmful effects on the ecosystem. From Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis, two main sources of metal pollution were predicted. The Cu, Cr and Zn contaminants were mainly derived from human activities and Mn from natural sources as well as human activities.
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Thambavani, Dr D. Sarala, and V. Prathipa V. Prathipa. "Heavy metal contamination in Plants and Soils." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2013/20.

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Yves, Gnagne Agnes Essoh Jean Eudes, Yapo Ossey Bernard, Ohou-Yao Marie Jeanne, Ladji Meite, Ballet Tiama Guy Nicaise, and Mambo Veronique. "Trace Metals Content Of The Sewage From The Sewer Network Of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 11 (April 27, 2016): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p412.

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Many studies have incriminated the effluents of the sewer network of Abidjan as major trace metal contamination sources in the Ebrié Lagoon. However, no data are available on wastewater regarding trace metal contaminations in Cote d’Ivoire. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the level of contamination of wastewater by metals copper, iron, cadmium, lead and Zinc. To achieve this objective, six campaigns were carried out from december 2013 to november 2014 in eight specific sites. The samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer AA20 Varian, after mineralization. The results showed a significant contamination of effluents from the sewer network. The order of metals concentrations was Fe >Zn > Cu> Pb>Cd. Total metal concentrations (μg/L) ranged from 313.4 to 881.5 for Fe, 144 to 240 for Zn, 132 to 318 for Cu, 10 to 30 for Cd and 114.3 to 263 for Pb. Among these values only Cd concentrations considerably exceeded WHO guideline value (10 μg/L).
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Olatunde, K. A., T. Towolawi, I. Kolawole, N. Aiyelabola, O. Michael, E. Warrie, O. Oludiran, and I. Awomade. "Soil quality and metal distribution around stone quarries within Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria." Ife Journal of Science 23, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.6.

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Quarrying activities are explored to extract a variety of materials deposited underneath the earth surface. These activities however can potentially impact negatively on soil quality and cause elemental pollution. This study assessed soil quality and distribution of metals in soils around four quarrying sites (PAPA, S&D, TCity and Mile 8) within Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Thirty six topsoil samples were collected at distances from quarry gates in September 2019 and analyzed using standard methods. Soil quality and metal concentrations were compared with reference and standards and the degrees of soil contamination assessed using relevant indices. Soil quality reduced with distance from the quarry gates. Similarly, metal concentrations had strong and significant (P=0.05) negative relationships with distance and were higher in soil samples compared to the reference. Moderate contaminations for all metals were observed in soils collected close to the quarry gates soils from the results of the contamination factor index (Cf). However, the results of ecological risk index (Ei) showed that the metal loads in soils currently do not pose any ecological risk. Keywords: Quarry, Soil quality, Metal distribution, Soil contamination, Potential ecological risk
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Waseem, Amir, Jahanzaib Arshad, Farhat Iqbal, Ashif Sajjad, Zahid Mehmood, and Ghulam Murtaza. "Pollution Status of Pakistan: A Retrospective Review on Heavy Metal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Vegetables." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/813206.

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Trace heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. In addition to these metals, copper, manganese, iron, and zinc are also important trace micronutrients. The presence of trace heavy metals in the atmosphere, soil, and water can cause serious problems to all organisms, and the ubiquitous bioavailability of these heavy metal can result in bioaccumulation in the food chain which especially can be highly dangerous to human health. This study reviews the heavy metal contamination in several areas of Pakistan over the past few years, particularly to assess the heavy metal contamination in water (ground water, surface water, and waste water), soil, sediments, particulate matter, and vegetables. The listed contaminations affect the drinking water quality, ecological environment, and food chain. Moreover, the toxicity induced by contaminated water, soil, and vegetables poses serious threat to human health.
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Ridho Asra, Rusdi, Robi Budi Yandra, and Nessa. "Determination of Heavy Metal Contaminations of Lead and Cadmium in Selected Lipstick Products Sold in Padang City Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v2i1.743.

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The study was aimed at assessing the levels of some toxic metals of lead and cadmium in selected lipstick products sold in Padang city. Four brands of lipsticks were taken which were BL, NK, PS and WD. The lipsticks were grinded and analyzed for heavy metals (lead and cadmium) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each sample was destructed by nitric acid and perchloric acid (3:1). Destructed samples were added with sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and filtered into a 25 mL volumetric flask. The concentrations of heavy metal were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that lead heavy metal contamination was not detected. Whereas, the heavy metal contamination of cadmium in lipstick brands BL, NK, PS and WD were 0.2287, 0.2000, 0.1796 and 0.1220 mg/kg, respectively. The study results showed that all metal contaminations of lead and cadmium were not over the limit which were regulated by National Agency of Drug and Food Control of the Republic of Indonesia.
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Liu, Shi, and Bin Liu. "Characterization of Surface Metal Contaminations on Fused Quartz." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.277.

