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Antunes, Ana Paula Martins. "Removal and recovery of gold and platinum from aqueous solutions utilising the non-viable biomass Asolla filiculoides." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003726.
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Waste water from the mining industry is generally extremely complex and contains numerous species which influence the adsorption of the metals to any biomass. A variety of factors need to be addressed before treatment is considered viable. It is also beneficial to establish the binding characteristics of the metal of interest to maximise its interaction with the biomass to be utilised. Azalia filiculaides was investigated in the adsorption of gold(III), lead(II), iron(ID), copper(II) and platinum (IV). In batch studies, the optimum biomass and initial gold(III) concentrations were found to be 5 gIL and 8 mgIL respectively. The adsorption of gold(ID) is principally pH-dependent with optimal removal at pH 2. Lead(II), iron(III) and copper(II) did not compete with gold(III) adsorption under equimolar and simulated effluent conditions. Halides, with increasing affinity for gold (chloride < bromide < iodide), can affect gold uptake with the soft base, iodide, exhibiting the most inhibition (25%) and the hard base, chloride, O%. Mercaptoethanol (soft base) showed no interference in gold(III) adsorption while the presence of sulphate (hard base) and sulphite (borderline base) showed that concentrations in excess of 1 0 mM may adversely affect gold(ill) uptake, most likely due to competition for cationic sites on the biomass. Column studies, better suited to high volume treatment, indicated that a flow-rate of 5 mL/min and an initial gold(ill) concentration of 5 mgIL was optimal. Competitive effects between lead, iron, copper and gold again showed little or no interference. The halides, chloride, bromide and iodide, affect gold(ill) uptake similarly to the batch studies, while the bases mercaptoethanol and sulphate minimally affect gold(III) binding with sulphite severely hampering adsorption (70% inhibition). To optimise gold desorption, preliminary batch studies indicated that a ratio of 1:1 of adsorbentdesorbent was optimal, whilst gas purging of thiourea with oxygen, air and nitrogen decreased gold elution in proportion to decreased amounts of oxygen. A series of desorbents were utilised, in column studies, to optimise and determine the speciation of bound gold. The presence of an oxidant with thiourea enhanced desorption greater than 3 fold when compared with thiourea alone. Thiourea desorption studies, aided by the oxidant, suggest that gold is present in the + I and 0 oxidation states. Ultimately thiourea, perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid was found to be the most optimal elutant for gold (J 00% recovery). For selective metal recovery oflead and copper, pre-washing the plant material with water, utilising an acid (0.3 M nitric acid), pumping in an up-flow mode, and recycling the desorbent six times was found to be optimal elutant for gold (J 00% recovery). Cost analysis of utilising elutant versus incinerating the biomass for gold recovery indicated the latter as the most economical. Over a 5 cycle adsorption and desorption series, acid desorption before each adsorption cycle was found to result in greater than 92% desorption for lead and 96% for copper. Gold recovery was 97% with incineration. A preliminary study with gold effluent (Mine C) indicated that nickel and sulphate was removed in batch and column studies. Gold removal was found to be 100% and 4% in batch and column studies respectively. Adsorption of gold in the effluent study was accompanied by the release ofHt. Modifying the plant material with various reagents failed to identify the primary binding sites and the role of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids in gold(ill) uptake. The mode of gold binding is suggested as being initially ionic, this is very rapid, with the interaction of the anionic complex, [AuCI₄]". with the cationic biomass (PH 2). This eventually leads to the displacement of the chloride ligand(s) initiating covalent binding. Spectral studies of the chemical interaction between gold and the representative tannins indicated the protonated hydroxy groups to be responsible. All evidence suggests that the binding mechanisms of gold are not simple. Preliminary adsorption studies of platinum by Azalia filiculaides were conducted. Batch studies indicated that J gIL biomass concentration, initial platinum concentration of 20 mgIL and pH 2 are optimal, while the column studies indicated a flow-rate of! 0 rnL/min and initial platinum concentration of 20 mgIL as optimal. In the platinum effluent study, platinum showed a removal of 23 % and 2 J % for the batch and column studies respectively. Again adsorption was accompanied by //' release. Azalia filiculaides demonstrated its feasibility in the removal of gold and platinum from simulated as well as waste water solutions. Its potential viability as a biosorbent was demonstrated by the high recovery from synthetic solutions of greater than 99% for gold (2-10 mgIL), and greater than 89% for platinum (20 mgIL).
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ORTIZ, NILCE. "Estudo da utilizacao de magnetita como material adsorvedor dos metais Cusup(2+), Pbsup(2+), Nisup(2+) e Cdsup(2+), em solucao." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10825.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Deplanche, Kevin. "New nanocatalysts made by bacteria from metal solutions and recycling of metal waste." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532277.
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In this thesis, the bioconversion of palladium and gold solutions and gold-bearing wastes into highly valuable mono- and bimetallic catalysts is described. This process relies on bioreduction; the ability of some bacteria to reduce Pd(II) and Au(III) ions at the expense of an exogenous electron donor with precipitation as zero valent metals. The resulting metallic nanoparticles (NPs) immobilised on the outer membrane and within the periplasm exhibit remarkable catalytic properties, sometimes surpassing commercially available catalyst formulations in terms of activity and/or selectivity. Previous studies in the field have mainly focused on the ability of Desulfovibrio spp. to reduce Pd(II) from both surrogate solutions and reprocessing wastes. The mechanism of Pd(II) reduction in this genus was previously shown to be enzymatic, involving hydrogenases, key enzymes of hydrogen metabolism. In this study, a detailed investigation into the mechanism of Pd(II) reduction by Escherichia coli using a genetic approach confirmed hydrogenase involvement and additionally showed that these enzymes are needed to initiate the formation of Pd(O) nuclei. Genetically engineered strains depleted of all functional hydrogenases lost their ability to produce Pd(O) NPs, which in turn greatly affected the catalytic activity of the resulting bioinorganic catalyst ("bioPd(O)"). Further studies suggested that the nature of the bacterial support also influenced the catalytic activity of bioPd(O) preparations. Seven bacterial strains, representing different Gramnegative and Gram-positive genera, were tested for Pd(II) reduction. Large differences in Pd(II) sorption and Pd(II) reduction ability were observed between strains; the combination of these factors affected the final size distribution of the cell-bound Pd(O) NPs and hence the catalytic activity of the resulting bioPd(O) preparations. Bioinorganic catalysts were shown to be active and/or selective in a wide variety of reactions, including Cr(VI) reduction, hydrogenolysis (reductive dehalogenation), Heck coupling and oxidations. The bioreductive approach was applied to demonstrate Au(III) reduction and recovery using cells of D. desulfuricans and E. coli and the first evidence of the catalytic activity of biogenic Au(O) NPs is presented. Au(III) reduction was slower than Pd(II) reduction and only partially involved hydrogenases which suggested the involvement of an additional different reduction route. However, introducing a bionanocatalyst consisting of lightly pre-palladized cells into the process greatly improved the speed of Au(III) reduction and resulted in the formation of highly ordered AulPd core/shell nanostructures which exhibited catalytic properties not seen with traditional chemical counterparts.
