Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal Extraction

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  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Metal Extraction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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Cuculovic, Ana, Mirjana Pavlovic, Dragan Veselinovic, and Scepan Miljanic. "Metal extraction from Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen using low pH solutions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 4 (2008): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0804405c.

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Extraction of metals (K, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Ba, Zn, Mn and Sr) from dry Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen was performed using solutions similar to acid rain (solution A H2SO4-HNO3-(NH4)2SO4 and solution B H2SO4- -HNO3-(NH4)2SO4-NH4NO3). The pH values of these solutions were 2.00, 2.58, 2.87, 3.28, and 3.75. Five consecutive extractions were performed with each solution. In all solutions, the extracted metal content, except Cu and Ca, was the highest in the first extract. The highest percentage of the metals desorbed in the first extraction was obtained using solutions with low pH values, 2.00, 2.58, and 2.87. The lowest percentage in the first extraction was obtained using solutions with pH 3.28 and pH 3.75, indicating influence of the H+ ion on the extraction. According to the results obtained, the investigated metals form two groups. The first group includes K, Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe. They were extracted in each of the five extractions at each of the pH values. The second group includes Ba, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Sr, which were not all extracted at each pH value. The first group yielded three types of extraction curves when the logarithms of extracted metal amounts were plotted as a function of the number of successive extractions. These effects indicate that three different positions (centers) of metal ion accumulation exist in the lichen (due to sorption, complex formation, or other processes present in the tissues).
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Junussov, Medet, Ferenc Mádai, and Bánhidi Olivér. "Sequential extraction of carbonaceous siltstone rock for multi-element analysis by ICP OES." Contemporary Trends in Geoscience 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2018-0010.

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Abstract The carbonaceous siltstone rock material is a disseminated sulfide-rich sedimentary rock from a sediment-hosted gold deposit of Bakyrchik. The Bakyrchik deposit is located in Eastern Kazakhstan, which includes in Qalba gold province. The main purpose of this paper is a demonstration on chemical extraction of heavy metals from the carbonaceous siltstone rock and detection of its elemental concentrations. In the work was used a rock sample from the deposit which is a sericizited carbonaceous-siltstone rock. In sequential extraction method was selected four stages such as water soluble fraction (reaction with deionized water) for extraction of water soluble metals, reducible metal fraction (reaction with hydroxyl ammonium chloride) for extracting all reducible metals, organics and sulfides (reaction with hydrogen peroxide) for dissolution of organics and copper sulfide, and extraction of metal oxides and residual fraction (reaction with aqua regia) for extracting of all remaining metals. The paper comprises analytical methods for research outlooks. They are X-Ray Diffraction (determination of mineralogical composition), X-Ray Fluorescence (determination of chemical composition) and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (determination of heavy metal concentrations).
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Marchi, Giuliano, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme, Andrew C. Chang, and Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento. "Heavy metals extractability in a soil amended with sewage sludge." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 5 (October 2009): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000500009.

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Few investigations have been carried out about the comparison of desorption rate and amount of heavy metals extracted successively by organic acid mixtures mimicking the rhizosphere and routine extractants in sewage sludge-amended soils. Extractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu were performed in samples of a sewage sludge-amended soil using seven extractants: four organic acid mixtures and three routine extractants (DTPA, Mehlich-I, and ammonium acetate). Results from single pass extractions, in which the extractable metal contents were determined by simply extracting the soil a single time, as well as from 15 successive extractions, in which the solid residues of the first extraction was successively extracted 14 additional times, of heavy metals were analyzed. The extractability of heavy metals in a single pass extraction was, in general, as follows: Mehlich-I > DTPA > organic acids > NH4OAc. The highest rates of extraction followed the general order: DTPA > Mehlich-I > organic acids > NH4OAc. While Mehlich-I presented the highest extractability of heavy metals among studied extractants, DTPA showed a high extractability of Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cu in a single extraction as well as the highest rates of extraction among the studied extractants. The transfer of heavy metals from soil to organic acid solutions is slower than to DTPA and Mehlich-I extractants.
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Shaikh, S. M., R. U. Shaikh, and A. B. Ade. "Protein Profiling of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Pseudomonas fluorescens Mutants during Metal Extraction." Journal of Scientific Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v10i1.33641.