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Micro-contamination exerts ever-increasing adverse impact on semiconductor manufacturing as device integration scale keeps increasing and device geometry continues decreasing. In particular, contaminations from particles, trace metals, and/or organic compounds can reduce device yield, quality, and reliability [. Metallic impurities from materials used for process equipment are one of the major contamination sources.
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Wang, Jing Yi, Jiang Xue Long, and Hong Wei Lu. "Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil in Zhuzhou Smelting." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 4246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.4246.

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To date, environmental issues become increasingly prominent, especially heavy metal (Pb and Zn) pollution of soil. This paper describes the procedure of detecting heavy metal content in soil from Zhuzhou Smelting in order to understand the contamination degree of heavy metals. An extensive soil survey was conducted in the plant include lead and zinc major production areas. Microwave digestion and ICP-AES technology were used to test metal content in soil. The results revealed that the soil in the area had been polluted by Pb and Zn, however, the pollution degree of each type of metals was not identical. In general, the Smelting was slightly polluted by heavy metals, with the highest concentration being in the Zinc sulfide plant. The heavy metal content in deep soil was a little bit higher than surface except for the Zinc sulfide plant. The reason may related to its particular location.
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Dewi, Triyani, Edhi Martono, Eko Hanudin, and Rika Harini. "Status of soil heavy metals contamination using contamination indices in shallot fields." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604013.

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Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal concentrations in shallot fields are needed to evaluate the potential risk of contamination due to heavy metals. This study aims to define the status of heavy metal contamination in shallot fields using contamination indices. A total of 184 soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java. The soil samples were analyzed for the concentration of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co) with HNO3 and HClO4 extracts and measured using AAS. Assessment of the status of heavy metals contamination in the soil using contaminant factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and pollution load index (PLI). The mean concentration in shallot fields showed the following order Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd and the concentration were still below critical limit values. Four metals are Pb, Cr, Co, and Ni are low contamination (CF<1), while Cd is considerable until very high contamination factor. Based on I-geo values, shallot fields are practically uncontaminated of Pb, Co, Ni, and Cr (I-geo<1), meanwhile the status of Cd is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated (0<I-geo<1). Generally, the shallot fields in Brebes Regency, Central Java is unpolluted with five metals (PLI<1).
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Su, Hui, Zhang Cai, and Qi Xing Zhou. "Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soils: Advances and Researching Prospects." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 732–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.732.

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More and more attention has been paid to soil contamination by heavy metals in recent years. Heavy metal contamination includes heavy metal - heavy metal contamination, heavy metal - organic contamination, and heavy metal nutrient contamination. In particular, soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) is the most typical one. In terms of the current remediation technologies, phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil remains popular due to its low cost, environmental aesthetics and in-situ effective treatment. Therefore, screening-out and identification of Cd hyperaccumulators becomes a hotspot in this researching domain. In order to further improve the efficiency of phytoremediation, we have developed a variety of joint remediation technologies. Based on these work at home and abroad, we summed up the studying progress in this field. Some main researching contents and directions of phytoremediation for Cd contaminated soils were also proposed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal contamination"

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Poniger, S., H. Tochon-Danguy, H. Sachinidis, K. Alt, C. Hagemeyer, and A. Scott. "Reducing metal contamination in Cu-64 production." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-166071.