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Julião, Paulo Sérgio Barros. "Electrolytic cells for plastic waste recycling." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15804.
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Mestrado em Sistemas Energéticos SustentáveisThe current project assesses potential molten alloy anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) running on solid waste. A detailed phase diagram study was performed to locate probable anode systems. The molten metal oxide system PbO-Sb2O3 was selected as a possible molten alloy anode for this application. A detailed vapour pressure study of this system was performed. Several cells were fabricated to experimentally assess the electrochemical properties of this system. The work reveals several unexpected limiting features such as the incompatibility between the platinum and the chosen alloy. A second cell was built, this time using rhenium wires instead, preventing such reaction. However, the rhenium wire sublimes under oxidizing conditions (air) and the sealing glass and the chosen alloy system react with each other under long term use. Considering all these issues, a third cell design was conceived, surpassing some obstacles and providing some initial information regarding the electrochemical behaviour. The current project shows that many parameters need to be taken into account to ensure materials compatibility. For the PbOSb2O3 system, the high volatility of Sb2O3 was a serious limitation that can only be addressed through the application of new contact wires or sealing materials and conditions. Nonetheless, the project highlights several other potential systems that can be considered, such as Pb11Ge3O17, Pb3GeO5, Pb5Ge3O11, Bi2CuO4, Bi2PdO4, Bi12GeO20.
Este estudo incidiu sobre potenciais ânodos líquidos de ligas metálicas para células electrolíticas (do tipo SOFC) alimentadas por resíduos sólidos. Alguns sistemas de ânodos possíveis foram identificados através de um estudo detalhado de diagramas de fase. O sistema de óxidos metálicos PbO-Sb2O3 foi selecionado como uma possível liga metálica para esta aplicação. Este sistema foi sujeito a um estudo detalhado de pressão de vapor. Algumas células foram fabricadas para avaliar experimentalmente as propriedades electro-químicas deste sistema. Este trabalho revela imensas características que inesperadamente limitaram este estudo, tal como a incompatibilidade entre platina e a liga metálica escolhida. Uma segunda célula foi construída, desta vez usando um fio de rénio, prevenindo tal reacção. No entanto, o fio de rénio sublima sobre condições oxidantes (ar) e, perante um uso prolongado, o vidro selante e a liga metálica reagem entre si. Considerando todas estas incompatibilidades, um terceiro modelo de célula foi criado, ultrapassando alguns obstáculos e fornecendo alguma informação inicial relativa ao comportamento electro-químico. O presente trabalho mostra que vários parâmetros precisam precisam de ser abordados de modo a assegurar a compatibilidade dos materiais. Relativamente ao sistema PbO-Sb2O3, a elevada volatilidade de Sb2O3 foi uma grave limitação que só pode ser contornada através da aplicação de novos fios conectores, materiais e condições de selamento. No entanto, este projecto destaca outros potenciais sistemas que podem ser estudados, como Pb11Ge3O17, Pb3GeO5, Pb5Ge3O11, Bi2CuO4, Bi2PdO4, Bi12GeO20.
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Ho, Ho-chuen Federick, and 何浩全. "Ferrous metal balance of Hong Kong: consumption, waste generation, recycling and disposal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125374X.
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Ho, Ho-chuen Federick. "Ferrous metal balance of Hong Kong : consumption, waste generation, recycling and disposal /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734893.
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Pietersen, Melanie. "The reconstruction of second-hand furniture and scrap metal : inspired by the architectural structures of deconstructivism." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1438.
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Thesis (BTech (Surface Design))Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010The purpose of this research is to explore and create an understanding of how architectural structures. that adhere to deconstructivist design principles, can inspire the reconstruction of second-hand school fumiture and scrap metal. The planned pieces will continue to create an awareness of sustainability, by designing for reuse. These functional fumiture pieces of low tables and chairs will be handcrafted, appealing to a niche market, or specific spaces and they will act as expressions of contradiction. This research will act as an addition to a body of knowledge, where I will primarily focus on contradicting the traditional form and aesthetic of furniture design. I have decided to create these functional pieces to express a new possible direction of furniture design. The study context is a potential confrontational experience in that I want to challenge the conventional form and aesthetics of fumiture design. These pieces of fumiture will be placed in a niche market where they will exist as one-offs that are not produced for mass-consumption, as they will be individually hand-erafted. These days more and more people are attempting to live in a more sustainable manner by practicing to reduce our consumption of products and resources; reuse that which we have disposed of and forgotten as consumers and to recycle waste products and transform them into a feasible afterlife (Martin, 2010). The theory is focused on Sohaill Inayatullah's theory of "Futures Thinking", and this .theory is further supported by Victor Margolin's study of changing existing situations into preferred ones. The research further reflects on Jacques Derrida's theory of deconstruction, and this research is further supported by the theory of sustainability, by designing for reuse, with a focus on Ezio Manzini. Therefore, my research study is concerned with confronting and challenging the conformity that the form of furniture and its aesthetic adhere to.
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CHEPCANOFF, VERA. "Separacao e recuperacao de cromio e outros elementos de valor em solucoes de trabalho e residuos industriais de galvanoplastia por troca ionica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10909.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Le, Hoang-Long. "Evaluation of Recyclability and Recycling Efficiency of Metals for Waste Printed Circuit Boards." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180597.
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Olson, Lauren K. "Promoting sustainability mental models research to inform the design of a campus recycling program /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 3, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-146). Also issued in print.