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Proteins are specific for the specific task associated with the cell. The metal extracting bacteria, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Pseudomonas fluorescens have two different mechanisms for the metal extraction. One extracts the metals by donating electrons and by doing self-oxidation and another is accumulating the metals onto its cell surface which is negatively charged. Therefore to differentiate the task of metal extraction protein profiling was done and compared. The water soluble proteins were analyzed through SDS-PAGE. There was no significant difference in the profiles of both.
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Shyam Sunder, Govind Sharma, Sandhya Adhikari, Ahmad Rohanifar, Abiral Poudel, and Jon R. Kirchhoff. "Evolution of Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Metal Extraction." Separations 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7010004.

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The demand for the recovery of valuable metals and the need to understand the impact of heavy metals in the environment on human and aquatic life has led to the development of new methods for the extraction, recovery, and analysis of metal ions. With special emphasis on environmentally friendly approaches, efforts have been made to consider strategies that minimize the use of organic solvents, apply micromethodology, limit waste, reduce costs, are safe, and utilize benign or reusable materials. This review discusses recent developments in liquid- and solid-phase extraction techniques. Liquid-based methods include advances in the application of aqueous two- and three-phase systems, liquid membranes, and cloud point extraction. Recent progress in exploiting new sorbent materials for solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and bulk extractions will also be discussed.
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Manousi, Natalia, Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis, Erwin Rosenberg, and George A. Zachariadis. "Extraction of Metal Ions with Metal–Organic Frameworks." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 4605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244605.

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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic linkers. Due to their extraordinary properties such as high porosity with homogeneous and tunable in size pores/cages, as well as high thermal and chemical stability, MOFs have gained attention in diverse analytical applications. MOFs have been coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques including solid-phase extraction (SPE), dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from complex matrices. The low concentration levels of metal ions in real samples including food samples, environmental samples, and biological samples, as well as the increased number of potentially interfering ions, make the determination of trace levels of metal ions still challenging. A wide variety of MOF materials have been employed for the extraction of metals from sample matrices prior to their determination with spectrometric techniques.
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Tian, Qinghua, Xiangdong Gan, Fuhui Cui, Dawei Yu, and Xueyi Guo. "Selective Extraction of Ni from Superalloy Scraps by Molten Mg-Zn." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060993.

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Bearing significant concentrations of high value and critical metals, superalloy scraps require comprehensive recycling for metal reclamation. In this study, nickel-based superalloy was treated with molten Mg-Zn for the selective extraction of nickel. The influence of heating temperature, the molar ratio of Mg to Zn in the molten metal, Mg-Zn/superalloy mass ratio, and heating time on metal extraction were investigated. Using the heating temperature of 800 °C, the Mg/Zn molar ratio of 9/1, the Mg-Zn/superalloy mass ratio of 5/1, and heating time of 240 min, the extraction rate of 97.1% was achieved for Ni, and the extraction rates of Fe, Cr and refractory metals (Nb, Mo and Ti) were all less than 1%. In the subsequent vacuum distillation process, nickel with a purity of 98.3 wt% was obtained. Therefore, the proposed method is a short, clean, and efficient process for selectively extracting nickel from the superalloy scraps.
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Sládek, Petr, Oldřich Navrátil, and Petr Linhart. "Extraction of Selected Lanthanoids and Scandium with Bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogenphosphate in 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 8 (1992): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921647.

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A study was made of the extraction of Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm and Sc(III) from aqueous into organic medium of 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorodifluoroethane (CFC-112) using bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogenphosphate (HDEHP) as extracting reagent. On the basis of earlier work which demonstrated the usefulness of using this type of solvent for extractions with dibutylhydrogenphosphate (HDBP) and also the possibility of using CFC-112 for converting the metal chelates formed to the solid phase, the work was concentrated particularly on the dependence of the extraction of selected lanthanoids on the analytical concentration of HDEHP and also on the [H+] concentration. In addition the dimerization and distribution constants were determined for this reagent in a mixture of CFC-112 with benzene and the extraction constants were determined for the individual metals.
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Othman*, Amel Ben, Imen Ben Fredj, and Rym Abidi. "Extracting and complexing properties of di-, tri- and tetra ThiaCalix [4] arenes." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.10.007.