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Introduction In the past several years there has been a growing interest in the development of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with metallic radionuclides (Anderson et al. 1999). Of particular interest is the positron emitter Cu-64 (t½ = 12.7 h) for molecular imaging of small molecules as well as peptides and antibodies (Smith 2004). This has led us to the recent implementation of a solid target production facility using commercially available target irradiation station and chemistry modules. Routine production of Cu-64 was achieved with an average production yield of 0.32 mCi/μAh, however purification of Cu-64 has proven to be problematic; with several metallic contaminants compromising subsequent radiolabeling. We report in this work, the step by step procedure which led us to the successful production of low metal contaminant 64Cu with high specific activity and high labeling efficiency. Material and Methods Detailed implementation of our solid target was reported earlier (Poniger et al. 2012). A Nirta Solid Target from IBA was coupled to our 18/9 cyclotron using a 2-meter external beam line. A pneumatic solid target transfer system (STTS) designed by TEMA was use to deliver the irradiated target disks to a dedicated hotcell. Modules from IBA (Pinctada metal) were used for electroplating 64Ni onto a Ag disk and for acid dissolution and purification of the irradiated target. Typical irradiation parameters were 14.9 MeV at 35 μA for 5–6 hours with 64Ni plating’s ranging from 10–60 μm thickness at 6–12 mm. Radionuclidic purities were evaluated by gamma spectroscopy and traces of metallic impurities were determined by ICP-MS or ICP-AES. Labeling efficiency was evaluated by measuring the amount of 64Cu uptake per 20 μg of scFv-cage. Results and Conclusion Initial 64Cu purifications following the manufacturers recommended method resulted in high levels of Cu, Fe and Zn metal contaminants (see TABLE 1, ID 1). Note that little Ag contamination is observed nevertheless the 64Ni is plated directly on a Ag disk. After several productions, visual inspection of the module quickly revealed that the heater block used for heating the back of the Ag target disk was heavily corroded. Replacing the copper heater block with a PEEK heater block drastically reduced the levels of Cu and Fe contaminants. Unfortunately unusually high levels of Zn were still observed regardless of the stringent conditions and ultrapure reagents used during the processing (see TABLE 1, ID 5). In our quest for answers, ICP-MS analysis of the 64Ni plating solution as well as critical stock reagents such as Milli-Q water (18 MΩ cm−1) and 30% HCl TraceSelect Ultra (Sigma) was performed (see TABLE 1, ID 2,3,4). The results were surprising, with high level of Zn found not only in the 64Ni plating solution, but as well in the HCl TraceSelect Ultra. It was hypothesized that the Pinctada’s glass bottles (Kay, 2004) used to store the reagents, especially concentrated acidic solutions were the source of Zn contamination and all glass bottles were replaced by LDPE or PFA types. Our hypothesis was confirmed by subsequent ICP-MS analysis of fresh samples of HCl TraceSelect Ultra and the 64Ni plating solution prepared/stored in plastic containers (see TABLE 1, ID 6,7). We also confirmed by ICP-MS analysis that no contamination occurred when performing a non-radioactive dissolution/purification sequence on the Pinctada module using a blank PTFE target disk in conjunction with the change to plastic reagent storage bottles (see TABLE 1, ID 8). Initially the purification protocol was modified as described by Ometakova et al., 2012 to help reduce the co-elution of Zn contaminants with the 64Cu from the AG1-X8 resin. This change resulted in a significant amount of 64Cu eluting from the resin during the resin washing steps, so that protocol was abandoned and the protocol as described by Thieme et al., 2012 was adopted. By modifying the AG1-X8 resin washing protocol to this new method and eluting the 64Cu from with 0.1M HCl rather than Milli-Q water (see TABLE 1, ID 9), we were able to further reduce metal contaminants, especially Zn. During the course of these experiments, the true specific activity of 64Cu increased from as low as 12 mCi/μmol of Cu (n = 2, TABLE 1, ID 1) to 649 mCi/μmol of Cu (n = 7, TABLE 1, ID 5) and finally to 4412 mCi/μmol of Cu (n = 3, TABLE 1, ID 9). In the same time, the effective specific activity increased from 0.03 ± 0.02 mCi per 20 μg of scFv-cage, to 3.7 ± 0.3 mCi per 20 g of scFv-cage with 64Cu. In conclusion, a significant reduction in Cu, Fe and Zn contaminants was achieved when processing 64Cu using the Pinctada module: i) after replacement of the Cu heater block; ii) after elimination of glass reagent storage containers from the Pinctada module and procedures during preparation of the 64Ni plating solution and iii) after implementation of a new purification protocol (Thieme et al. 2012). Introduction of a 6M HCl wash-up cycle of the module prior to the dissolution procedure was also effective. However in recent 64Cu productions slightly elevated Ag levels have been observed and are under investigation (see TABLE 1, ID 9).
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Durrant, Christopher. "Effects of metal contamination on fish populations." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2010. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/effects-of-metal-contamination-on-fish-populations(cd690b4f-265d-48cd-805e-c561e411b370).html.

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Sabet, Mitra Deliri, and n/a. "Aquatic plants as indicators of heavy metal contamination." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.161814.