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SILVA, ANTONIO C. da. "Vidros e vitroceramicos com alta concentracao de metais obtidos a partir de residuos industriais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11765.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Nguyen, Joseph Vu. "Design, synthesis, and optimization of recoverable and recyclable silica-immobilized atom transfer radical polymerization catalystal." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-03072005-105351/unrestricted/nguyen%5Fjoseph%5Fv%5F200505%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.Jones, Christopher, Committee Chair ; Eckert, Charles, Committee Member ; Schork, Joseph, Committee Member ; Weck, Marcus, Committee Member ; Zhang, John, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kim, Stephani S. "Informal Electronic Waste Recycling: Metal Concentrations in Pregnant Women and Neonates and Associations with Adverse Birth Outcomes in Guiyu, China." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1505127360044436.
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Johansson, Ingrid, and Walter Deltin. "Utilization of Pulp and Paper Waste Products in the Metal Industry : Initial testing of carbon-containing waste material briquettes." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231792.
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Today, a huge part of waste products from pulp and paper industries ends up in landfill which is both economically and environmentally adversely. This report examines the possibilities of using those products as a slag foamer and fuel in different furnaces in the metal industry. The waste products contain valuable elements, especially carbon. Therefore, there is an increased interest in finding possible use for the waste products in the metal industry. The reuse would contribute to preservation of energy as fossil fuel can be replaced. In the report, two waste materials called mixed biosludge and fiber reject are examined. The experiments are performed with the waste products pressed together with a base material and cement forming a briquette. The requirements examined are strength needed for both transportation and use in furnaces and ability to create a foaming slag. The results in strength were ambiguous, no waste material based briquettes met the set criteria. As of now, the briquettes are probably not strong enough to be transported. No foaming occurred during the experiment, but only one experiment was performed. Therefore, further experiments are needed before any conclusions can be drawn. The briquettes can possibly replace coke and coal in applications where strength is not as important. Nevertheless, it is uncertain if the briquettes affect the steel quality.Idag läggs en stor del av restprodukter från pappers och massaindustrin på deponi, vilket innebär såväl ekonomiska som miljömässiga nackdelar. Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheterna att använda dessa restprodukter som slaggskummare och bränsle i de olika ugnarna inom metallindustrin. Restprodukterna innehåller värdefulla ämnen, framförallt kol. Därför finns det ett ökat intresse för att hitta möjliga användningsområden för restprodukterna inom metallindustrin. Denna återanvändning skulle bidra till energibevarande eftersom fossila bränslen kan ersättas. I den här rapporten undersöks två restmaterial, blandat biologiskt slam och fiberavfall. Experimenten utfördes med dessa restprodukter pressade samman med ett basmaterial och cement till en brikett. Kraven som undersöks är styrka för både transport och användning i ugnarna samt förmågan att skumma en slagg. Resultaten för briketternas styrka var tvetydiga, inga av briketterna innehållande restprodukter satisfierade det uppsatta kriteriet. Styrkan är troligtvis för låg för att transport ska vara möjlig. Ingen skumning skedde under experimentet, men endast ett experiment genomfördes. Därför behöver ytterligare experiment genomföras innan några slutsatser kan dras. Men briketterna tros kunna ersätta koks och kol där styrkan inte är viktig. Men det är osäkert om briketterna påverkar stålkvaliteten.
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Reuter, Markus Andreas. "The fundamental limits of recycling : from minerals processing to computer aided design of automobiles and other consumer goods." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1331.
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Thesis (PhD (Process Engineering)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.My applied engineering research and industrial application work of the past 20 years is presented in this dissertation. It is the conjecture of my work that only if thorough first principles knowledge of the depth of process metallurgy and recycling is available, can meaningful first principles environmental models be developed. These models can then evaluate technology, provide well argued and first principles environmental information to our tax paying consumer society as well as to legislators and environmentalists. Only through this path can one estimate the limits of recycling and its technology, hence evaluate the true boundaries of sustainability. My work with students has presently culminated in the detailed modelling and simulation of recycling systems for post-consumer goods. Notably the models are finding an application in the prediction of legally required recycling rates for automobiles. The models provide first principles arguments for less stringent EU recycling legislation and the integration of the first principles models in computer aided design tools of the automotive industry as part of a large EU 6th Framework (project managed by Volkswagen and the other European car producers). Presently these models are also being converted to model the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) as well as water recycling systems respectively, both for industry in The Netherlands. This unique rigorous integration of systems engineering, reactor technology and process control theory is the basis of all my work to describe recycling systems as dynamic feedback control loops. My large body of acquired industrial knowledge renders these models practical and can hence be used by the automotive and recycling industries. The origins of this work may be found in the various cited publications and reports to industry by myself (due to my close association with industry as well as industrial experience) over the past 20 years as well as the work of my students, covering topics such as: • system optimization models for flotation, mineral beneficiation and recycling systems and applying these for design for recycling and argue for better/improved first-principles based legislation, • industrial measurement, modelling and simulation of industrial extractive process pyrometallurgical reactors as well waste incinerators and recycling plants, • various activities in other areas such as hydrometallurgy, clean and new breakthrough technology, and • process control of industrial metallurgical reactors by among others the application of artificial intelligence techniques. All the ideas of the last years have been worked out with students and have been summarized in our book: “The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology, Harmonizing the resource, technology and environmental cycles”.
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AMORIM, ALDO S. de. "Alternativas de reciclagem de lama de aciaria em concretos e argamassas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10871.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Melo, Fábio Sebastião Duarte de. "Recuperação de metais e reutilização da água do efluente industrial do processamento de zinco por coluna de troca iônica e adsorção." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2006. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=258.
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NenhumaA pesquisa consistiu no estudo de recuperação do zinco e metais associados presentes no efluente do processo industrial, como também na reciclagem da água para o processo produtivo da Votorantin Metais Unidade Juiz de Fora, empregando-se o processo de adsorção por troca iônica, visando obter condições operacionais que viabilizasse a implantação do sistema. Os principais constituintes do efluente estudado são: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu e Pb. A investigação realizada, se aplicada ao processo industrial, possibilita a reciclagem de alguns destes metais, tais como: Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb. Os demais metais podem ser removidos do sistema viabilizando a reutilização da água, atualmente descartada. Para a recuperação dos metais foi utilizado o processo de adsorção com trocadores iônicos, tendo sido empregadas resinas de troca iônica, zeólitas e outros adsorventes naturais, que geralmente são empregados em soluções que contenham baixas concentrações de metais, tal como a amostra investigada. A amostra foi coletada na bacia de equalização, local este que recebe todo efluente da planta industrial para tratamento final e posterior descarte no corpo receptor.
