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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal target'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Patel, R. S., and M. Q. Brewster. "Effect of Oxidation and Plume Formation on Low Power Nd-Yag Laser Metal Interaction." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910341.

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The effect of oxide formation and plume formation on laser energy absorption by metallic targets has been studied. The change in directional-hemispherical spectral reflectance of metallic targets during single-shot Nd-Yag laser pulse irradiation was measured using an integrating sphere under controlled environments of both oxygen and argon gas. The spectral transmittance of the plume formed over the targets was also measured using a He-Ne probe laser. The metal targets studied included A16061, Cu, 304 stainless steel, and low-carbon steel. Results obtained show that once a target is hot enough to form a vapor plume, in either argon or oxygen, absorption by the plume significantly limits the amount of laser energy available for absorption at the target surface. Prior to plume formation, the amount of laser energy absorbed by the target is determined by the target surface optical properties. Under the conditions of the present study (incident laser flux of the order of 106 W/cm2 over 0.5–1.0 ms), in the case of absorbing metals (αλ>0.3), such as stainless and low carbon steel, the intrinsic absorptivity of the metal is high enough that the effect of ambient gas (oxygen or argon) on absorptivity is insignificant. In the case of nonabsorbing metals (αλ<0.3), such as Cu and A16061, the intrinsic metal absorptivity is low enough that the ambient gas does have a significant effect on the target absorptivity. The formation of an oxide layer that occurs in an oxidizing environment generally has the effect of increasing the target absorptivity. The relative magnitude of the absorptivity enhancement due to oxide formation depends on the respective absorptivities of the oxide and metal. For metals that form oxides that are intrinsically absorbing in the solid state, such as Cu2O or CuO, the enhancement in absorptivity due to oxide formation can be as much as an order of magnitude. For metals that form oxides that are intrinsically nonabsorbing in the solid state, such as MgO or Al2O3, the enhancement in absorptivity due to oxide formation is more modest but still significant (40 percent). The enhancement in absorptivity in the latter case (MgO or Al2O3) is postulated to be associated either with a thin, absorptive, transition region composed of a mixture of metal and substoichiometric solid oxide just below target surface or with the melting of the oxide at the surface.

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2

Iarmonov, Mikhail, Kirill Makhov, Olga Novozhilova, A. G. Meluzov, and A. V. Beznosov. "ICONE19-43210 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LIQUID-METAL TARGET DESIGNS OF ACCELERATING-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_83.

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3

Weinzierl, K., and O. Schmid. "New cooling concept in hot strip mills “Microstructure target cooling”." Revue de Métallurgie 105, no. 9 (September 2008): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2008064.

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4

Timothy, S. P., and I. M. Hutchings. "The impact of a soft metal sphere on a hard metal target II. Deformation of the target." Philosophical Magazine A 54, no. 1 (July 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418618608242886.

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5

Wu, Yingfen, Diane C. Darland, and Julia Xiaojun Zhao. "Nanozymes—Hitting the Biosensing “Target”." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155201.

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Nanozymes are a class of artificial enzymes that have dimensions in the nanometer range and can be composed of simple metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, dots (both quantum and carbon), nanotubes, nanowires, or multiple metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). They exhibit excellent catalytic activities with low cost, high operational robustness, and a stable shelf-life. More importantly, they are amenable to modifications that can change their surface structures and increase the range of their applications. There are three main classes of nanozymes including the peroxidase-like, the oxidase-like, and the antioxidant nanozymes. Each of these classes catalyzes a specific group of reactions. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, the variety of applications for nanozymes in diverse fields has expanded dramatically, with the most popular applications in biosensing. Nanozyme-based novel biosensors have been designed to detect ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells. The current review focuses on the catalytic mechanism of nanozymes, their application in biosensing, and the identification of future directions for the field.

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6

Massidda, Luca, and Yacine Kadi. "SPH simulation of liquid metal target dynamics." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 5 (May 2010): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.12.022.

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7

Takigawa, Ichigaku, Ken-ichi Shimizu, Koji Tsuda, and Satoru Takakusagi. "Machine-learning prediction of the d-band center for metals and bimetals." RSC Advances 6, no. 58 (2016): 52587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra04345c.