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Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Mn, Fe and Pb) in the water columns, aquatic plants and sediments of fourteen lakes of varied levels of pollution were measured. Correlation analysis was carried out between heavy metal concentrations in aquatic plants and heavy metal concentrations in water and sediment. The aquatic plants which accumulated heavy metals in their tissues in proportion to that in water and sediments were identified. The aquatic plants studied were: 8/yxa auberti Rich, Cabomba caroliniana Gray, Ceratophyllum demersum L, Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Bron, Chara globularis, Eichhornia crassipes Solmn, Hydrilla verticillata Royle, Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr., Ludwigia adscendens (L) Hara, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Nymphaea stallata Linn, Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze, Typha angustata Bony & Chaub and Utricularia aurea Lour. Metal uptake by aquatic plants varied between different species and within the same species depending on lake water contamination levels. The level of metal uptake to a great extent was a function of the environment water metal concentration. Results showed that Utricularia accumulated Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the overlying waters (r2 = 0.69, 0.63, 0.69, 0.65 and 0.39 respectively). Hydrilla accumulated Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the overlying waters (r2 = 0.65, 0.66, 0.44, 0.72, 0.38, 0.63, and 0.73 respectively). Blyxa leaves accumulated Zn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the overlying waters (r2 = 0.74, 0.74, 0.72, 0.60 and 0.82 respectively). Echhornia leaf accumulated only Cr in direct proportion to the overlying waters r2 = 0.81. Nymphaea leaf and Chara did not accumulate any metal in direct proportion to the overlying waters. Roots of Blyxa auberti, Ceratopteris thalictroides, and Eichhornia crassipes contained higher concentrations of heavy metals than their leaves. Roots of Blyxa accumulated Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the overlying waters (r2 = 0.91, 0.65 and 0.69 respectively). Echhornia root accumulated Cd in direct proportion to the overlying waters with r2 = 0.90. Nymphaea stem showed no significant correlations between the metal concentrations in the waters and in the plant. Utricularia accumulated Zn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the metals in the underlying sediment extracted by cold hydrochloric acid (r2 = 0.84, 0.51, 0.47, 0.68 and 0.80 respectively). Hydrilla accumulated Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the underlying sediment (r2 = 0.34, 0.37, 0.91, 0.49 and 0.96 respectively). Blyxa accumulated Zn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb in direct proportion to the underlying sediments (r2 = 0.99, 0.61, 0.82, 0.75 and 0.64 respectively) . Echhornia leaf showed significant correlation between the Cu (r2 = 0.83) and Cr (i2 = 0.88) concentration in underlying sediment and the plant. Nymphaea leaf showed a significant correlation between the Zn (r2 = 0.83) concentration in the plant and the underlying sediments. Roots of Blyxa showed significant correlation between concentrations of Cu, Cr and Pb in sediment extracted by hydrochloric acid and plant (r2 = 0.9, 0.7 and 0.9 respectively). Roots of Echhornia had no significant correlation with the sediment metal concentrations (hydrochloric acid extractable). Two techniques (cold hydrochloric acid extractable and nitric acid extractable) to extract metals from sediment were compared. Based on correlations of metal concentrations in plant tissue and metal extracted from the sediment, it was concluded that the cold hydrochloric acid extractable metal technique is more suitable for determining bioavailable sediment metal concentration in environmental studies. Laboratory studies investigations on the bioaccumulation of Zn and Cu in Hydrilla confirmed that Hydrilla is a good bioindicator of Cu as it accumulated 20360 ug/g dry weight of Cu in 72 hours. Hydrilla showed higher bioaccumulation factor with low concentration of Cu in the solution, in the laboratory studies. Hydrilla was determined to be the best indicator species as it reflected the heavy metal concentration in the environment which was supported by the laboratory studies.
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Watts, Sarah Jane. "Recovery of the Mersey Estuary from metal contamination." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2133.

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The Mersey Estuary has received significant quantities of industrial wastes and sewage over several decades. Although contarninant loads are reducing and the estuary is showing signs of recovery, the sediment reservoir remains a repository of historical contamination and still contains high concentrations of trace metals and organic compounds. A combination of hydrodynamic, sedimentary and geochernical processes are responsible for maintaining trace metal concentrations at present-day levels. The distributions of trace metals in bed sediments reflect changes in granulometry, differences in POC content and the magnitude of past inputs rather than the locations of point sources in the estuary. The association of contaminant metals with SPM varies not only with axial changes in salinity and particle concentration but also in response to the relative magnitudes of freshwater and tidal inflows and cyclic variations in water and particulate chemistry that occur on intratidal, intertidal and seasonal timescales. The most influential of these arise from axial changes in dissolved oxygen and the delivery. of organic carbon from both external and internal sources which modify the relative degree of sorptive control exerted by Fe, Mn and organic C at different locations in the estuary and at different times. These factors, combined with the efficient trapping of sediments and possible salting out of neutral metalorganic complexes, assist in the retention and internal recycling of particles and associated metals betweent he bed and water column. Geochernicalr eactivity is suppressedin Mersey SPM and metal decontamination is not predicted to occur through the loss of particulate metals to the surrounding coastal zone. Rather, it is envisaged that sediment resuspension and the desorption of metals into fresh and low salinity waters, supplemented by the release of metals from tidally stirred diagenetically modified sediments, are more likely to be important long term cleansing mechanisms, with the latter occurring particularly during the summer months when bacterial numbers and the degradation of accumulated organic detritus becomes more pronounced. Futured eclinesi n metalsf rom bed sedimentsh aveb eene stimatedu sing two methodsa nd two independendt ata sets. Resultingv aluesa re not only metal-dependenbtu t also vary with sedimentlo cation.L osseso f Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni andZ n arep redictedt o takeu p to 40 years,w hilst removal of substantiallye levatedc oncentrations of Pb in sedimentsin the upper estuary could span hundreds of years.
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Brodd, Patrick. "Long term heavy metal contamination from leakage water sediments." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88909.

