Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal target

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Metal target'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal target"

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Patel, R. S., and M. Q. Brewster. "Effect of Oxidation and Plume Formation on Low Power Nd-Yag Laser Metal Interaction." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910341.

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The effect of oxide formation and plume formation on laser energy absorption by metallic targets has been studied. The change in directional-hemispherical spectral reflectance of metallic targets during single-shot Nd-Yag laser pulse irradiation was measured using an integrating sphere under controlled environments of both oxygen and argon gas. The spectral transmittance of the plume formed over the targets was also measured using a He-Ne probe laser. The metal targets studied included A16061, Cu, 304 stainless steel, and low-carbon steel. Results obtained show that once a target is hot enough to form a vapor plume, in either argon or oxygen, absorption by the plume significantly limits the amount of laser energy available for absorption at the target surface. Prior to plume formation, the amount of laser energy absorbed by the target is determined by the target surface optical properties. Under the conditions of the present study (incident laser flux of the order of 106 W/cm2 over 0.5–1.0 ms), in the case of absorbing metals (αλ>0.3), such as stainless and low carbon steel, the intrinsic absorptivity of the metal is high enough that the effect of ambient gas (oxygen or argon) on absorptivity is insignificant. In the case of nonabsorbing metals (αλ<0.3), such as Cu and A16061, the intrinsic metal absorptivity is low enough that the ambient gas does have a significant effect on the target absorptivity. The formation of an oxide layer that occurs in an oxidizing environment generally has the effect of increasing the target absorptivity. The relative magnitude of the absorptivity enhancement due to oxide formation depends on the respective absorptivities of the oxide and metal. For metals that form oxides that are intrinsically absorbing in the solid state, such as Cu2O or CuO, the enhancement in absorptivity due to oxide formation can be as much as an order of magnitude. For metals that form oxides that are intrinsically nonabsorbing in the solid state, such as MgO or Al2O3, the enhancement in absorptivity due to oxide formation is more modest but still significant (40 percent). The enhancement in absorptivity in the latter case (MgO or Al2O3) is postulated to be associated either with a thin, absorptive, transition region composed of a mixture of metal and substoichiometric solid oxide just below target surface or with the melting of the oxide at the surface.
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Iarmonov, Mikhail, Kirill Makhov, Olga Novozhilova, A. G. Meluzov, and A. V. Beznosov. "ICONE19-43210 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LIQUID-METAL TARGET DESIGNS OF ACCELERATING-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_83.

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Weinzierl, K., and O. Schmid. "New cooling concept in hot strip mills “Microstructure target cooling”." Revue de Métallurgie 105, no. 9 (September 2008): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2008064.

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Timothy, S. P., and I. M. Hutchings. "The impact of a soft metal sphere on a hard metal target II. Deformation of the target." Philosophical Magazine A 54, no. 1 (July 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418618608242886.

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Wu, Yingfen, Diane C. Darland, and Julia Xiaojun Zhao. "Nanozymes—Hitting the Biosensing “Target”." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155201.

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Nanozymes are a class of artificial enzymes that have dimensions in the nanometer range and can be composed of simple metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, dots (both quantum and carbon), nanotubes, nanowires, or multiple metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). They exhibit excellent catalytic activities with low cost, high operational robustness, and a stable shelf-life. More importantly, they are amenable to modifications that can change their surface structures and increase the range of their applications. There are three main classes of nanozymes including the peroxidase-like, the oxidase-like, and the antioxidant nanozymes. Each of these classes catalyzes a specific group of reactions. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, the variety of applications for nanozymes in diverse fields has expanded dramatically, with the most popular applications in biosensing. Nanozyme-based novel biosensors have been designed to detect ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells. The current review focuses on the catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, their application in biosensing, and the identification of future directions for the field.
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Massidda, Luca, and Yacine Kadi. "SPH simulation of liquid metal target dynamics." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 5 (May 2010): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.12.022.

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Takigawa, Ichigaku, Ken-ichi Shimizu, Koji Tsuda, and Satoru Takakusagi. "Machine-learning prediction of the d-band center for metals and bimetals." RSC Advances 6, no. 58 (2016): 52587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra04345c.

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The d-band centers for eleven metals and their pairwise bimetals for two different structures (1% metal doped- or overlayer-covered metal surfaces) are statistically predicted using machine learning methods from readily available values as descriptors for the target metals.
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De Clercq, Erik. "Antiviral Metal Complexes." Metal-Based Drugs 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.1997.173.

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The initial events (virus adsorption and fusion with the cells) in the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can serve as targets for the antiviral action of metal-binding compounds such as polyanionic compounds (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, and sulfonated or carboxylated metalloporphyrins), bicyclams and G-octet-forming oligonucleotides. The adsorption and fusion of HIV with its target cells depends on the interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins (gp 120) with the receptors (CD4, CXCR4) at the outer cell membrane. We are currently investigating how the aforementioned compounds interfere with these viral glycoproteins and/or cell receptor.
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Jiang, Zhi Gang, Dian Yi Song, and Fei Liu. "A Finite Cylindrical Cavity Expansion and Penetration Model of Exponential Strain-Hardening Materials." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2781.