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The d-band centers for eleven metals and their pairwise bimetals for two different structures (1% metal doped- or overlayer-covered metal surfaces) are statistically predicted using machine learning methods from readily available values as descriptors for the target metals.

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8

De Clercq, Erik. "Antiviral Metal Complexes." Metal-Based Drugs 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.1997.173.

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The initial events (virus adsorption and fusion with the cells) in the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can serve as targets for the antiviral action of metal-binding compounds such as polyanionic compounds (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, and sulfonated or carboxylated metalloporphyrins), bicyclams and G-octet-forming oligonucleotides. The adsorption and fusion of HIV with its target cells depends on the interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins (gp 120) with the receptors (CD4, CXCR4) at the outer cell membrane. We are currently investigating how the aforementioned compounds interfere with these viral glycoproteins and/or cell receptor.

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9

Jiang, Zhi Gang, Dian Yi Song, and Fei Liu. "A Finite Cylindrical Cavity Expansion and Penetration Model of Exponential Strain-Hardening Materials." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2781.

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A finite cylindrical cavity expansion model for metal targets was proposed in consideration of the lateral free boundary and strain-hardening effect. Analytical solutions of radial pressure on the cavity wall were obtained. An engineering model for the penetration of rigid sharp-nosed projectiles into thick cylindrical metal targets with finite radius was developed. The influence of the radius ratio of target to projectile on penetration depth was studied. The present engineering model has good agreement with ballistic experiments and numerical simulation. The influence of the lateral free boundary of target on penetration depth needs to be considered for radius ratio of target to projectile less than 20.

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10

Kiselev, S. P., and V. P. Kiselev. "Superdeep penetration of particles into a metal target." International Journal of Impact Engineering 27, no. 2 (February 2002): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(01)00044-6.

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11

Barberio, M., and P. Antici. "Nanostructured target fabrication with metal and semiconductor nanoparticles." Materials Research Express 2, no. 10 (October 2, 2015): 105005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/2/10/105005.

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12

Huang, Po‐Jung Jimmy, Donatien Rochambeau, Hanadi F. Sleiman, and Juewen Liu. "Target Self‐Enhanced Selectivity in Metal‐Specific DNAzymes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 9 (January 23, 2020): 3573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201915675.

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13

KONDO, Hiroo, Takuji KANEMURA, Hirokazu SUGIURA, Nobuo YAMAOKA, Mizuho IDA, Hiroo NAKAMURA, Izuru MATSUSHITA, Takeo MUROGA, and Hiroshi HORIIKE. "Liquid Metal Lithium Jet Experiment for IFMIF Target." Journal of Power and Energy Systems 3, no. 1 (2009): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jpes.3.114.

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14

Huang, Po‐Jung Jimmy, Donatien Rochambeau, Hanadi F. Sleiman, and Juewen Liu. "Target Self‐Enhanced Selectivity in Metal‐Specific DNAzymes." Angewandte Chemie 132, no. 9 (January 23, 2020): 3601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201915675.

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15

Merlot, Angelica M., Danuta S. Kalinowski, Zaklina Kovacevic, Patric J. Jansson, Sumit Sahni, Michael L. H. Huang, Darius J. R. Lane, Hiu Lok, and Des R. Richardson. "Exploiting Cancer Metal Metabolism using Anti-Cancer Metal- Binding Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170705120809.

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Metals are vital cellular elements necessary for multiple indispensable biological processes of living organisms, including energy transduction and cell proliferation. Interestingly, alterations in metal levels and also changes in the expression of proteins involved in metal metabolism have been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. Considering this and the important role of metals for cell growth, the development of drugs that sequester metals has become an attractive target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Interest in this field has surged with the design and development of new generations of chelators of the thiosemicarbazone class. These ligands have shown potent anticancer and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo. Due to their efficacy and safe toxicological assessment, some of these agents have recently entered multi-center clinical trials as therapeutics for advanced and resistant tumors. This review highlights the role and changes in homeostasis of metals in cancer and emphasizes the pre-clinical development and clinical assessment of metal ion-binding agents, namely, thiosemicarbazones, as antitumor agents.

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16

Jarni, Husna Hayati, Rohani Mohd Zin, Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar, Norazah Abd Rahman, Norin Zamiah Kassim Shaari, and Nur Hidayati Othman. "Characteristic and Erosion Study of Uncoated Sand Proppant Using Impingement Test." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.240.