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In the present work, the focus is the study of complexing and extracting properties of three nanoscale derivatives namely multicalixarenes 2C, 3C and 4C which the latter structure is a dendrimer structure of first generation. The metal cations included in this study are the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, some transition metals, heavy metals and lanthanides. This study was conducted essentially in methanol to determine the stoichiometry of the complexes formed, or the location of the coordination sites, and finally to evaluate selectivity's. These studies have been conducted by UV-visible spectrophotometry, conductivity and proton NMR. The liquid-liquid extraction picrates metal cations followed by UV-visible showed strong selectivity dicalixarenic derived for sodium. The solid liquid extraction of metal picrates followed by 1H-NMR shows an intra- or intermolecular exchange of cations within the calixarene units studied nanocomposites.
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Stevens, Geoffrey W., Jilska M. Perera, and Franz Grieser. "Metal ion extraction." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2, no. 6 (December 1997): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(97)80056-8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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Trenholme, W. J. F. "Metal-organic frameworks for platinum group metal extraction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32795/.

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This Thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of a variety of functionalised metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These MOFs have been used for the extraction of platinum group metal (PGM) compounds from aqueous and organic solvents and for the storage of gases such as CO2, CH4 and the C2 hydrocarbons. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to PGM properties and uses with specific focus on the chemical properties which allow for separation of PGMs from base metal compounds and for separation between different PGM compounds. The synthesis and structure prediction of MOFs is then introduced, leading into an overview of the use of functionalised MOFs, especially those used for the encapsulation and extraction of metal ions from solution. General experimental techniques and details are described, as is the theory behind inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), the most widely used analytical technique reported in this work. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of chemically stable amine-functionalised Zr(IV) MOFs; UiO-68-NH2 and UiO-66-NH2, for extraction of PGM anions from aqueous and acidic solutions. ICP-OES was used to show that both materials exhibit close to 100% uptake of PtCl62- when present in just 3.5 equivalents per anion, comparable to the best materials reported for PtCl62- extraction. Furthermore, UiO-66-NH2 exhibited consistently higher PtCl62- uptake from aqueous solutions than four industrially used materials supplied by Johnson Matthey. Back-extraction of PtCl62- was demonstrated simply by heating the doped MOF in 4 M HCl, removing 99% of the PGM while maintaining the phase and crystallinity of UiO-66-NH2. Separation of PdCl62- from PtCl62- from acidic HCl solutions was exhibited by UiO-66-NH2, showing an exceptional selectivity of 20:1 for Pd:Pt from 2 M HCl. Likewise, 100% selectivity for PtCl62- and PdCl62- over CuCl2 and CuSO4 from acidic solutions was demonstrated, even in cases in which Cu was in 100-fold excess. Solid state NMR was employed to confirm the interaction between the framework and the PGM anions, with XPS results suggesting that the encapsulated Pt species within UiO-66-NH2 may be PtCl3(NH2)3 or PtCl4(NH2)2. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and characterisation of a series of functionalised Cu(II) MOFs, NOTT-151, -155, -125 and -150, for the removal of neutral PGM complexes, Pd(OAc)2, PtCl4 and Rh2(OAc)4, from THF. The design of the MOFs allowed for an investigation into the effect of different topologies (ssa and fof), cage sizes and functional groups (amine, oxamide and methyl) on the uptake of each PGM complex. ICP-OES analysis showed that the MOFs were capable of extracting each PGM complex. The oxamide-functionalised NOTT-125 exhibited the most consistent uptake of Pd(OAc)2 with a maximum capacity of 35 mg g-1 (7 NH(CO)2NH groups per PtCl4). The amine-functionalised NOTT-155 showed the highest uptake of PtCl4, with a maximum capacity of 73 mg g-1 (4 NH2 groups per PtCl4). Uptake of Rh2(OAc)4 was generally low, however NOTT-125 showed a maximum extraction of 87 mg g-1 (3 NH(CO)2NH groups per PGM). The larger pore fof MOFs, NOTT-155 and NOTT-125, were more effective for each extraction than the MOFs of ssa topology, NOTT-151 and NOTT-150. However, of the ssa MOFs, amine-functionalised NOTT-151 was shown to give higher uptake of each PGM than the isostructural methyl-functionalised NOTT-150. This demonstrated the importance of incorporating a functional group capable of coordinating to the metal complex. Chapter 4 introduces the use of a nitrogen-rich triazine core in the synthesis of a variety of organic linkers to prepare MOFs for gas storage applications. The preparation of a novel 3,24-connected Cu(II) MOF of rht topology, denoted NOTT-160, is described and the structure characterised using X-ray crystallography. The material is shown to exhibit good uptake of C2 hydrocarbons with uptake of 128 cc g-1, 115 cc g-1, 110 cc g-1 for C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 respectively at 298 K and 1 bar (this becomes 212 cc g-1, 175 cc g-1 and 201 cc g-1 at 273 K and 1 bar). The selectivities of 79:1 and 70:1 calculated using Henry’s law for the separations of C2H2:CH4 and C2H4:CH4 respectively at 298 K are the third and second highest reported values for a MOF under these conditions. Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) was also employed to calculate and predict these selectivities and shows agreement with the results obtained using Henry’s law. In addition, NOTT-160 shows an exceptional volumetric working capacity for CH4 of 221 cm3 cm-3 at 80 bar and 298 K. This is the second highest working capacity reported for a MOF under these conditions, with the excellent performance attributed to the high porosity and comparatively high crystal density of the material. Chapter 5 contains a summary of the work presented in this thesis.
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Pornsinlapatip, Pornpun. "Flow-injection solvent extraction of metal chelates." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284394.