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A finite cylindrical cavity expansion model for metal targets was proposed in consideration of the lateral free boundary and strain-hardening effect. Analytical solutions of radial pressure on the cavity wall were obtained. An engineering model for the penetration of rigid sharp-nosed projectiles into thick cylindrical metal targets with finite radius was developed. The influence of the radius ratio of target to projectile on penetration depth was studied. The present engineering model has good agreement with ballistic experiments and numerical simulation. The influence of the lateral free boundary of target on penetration depth needs to be considered for radius ratio of target to projectile less than 20.
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Kiselev, S. P., and V. P. Kiselev. "Superdeep penetration of particles into a metal target." International Journal of Impact Engineering 27, no. 2 (February 2002): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(01)00044-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal target"

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Gelbart, W., R. R. Johnson, B. Abeysekera, L. Matei, and D. Niculae. "All-Metal water target with spherical window." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-165885.

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Introduction The use of a prefabricated target window assembly greatly simplifies the window installation. The window module is sealed by metal knife-edges, thus eliminating any elestomers in the target construction. Spherical Havar window offers high strength at reduced thickness and does not require helium cooling. The target body is of platinum-plated silver. The target assembly includes an integral beam collimator and a four-sector mask.
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Gelbart, W. "Bulk liquid-metal irradiation system." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-165893.

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Introduction Low melting point metals are often encapsulated in a hermetic container, irradiated and the container transferred to hot-cell for material removal and processing. An important process of this kind is the production of 82Sr from rubidium (melting point: 39.5 °C.) This new concept departures completely form the encapsulated targets approach and allows an almost continues production by the irradiation of the bulk metal. As well, eliminated is the target transfer. By placing the target material dissolution chamber right in the target station, only the dissolution product is pumped to the hotcell for further processing. Material and Methods Some of the disadvantages of the encapsulated target are: 1. Complicated transfer system that is ex-pensive to install, slow and prone to failures. 2. Complex and expensive encapsulation procedure. 3. Loss of production time during the lengthy target changing. 4. Capsule geometry is constrained by the encapsulating process and transfer demands compromising heat transfer and beam power. To avoid the difficulties of liquid metal handling, metal salts are often used instead (rubidium chloride is one example). This creates other problems and limits the beam currents and production yields. In the system described, the liquid metal is transferred (by gravity) from a bulk container to an irradiation chamber. The chamber, made out of nickel-plated silver, holds the correct quantity of rubidium for one irradiation run. Because of the geometry of the chamber and the efficient cooling, up to 40KW of beam power can be delivered to the target. The chamber is equipped with thermocouples and a liquid-metal level detector and is entirely of welded/brazed construction. The alloy foil that forms the beam window is electron-beam welded to the chamber front ring. At the end of irradiation the irradiated liquid metal is gravity fed into a reaction chamber situ-ated below the irradiation chamber, and a new load of fresh rubidium released into the irradia-tion chamber. The liquid-metal transfer and the irradiation components are shown on FIG. 1, and the sectional view on FIG. 2. Appropriate chemicals (n-butanol in the case of rubidium) are delivered to the reaction chamber and the irradiated metal dissolved. The liquid dissolution product is transferred back to the hotcell. Since all steps of the reaction involve liquids, only small diameter tubes connect the target station with the hotcell. The transfer is fast and simple. The bulk liquid-metal storage container can be constructed to hold enough material for 10 or more runs. When empty, it is replaced with a pre-loaded one. The container is connected to the target system with one coupling and the exchange takes a short time. A robotic bottle exchange can be implemented if desired. The station is equipped with its own vacuum system, beam diagnostic (consisting of a four-sector mask) and a collimation. The target chamber and each of the beam intercepting components are electrically insulated to allow beam current monitoring. Constructed entirely out of metal and ceramic the target core assembly does not suffer from radiation damage. The use of aluminum, silver and alumina reduce component activation. Results and Conclusion A large part of the station design is based on the well proven construction of high current solid target system and is using the same, or similar components. Test was performed to optimize the liquid-metal transfer and the chamber filling with the correct volume, while leaving some room for expansion. A process for niobium coating of sliver is investi-gated. Niobium is known to provide good corro-sion resistance against liquid metals. Thermal modelling of the target and flow analysis of the cooling geometry is under way.
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Nortier, F. M., H. T. Bach, E. R. Birnbaum, J. W. Engle, M. E. Fassbender, J. F. Hunter, K. D. John, et al. "Rubidium metal target development for large scale 82Sr production." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-164250.