The research consisted of the study of recovery of zinc and metals associates present in the effluent of the industrial process of the Votorantin Metais, Juiz de Fora Unit. The main constituent of the shedied effluent are: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The experimental work, if applied to the industrial process, will enable the recovery of some of these metals, such as: Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The metals can be removed from the system enabling the recicling of the water curretly discarded. This research was developed considering the conditions that enabled tha set up of the system. For metals recovery it was used the adsorption process with ionic exchangers, such as exchange zeolites and other natural adsorbents. These materials are generally used in solutions that contain low metal concentrations, as the investigated sample. This sample was collected in the Bacia de Equalização where all effluentes generated in the industrial plant are sent and the final treatment befor discarding is made.
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Maier, Sara. "Slagg från ArcFume-processer : lakbarhet och återvinningsmöjlighete." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-248039.
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Metaller som bryts och utvinns primärt förekommer tillsammans med många andra metaller i malmer och mineral. Avfallsströmmar från metallindustrin har därför ett varierat innehåll av många olika metaller. Metallerna är ofta skadliga för miljön och kan skapa problem för metallproducenterna om halterna är så höga att avfallen inte ens kan deponeras. Det finns skräddarsydda metallurgiska processer för att upparbeta metallhaltigt avfall, i syfte att utvinna de värdefulla metallerna och producera en lakstabil slagg med lågt metallinnehåll. En lakstabil slagg kan ha miljömässiga fördelar som gör att den kan ersätta jungfruligt brutet material, exempelvis bergkross, som fyllnadsmaterial eller i andra anläggningsändamål. I detta projekt studerades två slagger som uppkommit genom behandling av metallhaltigt avfall. För båda slaggerna analyserades metallinnehåll och lakbarhet och resultaten jämfördes mot några valda bedömningsgrunder. Dels innehåller avfallsförordningen gränsvärden för det totala innehållet av metaller för att ett avfall ska betraktas som icke farligt, dels finns mottagnings-kriterier på deponier för avfall i olika farlighetsklasser. I mottagningskriterierna finns gränsvärden för koncentrationen av metaller i lakvätskan vid L/S-kvoten 0,1 l/kg samt den kumulativt utlakade mängden vid L/S-kvoten 10 l/kg. Lakbarheten testades med två olika metoder. På ackrediterat laboratorium gjordes ett standardiserat perkolationstest där materialet packas i en kolonn som sedan sakta genom-strömmas med vatten. Koncentrationen av olika ämnen mäts i lakvätskan när förutbestämda vattenvolymer passerat igenom och kan sedan räknas om till utlakad mängd. Det är endast resultat från ett sådant test som kan användas för att klassificera materialet enligt gällande deponeringskriterier. En billigare och enklare metod kan dock användas för jämförelse-provtagning. Det är ett tvåstegs skaktest där en uppvägd mängd material skakas med en bestämd vattenvolym. Fyra upprepade försök gjordes för varje slagg och lakvattnen sändes till laboratorium för analys. Koncentrationen i lakvätskan mättes och kunde räknas om till utlakad metallmängd. Vissa resultatskillnader mellan de båda metoderna noterades, men låga utlakade mängder uppmättes och materialen uppfyllde nästan alla mottagningskriterier för att kunna tas emot på deponier för inert avfall. Resultaten från kolonnlakningen visade på lägre utlakade mängder än resultaten från skakförsöken. Det kan förklaras med längre kontakttid mellan vatten och material i skakflaskorna. Där sker en nötning av materialet som frilägger nya lakbara ytor. I kolonnen är det hela tiden nytt vatten som kommer i kontakt med materialet. Fler tester bör göras för att bestämma totalhalten av metaller i slaggerna innan man beslutar att använda dem i någon tillämpning. Slaggerna bör inte nyttiggöras inom vattenskyddsområde eller annan plats där känsligt vatten riskerar att förorenas.Primarily mined and extracted metals are in nature often found together with many other metals in ores and minerals. Therefore, waste from the metal industry might have a varied content of many different metals. These metals are often harmful to the environment and can cause problems. For the metal producers, there is a problem if the metal content in their waste is higher than what is accepted on landfills. There are accurate metallurgical processes to recover the valuable metals from the waste and produce a slag with a low metal content that also is leach stable. Such a leach stable slag might have environmental advantages though it could replace natural material such as gravel as a filler or in other construction purposes. In this project, two slags resulting from the treatment of metal-containing wastes has been studied. For both slags, the metal content and the leachability were analyzed and the results were compared against some selected criteria. The waste regulation declares limits for the total content of metals for which the waste can be considered non-hazardous. Also, there is acceptance criteria on landfills for waste in different hazard classes. The acceptance criteria describes limits for the concentration of metals in the leachate at L/S ratio of 0.1 l/kg, and the cumulative leached amount at L/S ratio of 10 l/kg. The leachability was studied with two different methods. At an accredited laboratory, a standardized percolation test was made. In such tests, material is packed in a column and then slowly perfused with water. The concentration of various substances is measured in the leachate when predetermined volumes of water has passed through the column and can then be converted into leached amount. It is only the results of such a test that can be used to classify material according to local landfill criteria. A cheaper and easier method which can be used for comparison testing is a two stage batch test. In these tests, a weighed amount of material is shaken with a given water volume for a given time. Four repeated attempts were made for each slag and the leachates was sent to the same laboratory for analysis. The concentration in the leachate were measured and could be counted on to leached metal variety. Some differences between the two methods was noticed, but low leached amounts were measured all over and the materials met almost all criteria in order to be accepted at landfills for inert waste. The results of the percolation test showed lower leached amounts than the results of the batch test. This can be explained by the longer contact time between the water and materials in the bottles. There, an abrasion of the material that uncovers new leachable surfaces occurs. In the column, there is always new water that comes in contact with the material. Extended testing should be done to determine the total content of metals in the slags before deciding to use them in any application. Slags should not be utilized in a water protection area or other place where there is a risk for contamination of any sensitive water.