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The characterization and properties of sand from beaches in Malaysia that has potential to be used as proppant in hydraulic fracturing was investigated through impingement tests. Eight sand samples were obtained from eight different locations in Malaysia; three samples from West Coastal beaches (Selangor) and five from East Coastal beaches (Kelantan). These impingement tests were conducted by varying several parameters i.e. size ranges of sand, type of targeted metal and distance of nozzle standoff from target. In these tests, air was fed through an acrylic pipe with inner diameter of 8 mm and 4 m length at gas velocity of 100 m/s and flow rate of 200 l/min. 250 g of sand samples were fed in compressed air stream and the samples were projected toward targeted metal i.e. mild steel and aluminium with a 90° of impingement angle. These tests were conducted at different separation distance of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 inches of nozzle and target. The results were analysed by measuring the mass loss of the metals after impingement and the images of the impinged metals were captured using camera. The highest metal loss was obtained when the targeted metal was impacted with the largest size range of sand samples. The mass loss of mild steel ranged from 0.03 to 0.16 g and 0.10 to 0.22 g for aluminium, at a variable distance between the nozzle and metal target due to higher hardness of mild steel than aluminium. The mass loss reduced when the distance between nozzle and metal target increased due to energy loss because of the inter particle collision.

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17

Torrisi, L., M. Rosinski, M. Cutroneo, A. Torrisi, J. Badziak, A. Zaras-Szydlowska, and P. Parys. "Target normal sheath ion acceleration by fs laser irradiating metal/reduced graphene oxide targets." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 03 (March 31, 2020): C03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/03/c03056.

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18

Patton, Joel S. "Fire and Smoke Corrosivity of Structural Materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 1992): 294–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000403.

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The deleterious effects that combustion products generated dur ing fires can have on normal construction materials have been well-docu mented. The combined effects of fire, corrosive smoke and particulate have been defined as fire corrosivity. While the effects of fire corrosivity are well-known, little quantitative information is available concerning the mechanisms in volved and the degree to which materials, particularly metals, are susceptible. Consequently, a study which was conducted to begin examining the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity on metals is described and the results are presented. Various metal targets were exposed to corrosive smoke and fire particulate pro duced from polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples burned in a cone calorimeter. The target materials consisted of 304 stainless steel, 1010 carbon steel and 70-30 CuNi alloy. In addition to metal targets, electrical resistance probes were also utilized in the testing to monitor in-situ corrosion rates. The probe materials corresponded to the metal targets so that a comparison could be conducted. After testing, both the metal targets and corrosion probes were sectioned and prepared for analysis using standard metallographic techniques. The targets and probes were analyzed for corrosion products and depth of attack. Results from this testing show that all the metal targets proved highly susceptible to the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity attributed to the burning of PVC samples. These results are presented and compared by corrosion rates. In addi tion, the performance of the corrosion probes in terms of their ability to produce accurate corrosion measurements was evaluated by comparing their corrosion depth measurements to those of the metal targets. It can be concluded from these observations that the testing of structural metals for their resistance to fire corrosivity must be done over a wide range of combustion environments us ing a large number of targets in order to generate a statistical basis before any predictions can be made concerning a particular alloy's resistance.

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19

Ma, Weijie, Haifeng Hu, Xianlin Ding, Qicheng Chen, Ming Zhang, Zongjie Guo, and Xibin Shao. "Research on corrosion resistance of metal films sputtered by rotating target and planar target." Journal of the Society for Information Display 25, no. 6 (June 2017): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsid.565.

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20

He, Jin Jiang, Shu Qin Liu, Jun Feng Luo, Yue Wang, Yan Gao, and Xiao Dong Xiong. "Development of Precious Metal and its Alloy Sputtering Targets with High Performance." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.61.

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High-purity precious metal and its alloy targets make a very important role in semiconductor manufacturing. In this paper, the preparation methods of high performance sputtering targets (including silver, platinum and its alloy, ruthenium materials) for advanced semiconductor manufacturing were introduced. The relationships between deposited film behaviors and sputtering target properties in some applications were also discussed. In order to acquire high quality thin film, the properties of sputtering target such as density, alloy composition homogeneity, grain size and uniformity et al. have to be well controlled by proper fabrication techniques.