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Strontium-82 (t1/2 = 25.5 d) is one of the medical isotopes produced on a large scale at the Isotope Production Facility (IPF) of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), employing a high intensity 100 MeV proton beam and RbCl targets. A constant increase in the 82Sr demand over the last decade combined with an established thermal limit of molten RbCl salt targets [1,2] has challenged the IPF’s world leading production capacity in recent years and necessitated the consideration of low-melting point (39.3 °C) Rb metal targets. Metal targets are used at other facilities [3–5] and offer obvious production rate advantages due to a higher relative density of Rb target atoms and a higher expected thermal performance of molten metal. One major disadvantage is the known violent reaction of molten Rb with cooling water and the potential for facility damage following a catastrophic target failure. This represents a significant risk, given the high beam intensities used routinely at IPF. In order to assess this risk, a target failure experiment was conducted at the LANL firing site using a mockup target station. Subsequent fabrication, irradiation and processing of two prototype targets showed a target thermal performance consistent with thermal modeling predictions and yields in agreement with predictions based on IAEA recommended cross sections [6]. Target failure test: The target failure test bed (FIG. 1) was constructed to represent a near replica of the IPF target station, incorporating its most important features. One of the most vulnerable components in the assembly is the Inconel beam window (FIG. 2) which forms the only barrier between the target cooling water and the beam line vacuum. The test bed also mimicked relevant IPF operational parameters seeking to simulate the target environment during irradiation, such as typical cooling water flow velocities around the target surfaces. While the aggressive thermal effects of the beam heating could not be simulated directly, heated cooling water (45 °C) ensured that the rubidium target material remained molten during the failure test. A worst case catastrophic target failure event was initiated by uncovering an oversized predrilled pinhole (1 mm Φ) to abruptly expose the molten target material to fast flowing cooling water. Prototype target irradiations: Two prototype Rb metal target containers were fabricated by machining Inconel 625 parts and by EB welding. The target containers were filled with molten Rb metal under an inert argon atmosphere. Follow-ing appropriate QA inspections, the prototype targets were irradiated in the medium energy slot of a standard IPF target stack using beam currents up to 230 µA. After irradiation the targets were transported to the LANL hot cell facili-ty for processing and for 82Sr yield verification. During the target failure test, cooling water conductivity and pressure excursions in the target chamber were continuously monitored and recorded at a rate of 1 kHz. Video footage taken of the beam window and the pinhole area combined with the recorded data indicated an aggressive reaction between the Rb metal and the cooling water, but did not reveal a violent explosion that could seriously damage the beam window. These observations, together with thermal model predictions, provided the necessary confidence to fabricate and fill prototype targets for irradiation at production-scale beam currents. X-ray imaging of filled targets (FIG. 3) shows a need for tighter control over the target fill level. One prototype target was first subjected to lower intensity (< 150 µA) beams before the second was irradiated at production level (230 µA) beams. During irradiation, monitoring of cooling water conductivity indicated no container breach or leak and, as anticipated given the model predictions, the post irradiation target inspection showed no sign of imminent thermal failure (see FIG. 4). Subsequent chemical processing of the targets followed an established procedure that was slightly modified to accommodate the larger target mass. TABLE 1 shows that post chemistry 82Sr yields agree to within 2 % of the in-target production rates expected on the basis of IAEA recommended cross sections. The table also compares 82Sr yields from the Rb metal targets against yields routinely obtained from RbCl targets, showing an increase in yield of almost 50 %.
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Dux, Emma L. "The development of transition metal complexes to target hypoxic cells." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2123/.

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Hypoxic regions (areas of subnormal oxygen levels) are a common feature with solid tumours that have reached a size of 2-3 mm in diameter. Such regions have characteristically responded poorly to conventional anti-cancer treatments such as radiation or chemotherapeutics. It has been previously demonstrated that the specific targeting of these cells is possible with compounds of specific properties, such as tirapazamine. This thesis describes an exploration of using transition metal complexes of cobalt(III) and copper(II) as hypoxia-selective prodrugs for use in cancer chemotherapy. The aim has been to use both the lowered pH and lowered oxygen levels found within hypoxic regions to activate prodrugs into their cytotoxic active form. Through doing this, the coordination chemistry of medicinally active N-oxide ligands has been expanded upon, including the first transition metal complexes of tirapazamine and the development of a novel series of heteroleptic complexes featuring an N-oxide and 2,2’-dipyridylamine ligand. The solution properties of the prepared complexes and their uncoordinated ligands have been studied so that their behaviour in biological systems can be better understood. The cobalt(III) heteroleptic complexes are shown to have promise for the purpose of improving delivery of N-oxide based drugs, improving their solubility and altering their delivery and release. The complex of a tirapazamine analogue [Co(tpz-CN)(dpHa)2]2+ was shown to release the cytotoxic N-oxide rapidly under hypoxic conditions, but promisingly, this dissociation appears to be hindered in the presence of oxygen. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on this complex showed it to have the same IC50 value as its N-oxide ligand, providing promise for the heteroleptic system as prodrugs.
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Morgan, Breckenridge S. "Highly pervious liquid metal target systems for radioactive ION beam generation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA365380.