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Deng, Wen Jing. "Characterization and cytotoxicity of POPs and heavy metals in TSP and PM2.5 from an electronic waste recycling site, compared with five urban sites in SE China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/812.
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Natkevičiūtė, Agnė. "Elektroninių mašinų perdirbimo įmonė Elektrėnuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080625_094206-46748.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe susipažįstama su atliekas perdirbančių įmonių projektavimo ypatumais, užsienio šalių šios srities patirtimi, nagrinėjamos vyraujančios pramoninių objektų, jų kompleksų funkcinės ir technologinės schemos bei pagrindiniai veiksniai, lemiantys erdvinius – tūrinius sprendinius. Vadovaujantis analizių išvadomis ir atliktų tyrimų rezultatais, Elektrėnuose projektuojamas į atskirus tūrius išskaidytas kompleksas, kurio atskiruose segmentuose numatoma administracinė ir gamybinė funkcijos. Fiziškai kompleksą jungia techninis kiemas ir greta projektuojamas žaliasis parkas su lauko ekspozicija. Taip pat siūlomas urbanistinis teritorijos prieigų tvarkymas. Siekiant nukreipti krovininį transportą nuo išilgai Šviesos gatvės i���sidėsčiusių gyvenamųjų kvartalų, formuojami nauji privažiavimai nuo greitkelio. Numatomas žaliasis parkas vizualiai pridengia žemiau projektuojamą techninį kiemą, įkomponuoti vejoje išryškėja gamyklos tūriai. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, analitinė šaltinių apžvalga, vietos tyrimas, variantinis projektavimas, išvados ir siūlymai, projektas, literatūros sąrašas. Projekte pateikiama: analitinė medžiaga, pastato architektūriniai sprendimai (brėžiniai, maketai), aprašomos konstrukcinė, inžinerinės įrangos dalys, nurodomi techniniai ekonominiai rodikliai. Darbo apimtis – 78 puslapiai teksto be priedų, 52 iliustracijos, 30 bibliografinių šaltinių ir 4 internetiniai puslapiai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.In the final master project the specification of the recycling plant design and the experience of the foreign countries in designing industrial factories are introduced. The predominant functional, technical schemes of industrial buildings and complexes are analysed, the main issues of influence to spatial and volumetric solutions are discussed. According to the conclusions of analysis and results of researches, a conceptual model for the project of the recycling plant is prepared. Based on the situation analysis a complex of separate administration and three production volumes is designed. The four segments are united with a technical yard and a green park with outdoor installations. It also includes the transport proposition of the site and the surroundings. New entrance roads from the both sides of the main road and an underpass are designed with the view of diverting heavy traffic from residential area along Šviesos street. Structure: introduction, typological investigations, research of analogues, situation analysis, variant designing, conclusions and suggestions, project, explanatory text, references. The project consists of: architectural decisions (drawings and models), constructional and building services part, technical specifications. Thesis consists of: 78 p. text without appendixes, 52 pictures, 30 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.
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Vilímek, Pavel. "Řešení odpadového hospodářství se zaměřením na recyklovatelný odpad." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217909.
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Work with behind-go recycling waste with project on foundation firm applied in this branch. Next then by suggesting arrangement on recycling electric cable, development prises and processing price list.
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Nguyen, Joseph Vu. "Design, synthesis, and optimization of recoverable and recyclable silica-immobilized atom transfer radical polymerization catalysts." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6860.
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Despite the growing interest in heterogeneous polymerization catalysis, the majority of the polymerization catalysts used industrially are single-use entities that are left in the polymer product. Recoverable and recyclable polymerization catalysts have not reached the industrial utility of single-use catalysts because the catalyst and product separation have not become economical. The successful development of recyclable transition metal polymerization catalysts must take a rational design approach, hence academic and industrial researchers need to further expand the fundamental science and engineering of recyclable polymerization catalysis to gain an understanding of critical parameters that allow for the design of economically viable, recoverable solid polymerization catalysts.
Unfortunately, the rapid development of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization over the past 10 years has not resulted in its wide spread industrial practice. Numerous reports regarding the immobilization of transition metal ATRP catalysts, in attempts to increase its applicability, have extended the fundamentals of recyclable polymerization catalysis. However, for industrial viability, more research is required in the area of how the catalyst complex immobilization methodology and support structure affect the catalyst polymerization performance, regeneration, and recyclability. A comprehensive rational catalyst design approach of silica-immobilized ATRP catalyst was undertaken to answer these questions and are discussed here.
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Dias, Marcelo. "Reaproveitamento de residuos de chumbo na fabricação de placas de acumuladores eletricos automotivos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264437.
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Orientador: Sergio Tonini ButtonDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_Marcelo_M.pdf: 766952 bytes, checksum: fe095b522c7769ed98d42e60deea261d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a concorrência entre as indústrias vem ficando cada vez mais acirrada. Tem-se visto um movimento mundial no sentido de melhorar a competitividade, através de melhorias de qualidade nos produtos e serviços, redução de custos através da melhoria da produtividade, redução de quadro de pessoal e aumento da eficiência dos processos. O atendimento às normas e legislação ambientais também tem contribuído para a imagem das companhias, atuando a favor da sua competitividade. As empresas produtoras de baterias automotivas têm uma margem de lucro bastante reduzida por unidade produzida, portanto precisam produzir em larga escala, para serem lucrativas. A variabilidade dos processos, tanto administrativos quanto industriais, provoca desvios e gastos de recursos desnecessários, que devem ser eliminados. A intenção deste trabalho é demonstrar como ferramentas estatísticas podem ser utilizadas para reduzir a quantidade de borra de ligas de chumbo enviada para reciclagem externa, gerada na fundição de bobinas para a expansão de grades de baterias automotivas, através da utilização da filosofia Seis Sigma. O objetivo do trabalho foi atingido como se pode observar pela expressiva redução do nível de PPM atingido e sua conseqüente redução de custo. A redução de 55,4 % na quantidade de borra gerada significou menos resíduos de chumbo em circulação nas estradas e menos manuseio do material que, embora transportado na fase metálica, possui uma parte que se oxida e fica na forma de pó.
