Books: 'Metal target'

1

Kucharsky, Daniel. St. Genevieve targets metals in mine tailings. S.l: s.n, 1993.

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2

Representations, targets, and attitudes. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996.

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3

Owen, David. The King's & Queen's Medal for Shooting, 1869-1998. Farnborough: Sharpshooter Books, 1999.

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4

Mahpekhat ha-neḥoshet: Ha-napaḥim mi-Kenaʻan u-reshit ha-tarbut. Shani-Livnah: ha-Meʻarah, 2008.

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5

Melke, Anna. Mental health policy and the welfare state: A study on how Sweden, France and England have addressed a target group at the margins. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, School of Public Administration, 2010.

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6

Johnson, Cait. Tarot games: 45 playful ways to explore tarot cards together ; a new vision for the circle of community. [San Francisco, CA]: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994.

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7

Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.

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8

Highly Pervious Liquid Metal Target Systems for Radioactive Ion Beam Generation. Storming Media, 1999.

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9

Bhat, Irshad Ul Haq, and Zakia Khanam. Nucleic Acids: A Natural Target for Newly Designed Metal Chelate-Based Drugs. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2020.

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10

Th©♭, Stephens Sin-Tsun. Studies of laser-target interactions in pulsed excimer laser evaporation of superconducting oxides and other metal oxides. 1993.

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11

Taylor, Mark H. Clay Target Shooting : The Mental Game. STP Books, 1997.

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12

Lei, Peng, Scott Ayton, and Ashley I. Bush. Metal-Protein Attenuating Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0015.

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Neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are progressive diseases of the aging population with currently few therapeutic options. While aggregation and deposition of disease-specific proteins link the pathologies of these diseases, targeting these aggregating proteins with therapeutics has not yet been successful in clinical trial. This chapter profiles metals (copper, zinc, and iron) as alternative drug targets for neurodegeneration. Complex changes to metals occur in these neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that perturbations to metal homeostasis contribute to the progression of neuronal dysfunction and death. Importantly, several phase II trials have shown that correcting metal dyshomeostasis improves clinical outcomes; the chapter argues that it is now time to explore the therapeutic utility of metal-based drugs in larger, phase III trials.

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13

Ritsner, Michael S., and Rena Kurs. Quality of Life Deficit in Mental Disorders: A Target for Therapy. Springer, 2019.

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14

Buchanan, D. L., and S. N. Dunton. Precious-metal Distribution in Shetland: Refinement of Targets for Gold Exploration. Shetland Islands Council, 1996.

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15

Ritchie, Elspeth Cameron, Perry R. Chumley, Meg Daley Olmert, Rick A. Yount, Matthew St Laurent, and Christina Rumayor. Canines as Assistive Therapy for Treatment of PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0008.

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Canine-assisted therapies are being used increasingly both by veterans and the civilian community for mental and emotional support. During the past decade, a growing body of scientific research has provided evidence that human–animal interactions can improve social competence and reduce physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of stress and social isolation. One meta-analysis that evaluated 49 published studies of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), used mainly to target mental health concerns, concluded that AAT is effective for medical well-being, for behavioral outcomes in adults, and for improving the therapy participation of children with autism and related disorders. The study also found that AAT was as effective as other interventions examined in comparison.

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16

Fisher, Michael Lee. A molecular dynamics simulation study of liquid metal targets using the embedded atom method. 1988.

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17

Dwoskin, Linda P. Emerging Targets and Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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18

Harrison, Judith R., Brandon K. Schultz, and Steven W. Evans, eds. School Mental Health Services for Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199352517.001.0001.

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School Mental Health Services for Adolescents is composed of 15 chapters, written by well-known authors in the fields of psychology, education, social work, and counseling, who discuss and describe services for adolescents that can be implemented in secondary schools by school-based professionals. The authors present methods of overcoming implementation barriers through strategic service-delivery models. The volume is divided into three sections. The first chapters describe the history and need for services, explore the identity of professionals that serve as school mental health providers, and describe methods of engaging adolescents in school. The next chapters focus on issues of identification and referral for treatment in schools and provide a description of interventions. Proposed service delivery models are organized by target topics, including attention and organization, disruptive behavior, internalizing behaviors, autism spectrum disorders, substance abuse, and chronic health concerns. The final chapters describe assessment and the integration of school mental health in schools.

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19

Corrigan, Patrick W., Andrea B. Bink, and Annie Schmidt. Reducing Physical Illness Stigma: Insights from the Mental Illness Arena. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.23.