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21

ANWAR, MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ, ANWAR LATIF, M. IQBAL, M. SHAHID RAFIQUE, M. KHALEEQ-UR-RAHMAN, and SOFIA SIDDIQUE. "Theoretical model for heat conduction in metals during interaction with ultra short laser pulse." Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 3 (September 2006): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034606060502.

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Theoretical studies have been performed on the interaction of short laser pulse with metals. The results of the theoretical model indicate that heat conduction would not be uniform from focal spot or crater at the surface of target metal, when an ultra short laser will interact with the metal. The electromagnetic radiations of laser induce electric field inside the target that is responsible for the induction of current density, which causes electronic heat conduction in the direction of current density. Such an effect is dominant for laser pulse having duration less than of the order of sub-picoseconds. This mode will open a new significant field of study to discuss laser metal interaction for ultra short laser pulses.

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22

McGrath, S. P., A. C. Chang, A. L. Page, and E. Witter. "Land application of sewage sludge: scientific perspectives of heavy metal loading limits in Europe and the United States." Environmental Reviews 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a94-006.

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Heavy metals in sewage sludges accumulate in soils after successive sludge applications and can be toxic to plants, soil organisms, as well as humans and animals along the food chain. Because of this potential threat, many countries have set limits to the additions of metals in sludges to agricultural land, based on (i) the concentrations of metals in sludge itself, (ii) the loading, or total amount, of metal that can be added and often how quickly this can be applied, and (iii) the maximum concentrations of metals in soil which are allowed to build up after sludge applications. This review, based on regulations in the United States and some west European countries, shows that at present three basic approaches to setting limits can be distinguished: (i) a comprehensive analysis of the pathways of pollutant transfer to selected target organisms and an assessment of the likely harmful effects that metals may have on the target; (ii) setting limits consistent with the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations, which are actual cases of effects due to metals, but not necessarily derived from studies that involved land application of sewage sludge; and (iii) attempting to match the metal inputs to soil to the small losses of metals due to crop removal, soil erosion, and leaching ("metal balance approach"). These approaches are shown to result in widely different numerical limits being set for the same constituent, which is creating unease among the regulatory authorities worldwide. These differences appear to arise from at least two main sources. The first is whether, by a policy decision, zero impact is desired. This leads to very low limits, and is the philosophy behind the metal balance approach. The second is that those approaches that allow some increase in metal concentrations in soils often adopt different target organisms and these models suffer from the limited supply of relevant toxicity data, particularly information obtained from metals applied in sewage sludge. Differences in the philosophy behind environmental protection and in the choices of which organisms to protect explain the different metal limits for sewage sludge which have been adopted in the countries examined.Key words: zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, mercury, soil microbes, ecotoxicology, soil protection.

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23

Gao, Yan, Xiu Liu, Jin Jiang He, Hao Zeng, Xiao Dong Xiong, and Yue Wang. "Replacement of High-Purity Copper Target by High-Purity Copper Alloy Target in Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.430.

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With the development of semiconductor technology, the size of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices has been scaled down to nanoscale dimensions. The technology of copper interconnection is the mainstream technology, so the request of the copper target is more and more rigor. This article analyzes the impact factors on the copper alloy target capability, including oxidation and strength. The aim of this investigation is to set up a bridge between the vendors of copper targets and the foundries of integrated circuit (IC) chip, and the base for the next generation copper targets.

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24

Chen, Yajie, Xue Bai, and Zhengfang Ye. "Recent Progress in Heavy Metal Ion Decontamination Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081481.

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Heavy metals are inorganic pollutants which pose a serious threat to human and environmental safety, and their effective removal is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel group of crystalline porous materials, which have proven to be promising adsorbents because of their extremely high surface areas, optimizable pore volumes and pore size distributions. This study is a systematic review of the recent research on the removal of several major heavy metal ions by MOFs. Based on the different structures of MOFs, varying adsorption capacity can be achieved, ranging from tens to thousands of milligrams per gram. Many MOFs have shown a high selectivity for their target metal ions. The corresponding mechanisms involved in capturing metal ions are outlined and finally, the challenges and prospects for their practical application are discussed.

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25

Choi, Kang-Yong, Kwang-Su Kim, Tae-Won Kim, Min-Kee Jun, and Hea-Kyung Park. "Development of Metal Loaded Activated Carbon Fiber for Eliminating Targeted VOCs Originated from Solvent." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 35, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2013.35.1.031.