Abstract: In recent decades, the competition between industries is becoming increasingly fierce. It has seen a worldwide movement to improve competitiveness through quality improvements in products and services, reducing costs by improving productivity, reducing staff and increasing the efficiency of processes. The service standards and environmental legislation has also contributed to the image of companies, acting in favor of its competitiveness. The manufacturers of automotive batteries have a profit margin greatly reduced per unit of output, so they must produce on a large scale to be profitable.The variability of processes, both administrative and industrial to deflections and spending unnecessary resources, which must be eliminated. The intention of this work is to demonstrate how statistical tools can be used to reduce the amount of sludge lead alloys sent for recycling outside, generated in the casting reels for expanding grids of automotive batteries through the use of Six Sigma philosophy. The objective was achieved as shown by the significant reduction in the level of PPM achieved and the consequent cost reduction. The 55.4% reduction in the amount of sludge generated meant less waste lead in circulation on the roads and less handling of material that, while carried in metallic phase, has some rust and it is in powder form.
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Lindeberg, Sara. "Disclosing the definition on the upcycling concept : An exploratory study investigating the concept of upcycling and standardisation and its role on the path towards a circular textile industry." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23895.
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The ’upcycling’ term and concept have gained interest as a new strategy of implementing circularity within businesses, however the concept have not yet been defined, resulting in a somewhat divided perception of what it entails and what activities it includes. This misunderstanding may hinder the circular economy development. However, Standards have been discussed to add structure to the industry, concerning sustainable standards, they have been argued necessary in order to reach levels of necessary change. Thus, this study aims to explore what upcycling is, how such terminology is defined and standardized, furthermore how this might be a way to come closer to a circular textile industry. Together with a review of earlier research on standards, policies and around change in institutions, an in-depth literature review was conducted to depict the definitions on upcycling within different fields. Additionally, interviews were conducted with companies and ‘experts’ within the textile and fashion industry, investigating the industry’s perception on ‘upcycling’ along with standardization of such circular terminology. Findings of the study confirmed standards are an important way to reach a level of agreement enabling for a circular change. However, it existed split opinions on the definition of ‘upcycling’ and what activities that are in fact upcycling. Nonetheless most of the reviewed articles as well as respondents both amongst the companies as well as the ‘experts’ argued that it essentially means keeping value or adding value, financially and or value as material quality. However, concerning the activities and what the value adding activities are, it seems to depend in what state the discarded material or product are in. Hence it is important to evaluate before ‘upcycling’, making the process of upcycling more efficient, regarding material optimization, also financially more desirable, a win win. The thesis argues to provide with knowledge regarding the ‘upcycling’ concept, as well on the importance of agreed definitions through standards, how they are developed and how it encourages institutional change.
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Wang, Chao. "Present status and future trends of end-of-life vehicles in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2492993.
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Menad, Nourreddine. "Traitements thermiques des déchets industriels dans différentes atmosphères contrôlées en vue de leur dépollution et/ou de leur recyclage." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL078N.
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Les activités industrielles génèrent inévitablement des déchets quelquefois très toxiques. L’évolution des réglementations concernant leur mise en décharge et la pression de l'opinion publique poussent les communautés scientifique et technique à trouver des solutions pour ce problème. Ce travail a exploré les possibilités de la dépollution des déchets industriels métallifères de leurs éléments toxiques (ET) et d'enrichissement des résidus en métaux de valeur (MV). Des traitements thermiques sous atmosphères contrôlées (oxydante, réductrice et chlorurante) sont appliqués sur cinq échantillons provenant d'une usine d'extraction européenne des métaux non-ferreux. L’influence de l'atmosphère gazeuse, de la température, de la durée du traitement sur les taux d'élimination des ET et de concentration des MV est déterminée à l'aide de la DRX, du MEB, de l'analyse chimique, etc. Selon les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des déchets, il était possible d'éliminer en moyenne environ 62 à 99% des ET et de récupérer environ 35 à 100% des MV. Ainsi, il était possible de diminuer les teneurs des ET de 23 à 0,4% et d'accroitre celles des MV de 24 à 46%. Les ET sont séparés de la phase gazeuse par refroidissement alors que les MV sont concentrés dans le résidu du traitement. La réduction des déchets, à des températures 600°C, semble être le traitement le plus efficace pour leur dépollution et leur enrichissement. Certains déchets peuvent être recyclés directement dans les unités industrielles d'extraction des métaux non-ferreux
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Röman, Simon, and Marielle Krus. "Kodade Kläder : Spårbarhet genom forensisk märkning inom textilindustrin med fokus på sorteringsprocessen." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12384.