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This chapter presents a critical summary of stigma-change strategies employed in the mental health field as a means to inform the anti-stigma efforts of advocates in the broader health arena. This is done by drawing on the comprehensive research and conceptual work targeting the stigma of mental illness while also weaving in the emerging research on stigma-change related to physical illness. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the targets of stigma change—public stigma, self-stigma, and label avoidance—and specific agendas corresponding with the types of stigma that guide anti-stigma programs—service engagement, rights achievement, and self-worth. It next presents a discussion of the various approaches to stigma change organized by these targets and agendas. The chapter concludes with future directions and goals for advocates and researchers to effectively challenge the stigma of physical illnesses.

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20

Lazarov, Amit, Adva Segal, and Yair Bar-Haim. Cognitive Training and Technology in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.47.

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Cognitive training approaches in the treatment of pediatric psychopathology rely on the identification of specific aberrant cognitive processes that could be targeted for rectification via training. Such processes include threat-related attention and interpretation, working memory, and emotion recognition, among others. A selective review is given of mental processes that have been identified as potential targets for psychological treatment and the technologies that could be harnessed for such therapeutic targeting. Implementation of cognitive training procedures in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults is described, and their clinical efficacy is evaluated. Recent technologies harnessed for the implementation of cognitive training protocols, such as eye-tracking, virtual reality, and neuromodulation, are described and their potential applications in novel therapeutic procedures and in improvement of extant cognitive training protocols are discussed.

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21

Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Paradigm 7: Attitude Change Is the Yardstick of Success. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 discusses how attitude change as a consequence of anti-stigma programming is likely to yield disappointing results, both because the changes tend to be small and because attitude change is not a good predictor of behavioural change, which should be the main goal of anti-stigma programs. It also discusses how is unlikely that anti-stigma programs that solely target changes in attitudes will result in meaningful improvements in social inclusion and social equity for people who have a mental illness. It also covers how ocial structures are an important target for change, given that they have the ability to create inequities even in the absence of individual prejudices.

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22

1950-, Short Francis Xavier, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Project Target: Criterion-referenced physical fitness standards for adolescents with disabilities : final report. [Brockport, N.Y.]: Dept. of Physical Education and Sport, State University of New York, College at Brockport, 1998.

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23

Jefee-Bahloul, Hussam, and Zakaria Zayour. Telemental Health in the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190622725.003.0005.

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The Middle East (ME) has a high burden of mental disorder that is not addressed adequately with current services. This context makes it a prime target for Telemental health interventions. This chapter presents a review of the existing reports concerning implementation of telemental health in the Middle East. While telemental health programs can facilitate access to quality mental health services for patients and serve as a training and educational tool to advance mental health workers’ expertise, several barriers stand in the way of its implementation. Evaluation of each country’s unique cultural, financial, legal, and infrastructural conditions should guide the strategies for developing these systems.

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24

Goldman, Alvin I. Theory of Mind. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0017.

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The article provides an overview of ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM) research, guided by two classifications. The first covers four competing approaches to mentalizing such as the theory-theory, modularity theory, rationality theory, and simulation theory. The second classification is the first-person/third-person contrast. Jerry Fodor claimed that commonsense psychology is so good at helping predict behavior that it is practically invisible. It works well because the intentional states it posits genuinely exist and possess the properties generally associated with them. The modularity model has two principal components. First, whereas the child-scientist approach claims that mentalizing utilizes domain-general cognitive equipment, the modularity approach posits one or more domain-specific modules, which use proprietary representations and computations for the mental domain. Second, the modularity approach holds that these modules are innate cognitive structures, which mature or come on line at preprogrammed stages and are not acquired through learning. The investigators concluded that autism impairs a domain-specific capacity dedicated to mentalizing. Gordon, Jane Heal, and Alvin Goldman explained simulation theory in such a way that mind readers simulate a target by trying to create similar mental states of their own as proxies or surrogates of those of the target. These initial pretend states are fed into the mind reader's own cognitive mechanisms to generate additional states, some of which are then imputed to the target.

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25

Sørensen, Bjørn Bo, Christian Estmann, Enilde Francisco Sarmento, and John Rand. Economic complexity and structural transformation: the case of Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/898-6.