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Niemiec, Moritz Sebastian. "Human copper ion transfer : from metal chaperone to target transporter domain." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100511.

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Many processes in living systems occur through transient interactions among proteins. Those interactions are often weak and are driven by small changes in free energy. Due to the short-living nature of these interactions, our knowledge about driving forces, dynamics and structures of these types of protein-protein heterocomplexes are though limited. This is especially important for cellular copper (Cu) trafficking: Copper ions are essential for all eukaryotes and most bacteria. As a cofactor in many enzymes, copper is especially vital in respiration or detoxification. Since the same features that make copper useful also make it toxic, it needs to be controlled tightly. Additionally, in the reducing environment of the cytosol, Cu is present as insoluble Cu(I). To circumvent both toxicity and solubility issues, a system has evolved where copper is comforted by certain copper binding proteins, so-called Cu-chaperones. They transiently interact with each other to distribute the Cu atoms in a cell. In humans, one of them is Atox1. It binds copper with a binding site containing two thiol residues and transfers it to other binding sites, mostly those of a copper pump, ATP7B (also known as Wilsons disease protein). My work was aimed at understanding copper-mediated protein-protein interactions on a molecular and mechanistic level. Which amino acids interact with the metal? Which forces drive the transfer from one protein to the other? Using biophysical and biochemical methods such as chromatography and calorimetry on wild type and point-mutated proteins in vitro, we found that the copper is transferred via a dynamic intermediate complex that keeps the system flexible while shielding the copper against other interactions. Although similar transfer interactions can be observed in other organisms, and many conclusions in the copper field are drawn from bacterial and yeast analogs, we believe that it is important to investigate human proteins, too. Not only is their regulation different, but also only in humans we find the diseases linked to the proteins: Copper level regulation diseases are to be named first, but atypical copper levels have also been linked to tumors and amyloid dispositions. In summary, my observations and conclusions are of basic research character and can be of importance for both general copper and human medicinal research.
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Erdahl, C. E., B. R. Bender, and D. W. Dick. "Practical experience implementing the Comecer ALCEO Metal solid targetry system." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-166465.