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Textilindustrins miljöpåverkan är hög, samtidigt som efterfrågan på textilfibrer ständigt ökar. Inom de kommande åren förväntas textilåtervinningen i Sverige att öka vilket skulle skapa en mer cirkulär resursanvändning som på så sätt kan minska tillverkningen av jungfruliga fibrer. För att återvinningsprocessen för de förbru- kade textilierna ska fungera optimalt krävs en sorteringsmetod med hög säkerhet i materialurskiljning. Inom kriminaltekniska områden används märkvätskor för att märka upp värdefulla föremål. Märkvätskorna baserade på metallsalter skapar unika sifferkoder som kan avläsas med en laserteknik kallad LA-ICP-MS. Om ett märkt föremål blir stulet och sedan återfinns av polisen kan märkvätskan avläsas och kopplas tillbaka till ägaren via en databas. Genom att applicera den osynliga forensiska märkvätskan på textilier var projektets förhoppning att skapa spårbarhet i det textila ledet med fo- kus på att underlätta sorteringsprocessen i återvinningsstadiet. Detta genom att skapa en säker märkning som sitter kvar under textilens hela användarfas. Märk- vätskan som användes i projektet kom från SmartWater Technology Ltd som är det ledande företaget i England inom forensiska märkningar. För att simulera en användarfas för ett bomullsplagg har testmetoder för färghär- dighet mot tvätt samt nötningshärdighet utförts. En extern analys utfördes på Smar- tWaters laboratorium i Telford, England, för att kontrollera om koderna gick att avläsa efter de utförda testerna. Testmetoderna har utförts utefter antagandet att metallkoderna har bättre härdighet än den fluoroscensiska färgen. Vid slitage inne- bär detta att färgen avlägsnas vid ett tidigare skede än metallsalterna, vilket resulte- rar i att kodens placering blir omöjlig att hitta utan dess färg. Under detta projekt har därför den fluoroscensiska färghärdigheten varit i fokus. Resultatet som erhölls från nötnings- och tvätthärdighetstestet analyserades under UV-ljus i ljusskåp genom att jämföra färgförändringen mot ett referensprov. En 5- gradig grå-grå-skala användes för att omvandla färgavvikelsen till numeriska vär- den, vartefter matematiska beräkningar utfördes för att kontrollera statistisk signi- fikans. Studien visade att märkvätskans fluoroscensiska färg försämras i takt med antal tvättar. Färgen försämrades något i jämförelse med referensprovet efter nöt- ning, men ingen signifikant skillnad kunde utläsas mellan provkropparna efter ökat antal varv i Martindalemaskinen. Analysen genom LA-ICP-MS kopplade samtliga provkroppar till korrekt applicerad kod vilket tyder på en säker avläsningsteknik. Baserat på tidigare nämnda resultat förväntas märkvätskan därför klara av en an- vändarfas för exempelvis ett ytterplagg eller en möbel i bomull. Fler tester krävs dock för att säkerhetsställa hur vätskan håller efter tid och ytterligare antal tvättar. Lasertekniken som användes för att avläsa koden är säker, men behöver utvecklas eller bytas ut för att en snabbare sorteringsprocess ska erhållas.The environmental impact for the textile industry is already high and with an in- creasing demand for textile fibers something has to change within the industry. The textile recycling in Sweden is expected to increase in the coming years, which would create a more circular resource utilization, thus reducing the production of virgin fibers. In order to create an optimal recycling process, a secure sorting method is required in material separation. To be able to track valuable objects within the forensic area, a compound based on metal salts is used to mark the objects. The metal composition can be translated into a specific and unique code with a laser method called LA-ICP-MS. The code can later be connected to a person or an organization registered within a database. This thesis examines the possibility to apply the forensic marking compound on a textile carrier to create a trustworthy traceability within the textile chain that is difficult to remove. Instead of register a person or an organization to a code, the vision was to connect a code to a material or a chemical content within the textile product. The forensic marking system used in this thesis came from SmartWater Technology Ltd, which is the leading company in England within forensic coding. A quantitative study was made to research how the forensic coding system based on metal salts acted on a textile carrier. The researched problem was based to ana- lyze the suitability to use a forensic marker system on a textile carrier with the aim to create traceability within the textile industry and to ease the sorting process. To be able to investigate the problem a simulated phase of use was made. Test methods were performed to analyze the impact of abrasion and the ability to with- stand washing for the forensic marking. An external analysis was made at Smart- Waters laboratory in Telford, England, to examine if the metal salts were de- codable, even when the forensic marking was in a bad condition. All the tests and analysis was made with the supposition that the metal salt coding had a better ad- hesion to the carrier than the fluorescence color. Since the coded area cannot be found without the color, the results have been based on the change in color of the fluorescence marking solution. The conclusion shows that the fluorescence colorfastness was decreasing with the number of washing cycles. Number of cycles in Martindale was not significant for a decrease in colorfastness. The LA-ICP-MS method was able to decode all of the samples and connect them to the applied codes. This indicates that the forensic marking system is durable and can be used to mark a garment or a piece of furni- ture that’s not washed a lot. However, more tests are required to ensure how the solution lasts over time and additional amounts of laundry. The LA-ICP-MC meth- od is secure, but one problem is that it’s stationary and therefore difficult to use in a sorting process.
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Wen, Fu-Lin, and 溫福麟. "Metal removal for recycling of silicon sawing waste." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2f6u33.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
100
Silicon ingot cut wafer produce abundant silicon sawing waste during the sawing process. If it can be recycled, it can reach the purpose of environmental protection and the reduction of cost. In order to promote the post application value of silicon and silicon carbide, the removal of metal impurities is essential when recycling silicon sawing waste. The experimental results show that silicon and silicon carbide can be separated by using centrifugation. When recycling of silicon sawing waste was performed by using the centrifugation in a magnetic field, the iron can be removed from silicon powders by the ratio of waste to solvent is 3/7. In addition, this study show that H2SO4 aqueous solution could react with the waste rapidly and remove most of metal. The residual iron in the silicon powder could reach 28.83ppm. If the sawing waste was pretreated by use of scrubber, the residual iron could reach 25.99ppm.The analysis of chemical kinetics show that the reaction order for metal oxidation in sulfuric acid is higher than that in hydrochloric acid, citric acid or nitric acid, meaning that the reaction in sulfuric acid is more sensitive to the concentration of hydrogen ion. The reaction of citric acid to metal oxidation has the lowest activation energy. The reaction of nitric acid to metal oxidation has the highest activation energy. The research shows that a ultrasonic cleaner removed most iron in a short period of time. However, in a long period of time, the effectiveness of removing iron by using a stirrer is better than using a shaker or an ultrasonic cleaner. In this research, we separated silicon and silicon carbide and removed iron impurities from the cutting waste successfully by using the centrifugation in a magnetic field. By acid treatment, we can reduce iron impurities to less than 100ppm. Because the concentration of acid is low, it can prevent damage to the environment, and it can realize the target of simplifying the process and reducing cost.
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Tai, Wei, and 戴瑋. "Recycling and modification of waste tire carbon black for heavy metal removal." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pq5wkc.
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Zhang, Jia-Yuan, and 張家源. "A study on analysis of noble-metals waste liquid recycling technology." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52265326648798220370.
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碩士明新科技大學
化學工程與材料科技研究所
100
Abstract There are various noble-metals waste liquid recycle processing modes in the industry. Developments of economical effective noble-metals waste liquid resources in technology may help to solve effective noble-metals recyclings. Focus of this research has been laid upon the separation of noble-metals ions in the wastes liquid which contain noble-metals.Included in the research are the selection of proper ion exchange resins for the adsorption of noble-metals ions in noble-metals liquid wastes and the preparation of regenerants of various concentrations for resin desorption reactions to obtain the optimal conditions of separation processes of noble-metals liquid wastes. Appropriate operation conditions of noble-metals waste liquid recovery are available by the analysis of adsorption and desorption of ion exchange resins to provide recovery process references for cooperative enterprises for technique developments and industrial promotion. From experimental results that ion exchange resin may concentrate extremely the low concentration noble-metals liquid waste, and exchange ability of noble-metals ions with regenerant liquid concentration and pH to increase and improve the effect of resin desorption reactions of noble-metals ions and resin fully desorption reaction can be achieved in quick time.