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Lunkov, Sergey. "Modelling metal complexation in solvent extraction systems." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2018.

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This thesis represents a theoretical investigation of synergistic solvent extraction of transition metal ions based on models for the commercial used components, namely LIX63 and Versatic10 acid. Quantum mechanical studies of oxime isomerisation have been conducted in order to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the syn/anti interconversion of LIX63, which is found to favour an oligomeric form in non-polar solvents.
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Ge, Xinlei. "Extraction of Metal Values : Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions and Molten Salts Extraction Process." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10638.

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Healy, Mary Rose. "Outer-sphere interactions in metal solvent extraction systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28712.

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This work aims to define the modes of action of a series of metal extraction ligands with particular focus on how these depend on the formation of supramolecular assemblies. Though solvent extraction processes are well established industrially often the understanding, particularly of the metal coordination chemistry, is less so. A greater understanding of a variety of solvent extraction systems can lead to the development of stronger and more specific extractants. Chapter 2 examines the role of inter-ligand interactions in the extraction of copper by phenolic oximes and pyrazoles. Computational methods are used to understand the importance of inter-ligand outer-sphere interactions in square-planar copper complexes. It is shown that functionalisation at different positions on the phenol ring can either stabilise or destabilise the copper complex and it is possible to predict the strength of extractants from DFT calculations. Substitution ortho to the phenolic oxygen in the oximes and pyrazoles can have a major effect of enhancing the strength of extractants by “buttressing” the H-bonding between ligands. However, in the amino-methyl substituted oximes buttressing is so strong that is has an adverse effect on complex formation. Crystal structures are confirmed by both ENDOR EPR spectroscopy and DFT structures. A series of 6-X-4-methyl-2-(5-alkyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)- phenols (X = H, OMe, Br and NO2) was synthesised and characterised (X = H, OMe, Br and NO2) and the copper extractant found to be 6-nitro-4-methyl-2-(5-(1,3,5-tri-methyl-pentyl)- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-phenol extractants. Computational DFT studies in the gas phase were carried out to calculate the formation energies of analogous phenolic pyrazole copper complexes. The predicted order of these energies followed the same trend shown by experimental solvent extraction studies. Studies also showed that substitution can affect not only complex stability through inter-ligand interactions through hydrogen bonding in the outer-sphere but also the strength of metal-ligand bonds. Chapter 3 looks at synergistic solvent extraction systems: where more than one extractant works together to provide additional strength and selectivity. Combinations of neutral N and O donor ligands with carboxylic, phosphinic and sulfonic acids were studied by solvent extraction, crystallographic and computational methods. Crystal structures and DFT-optimised structures show that ligands and acid form pseudo-tridentate ligands where both the neutral ligand and the deprotonated acid are coordinated directly to the metal centre with inter-ligand hydrogen bonding allowing for a more flexible backbone than a classic tridentate system. Although synergistic extractions systems often utilise carboxylic acids many of the structures show the similarities with systems containing phosphinic acids and it was shown experimentally that some extraction systems show greater synergism with phosphinic than carboxylic acid in the recovery of nickel. Chapter 4 deals with the extraction of molybdenum with commercial phosphinic acid extractant Cyanex 600. The propensity for molybdenum to form oxo clusters in aqueous solutions and the influence pH in both the speciation of the Mo species and extraction conditions contributes to a complex extraction profile. The pH dependence of extraction shows that different mechanisms operate at low (pH < 0) and high (pH > 0) pH. The extraction curve shows a conventional S-curve between pH 0 and 1.5 and slope analysis within this pH range gives a value very close to two but identification of structures which match this profile is complex. Maximum pH extraction is see at ~ pH 1.5. ESMS studies identified very similar species in the organic phase despite the variation seen in the S-curve. A survey of the structures of metal complexes of phosphinate ligands suggests that molybdenum-phosphinate complexes can often form cubane-like structure and negative ion ESMS data supports the concept of cluster formation in the organic phase. A common feature of the spectra are tetra- tri- and bi-metal- oxo species and spectra show a large number of peaks. It is very probable that the extraction of molybdenum(VI) with phosphinic acids is a dynamic system as extraction is influenced by the molybdenum speciation in the aqueous phase which is in turn influenced by both the pH and the molybdenum concentration both of which change over the course of a conventional extraction.
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Brown, Stanley. "Heavy metal detoxification of sewage sludge." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302700.