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Mozambique is among the world’s least complex economies. By systematically accounting for both supply- and demand-side factors, we identify new products and sectors that can help to diversify and upgrade its economy. In a supply-side analysis, we use network methods from the literature on economic complexity to identify a set of target products that are complex, require productive capabilities useful in the export of other products, and are close to Mozambique’s existing productive structure. In a demand-side analysis, we use gravity models to predict the export potential of target products and markets given product-specific trade resistance and geographically dispersed demand. The broad sectoral focus of Mozambique’s industrial policy is largely consistent with structural transformation and export promotion. The current prioritization of agriculture, agro-industry, and metals is especially important, while there are unexploited opportunities in machinery, vehicles, and transport equipment. We find some potential for Mozambique to export target products to neighbouring countries.

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26

Wong, Eunice, Rebecca Collins, and Jennifer Cerully. Reviewing the Evidence Base for Mental Health First Aid: Is There Support for Its Use with Key Target Populations in California? RAND Corporation, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr972.

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27

(Editor), Richard C. Stephens, Christy K. Scott (Editor), and Randolph D. Muck (Editor), eds. Clincal Assessment and Substance Abuse Treatment: The Target Cities Experience (Suny Series, the New Inequalities). State University of New York Press, 2003.

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28

Emond, Alan, and Alice Haynes. Enhancements to child health programmes in the UK. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0032.

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Five programmes which offer additional services to enhance the child health programmes for families at risk of poorer maternal and child health and development outcomes are being evaluated. Flying Start is a community-based programme targeted on families with children under 4 years of age living in deprived neighbourhoods in Wales. A Better Start is a place-based programme implemented by local partnerships in English wards with high levels of economic deprivation, providing services and support for all families living in the target wards from pregnancy until a child’s fourth birthday. The Family Nurse Partnership is a structured programme of home visits for first-time young mothers. The Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-visiting programme is a structured programme of sustained home visiting delivered by health visitors in pregnancy and the first 2 years. The Trial of Healthy Relationship Initiatives for the Very Early-years is comparing two parenting programmes for women with additional mental health or social support needs in pregnancy with outcomes up to 18 months. Early published results are reviewed and links given to the websites to signpost the reader to up-to-date information on the effectiveness of each programme.

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29

S, Salkever David, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. Using target efficiency to select program participants and risk-factor models: An application to child mental health interventions for preventing future crime. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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30

López, Noelia, Jacqueline Torres, and Clara Weber Suardiaz, eds. Debates en el campo de la salud mental. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/62645.

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El presente libro recupera discusiones fundamentales que se vienen desarrollando en el campo de la salud mental. La intención con la que compilamos los distintos artículos que integran esta publicación, es aportar a la reflexión acerca de una problemática que aunque relegada, ha cobrado vitalidad y fuerza en los últimos años. Esto ha sido producto de múltiples luchas que los colectivos de usuarios y trabajadores del sistema de salud han tenido que dar a lo largo de décadas; en este sentido creemos que se configura un escenario propicio para consolidar una perspectiva de derechos para pensar la salud mental. No es tarea sencilla, la lógica manicomial se erigió con solidez durante más de dos siglos, principalmente porque cumplía con propósitos societales, que aún cumple; desarmar ese andamiaje resultará una tarea colectiva. Las discusiones aquí presentes son producto del intercambio en el marco del Grupo de Estudios Políticas Públicas y Salud Mental del Centro de Estudios Trabajo Social y Sociedad de la Facultad de Trabajo Social de la UNLP; asimismo se suman los aportes de la experiencia docente durante siente años consecutivos en el desarrollo del seminario de grado: Salud Mental y Trabajo Social en la Facultad de Trabajo Social (UNLP) que coordinamos, donde hemos podido enriquecer los debates junto a colegas y estudiantes. Los mismos se han centrado en el análisis de herramientas teórico metodológicas para la intervención en el campo de la salud mental, así como la revisión de las tendencias e indagaciones actuales en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales que aportan a la problematización del mismo en un momento histórico signado por la revisión de los marcos jurídicos y las modalidades de asistencia.

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31

Mendelovici, Angela. Fixing Reference on Intentionality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0001.

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This chapter fixes reference on our target, intentionality. "Intentionality" is sometimes defined as the "aboutness" or "directedness" of mental states. While such definitions succeed at gesturing towards the phenomenon of interest, they are too fuzzy and metaphorical to fix firmly upon it. This chapter recommends an alternative ostensive way of defining "intentionality" as the feature of mental states that we at least sometimes notice introspectively in ourselves and are tempted to describe using representational terms like "of" or "about". This chapter argues that this definition does a better job than alternative definitions—such as those in terms of folk psychology, the mind-brain sciences, and truth and reference—at capturing the phenomenon that talk of "aboutness" and "directedness" is gesturing at.