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26

Zamiri, Farshad, and Abdolreza Nabavi. "A modified Fresnel-based algorithm for 3D microwave imaging of metal objects." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871800123x.

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AbstractMicrowave holography technique reconstructs a target image using recorded amplitudes and phases of the signals reflected from the target with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based algorithms. The reconstruction algorithms have two or more steps of two- and three-dimensional Fourier transforms, which have a high computational load. In this paper, by neglecting the impact of target depth on image reconstruction, an efficient Fresnel-based algorithm is proposed, involving only one-step FFT for both single- and multi-frequency microwave imaging. Numerous tests have been performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm including planar and non-planar targets, using the raw data gathered by means of a scanner operating in X-band. Finally, a low-cost and high-speed hardware architecture based on fixed-point arithmetic is introduced which reconstructs the planar targets. This pipeline architecture was tested on field programmable gate arrays operating at 200 MHz clock frequency, which illustrates more than 30 times improvement in computation time compared with a computer.

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27

Bilgili, Ali, Hasan Hüseyin Ünal, Mehmet Özdemir, Ahmet Aydın, and Mustafa Kemal Başaralı. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Public Health Risk in Fish Species of Sakarya River, Turkey." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210013.

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In this study, heavy metal concentrations including cadmium, lead, zinc, copper and arsenic concentrations were determined in five fish species (Capoeta sieboldii, Capoeta tinca, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Squalius pursakensis and Barbus escherichii) obtained from the Sakarya River. The metal concentrations of fish supplied in four different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Although the metal concentrations showed seasonal variations in some fish species and also varied with respect to particular fish species, the concentrations of these metals were found to be within the permissible limits. In addition, it was concluded that the concentration of metal contamination in the evaluated fish species would not pose a risk for human consuming fish species obtained from Sakarya River by considering estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR) values.

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28

Chen, Lin, Huaiqing Zhang, Yinchun A, and Wei Song. "Interference Analysis of Metal Conductors for Target-Resonance-Based Detection Method." Complexity 2020 (February 19, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9580627.

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Frequency bifurcation phenomenon is an important input characteristic of the magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) system in overcoupling situation. In this paper, frequency bifurcation phenomenon in MCR is extended to the general transmitter-receiver coupling system, and the two main factors affecting the phenomenon are analyzed. Finally, the phenomenon is introduced into the field of signal detection, and a noncontact detection method based on target coil resonance is proposed in this paper. Since the proposed method is a kind of electromagnetic method, the detection system is highly susceptible to the surrounding metal conductors. Therefore, the detection performance of this method under three metal-environment conditions is analyzed, respectively. Simulations and experiments show that the metal barrier can weaken the detection because of the eddy current effect, but as long as the barrier does not completely isolate the two coils, the method still has strong penetrability. Besides, the metal plate placed parallel outside the transmitter has less influence on the detection when compared with the metal barrier, and the metal plate by the side of the transmitter can even enhance the detection effect. As a consequence, this method has strong stability in metal environment.

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29

Chen, Ting-Chien, Edward Macauley, and Andrew Hong. "Selection and test of effective chelators for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-137.

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Heavy metal contamination of soil is a common problem at many hazardous waste sites. Chelating extraction of heavy metals has been proposed as a remediation technique for contaminated soils. A useful method was developed, which assessed 190 ligands for their ability in extraction and recovery of target metals, including cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. Chelator performance was evaluated based on equilibrium calculations with an emphasis on the potential of recovering both the metals and chelating agents. Batch equilibration experiments over 24-h periods were performed to test three chelating agents, S-carboxymethyl-cysteine (SCMC), N-2-acetamidoiminodiacetic acid (ADA), and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDA), which were deemed suitable for the extraction of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc from soil. All three chelators demonstrated high extraction capability toward their respective target metals across a wide range of pH, metal, and ligand concentrations. In addition, all three chelators exhibited good recovery potential at moderately elevated pH values. The potential of many chelating agents and their effective pH ranges in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals are reported. Key words: heavy metal, soil, contamination, chelation, remediation.