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Introduction The Comecer ALCEO Metal system is intended to be a comprehensive solid targetry system, capable of all steps necessary to produce copper isotopes (60Cu, 61Cu & 64Cu) from enriched nickel: plating, transfer to/from cyclotron, irradiation, and dissolution/purification. To develop plating and chemistry methods, we plate natural nickel, and irradiate with deuterons to produce 61Cu. This alleviates the need for expensive enriched nickel isotopes, but gives a lower activity yield. We report a few issues with the ALCEO system, and some of our modifications. Material and Methods BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The ALCEO system uses cylindrical shuttles (dia 28 mm, height 35 mm) comprised of an Al body with a Pt well, onto which the Ni is plated. Shuttles are transferred pneumatically from the hot cell to the irradiation module, on the end of the cyclotron beamline. The plating and dissolution are both done at the electrochemical cell, located in the hot cell. This cell is connected by capillary tubes to the electrolytic solution reservoir (for plating), or the acid reservoir (for dissolution). These tubes form a recirculation loop, through which the fluid is propelled by an inline micropump throughout plating and dissolution. The platinum well is 16 mm in diameter, while an O-ring is used to plate only the center (6 mm in diameter). A constant DC voltage is applied. PLATING: We dissolve natural nickel nitrate (99.999% pure) into an electrolytic solution comprised of deionized water, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride (pH = 9.3). We use 30–100 mg of natNi in a 10mg/mL solution. We have varied the ALCEO electrochemical cell voltage between 2.25–3 VDC, and tried to maintain a low pump flow rate between 1–2 mL/min. The electrochemical cell uses a fixed metal tube as the anode (~3mm above the plating surface). This tube also delivers the electrolytic plating solution to the Pt surface, forming part of the recirculating loop. The Pt surface is in contact with a gold-plated cathode. Due to issues discussed below, we have built a custom plating rig for the ALCEO shuttles, which does not use the pump/recirculation loop, but leaves the reservoir of electrolytic solution in place, atop the plating surface. A graphite rod is used for the anode, rotating offcenter ~2mm above the plating surface. We use the same size O-ring to plate only the center 6 mm of the Pt surface, and apply a constant DC voltage. TRANSFER TO/FROM CYCLOTRON: The pneumatic transfer tube is 50 ft long between the hot cell and the cyclotron vault, and has a rise of 14 ft from under the floor to the ceiling of the cyclotron vault. IRRADIATION: The ALCEO irradiation module holds the plating surface orthogonal to the beam path. The module has a 10-mil-thick (0.010”) Al front foil, supported by a hex-grid. Once we realized the thickness, we replaced this with a 1-mil-thick Al foil, followed by a 1-mil-thick Havar foil. The foil is cooled by a flow of helium, while the shuttle and grid are cooled by a flow of water. The helium and water are cooled in heat ex-changers by chilled water. As initially plumbed, the chilled water flowed through the heat ex-changers in series, cooling the helium first, then the water. After initial runs, we plumbed the heat exchangers in parallel, teeing the chilled water to the supply of each heat exchanger, and teeing the returns together. Irradiation is performed with a PETtrace 800 accelerating deuterons to 8.4 MeV on target. The beam current limit is 20 μA for the ALCEO Metal target. A set point of 19 μA is used to avoid the system tripping off. DISSOLUTION/PURIFICATION: The ALCEO system circulates 5 mL of 6M HCl, while heating the shuttle to 100 ⁰C for 40 min. This solution is loaded onto a column containing 10 g of 200–400 mesh chromatographic resin in chloride form. A separation is performed yielding three solutions: The column is washed with 40 mL of 6M HCl to obtain the Recovered Nickel Solution, then 20 mL of 4M HCl to obtain the Cobalt Solution, then 10 mL of 0.5M HCl to obtain the Cop-per Product Solution. Results and Conclusion PLATING: Using the ALCEO method, the platings obtained had a tendency to mound, (up to 0.75 mm thick for 50 mg) giving a lower density of 3–4 g/cm3. This was attributed to the anode tube being fixed in place over the center of the plating surface. Using the custom rig, almost no mounding was observed, (0.25mm thick for 50 mg) giving a density of 7 g/cm3, closer to nickel’s nominal density of 8.9 g/cm3. FIGS. 1 and 2 attempt to show the mounding from the ALCEO method, and relative flatness from the custom rig. Both methods give a rough, or “fuzzy” plated surface. FIG. 2 shows that the custom rig exaggerates this “fuzziness”. Using the ALCEO method, a slower pump speed (~1 mL/min) gives a smoother plating surface, but the pump has a tendency to lock up at this lower set point, stalling the plating. Using the ALCEO method, slight increases in the voltage (2.65 V instead of 2.25 V), can form thin stalagmites of nickel, electrically connecting the anode and the plating surface, ending the chance for a useable plating. Using the custom rig, no stalagmites are seen, adjusting the voltage from 2.3 to 3.0 V. This leads to the potential for a faster plating. Both the ALCEO method and the custom rig have obtained plating efficiencies of 95 %. TRANSFER TO/FROM CYCLOTRON: The shuttle typically transfers without issue in < 15 seconds. Once or twice it has remained in the transfer tube, but been retrieved by cycling the com-pressed air/vacuum a couple of times. IRRADIATION: During initial testing, the temperature of the return water rose rapidly during irradiation. This was attributed to the chilled water already gaining heat from the helium heat exchanger. Once the parallel chilled water plumbing was implemented, the water temperature rose much more slowly. Initial testing with the 10-mil Al foils gave a very poor activity yield. The 1-mil Al foil ruptured under the 20 psi helium pressure before beam was applied. The 1-mil Havar foil produced 1.57 mCi of 61Cu at EOB, giving an activity yield of 0.308 mCi/μAh (results summarized in TABLE 1). This compares to yields of 1.4 obtained by [1], and 0.29 obtained by [2] for deuterons on natNi. DISSOLUTION/PURIFICATION: The dissolution in 6M HCl is close to 100% efficient by weight. After purification, the three solutions were assayed by dose calibrator as summarized in TABLE 2. The purification is very efficient at removing the starting material, and long-lived Co isotopes from the Copper Product Solution, as seen with the 57-hour EOB measurements. However, much of the desired 61Cu is removed as well, with only 32% remaining in the product. The lack of nuclide impurities in the Copper Product Solution was confirmed by gamma spectroscopy using a HP-Ge detector.
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Manrique-Arias, J. C., and M. A. Avila-Rodriguez. "Metallic impurities in the Cu-fraction of Ni targets prepared from NiCl2 solutions." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-166457.