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32

McCarty, Richard. Stress and Mental Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190697266.001.0001.

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Stress has now been recognized as an important factor in the development or recurrence of various mental disorders, from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder to anxiety disorders. Stressful stimuli appear to exert their effects by acting upon individuals with susceptible genotypes. Over the past 50 years, animal models have been developed to study these dynamic interactions between stressful stimuli and genetically susceptible individuals during prenatal and postnatal development and into adulthood. This book begins with a discussion of the history of psychiatric diagnosis and the recent goal of moving toward precision psychiatry, followed by a review of clinical research on connections between stressful stimuli and the development of psychiatric disorders. Chapters are also included on neuroendocrine, immune, and brain systems involved in responses to stress. Additional chapters focus on the development of animal models in psychiatry and the susceptibility of the developing organism to stressful stimuli. Subsequent chapters are devoted to animal models of specific stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These chapters also focus on the identification of promising molecular targets for development of new drug therapies; a chapter examines animal models of resilience to stress-induced behavioral alterations as a newer approach to understand why some animals (e.g., inbred mice) are susceptible to stress and others are resilient, even if they are essentially genetically identical. The final chapter discusses how these basic laboratory animal models are providing promising leads for future breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

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33

Role of 5-HT Systems on Memory and Dysfunctional Memory: Emergent Targets for Memory Formation and Memory Alterations. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.

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34

Metzinger, Thomas. Why Is Mind-Wandering Interesting for Philosophers? Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.32.

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This chapter explores points of contact between philosophy of mind and scientific approaches to spontaneous thought. While offering a series of conceptual instruments that might prove helpful for researchers on the empirical research frontier, it begins by asking what the explanandum for theories of mind-wandering is, how one can conceptually individuate single occurrences of this specific target phenomenon, and how one might arrive at a more fine-grained taxonomy. The second half of this contribution sketches some positive proposals as to how one might understand mind-wandering on a conceptual level, namely, as a loss of mental autonomy resulting in involuntary mental behavior, as a highly specific epistemic deficit relating to self-knowledge, and as a discontinuous phenomenological process in which one’s conscious “unit of identification” is switched.

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35

Marvier, Michelle. Genetically modified crops. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0016.

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This chapter explores ongoing debates surrounding the environmental safety of genetically modified (GM) crops. Systematic review and meta-analysis provide convincing evidence that Bt crops are safer than insecticides for non-target invertebrate species, such as honeybees and ladybird beetles. In addition, widespread adoption of Bt crops has resulted in reduced use of insecticides and other benefits for the environment. Despite such evidence, there remains a substantial opinion gap between the general public and scientists regarding the safety of GM crops. While systematic review and meta-analysis can help to correct for bias in environmental and conservation science, the oversimplification of environmental issues into blackand- white dichotomies such as pro- versus anti-GM crops can stymie the adoption of genuine solutions.

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36

Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Paradigm 5: Psychiatrists Should Lead Antistigma Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 demonstrates that health and mental health professionals are worthy targets of stigma-reduction efforts and that their affiliation with a system that promotes the identification and management of dangerousness, and uses coercive treatment approaches, considerably undermines any credibility they may have as leaders of community-based anti-stigma programs. Professional training does not equip health or mental health professionals to lead anti-stigma efforts, and more likely, it entrenches stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors. Nevertheless, professionals can (and should) contribute to antistigma efforts: first by examining their own attitudes and behaviors, and second by partnering with local anti-stigma initiatives.

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37

Klyce, Daniel W., and James C. Jackson. Affective and mood disorders after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0383.

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Survivors of critical illness frequently have significant and persistent mental health problems, which may develop or worsen following intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Chief among these problems is depression, which occurs in approximately a third of all individuals after critical illness and is associated with a wide array of untoward outcomes. Depression is manifest in a diversity of ways and risk factors may contribute to significant depressive symptoms after critical. Questions persist about whether treatment of depression after critical illness is most effective using conventional approaches or whether the depressive symptoms observed in ICU survivors may be clinically distinct and may optimally respond to carefully tailored innovative approaches. One promising strategy for managing the mental health needs of patients after critical illness involves ICU recovery clinics, which target the unique constellation of cognitive, psychiatric, and functional challenges common to survivors of critical illness.

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38

Bohon, Cara. Research Domain Criteria. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.2.