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Davis, Lauren Elizabeth. "Extraction : one woman's epilepsy." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3281.

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Boodhoo, Kishore. "Functionalised cyclodextrins for multi-metallic assemblies : towards metal extraction." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273554.

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Smith, Kate Jennifer. "Ditopic ligands for the extraction of divalent metal salts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12982.

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This thesis extends earlier work at the University of Edinburgh aimed at opening up new flowsheets for the hydrometallurgical recovery of base metals using tetradentate ligands which are capable of transporting metal salts {both a metal cation and its attendant anion(s)}. Prototypes were based on salicylaldimine derivatives of diamines, “salen” ligands in which coordination of a metal dication releases the two phenolic protons which are captured by pendant secondary amine groups generating a preorganised dicationic binding site for the anion(s). The thesis initially deals with the design, synthesis and evaluation of ligands to improve the strength, selectivity and speed of binding of nickel(II) sulfate by incorporating two additional donors in the salen unit to generate N2X2O22- binding sites for the nickel yielding pseudo octahedral complexes. The ligands N,N or O,O or S,S o-aminophenyl-substituted 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,2-dioxaethane, 1,3-dioxapropane or 1,2-diethioethane were also used in a screening study with some other divalent metal salts (calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc) commonly found in the feed solutions in commercial processes. Chapter two deals with the nickel(II) coordination chemistry of a series of sexadentate (N2X2O22-) ligands. Nickel-ligand-anion complexes have been synthesised for sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts and neutral nickel-ligand complexes have been made. Crystal structures of complexes all contain the same isomer which has a planar mer arrangement of the salicylaldimato XNO- units. A “nickel only” complex for an X2N2O22- ligand with pendent piperidine groups shows that these could provide a cavity to encapsulate a single sulfate anion. All the ligands were found to be very weak extractants and showed slow complexation kinetics and phase transfer of nickel sulfate. The synthesis and characterisation of a series of tridentate ligands related to the sexadentate ligands, with NXO- binding sites, are reported in chapter three. In theory these could form complexes with a ligand: nickel ratio of 2:1, with a more nearly “ideal” octahedral donor set. Solid state structures of the ligands show them to be pre-organised with an approximately 90° X˙˙˙N˙˙˙O angle. Nickel complexes have been synthesised for sulfate, chloride and acetate salts. Analysis indicates that complexes with ligand: nickel: dianion ratios of 2:1:1 were formed. The tridentate ligands were found to be very weak extractants for nickel sulfate. Chapter four describes the screening of the potentially sexadentate N2X2O22-, tridentate NXO- and the tetradentate “salen” ligands N2O22- in which the complexation and phase transfer of calcium(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), magnesium(II), manganese(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) sulfates and chlorides were studied.
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Barker, Michael H. "Electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces for metal ion extraction." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367192.