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Hall, C. J. "Trace metal contamination of lakes and ponds in London." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1409852/.

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Few studies of metal pollution in lakes have been carried out in urban environments. This research aimed to determine both temporal and spatial changes in metal concentration in sediments of lakes in London, and identify the current extent of contamination in lake ecosystems as a whole. The novel use of sediment archives to reconstruct potential toxicity was also explored. Sediment cores were taken from seven lakes across London and analysed for Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Hg concentrations. The cores were dated using a combination of radiometric and SCP dating, and lake age. Temporal trends were found to vary within and between sites, due to metal behaviour, catchment disturbance and the proximity to and type of metal source. PCA showed that there was some evidence for a regional pattern of contamination. Across all sites metal concentrations were very high, exceeding guideline values both in the past and at present. At various times the concentration of Pb had reached levels that were over 2000% higher than the guideline value. Increasing levels of enrichment and flux towards the surface of the cores also showed that contamination was not declining. Metal concentrations were also determined in deposition, water, and biota at one of the lakes. The concentration of Pb was found to exceed guideline values in both water and fish. The extent of Pb contamination in London lakes is therefore a major cause for concern. The potential toxicity of the combination of metals analysed in the sediment cores was reconstructed, through the calculation of mean toxicity quotients. Every core exceeded the potential toxicity threshold at all depths. Comparison to laboratory toxicity test data carried out on sediments from the OPAL lakes showed that the sediments were likely to be toxic, which would have implications for lake ecosystems should they be disturbed.
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Buchholz, Florian. "Metal surface contamination in c-Si solar cell processing." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-203660.

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Fe und Cu wurden als Schlüsselspezies für die Betrachtung von Oberflächenkontamination in der Prozessierung von c-Si-Solarzellen identifiziert. Studien mit gezielt aufgebrachten Metallkonzentrationen vor verschiedenen Passivierungs- und Diffusionsprozessschritten ergaben relativ hohe kritische Werte für Cu, außer bei thermischer Oxidation. Niedrige Werte wurden für beide Elemente vor Hochtemperaturschritten im n-Typ-Hocheffizienzprozess beobachtet, wobei sich die B-Diffusion als etwas weniger empfindlich darstellte. Temporäre Gettereffekte für Fe (in p-Typ-Si) und Cu (in n-Typ-Si) wurden beobachtet. Es zeigte sich, dass As-Cut-Wafer, unabhängig von der Sägeart (SiC-slurry oder Diamantdraht) sehr hohe Metallverunreinigungen (im Bereich 1*1011 – 5*1014 cm-2) in den Prozess einbringen. Das alkalische Ätzen verringert diese Menge kaum, was hohe Anforderungen an die anschließende Reinigung ergibt. Die Optimierung von HF/O3-Reinigungslösung für diese Flächen ergab beste Reinigungsergebnisse bei niedrigen HF-Konzentrationen, abhängig vom alkalischen Ätzschritt und anschließendem HCl/HF-Dip.
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Gilbert, Lucy Jane. "Heavy metal contamination in the Black River, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19961.