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30

Seeta Rama Raju, G., Leah Benton, E. Pavitra, and Jae Su Yu. "Multifunctional nanoparticles: recent progress in cancer therapeutics." Chemical Communications 51, no. 68 (2015): 13248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04643b.

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In recent times, several biocompatible nanomaterials with different morphologies and compositions, such as metals, metal oxides, and polymers, have been employed as multi-functional biomaterials to target cancer cells.

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31

Ho, Ching Yen, Mao Yu Wen, and C. Ma. "Plasma from Electron Beam Evaporation of a Metal Target." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1190.

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Transport variables in plasma column are analytically investigated in this paper. Low-energy electrons and ions are produced from electron beam evaporation of a metal target in the technological vacuum chamber of an electron beam welding machine. Assuming collisionless plasma motion in the radial direction, the electrostatic potential is obtained from model of plasma expansion. Transport variables such as ion density, electron density, conduction heat of the ions and electrons are calculated using the electrostatic potential and are compared with the available experimental data.

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32

Weinhorst, B., U. Fischer, A. G. Class, and J. R. Fetzer. "Radiation damage analysis for the liquid metal target META:LIC." Journal of Nuclear Materials 450, no. 1-3 (July 2014): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.07.002.

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33

Class, A. G., C. Fazio, J. R. Fetzer, and S. Gordeev. "Conceptual design studies for the liquid metal target META:LIC." Journal of Nuclear Materials 450, no. 1-3 (July 2014): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.005.

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34

Chivel', Yu A. "Heating a Metal Target Subjected to Pulsed Laser Radiation." High Temperature 42, no. 3 (May 2004): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hite.0000033868.83483.74.

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35

Cheng, X., and I. Slessarev. "Thermal-hydraulic investigations on a pilot liquid metal target." Nuclear Engineering and Design 202, no. 2-3 (December 2000): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(00)00334-4.

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36

OBAYASHI, Hironari, Masato MORINAGA, Yuji TASAKA, Yasushi TAKEDA, and Kenji KIKUCHI. "306 Analysis of Liquid Metal Flow for LBE Target." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2005.2 (2005): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2005.2.0_203.

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Prozialeck, Walter C., Joshua R. Edwards, Daniel W. Nebert, James M. Woods, Aaron Barchowsky, and William D. Atchison. "The Vascular System as a Target of Metal Toxicity." Toxicological Sciences 102, no. 2 (October 18, 2007): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm263.

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Kirillov, I. R., I. V. Mazul, A. A. Kazakov, and V. V. Yakovlev. "Solid plate divertor target cooled by liquid metal jet." Plasma Devices and Operations 4, no. 1 (April 1995): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10519999508226612.

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Komor, Alexis C., and Jacqueline K. Barton. "The path for metal complexes to a DNA target." Chemical Communications 49, no. 35 (2013): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc00177f.

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Abbas, S., M. P. Khan, S. K. Maurya, A. Ashok, N. Chattopadhyay, and S. Bandyopadhyay. "Bone development: A major target of heavy metal toxicity." Bone 51, no. 6 (December 2012): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.08.030.

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Wang, Fu Sheng, Yao Yao Ji, Jing Lin Zhang, and Sheng Jun Qiao. "Dynamical Penetration Simulation of Solid Target under Shaped Charge Liner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.410.

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A finite element model of rock mass under linear conical shaped charge liner including explosive, metal liner, air and rock mass is built. The ALE algorithm is applied to simulate the penetration characteristic of rock mass and analyze the influencing factors such as the cone angle, the wall thickness of metal liner, and the standoff distance. Fluid-structure coupling condition is used between metal liner and air as well as between air and rock mass. The present results show that LS-DYNA can be well used to simulate the progress of jet formation and rock penetration with the transmission and focusing of shock stress wave. The different cone angles, wall thicknesses of the metal liner, and the standoff distances will influence the penetration effect.

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Ignatova, Anna, Mikhail Nikhamkin, Leonid Voronov, and Mikhail Ignatov. "FEATURES OF DESTRUCTION OF METAL TARGET AND NON-METAL PUNCHER IN HIGH SPEED CONNECTIVITY." PNIPU Bulletin. The mechanical engineering, materials science, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9877/2016.1.15.

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Budimir, Ana. "Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy." Acta Pharmaceutica 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-011-0006-6.