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The aim of this project was to produce a selective extraction system for the separation of precious metal ions from waste electrolyte streams utilising liquid/liquid electrochemical techniques. During the course of this project the work partitioned into three different aspects of charge transfer: electron transfer, ion transfer and membrane studies. Some fundamental physicochemical properties of liquid/liquid systems were explored. For electron transfer reactions the dependence of the rate of electron transfer on supporting electrolyte concentration in the organic phase for the water/1,2-DCE interface was measured using the technique of interfacial electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. No dependence of the rate of electron transfer on the concentration of the supporting electrolyte in the organic phase was observed. The effect of the solvent on the kinetics of electron transfer has also been examined. The results show that the rate does not follow the expected Marcusian dependence. Several solvents previously unused for liquid/liquid studies have been screened; one solvent in particular, 1,2-difluorobenzene, shows great promise for future work. The ion transfer studies show that platinates can be separated under potential control across the water/1,2-DCE and the water/methyl isobutyl ketone interfaces. Ion transfer and separation of chloroaurate and chloroplatinates have been discussed on the basis of the Galvani potential of ion transfer. Evidence of ion pairing between the platinates and the organic supporting electrolyte cation was found. The thermodynamics of the platinate transfer have also been explored and, in collaboration with Dr Robert Deeth, preliminary density functional theory calculations have been performed to explain the experimental results in terms of a model accounting for the surface charge density of the platinates. This goes further than the classical Born approach of treating the ion as a hard sphere of charge in a dielectric continuum. The ion transfer across membranes has been studied and the results were applied to single and dual membrane supported liquid/liquid interfaces for separating platinates from base metals. [PtCl6]2- transfer across a supported liquid membrane was demonstrated. The scale–up experiments were not successful, but if certain points can be addressed, it may be possible for future studies to build on what has been achieved here. Additional to the three traditional sections of liquid/liquid work, a method of preparing gold nanoparticles has been found using ketones as the reducing agent at the water/ketone interface. The formation of gold mirrors has been observed and nanoparticles have been isolated and characterised.
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Books on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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Boodhoo, Kishore. Functionalised cyclodextrins for multi-metallic assemblies: Towards metal extraction. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2002.

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Desborough, George A. Extraction of metals from raw clinoptilolite-rich rocks exposed to water in heavy-metal-polluted drainages. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Ho, Mark Djang-Yi. Application and assessment of sequential extraction for trace metal characterization of contaminated soil. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. Secretary of State's guidance - furnaces forthe extraction of non-ferrous metal from scrap. London: HMSO, 1991.

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Liou, Juin J. Analysis and design of MOSFETs: Modeling, simulation, and parameter extraction. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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Law, Ian Andrew. The extraction, fractionation and characterisation of humic substances and their sorption behaviour towards metal cations. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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H.H. Kellogg International Symposium, Quantitative Description of Metal Extraction Processes (1991 Harriman, N.Y.). H.H. Kellogg international symposium, quantitative description of metal extraction processes: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and Henry Krumb School of Mines, Columbia University, held at Harriman, New York, September 4-6, 1991. Warrendale, Pa: TMS, 1991.

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Hydrometallurgical Meeting (34th 2004 Banff, Alta.). Pressure hydrometallurgy 2004: Proceedings of the international conference on the use of pressure vessels for metal extraction and recovery. Edited by Collins M. J, Papangelakis V. G. 1958-, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum., and Metallurgical Society of CIM. Hydrometallurgy Section. Montréal, Qué: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2004.

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Meeting, Hydrometallurgical. Pressure hydrometallurgy 2004: Proceedings of the international conference on the use of pressure vessels for metal extraction and recovery. Montreal, QC: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 2005.

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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection. Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the extraction of minerals. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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Free, Michael L. "Metal Extraction." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 145–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88087-3_5.