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A primary goal of the research domain criteria (RDoC) project from the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States is to better characterize and understand the pathology and etiology of mental illness by examining constructs with biological underpinnings and their effects on psychiatric symptoms. This endeavor shows promise in helping to better conceptualize dysfunction in the field of eating disorders, where there appears to be great heterogeneity within diagnostic groups. Treatments designed for a particular diagnosis may result in improved remission rates if they instead target underlying mechanisms of eating disorder symptoms. This system is not without challenge and limitations, however. This chapter includes a brief review of relevant literature on the proposed RDoC functional domains in eating disorders and discussion of the benefits and costs of this type of approach in improving patient care.

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39

Barlow, Jane. Promoting infant and child mental health through support for parenting. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0010.

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Mental health in the early years is underpinned by the capacity of young children for emotion regulation, and the child’s early relational context (i.e. the parenting that they receive) has been identified as being key to the development of this ability. However, many children show signs of regulatory difficulties including sleeping and crying difficulties, and emotional and behavioural problems in the early years; this is as such an important window of opportunity to intervene to optimize parenting, and prevent early parent–child relationship problems using a range of primary and secondary preventive approaches. This chapter provides an overview of the nature and prevalence of early regulatory problems, and some of the main universal and targeted intervention approaches that have been developed to address such problems, alongside the evidence about their effectiveness in improving outcomes for both parents and children.

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40

Cano Busquets, Marisol, Carlos Gómez-Restrepo, Miriam Forero Ariza, and María José Sarmiento Suárez. Comunicarnos sin daño: convivencia y salud mental. Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.9789587815610.

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Esta segunda edición de Comunicarnos sin daño parte de las inquietudes de los autores de incorporar nuevos elementos de reflexión acerca de cómo promover formas de comunicación que alienten la reconciliación nacional y favorezcan la salud mental de los colombianos y las colombianas. Desaprender y desnaturalizar las formas violentas de comunicación que han permeado la vida en sociedad con el fin de aprender a comunicarnos para una convivencia pacífica y saludable no es una tarea fácil, pues no solo demanda esfuerzo, creatividad y compromiso, sino también apertura y suficiente disposición para hacer lo que las dinámicas de violencia nos han impedido hacer: escucharnos y comprendernos mutuamente para avanzar en la búsqueda de consensos que permitan mejorar nuestra calidad de vida. Siguiendo ese propósito, todos como ciudadanos debemos pensar en el poder de la información, el lenguaje y la palabra en la salud mental, en la resolución pacífica de los conflictos y en la reconciliación. En ese sentido, Comunicarnos sin daño es un llamado a entender la comunicación como un fertilizante que puede abonar el terreno social para que la convivencia pacífica y el bienestar germinen con suficiente vigor, respaldo y legitimidad. Este es un libro de reflexiones y recomendaciones prácticas en el que los lectores encuentran una ruta para comunicarse en pro de la sana convivencia y la reconciliación.

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41

Petrella, Carla, Giuseppe Nisticò, and Robert Nisticò. Gut–brain axis: Physiology and pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0007.

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A large body of research has shown the presence of a complex pathway of communication between gut and brain. It is now recognized that, through this pathway, microbiota can influence intestinal homeostasis and modulate brain plasticity in normal and pathological conditions. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the possible mechanisms whereby microbiota can influence gastrointestinal function and stress-related behaviour. Since normalization of gut flora can prevent changes in behaviour, the authors further postulate that the gut–brain axis might represent a possible target for pharmacological and dietary strategies aimed at improving intestinal and mental health.

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42

Kessler, Ronald C., Emil F. Coccaro, Maurizio Fava, and Katie A. McLaughlin. The Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0053.

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Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.

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43

Teixeira, Antonio L., and Moises E. Bauer, eds. Immunopsychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190884468.001.0001.

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In recent years, great attention has been devoted to the understanding of the immune dysfunction that is associated with major psychiatric disorders. In the context of the reconceptualization of the immune system as a homeostatic system, immune cells, molecules and mechanisms are highly promising as new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of mental/psychiatric disorders. In this regard, immune cells, molecules and mechanisms are highly promising. The literature on immunology of psychiatric disorders is still disperse, and only very few attempts have been done so far to consolidate the current knowledge in this expanding and exciting area. Each chapter will present the available data on the immune/inflammatory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, indicating the potential use of novel immunological biomarkers or therapeutic targets, as well as discussing the challenges ahead to incorporate this knowledge into the clinical practice.

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44

Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.

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Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.