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Introduction Copper-64 is an emerging radionuclide with applications in PET molecular imaging and/or internal therapy and it is typically produced by proton irradiation of isotopically enriched 64Ni electrodeposited on a suitable backing substrate. We recently reported a simple and efficient method for the preparation of nickel targets from electrolytic solutions of nickel chloride and boric acid [1]. Herein we report our recent research work on the analysis of metallic impurities in the copper-fraction of the radiochemical separation process. Material and Methods Nickel targets were prepared and processed as previously reported [1]. Briefly, the bath solution was composed of a mixture of natural NiCl2. 6H2O (135 mg/ml) and H3BO3 (15 mg/ml) and Ni was electrodeposited using a gold disk as cathode and a platinum wire as anode. The plating process was carried out at room temperature using 2 ml of bath solution (pH = 3.7) and a constant current density of 60 mA/cm2 for 1 hour. The unirradiated Ni targets were dissolved in 1–2 ml of concentrated (10M) HCl at 90 oC. After complete dissolution of the Ni layer, water was added to dilute the acid to 6M, and the solution was transferred onto a chromatographic column containing AG 1-X8 resin equilibrated with 6M HCl. The Ni , Co and Cu isotopes were separated by using the well-known chromatography of the chloro-complexes. The sample-fractions containing the Cu isotopes (15 ml, 0.1M HCl) were collected in plastic centrifuge tubes previously soaked in 1M HNO3 and rinsed with Milli-Q water (18 MΩ cm). Impurities of B, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) at the Department of Geosciences (Laboratory of Isotopic Studies) of the National University. Results and Conclusions The mass of Ni deposited in 1 h was 25.0 ± 1.0 mg (n = 3) and the current efficiency was > 75 % in all cases. The pH of the electrolytic solution tended to decrease along the electrodeposition process (3.71.6). The results of ICP-MS analysis of the Cu-fractions from the cold chromatography separation runs are shown in FIG. 1. We were particularly interested in the boron impurities as H3BO3 is used as buffer for electrodeposition of the Ni targets. Except for the Ni impurities that were deter-mined to be in the range of ppm (mg/l), all other analyzed metallic impurities were found to be in the range of ppb (µg/l), including boron. The Co, Ni, Cu and Zn impurities determined in the Cu-fraction in this work using Ni targets electrode-posited from a NiCl2 acidic solution, are in the same order of magnitude compared with that obtained when using targets prepared from an alkaline solution [2], with the advantage of the simplicity of the electrodeposition method from NiCl2 solutions, as the target material is already recovered in the chemical form of NiCl2, enabling a simpler, one step process to prepare a new plating solution when using enriched 64Ni target material for the production of 64Cu.
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Mills, John Steven. "Interaction of calcium, metal ions, and calmodulin antagonist drugs and target proteins with calmodulin /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148732574071875.

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Byloos, Carla. "On the structural integrity of the container for a liquid metal spallation target under high powerpulsed proton irradiation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967504686.

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Books on the topic "Metal target"

1

Kucharsky, Daniel. St. Genevieve targets metals in mine tailings. S.l: s.n, 1993.

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Representations, targets, and attitudes. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996.

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Owen, David. The King's & Queen's Medal for Shooting, 1869-1998. Farnborough: Sharpshooter Books, 1999.

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Mahpekhat ha-neḥoshet: Ha-napaḥim mi-Kenaʻan u-reshit ha-tarbut. Shani-Livnah: ha-Meʻarah, 2008.

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Melke, Anna. Mental health policy and the welfare state: A study on how Sweden, France and England have addressed a target group at the margins. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, School of Public Administration, 2010.

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Johnson, Cait. Tarot games: 45 playful ways to explore tarot cards together ; a new vision for the circle of community. [San Francisco, CA]: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994.

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Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.

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Highly Pervious Liquid Metal Target Systems for Radioactive Ion Beam Generation. Storming Media, 1999.

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Bhat, Irshad Ul Haq, and Zakia Khanam. Nucleic Acids: A Natural Target for Newly Designed Metal Chelate-Based Drugs. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2020.

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Th©♭, Stephens Sin-Tsun. Studies of laser-target interactions in pulsed excimer laser evaporation of superconducting oxides and other metal oxides. 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal target"

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Fleisher, M. B., H. Y. Mei, and J. K. Barton. "Metal Complexes Which Target DNA Sites: Coupling Recognition to Reactivity." In Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, 65–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83384-7_4.

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Tran, Minh Dao-Johnson, Canicious Abeynayake, and Lakhmi C. Jain. "Target Depth and Metal Type Discrimination with Cost Based Probability Updating." In Agent and Multi-Agent Systems. Technologies and Applications, 396–405. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30947-2_44.

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Beck, Michael W., Amit S. Pithadia, Alaina S. DeToma, Kyle J. Korshavn, and Mi Hee Lim. "Ligand Design to Target and Modulate Metal-Protein Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases." In Ligand Design in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry, 257–86. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118697191.ch10.

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Fürstner, Alois. "Syntheses of Biologically Relevant Target Molecules by Transition Metal-Induced C-C-Bond Formation." In Organic Synthesis via Organometallics OSM 5, 309–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49348-5_20.

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Periasamy, Selvakannan, Deepa Dumbre, Libitha Babu, Srinivasan Madapusi, Sarvesh Kumar Soni, Hemant Kumar Daima, and Suresh Kumar Bhargava. "Amino Acids Functionalized Inorganic Metal Nanoparticles: Synthetic Nanozymes for Target Specific Binding, Sensing and Catalytic Applications." In Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 1–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68230-9_1.

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Tran, Minh Dao-Johnson, and Canicious Abeynayake. "Evaluation of the Continuous Wavelet Transform for Feature Extraction of Metal Detector Signals in Automated Target Detection." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 245–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00909-9_24.