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Urban river sediments are often contaminated as a result of development and anthropocentric activity, and the Black River in Cape Town is a prime example of a river system suffering from unsustainable development. Methods of deter mining total and background concentrations of selected heavy metals were researched and utilized in the effort to quantify heavy metal concentrations derived from anthropogenic sources in the Black River . The findings were intended for use in the aim of producing sediment quality guidelines (SQG) for South Africa as described in the Water Research Commission Phase I Report; Developing Sediment Quality Guide lines (Gordon and Muller, 2010). The ability of the invasive Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) to uptake and store heavy metals was also briefly investigated to identify its potential as a phyto - remediator in the Black River. Toxicity of the sediment was quantified using the consensus - based mechanistic approach (Gordon & Muller, 2010) whereby assuming that total concentration of a heavy metal is the critical factor in its hazardousness. Sediment samples were divided into grain size and measured by X - Ray Fluorescence and concentrations of the focus elements antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in the mud fraction were compared with Consensus Based Sediment Quality Guidelines (McDonald et al., 2002). Based on guide line exceedances, the most toxic sample was collected from anoxic sediment conditions at the point where the N2 Highway crosses the Black River. The succeeding high toxic ity risk locations were all within areas slightly downstream of a river convergence or within 50 m of one, specifically the Vygekraal, Jakkelsvlei, Esliekraal and Kromboom rivers. Exceedances were most common for chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. The least toxic sample was collected 160 m downstream of the Athlone wastewater treatment works, with the one sample collected between these two points also holding relatively low toxicity risk. Concentrations of the selected analytes were also compared to results from a previous study conducted in 2002 on the Black River sediment (Haniff). The comparison suggested contamination has generally worsened in the past 13 years however due to potentially large analytical error from the differences in sample analyses in 2002 and in this investigation; the reliability of the comparative study is limited to general observation. The data implies that the Athlone wastewater treatment works was contributing to heavy metal concentrations in the sediment in 2002, but now in 2015 appears to improve sediment quality. The Water Research Commission Phase I report identifies four ways to assess sediment quality to produce SQG; one of which is to establish normal background concentrations. In this investigation, background concentrations of heavy metals from natural sediment input to the Black River was estimated using two methods, the first was by combining globally recognized average shale values (Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961; USGS, 2000) with results obtained from studies undertaken on virgin soils of the Black River catchment area (Soderberg, 2003; Herselman, 2007) to form what is referred to as Estimated Background Values (EBV). The second method was to measure element concentrations of weakly - acid rinsed and milled coarse grain fraction of the Black River sediments. This was to see whether concentrations of the coarse fraction reflect those of the EBV, and to establish whether this would be a feasible method of estimating background concentrations which takes into account the multiple inputs of natual sediment across the river catchment. It was concluded from the application of the t - test that the coarse grain fraction held similar concentrations to 19 major and trace elements of the EBV with 95% certainty, and were comparable for all the focus elements accept antimony and arsenic. The mud fraction heavy metal concentrations were then applied to three statistical indicators; the Pollution Load Index (PLI), the Geo - accumulation Index (I - Geo) and the Enrichment Factor (EF) in the objective to quantify anthropogenic input using both the EBV and coarse grain fraction results as reference values. All statistical indicators suggest the river is most enriched with cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, which most likely derive from roadside deposit/stormwater drainage and industries. The application of EBV to the statistical indicators revealed relatively little pollution enrichment, whereas the coarse grain results suggested much higher leve ls of pollution enrichment in the Black River. This disparity verifies the importance in selecting/obtaining suitable data sets as screening values for investigating heavy metal enrichment (Gałuszka & Migaszewski, 2012). It was concluded that the coarse grain fraction element concentrations would not be feasible for use as EBV in the case of the Black River. This is due to the large assumptions made whilst using this method, namely that the coarse grain fraction is assumed to derive from the same source as the mud fraction. Due to the known disturbances to natural sedimentation in the Black River, it is doubtful that the fractions come from the same source. Also given the relatively low heavy metal concentration in the coarse grain fraction, it is likely that the majority of the sand in the sediment of the Black River derives from the coastline. Heavy metal concentrations in the water hyacinth and sediments were applied to the Bio - accumulation Factor to identify the potential of the species as a phyto - remediating agent in the Black River. All four water hyacinth samples contained high concentrations of cadmium, and high concentrations of arsenic, nickel and antimony in three samples. Mercury was present (albeit at low concentrations) in three out of the four plant samples, yet was not detected in any of the 32 sediment samples, supporting the conclusions of Buta et al (2011) that the plant has a very strong affiliation to mercury, and that the element has a high affinity to bind with dissolved organic carbon and suspended sediment. The Bio - accumulation Factor revealed the phyto - remediation potential of the water hyacinth is high for antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and nickel. Water hyacinth could therefore be utilized more effectively (with the use of controlled growth) to remediate sediments indirectly by removing heavy metals from the water and preventing them settling into the sediment. Short - term fluctuations in heavy metal presence and kinetic components cannot be conservatively evaluated due to sediment disturbances, complexities within river system inputs and the ever changing environmental conditions. The findings are based on equilibrium status and the conditions at the time of sampling, and are limited to confinements of the reliability of data generated from sample collection, preparation methods and sample analysis. The distribution of metals in sediments of the Black River if not controlled by dredging is generally controlled by the association of heavy metals with very fine grained, organic - rich sediment. In addition, locations of high element enrichment reflect other river inputs which drain from various areas of the Cape Flats, with the most significant being the Esliekraal convergence. Conclusions from the investigation suggest the method of establishing background concentration from the coarse grain fraction could be applicable only to urban rivers which have seen few sedimentation disturbances and are relatively isolated from externa l sources away the local catchment. This method could reduce sampling costs and be used along with the application of other means available mentioned in the Water Research Commission Phase I report to create South African sediment quality guidelines.
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Zhang, Liming 1966. "Contamination and galvanic corrosion in metal chemical-mechanical planarization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282840.