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Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapyIn the last few years, various studies have been providing evidence that metal ions are critically involved in the pathogenesis of major neurological diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson). Metal ion chelators have been suggested as potential therapies for diseases involving metal ion imbalance. Neurodegeneration is an excellent target for exploiting the metal chelator approach to therapeutics. In contrast to the direct chelation approach in metal ion overload disorders, in neurodegeneration the goal seems to be a better and subtle modulation of metal ion homeostasis, aimed at restoring ionic balance. Thus, moderate chelators able to coordinate deleterious metals without disturbing metal homeostasis are needed. To date, several chelating agents have been investigated for their potential to treat neurodegeneration, and a series of 8-hydroxyquinoline analogues showed the greatest potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Simoncelli, Emanuele, Augusto Stancampiano, Marco Boselli, Matteo Gherardi, and Vittorio Colombo. "Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Target Physical Properties on an Impinging Plasma Jet." Plasma 2, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2030029.

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The present work aims to investigate the interaction between a plasma jet and targets with different physical properties. Electrical, morphological and fluid-dynamic characterizations were performed on a plasma jet impinging on metal, dielectric and liquid substrates by means of Intensified Charge-Coupled Device (ICCD) and high-speed Schlieren imaging techniques. The results highlight how the light emission of the discharge, its time behavior and morphology, and the plasma-induced turbulence in the flow are affected by the nature of the target. Surprisingly, the liquid target induces the formation of turbulent fronts in the gas flow similar to the metal target, although the dissipated power in the former case is lower than in the latter. On the other hand, the propagation velocity of the turbulent front is independent of the target nature and it is affected only by the working gas flow rate.

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Cheng, Hong, Bobo Yang, Tao Ke, Shaojun Li, Xiaobo Yang, Michael Aschner, and Pan Chen. "Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders." Toxics 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060142.

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Metals are actively involved in multiple catalytic physiological activities. However, metal overload may result in neurotoxicity as it increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevates oxidative stress in the nervous system. Mitochondria are a key target of metal-induced toxicity, given their role in energy production. As the brain consumes a large amount of energy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent decrease in levels of ATP may significantly disrupt brain function, resulting in neuronal cell death and ensuing neurological disorders. Here, we address contemporary studies on metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the nervous system.

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Yoon, Hae Won, Han Chan Lee, Seung Yong Shin, Se Hun Kwon, and Kyoung Il Moon. "Preparation of Zr-Al-Mo-Cu Single Targets with Glass Forming Ability and Deposition of Thin Film Metallic Glass." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040398.

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Generally, thin-film metal glass (TFMG) is deposited using two or more elemental targets. Thus, achievement of a homogeneous coating during mass production is difficult. As a new method of TFMG deposition, a single target with high glass-forming ability (GFA) has been used to improve the sputtering process, facilitating easy processing and broad application of sputtering targets. In this study, three kinds of targets (i.e., cast, amorphous, and crystalline targets) are prepared via casting and powder processes. The thermal and mechanical properties of the three targets prepared using the various methods are investigated, and the crystalline target is found to be the most thermodynamically and mechanically stable of the three alternatives. In addition, for TFMG deposited using the microcrystalline target, excellent compositional uniformity between the target and coating is achieved. Therefore, this study experimentally demonstrates that a fine crystalline target is most suitable for use as a multi-component single target in GFA manufacturing methods. These findings are expected to facilitate commercial use of TFMGs.

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Neuhausen, Jörg. "Radionuclide Chemistry in Nuclear Facilities Based on Heavy Liquid Metal Coolants: Past, Present and Future." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.976.

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Heavy liquid metals such as lead and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) are considered as spallation target material for next-generation neutron sources and as coolant of fast spectrum nuclear reactors that are developed to facilitate more efficient use of nuclear fuel as well as transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste. During the operation of such facilities, the heavy liquid metal will be activated by nuclear reactions. Additionally, fission product radionuclides may be introduced into the liquid metal from leaking fuel pins or by fission of the target nuclei in spallation. The chemical behaviour of these radioactive contaminants in the liquid metal – especially their immediate volatilization or volatilization of formed secondary compounds – may affect the safety of such facilities. The present article summarizes the activities of PSI's Laboratory of Radiochemistry towards a better understanding of the chemistry of potentially hazardous radionuclides in LBE and discusses aspects that need to be addressed in future to support the licensing of heavy liquid metal-based nuclear facilities.