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Matres, Jerlie Mhay, Erwin Arcillas, Maria Florida Cueto-Reaño, Ruby Sallan-Gonzales, Kurniawan R. Trijatmiko, and Inez Slamet-Loedin. "Biofortification of Rice Grains for Increased Iron Content." In Rice Improvement, 471–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_14.

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AbstractDietary iron (Fe) deficiency affects 14% of the world population with significant health impacts. Biofortification is the process of increasing the density of vitamins and minerals in a crop, through conventional breeding, biotechnology approaches, or agronomic practices. This process has recently been shown to successfully alleviate micronutrient deficiency for populations with limited access to diverse diets in several countries (https://www.harvestplus.org/). The Fe breeding target in the HarvestPlus program was set based on average rice consumption to fulfil 30% of the Estimated Average Requirement of Fe in women and children. In this review, we present the reported transgenic approaches to increase grain Fe. Insertion of a single or multiple genes encoding iron storage protein, metal transporter, or enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of metal chelator in the rice genome was shown to be a viable approach to significantly increase grain-Fe density. The most successful approach to reach the Fe breeding target was by overexpression of multiple genes. Despite this success, a significant effort of 8–10 years needs to be dedicated from the proof of concept to varietal release. This includes large-scale plant transformation, event selection, collection of data for premarket safety assurance, securing biosafety permits for consumption and propagation, and collection of data for variety registration.
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Cohen, Mitchell D. "Toxicity of Vanadium Compounds: Pulmonary and Immune System Targets." In Vanadium: The Versatile Metal, 217–39. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2007-0974.ch016.

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Armstrong, Elizabeth. "Meeting the targets." In Mental Health Issues in Primary Care: A Practical Guide, 112–22. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13362-8_9.

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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Water-Specific Imaging." In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 3–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_1.

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AbstractOur first target was water, namely, how to obtain a water-specific image nondestructively. Using a neutron beam, we could visualize water-specific images of plants, including roots and flowers, which were never shown before. Each image suggested the plant-specific activity related to water.We briefly present how to acquire the image and what kind of water image is taken by neutron beam irradiation. We present a variety of plant samples, such as flowers, seeds, and wood disks. It was noted that neutrons could visualize the roots imbedded in soil without uprooting. When a spatial image of the root imbedded in soil was created from many projection images, the water profile around the root was analyzed. Then, fundamental questions were raised, such as whether plants are absorbing water solution or water vapor from the soil, because there was always a space adjacent to the root surface and hardly any water solution was visualized there. The roots are in constant motion during growth, known as circumnutation, and it is natural that the root tip is always pushing the soil aside to produce space for the root to grow. If the roots are absorbing water vapor, then the next question is about metals. Are the roots absorbing metal vapor? Since we tended to employ water culture to study the physiological activity of plants, the physiological study of the plants growing in soil was somewhat neglected. Later, when we could develop a system to visualize the movement of element absorption in a plant, there was a clear difference in element absorption between water culture and soil culture.
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Conference papers on the topic "Metal target"

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Severin, G. W., K. Gagnon, J. W. Engle, H. F. Valdovinos, T. E. Barnhart, and R. J. Nickles. "[sup 44g]Sc from metal calcium targets for PET." In 14TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TARGETRY AND TARGET CHEMISTRY. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773953.

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Poniger, S. S., H. J. Tochon-Danguy, H. P. Panopoulos, G. J. O'Keefe, D. Peake, R. Rasool, and A. M. Scott. "Automated production of [sup 124]I and [sup 64]Cu using IBA Terimo and Pinctada metal electroplating and processing modules." In 14TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TARGETRY AND TARGET CHEMISTRY. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773951.

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Kanemura, Takuji, Hiroo Kondo, Nobuo Yamaoka, Seiji Miyamoto, Mizuho Ida, Hiroo Nakamura, Izuru Matsushita, Takeo Muroga, and Hiroshi Horiike. "Liquid Metal Lithium Jet Experiment for IFMIF Target." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48171.

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The present paper reports experimental study on the liquid lithium (Li) target flow for the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF). Experiments on the Li flow were conducted with a liquid lithium circulation facility, with producing a 10 mm thick and 70 mm wide flat plane jet flow along a 70 mm wide horizontal straight channel at velocity of up to 15 m/s. The nozzle has a cross section of 1/2.5 scale of the IFMIF design. Free surface of the Li jet was photographed with using a CCD camera of wide dynamic range, and a stroboscopic light source. Variation of surface shape against velocity was revealed. In order to investigate the effect of the free surface wake generated at the nozzle corner on the surface shape, measurement of the thickness distribution and numerical calculation were attempted. Comparison between experimenral results, numerical calculation and a simplified model based on a ship wake showed that the surface wake generated at the nozzle corner had an insignificant effect on the surface shape of the D+ beam irradiation region in IFMIF.
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Navada, Shashanka, M. Arun, and Srimukhee Balasubramanian. "Bare-metal agent architecture for target communication framework." In 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoei.2017.8300881.