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Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is a critical process in the manufacturing of ultra-large scale integrated (ULSI) circuit devices. The overall success of a CMP process requires minimal particulate and metallic contamination of the structures subjected to CMP. The objective of this study was to investigate alumina particle contamination during tungsten CMP, copper contamination in copper CMP, and galvanic corrosion between metal films and adhesion layers during the final stages of tungsten and copper CMP. Particular attention was paid to the use of short chain organic carboxylic acids in reducing the contamination. Both electrokinetic and uptake measurements showed that citric acid and malonic acid interact with alumina particles by electrostatic as well as specific adsorption forces. Systematic immersion contamination and polishing experiments were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the acids in controlling alumina particulate contamination on wafer surfaces. The difference in the surface cleanliness was interpreted using the electrokinetic data and the calculated interaction energy between alumina particles and the wafer surface. Electrochemical tests showed no severe attack on tungsten films by the acids. Copper ions were found to adsorb onto the silicon dioxide surface, leading to copper contamination levels of upto 10¹³ atoms/cm². The extent of copper contamination was found to depend on the solution pH and the presence of additives such as hydrogen peroxide. Both electrokinetic measurements and immersion contamination experiments showed that citric acid can reduce the copper contamination on the silicon dioxide surface. TiN is more noble than tungsten in the solutions containing oxidants used in tungsten CMP slurries. The most significant corrosion of tungsten was found in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Copper was found to be more noble than tantalum in acidic solutions. However, in alkaline ammonium hydroxide solutions, the relative nobility of copper and tantalum can be reversed by adding hydrogen peroxide. The corrosion of tungsten and copper appears to be very minimally affected by coupling with TiN and tantalum, respectively.
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Valencia, Avellan Magaly Genoveva. "Heavy metal contamination of river water : sources, behaviour and remediation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18772/.

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Pollution from metal mining has led to severe environmental damage. The assessment of metals is very complex as they interact with a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic components depending on physicochemical conditions. Worldwide, discharges from ancient mines are considered one of the major causes of point and diffuse pollution. This thesis investigated the sources and mobility of metal pollution associated with historical mining in a carboniferous upland catchment, located in the Northern Pennines in the UK. From chemical analysis and geochemical modelling I identified metal sulphates and metal carbonates as the main mineral sources of metals. I also demonstrated that metal carbonates are controlling metal mobility, while seasonality is also producing changes in flow and pH conditions, affecting metal concentrations and behaviour. By using speciation modelling, ecotoxicological assessment tools and in situ macroinvertebrate survey I highlighted the dynamics of metals occurring in neutral mine drainage; and suggested the application of environmental quality standards based on bioavailability data within a realistic context relating response of aquatic organisms to river water chemistry and metals. I also evaluated the effects of episodic rainfall on aqueous metal mobility and toxicity to address some knowledge gaps. I found that rainfall conditions did not alter the circumneutral conditions of the catchment, although metal mobility and speciation were affected by the abundance of carbonate and bicarbonate minerals derived from bedrock weathering. I showed that metal toxicity occurred at circumneutral pH, and mainly attributable to zinc. Moreover, I assessed the effects of episodic rainfall in metal toxicity and calculations revealed that short-term fluctuations of metal concentrations are not reflected in the predicted acute toxicity risk to aquatic organisms, underlining the complexity of chemical speciation especially during episodic events. Likewise, I provided a baseline for future mitigation strategies for catchments under risk of metal pollution. Finally, I stressed the importance of the public perception and community involvement in a holistic management of catchments for protecting riverine ecosystems and improving their water quality. Overall, this thesis provides the evidence that a comprehensive metal assessment requires a great understanding of processes and reactions occurring from metal sources to potential endpoint environments (e.g. water, sediments, and biota). For regulatory purposes, technical knowledge needs to be sensibly transferred to the community for achieving an effective integrated catchment management. Findings from this thesis are suitable for the assessment of streams draining spoil waste areas with similar geochemical conditions and inform future management strategies.
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Books on the topic "Metal contamination"

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Reilly, Conor, ed. Metal Contamination of Food. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470995105.

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Reilly, Conor. Metal contamination of food. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1991.

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Płytycz, Barbara. Earthworms for monitoring metal contamination. New York: Nova Science, 2009.

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Sherameti, Irena, and Ajit Varma, eds. Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14526-6.

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1939-, Allen Herbert E., ed. Metal speciation and contamination of soil. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1995.

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Yong, R. N. Studies in heavy metal contamination of soils. Montreal, Que, Canada: Geotechnical Research Centre, McGill University, 1991.

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Metal contamination: Sources, detection, and environmental impact. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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S, Rainbow P., ed. Metal contamination in aquatic environments: Science and lateral management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Graff, Klaus. Metal impurities in silicon-device fabrication. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Morin, Kevin A. Groundwater contamination from precious-metal, base-metal, uranium, phosphate, and potash (KCl) mining operations. [s.l.]: International Association of Hydrogeologists, Canadian National Chapter, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal contamination"

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Yang, Dajin, Kai Zhao, Fabrizis Suarez, Lawrence Pacquette, and Daniel Schmitz. "Heavy Metal Contamination." In Food Safety in China, 237–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119238102.ch15.

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Alaraby, Mohamed, Doaa Abass, and Ricard Marcos. "Genotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles." In Toxic Metals Contamination, 33–46. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003138907-3.