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Lee, Boon Hong, and Sook Mei Khor. "Biodegradation for Metal Extraction." In Handbook of Biodegradable Materials, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83783-9_71-1.

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Eriksen, Dag Øistein. "Scandium – Leaching and Extraction Chemistry." In Rare Metal Technology 2021, 229–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65489-4_23.

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Gambogi, Joseph, and S. J. Gerdemann. "Titanium Metal: Extraction to Application." In Review of Extraction, Processing, Properties & Applications of Reactive Metals, 175–210. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788417.ch5.

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Zhang, Jack, Baodong Zhao, and Bryan Schreiner. "Solvent Extraction in Metal Hydrometallurgy." In Separation Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earth Elements, 55–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28235-0_3.

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Abbasalizadeh, Aida, Lidong Teng, and Seshadri Seetharaman. "Dysprosium Extraction Using Molten Salt Process." In Rare Metal Technology 2014, 205. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888551.ch37.

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Omoniyi, Kehinde Israel, Peter Ikyernum Agaku, and Alafara Abdullahi Baba. "Optimal Hydrometallurgical Extraction Conditions for Lithium Extraction from a Nigerian Polylithionite Ore for Industrial Application." In Rare Metal Technology 2020, 33–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36758-9_4.

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Pickles, C. A., and O. Marzoughi. "Towards a Microwave Metal Extraction Process." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1039–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_84.

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Szymanowski, Jan. "Physicochemistry of Metal Extraction With Hydroxyoximes." In Hydroxyoximes and Copper Hydrometallurgy, 103–274. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751336-6.

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Sanku, Meher, Kerstin Forsberg, and Michael Svärd. "Extraction Chromatography for Separation of Rare Earth Elements." In Rare Metal Technology 2021, 155–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65489-4_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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DRÁPALA, Jaromír, Daniel PETLÁK, Silvie BROŽOVÁ, Jitka MALCHARCZIKOVÁ, Šárka LANGOVÁ, Jiřina VONTOROVÁ, Hana RIGOULET, et al. "Possibilities of zinc extraction from galvanic sludges by means of electrolysis." In METAL 2021. TANGER Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2021.4244.

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GAJDA, Bernadeta. "EXTRACTION OF METAL IONS FROM SOLUTIONS AFTER LEACHING OF SPENT NiMH BATTERIES." In METAL 2019. TANGER Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2019.944.

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SATERNUS, Mariola, Agnieszka FORNALCZYK, Władysław GĄSIOR, Adam DĘBSKI, and Sylwia TERLICKA. "EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF PGM SOLUTIONS OBTAINED FROM METALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF USED AUTOMOTIVE CATALYTIC CONVERTERS." In METAL 2019. TANGER Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2019.759.

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RIGOULET, Hana, Jaromír DRÁPALA, Silvie BROŽOVÁ, Šárka LANGOVÁ, Jiřina VONTOROVÁ, Jitka MALCHARCZIKOVÁ, Nikola NĚMCOVÁ, Václav NÉTEK, Jaroslav KUBÁČ, and Dominik JANÁČEK. "POSSIBILITIES OF ZINC EXTRACTION FROM GALVANIC SLUDGE BY MEANS OF LEACHING IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND FOLLOwING ELECTROLYSIS." In METAL 2022. TANGER Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2022.4512.

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SZCZOTOK, Agnieszka, and Dariusz KARPISZ. "application of two NON-COMMERCIAL PROGRAMMES TO image processing and extraction of selected features occurring in MATERIAL MICROSTRUCTURE." In METAL 2019. TANGER Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2019.971.

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Watson, R. F. "Americium extraction from plutonium metal." In Plutonium futures-The science (Topical conference on Plutonium and actinides). AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1292277.

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Than, Zaw Htay, Pyae Aung, Thu Aung Hein, and Artem Vladimirovich Kolesnikov. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF ELECTROFLOTATION EXTRACTION OF INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS ALUMINUM (III) IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, BARIUM AND SURFACTANTS." In METAL 2020. TANGER Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2020.3599.