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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part I Host States, Mining Companies, and Mining Projects, 4 Typology of Mining Projects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the classification of mining projects. Mining projects can be classified based on their state of advancement, for example, exploration phase development phase, production phase, or reclamation phase. Only 0.1 percent of all targets will result in a pre-feasibility study, few of which will ultimately result in a feasibility study and the construction and commercial exploitation of a mine. Another classification for mining projects relies on the types of metals or minerals encountered or produced at a mining project. The remainder of the chapter identifies the main types of metals or minerals commercially mined today, their main uses, annual production, and main producing countries. All these characteristics have a significant impact on the risk profile and profitability of a given mining project, and on the potential for disputes to arise.

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Suls, Jerry, and Ladd Wheeler. On the Trail of Social Comparison. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.13.

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Social comparison, a major source of social influence, refers to the selection and utilization of information about other people’s standings and opinions to make accurate self-assessments or to protect or enhance self-esteem. We survey the development of comparison theory over six decades, its ambiguities, and reformulations based on the psychology of attribution and social cognition. Selective comparisons allow people to gauge how well they have fulfilled their potential and capacity to accomplish important tasks, and whether their beliefs, values, and actions are appropriate and worthwhile. Exposure to superior and inferior targets shifts self-evaluations toward (assimilation) or away (contrast) from the targets, depending on the kinds of information made cognitively accessible by the situation or by individual differences. To illustrate comparison’s effects on social influence, applications, such as the effects of academic tracking on self-esteem and effects of large social networks on mental and physical health outcomes, are described.

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Fulford, K. W. M., C. W. van Staden, and Roger Crisp. Values-Based Practice. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0026.

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This chapter outlines the origins in ordinary language philosophy of a new skills-based approach to working with complex and conflicting values in medicine called values-based practice. Ordinary language philosophy (as exemplified by Austin and others of the mid-twentieth-century "Oxford school") focuses on our use of words as a (sometimes) useful first step in coming to a more complete understanding of their meanings. The theory of values-based practice was developed by applying ideas from ordinary language philosophy to the long-running debate about the "boundary problem" presented by the concept of mental disorder. Ordinary language philosophy turns this debate topsy-turvy: it shows, (a) that the concept of mental disorder instead of being the target problem is a resource for coming to a more complete understanding of the meanings of concepts of disorder as a whole including the concept of bodily disorder; and correspondingly, (b) that the value-laden nature of mental disorder far from being part of the problem (to be solved either by limitation or outright elimination) points to an evaluative element of meaning in concepts of disorder as a whole, again including concepts of bodily disorder. It is these topsy-turvy results that underpin the development of values-based practice. In a brief concluding section we indicate the potential for further development of values-based practice supported by ordinary language and other philosophies particularly through engagement with non-Western language groups representing diverse traditions of thought and practice in mental health.

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Gochfeld, Michael, and Robert Laumbach. Chemical Hazards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0011.

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Building on the principles of toxicology, this chapter describes chemicals by structure, source, use, mechanism of action, environmental properties, and target organ. Major advances in toxic effects include more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals damage receptors at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. The chapter describes properties of various types of inorganic and organic chemicals and their adverse health effects. It discusses asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide; heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium; organic solvents, such as benzene and trichlorethylene; pesticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates; and a variety of other toxic chemicals to which people are exposed in the home, community, or workplace environment. Several cases are presented to illustrate various concepts concerning chemical hazards in occupational and environmental health.

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Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Paradigm 4: Science Is the Best Guide for Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses a key assumption of the current paradigm governing anti-stigma work, which is that scientifically collected data, rather than subjective beliefs or personal wants, will be the yardstick against which funding priorities will be measured and program effectiveness will be judged. The important premise is that evidence-based policy and practice will eliminate potentially discriminatory variations in practice, remove political influence as a determinant of program worth, and ultimately lead to greater fairness and equity in service delivery. It is also predicted that evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs that target local needs and build better practices will boost confidence among funders that such programs are worthy of their financial attention and make it increasingly difficult for policy makers to defend policies that disadvantage people with a mental illness.

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Doumani Dupuy, Paula. Bronze Age Central Asia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15.

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This article focuses on the principal characteristics and features of the Bronze Age of the steppes, deserts, mountain foothills, and oases of Central Asia. It outlines the history of research on the region’s mobile pastoral and settled agricultural societies during the third and second millennium BC. The article examines how approaches to the social history and economy have changed from one of macro-studies of regional assemblages toward more targeted investigations of the dynamic and variable nature of this period. Finally, an overview of pottery, metal, and textile assemblages and analyses is used to form a discussion on craft production practices, consumption, and regional exchange across Central Asia.

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Books on the topic 'Metal target'

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