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An-ChiHsiao and 蕭安淇. "Desalination of salt (waste) water with noble metal and water recycling by flow CDI." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hh9zy4.
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Chen, Chien-Lung, and 陳健龍. "Recycling of Polyurethane Foams from Waste Refrigerators by Triethyl Phosphate and Metal Oxide Catalyst." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02005892570706620882.
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碩士元智大學
化學工程學系
92
At present, over 0.5 million tons per year of waste refrigerators or 7.5 thousands of waste rigid polyurethane (PU) forms (WRPFs) are to be disposed in Taiwan. Only landfill of the WRPFs is practiced on a large scale, and its cost is rising rapidly and the acceptance of this method is decreasing. Therefore, the main objectives of the present work were to resource recycle the WRPFs degradation into the raw materials of PU or primary petrochemicals by chemical conversion of triethyl phosphate (TEP) and metal oxides catalysts (CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO or ZnO) under moderate temperatures of 453, 463 or 473 K and ambient pressure. From the elemental analyses (EA) data, the WRPFs were composed of 62% carbon, 6.9% hydrogen, 23% oxygen, and 7.9 % nitrogen, respectively. Moreover, by using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) techniques, the WRPFs of two-stage pyrolysis had an 1st stage activated energy of 26 kcal/mol with reaction orders of 2.5 in the temperatures of 450-570 K and the 2nd stage activated energy of 50 kcal/mol with reaction orders of 2.3 in the temperatures of 560-750 K, respectively. By using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of -NCOO- conversion and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses, the optimal experimental conditions of WRPFs degradation were confirmed at 473 K, TEP/PU = 2, and Cat./PU = 1/5. Similarly, the most efficient catalyst was the NiO particles with reaction times of 3 hrs and -NCOO- conversion of 59%. Therefore, the catalytic enhancement of metal oxides were NiO > CeO2 > Fe2O3 > CuO > ZnO in series. By 13C (or 31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, the chemical shifts of the products were confirmed at 11.07, 14.92, 16.48, 62.86, 64.23, and 69.49 ppm (or 2.34, 3.59, 5.09, 7.83, 9.81, 9.66, 10.50, 10.66, 11.01, and 11.09 ppm), respectively. Moreover, the replacement reactions were the major reaction mechanisms by the structural data of product residues. The little change of the fresh and used CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO was also observed by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Furthermore, field-emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometer (XRPD) data indicated that the sintering or aggregating of the Fe2O3 and CuO particles was formed. In addition, the transformation of CuO to Cu2O and the catalytic properties of CeO2, NiO or ZnO particles were also observed by XRPD patterns, respectively. The EXAFS and XANES spectra revealed that the fine structures of Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO species were Fe-O, Ni-O, Cu-O, and Zn-O of the bond distances primarily were 1.98, 1.98, 1.85, and 1.94 ± 0.02 Å, respectively with the coordination numbers were 4.33, 4.02, 4.04, and 3.82 ± 0.05, respectively. However, these results might offer a further explanation of the chemical structures of CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO catalysts remained the catalytic activities during the WRPFs degradation by chemical conversion of TEP under moderate temperatures and ambient pressure.
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(9187403), Omar N. Tantawi. "EVOLUTION OF SMARTPHONES METAL CONTENT WITH ITS FAST-IMPROVING FUNCTIONALITIES." Thesis, 2020.
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Smartphones, one of the most common consumer electronic devices, are an essential part of daily activities in modern society. Smartphones provide faster communication, easier access to information and many other important services. However, with a compressed product life cycle and growing consumer demand, a significant number of smartphones reach End-of-Life (EoL) annually. At the same time, due to many special physical properties, rare earth, critical and other important metals are essential for the manufacturing of smartphones. Hence, from various economic, resources availability and environmental perspectives, it is crucial to understand how metal content of different smartphones generations change over time. To this end, a high production smartphone series, produced between 2010 and 2015 were considered in the scope of this study. The devices were disassembled, sorted into different components and size reduced. Printed circuit boards assembly, back cameras and NFC antenna/wireless charging chips were then digested using a novel microwave assisted acid digestion method. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to detect and quantify 60 elements. Obtained results indicate that up to 70% of different smartphones components by weight are important recyclable metals. The highest concentration elements, Cu, Ni, Sn, Zn and Fe, accounted for 93.3% while REEs and PGMs collectively accounted for 0.53% of the total recoverable elements by weight. In 2019, the total addressable market value of metals reclamation from only three smartphone components at their end of life is estimated at 298.69 million USD in USA. Gold and Platinum were determined to be the most environmentally critical elements and efforts should made to reduce their use. Finally, and most importantly, smartphones manufacturers should design their products with an extended lifetime due to the high concentration of critical elements used to make them.
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Suresha, S. "Evaluation of solid and liquid waste containing heavy metals from industries and development of simple methods of analysis and recycling." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1457.
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Štípek, Radek. "Prvková analýza plochých zobrazovacích zařízení pro urban mining." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-351394.
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aaaaaRare earth elements (Sc, Y and group 15 lanthanides) and their compounds currently have significant practical use in metallurgy, glass industry, as highly active catalysts for the production of so-called. NiMH batteries, alloys for the manufacture of permanent magnets and e.g. moderators rods in the nuclear energy, but above all they have an irreplaceable role in modern electronics for phosphors TV screens, CRT earlier today, PDP and LCD monitors and displays, tablets, mobile phones etc., which give them a high-quality picture and sound. Unlike most base and precious metals are concentrated in the conquerable ore deposits, occur in the form of compounds as part of mixed minerals in the rarely economically exploitable concentrations, a mining and processing is costly and negative impacts on the environment, paradoxically towards the title but their overall content in the crust is relatively high, the average concentration in the range of about 150 to 220 ppm. The main world producer of REE, China, in 2010, significantly reduced exports by 40 %, making prices of some REE increased up to 1500 % during the month. Demand for REE is growing, so often talks about the recycling of valuable materials back into production, as called. "Urban mining", ie "urban mining", thereby reducing the amount of...