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Burachevskaya, M. V., T. M. Minkina, T. V. Bauer, V. N. Petukhova, and P. D. Pogonyshev. "INFLUENCE OF REABSORPTION PROCESSES ON THE EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.327-329.

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The article studies the process of readsorption, which reduces the completeness of extraction of heavy metals (for example, Zn and Pb) from the soil. Studies have shown that under static conditions of extraction with an acetate-ammonium buffer, it is not possible to completely extract the studied elements. Under dynamic conditions, however, metal extraction is more efficient and the effect of readsorption on metal extraction is significantly reduced.
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Lin, Xiongfeng. "Dipole-field-assisted charge extraction in metal-perovskite-metal back-contact solar cells." In 2nd Asia-Pacific Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics. Valencia: Fundació Scito, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.ap-hopv.2018.006.

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J-Me, Teh, Norlaili Mohd Noh, and Zalina Abdul Aziz. "Statistical evaluation of metal fill widths for emulated metal fill in parasitic extraction methodology." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 2014 (ICCMP 2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4915859.

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Reports on the topic "Metal Extraction"

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Griffin, T. P., J. E. Johnston, B. M. Payea, and B. M. Zeitoon. Catalytic extraction processing of contaminated scrap metal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/155402.

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Griffin, T. P., and J. E. Johnston. Catalytic extraction processing of contaminated scrap metal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/28231.

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Glenn O'Gorman, Hans von Michaelis, and Gregory J. Olson. NOVEL IN-SITU METAL AND MINERAL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835781.

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Xu, Yanchen. Liquid metal extraction of Nd from NdFeB magnet scrap. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754780.

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Jacobs-O'Malley, Laura Diane, and John Hofer. Nonlinear Feature Extraction and Energy Dissipation of Foam/Metal Interfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1595879.

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Shelnutt, J. A., A. Martino, and J. E. Miller. LDRD Final Report on Designed Ionophores for Liquid-Membrane Separation and Extraction of Metal Ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773912.

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Hawkins, C., M. Dietz, M. Kaminski, C. Mertz, and I. Shkrob. Towards a method of rapid extraction of strontium-90 from urine: urine pretreatment and alkali metal removal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1344881.

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Dorhout, P. K., and S. H. Strauss. Extraction and recovery of mercury and lead from aqueous waste streams using redox-active layered metal chalcogenides. 1998 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13740.

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Dorhout, P. K., and S. H. Strauss. Extraction and recovery of mercury and lead from aqueous waste streams using redox-active layered metal chalcogenides. Annual progress report, September 15, 1996--September 14, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13739.

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Crowley, David, Yitzhak Hadar, and Yona Chen. Rhizosphere Ecology of Plant-Beneficial Microorganisms. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695843.bard.

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Rhizoferrin, a siderophore produced by Rhizopus arrhizus, has been shown in previous studies to be an outstanding Fe carrier to plants. However, calculations based on stability constants and thermodynamic equilibrium lead to contradicting conclusions. In this study a kinetic approach was employed to elucidate this apparent contradiction and to determine the behavior of rhizoferrin under conditions representing soil and nutrient solutions. Stability of Fe3+ complexes in nutrient solution, rate of metal exchange with Ca, and rate of Fe extraction by the free ligand were monitored for rhizoferrin and other chelating agents by 55Fe labeling. Ferric complexes of rhizoferrin, desferri-ferrioxamine-B (DFOB), and ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA) were found to be stable in nutrient solution at pH 7.5 for 31 days, while ferric complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mugineic acid (MA) lost 50% of the chelated Fe within 2 days. Fe-Ca exchange in Ca solutions at pH 8.7 revealed rhizoferrin to hold Fe at non-equilibrium state for 3-4 weeks at 3.3 mM Ca and for longer periods at lower Ca concentrations. EDTA lost the ferric ion at a faster rate under the same conditions. Fe extraction from freshly prepared Fe-hydroxide at pH 8.7 and with 3.2 mM Ca was slow and followed the order. DFOB > EDDHA > MA > rhizoferrin > EDTA. Based on these results we suggest that a kinetic rather than equilibrium approach should be the basis for predictions of Fe-chelates efficiency. We conclude that the non-equilibrium state of rhizoferrin is of crucial importance for its behavior as a Fe carrier to plants.
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