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Ohkubo, Tomomasa. "Laser Propulsion Using Metal-Free Water Cannon Target." In BEAMED ENERGY PROPULSION: Third International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1925160.

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Savel'ev, A. B., M. V. Kurilova, D. S. Uryupina, and R. V. Volkov. "Ultrafast x-ray source using liquid metal target." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Dan C. Dumitras, Maria Dinescu, and Vitally I. Konov. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.729498.

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Chen, Yuheng, Maoqi Cai, Keqiang Qiu, and Yilin Hong. "Optical anisotropy of metal nanowire arrays on fused silica surface." In Second Target Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Summit Forum, edited by Tianran Wang, Tianyou Chai, Huitao Fan, and Qifeng Yu. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2551664.

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Lewis, Gareth D., Patrick Merken, and Marijke Vandewal. "Evolution of the statistical fluctuations in the measured temperature differences between painted metal plates of a CUBI infrared calibration target." In Target and Background Signatures, edited by Karin U. Stein and Ric Schleijpen. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2325255.

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Penghui Chen, Xiaojian Xu, and Yuesong Jiang. "Comparison of methods to extract target scattering from scattering of target-metal pylon combination." In 2014 International Radar Conference (Radar). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2014.7060307.

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Sadek, Andrew, Mohamed Elmahdy, and Tarek Eldeeb. "Dynamic Code Loading to a Bare-metal Embedded Target." In the 7th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3220267.3220568.

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Reports on the topic "Metal target"

1

Sheppard, John C. Liquid Metal Target for NLC Positron Source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800036.

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Bach, H., S. Black, and W. Chamberlin. Quantitative analysis of hydrogen isotopes in the metal hydride of the neutron tube target. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/471443.

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Wood, B. P., W. A. Reass, and I. Henins. Plasma source ion implantation of metal ions: Synchronization of cathodic-arc plasma production and target bias pulses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/52820.

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Malbrough, D. J., Molloy, Jr, J T, and R. H. Becker. Thick target D-T neutron yield measurements using metal occluders of scandium, titanium, yttrium, zirconium, gadolinium, erbium, hafnium, and tantalum at energies from 25 to 200 keV. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/720914.

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Clausen, Jay, Samuel Beal, Thomas Georgian, Kevin Gardner, Thomas Douglas, and Ashley Mossell. Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41241.

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Metallic residues are distributed heterogeneously onto small-arms range soils from projectile fragmentation upon impact with a target or berm backstop. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) can address the spatially heterogeneous contamination of surface soils on small-arms ranges, but representative kilogram-sized ISM subsamples are affected by the range of metallic residue particle sizes in the sample. This study compares the precision and concentrations of metals in a small-arms range soil sample processed by a puck mill, ring and puck mill, ball mill, and mortar and pestle prior to analysis. The ball mill, puck mill, and puck and ring mill produced acceptable relative standard deviations of less than 15% for the anthropogenic metals of interest (Lead (Pb), Antimony (Sb), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)), with the ball mill exhibiting the greatest precision for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Precision by mortar and pestle, without milling, was considerably higher (40% to >100%) for anthropogenic metals. Media anthropogenic metal concentrations varied by more than 40% between milling methods, with the greatest concentrations produced by the puck mill, followed by the puck and ring mill and then the ball mill. Metal concentrations were also dependent on milling time, with concentrations stabilizing for the puck mill by 300 s but still increasing for the ball mill over 20 h. Differences in metal concentrations were not directly related to the surface area of the milled sample. Overall, the tested milling methods were successful in producing reproducible data for soils containing metallic residues. However, the effects of milling type and time on concentrations require consideration in environmental investigations.
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Meadows, J. W., D. L. Smith, L. R. Greenwood, R. C. Haight, Y. Ikeda, and C. Konno. Measured fast-neutron activation cross sections of Ag, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hf, Ni, Tb and Ti at 10.3 and 14.8 MeV and for the continuum neutron spectrum produced by 7-MeV deuterons on a thick Be-metal target. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10105364.

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Dong, D., G. F. Vandegrift, S. Amini, J. B. Hersubeno, H. Nasution, and Y. Nampira. Processing of LEU targets for {sup 99}Mo production -- Dissolution of metal foil targets by alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/195648.

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Greenwell, E. N., E. D. McClanahan, and R. W. Moss. Evaluation of target power supplies for krypton storage in sputter-deposited metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5620957.

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Nelson, Carl V., Deborah P. Mendat, Toan B. Huynh, Liane C. Ramac-Thomas, James D. Beaty, and Joseph N. Craig. Three-Dimensional Steerable Magnetic Field (3DSMF) Sensor System for Classification of Buried Metal Targets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada476165.

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Nelson, Carl V., Deborah P. Mendat, Toan B. Huynh, Liane C. Ramac-Thomas, James D. Beaty, and Joseph N. Craig. Three-Dimensional Steerable Magnetic Field (3DSMF)Sensor System for Classification of Buried Metal Targets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469950.

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