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Kvetková, Lenka, Petra Hviščová, Zuzana Molčanová, Margita Kabátová, František Lofaj, and Vladimír Girman. "Structural and mechanical properties of W-C: H coatings prepared by HiTUS." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021012.

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The structure and mechanical properties of hydrogenated tungsten-carbon (W-C: H) coatings have been studied as a function of the composition and structure. These coatings were prepared by the High Target Utilization Sputtering (HiTUS), the first time used for this type of coatings. W-C: H coatings were deposited from tungsten–carbide target in argon, argon–acetylene (C2H2), and argon–methane (CH4) atmosphere on bearing steel 100Cr6 substrate, Al substrate, Si wafer a, and WC-Co substrate. W-C: H coatings obtained at different acetylene and methane flow were characterized by Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS), X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoindentation. Mechanical properties of these coatings are controlled within a range through a change in mutual concentration of crystalline phase and amorphous hydrogenated carbon matrix. The higher hardness (Hit = 29.5 ± 4.5 GPa) was measured for coating with 3 sccm methane addition. W-C: H coatings with more than 4 sccm of C2H2 and CH4 addition had fully amorphous structure and worse off mechanical properties.

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Beaujean, Pierre-Philippe J., Lisa N. Brisson, and Shahriar Negahdaripour. "High-Resolution Imaging Sonar and Video Technologies for Detection and Classification of Underwater Munitions." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.6.6.

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AbstractThe detection of and response to underwater munitions will undoubtedly require the appropriate combinations of fully integrated sensors and imaging systems and platforms, as well as navigation and positioning technologies, to handle the variability in bottom conditions, water clarity and depth, size and type of munitions of interest, whether they are buried or proud. Where visibility allows, practically no sensing modality matches the details and information content from optical imaging systems for target localization, discrimination and identification. The significant disadvantage of optical systems for underwater applications is the range limitation. Sonar imaging systems are of limited resolution but do not have such a severe range limitation, as acoustic energy propagates well through turbid waters.In this study, we have explored two aspects of the munitions detection and classification process: (1) high-resolution mapping of an environment using a high-frequency sonar system to determine footprints of areas with munitions present and target localization in a wide-area survey and to perform detailed surveys for individual detected items during a re-acquisition process and (2) Multiple-Aspect Fixed-Range Template Matching (MAFR-TM) for detection and classification of the potential target.The MAFR-TM approach was tested using (1) a singular target scene collected in a test tank, (2) a cluttered scene acquired in the same test tank, and (3) a cluttered scene obtained in a realistic field environment (a marina). The munitions-like targets were cylinders made of steel or aluminum. The clutter was a collection of PVC tubes. Biological growth surrounded the target and artificial clutter in the marina. The experimental results indicate that the detection algorithm performs fairly well with the tank data (100% of the targets are detected) and cluttered tank data (94.44%). The classification between metals and plastics, proper orientation and target localization is also of good quality: 94.4% of the detected targets are properly classified as metal alloy if no clutter is present versus 82.35% in the presence of clutter. The algorithm performance in the marina is reasonably good, even though the overall performance drops: 61.11% of the targets are detected, and 68.18% of the detected targets are properly classified as metal alloy.

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Yi, Jianya, and Zhijun Wang. "Damage characteristics of polymer expansive jet based on the crater growth enhanced effect." Materials Express 9, no. 7 (October 1, 2019): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1556.

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In this study, a polymer liner is applied to a shaped charge warhead, and the formed expansive jet exhibits a crater growth enhancement effect that can effectively damage the armored vehicle target. To examine the damage characteristics of polymer expansive jet, three polymer materials with different properties were selected, namely polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon (PA), and polycarbonate (PC). The penetration results of light aluminum target and heavy steel target are analyzed via the SPH method and AUTODYN finite element software and verified via experiments. The results indicate that for light aluminum targets, the enlarged hole diameter of polymer expansive jet exceeds that of metal jets, and the penetration depth is lower than that of a metal jet. The results also suggest that the crater growth enhanced effect is more evident when the stand-off is small. With respect to high strength steel targets, the penetration ability of polymer expansive jet is limited. However, for low strength aluminum targets, the crater growth enhancement of the polymer expansive jet is reflected.

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