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Parhi, Pankaj K., Snehasish Mishra, Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Puneet K. Singh, Suresh K. Verma, Prasun Kumar, and Tapan K. Adhya. "Arsenic Contamination: Sources, Chemistry and Remediation Strategies." In Metal, Metal-Oxides and Metal-Organic Frameworks for Environmental Remediation, 219–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68976-6_8.

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Migula, Paweł, Grażyna Wilczek, and Agnieszka Babczyńska. "Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination." In Spider Ecophysiology, 403–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9_30.

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Coelho, João Pedro. "Metal Contamination in Marine Resources." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 685–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98536-7_25.

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Coelho, João Pedro. "Metal Contamination in Marine Resources." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_25-1.

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Bouzouidja, Ryad, Dorine Bouquet, Antoine Pierart, Muhammad Shahid, Cécile Le Guern, Liliane Jean-Soro, Camille Dumat, and Thierry Lebeau. "Metal Contamination in Urban Soils." In Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils, 87–108. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315205137-5.

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Silvestre, Wendel Paulo, and Camila Baldasso. "Treatment of Water Contaminated by Heavy Metal using Membrane Separation Processes." In Toxic Metals Contamination, 117–45. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003138907-7.

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Peterson, Ray D. "Metal Contamination Associated with Dross Processing." In Light Metals 2013, 941–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch160.

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Gadd, G. M. "Toxic Metal Contamination Treatment with Microbes." In The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination: Problems and Solutions, 75–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0131-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal contamination"

1

Zhao, Zhiyong, Daniel F. Downey, and Gordon Angel. "Heavy metal contamination in ion implantation." In The fourteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52731.

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Bryninger, Olga. "HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CLEANING METHODS." In PARADIGMATIC VIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF WORLD SCIENCE. European Scientific Platform, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/21.08.2020.v1.25.

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Sanyal, Santonu Kumar, Joël Brugger, Barbara Etschmann, Frank Reith, and Jeremiah Shuster. "Heavy-Metal Contamination Impacts Au Biogeochemical Cycling." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2279.

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Sing, David C. "Metal Oxide Cross Contamination in Ion Implanters." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: 17TH International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1619789.

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Xie, Meng-Yu, Jian-Kun Zhang, Zun-Hua Zhao, Zhong-Hai Tang, Jian-Zhu Zhuang, Wei Wan, Bing-Hui Lin, Da-Wei Tao, Mei-Hua Liu, and Pan Wang. "Optimization of approach for metal contamination reduction." In 2022 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cstic55103.2022.9856878.

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Al-Musharafi, S. K., I. Y. Mahmoud, and S. N. Al-Bahry. "Heavy metal contamination from treated sewage effluents." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120331.

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Chen, Xingjian, Xiao-Ming He, and Bryan Pu. "Metal contamination control and reduction in plasma etching." In 2016 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cstic.2016.7464006.

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LEE, AIK HENG, HAMID NIKRAZ, and TSE HUNG YUNG. "BENCHMARKING HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION FOR BROWNFIELD IN MALAYSIA." In Proceedings of the International Conference on CBEE 2009. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814295048_0086.

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Coletti, G. "Impact of Metal Contamination in Silicon Solar Cells." In 2010 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2010.i-9-1.

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Reh, B. "446. Analysis of Bacterial Contamination in Metal Working Fluids." In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765131.

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Reports on the topic "Metal contamination"

1

Pickett, J. B. Heavy metal contamination in TIMS Branch sediments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143020.

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Pickett, J. B. Heavy metal contamination in TIMS Branch sediments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5314447.

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Blake, R., D. Blake, and G. Flowers. A sensitive rapid on-site immunoassay for heavy metal contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/254372.

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Banga, Dhego, Jeffery Chames, Joshua Yee, and Alan Jankowski. Electrical-Discharge-Machining Contamination Removal from Metal Additively Manufactured Components. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1871371.

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Dr. Greg E. COllins. Field Portable Microchip Analyzer for Airborne and Surface Toxic Metal Contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833462.

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Dresel, P. Evan, Michael J. Truex, and Keri Cantrell. Remediation of Deep Vadose Zone Radionuclide and Metal Contamination: Status and Issues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/986739.

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Alpay, S., and R. Goulet. Existing evidence for historical metal contamination in previous studies at Lac Dasserat. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297755.

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Zellmer, S. D., and J. F. Schneider. Heavy-metal contamination on training ranges at the Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132677.

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Couture, P., P. G. C. Campbell, and M. Rosabal. Evidence of metal contamination in Lac Dasserat using benthic invertebrates and yellow perch. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297756.

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Lavoie, I., J. Levy, M. Lavoie, and C. Fortin. Development of a bio-monitoring tool for metal contamination assessment in lotic systems. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297767.

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