Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metal Wear Debris Detection

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Metal Wear Debris Detection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Metal Wear Debris Detection"

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Sun, Yanshan, Lecheng Jia, and Zhoumo Zeng. "Hyper-Heuristic Capacitance Array Method for Multi-Metal Wear Debris Detection." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030515.

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Online detection of fatigued wear debris in the lubricants of aero-engines can provide warning of engine failure during flight, thus having great economic and social benefits. In this paper, we propose a capacitance array sensor and a hyper-heuristic partial differential equation (PDE) inversion method for detecting multiple micro-scale metal debris, combined with self-adaptive cellular genetic (SA-CGA) and morphological algorithms. Firstly, different from the traditional methods, which are limited in multi-induction-Dirac-boundary-inversion, a mathematical model with non-local boundary conditions is established. Furthermore, a hyper-heuristic method based on prior knowledge is also proposed to extract the wear character. Moreover, a 12-plate array circulating sensor and corresponding detection system are designed. The experimental results were compared with the optical microscopy. The results show that under the conditions of 1~3 wear debris with diameters of between 250–900 μm, the accuracy of the proposed method is 10–38% higher than those of the traditional methods. The recognition error of the wear debris counts decreases to 0.
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Wang, Man, Haotian Shi, Hongpeng Zhang, Dian Huo, Yucai Xie, and Jun Su. "Improving the Detection Ability of Inductive Micro-Sensor for Non-Ferromagnetic Wear Debris." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121108.

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The inductive debris sensor has been studied because of its wide application prospects in mechanical health monitoring. In order to ensure a high-precision detection performance, a comprehensive method to improve the detection sensitivity and detection ability of the inductive sensor for non-ferromagnetic metal debris is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the eddy current inside the metal, the change of the coil impedance caused by the metal debris is increased by enhancing the magnetic field strength and selecting the optimal excitation frequency. The impedance detection method involving inductance and resistance parameters is used to improve the detection limit of non-ferromagnetic metal debris. The experimental results verify that the magnetic field in the detection region can be enhanced by adding a silicon steel strip (paramagnetic material) in the central hole of the coil, thereby greatly improving the detection sensitivity of the inductive sensor, and the concentrated distribution of the magnetic field avoids the double-peak signals generated by a single particle. The characteristics of the signal amplitude of non-ferromagnetic debris with excitation frequency are studied. Higher inductance, resistance amplitudes, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be obtained by using a high-frequency alternating current. Compared with inductance parameter detection, resistance parameter detection can detect smaller non-ferromagnetic debris. Combining the detection results of the inductance and resistance parameters can effectively improve the sensor’s ability to detect non-ferromagnetic debris.
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Zhang, Hongpeng, Haotian Shi, Wei Li, Laihao Ma, Xupeng Zhao, Zhiwei Xu, Chenyong Wang, Yucai Xie, and Yuwei Zhang. "A Novel Impedance Micro-Sensor for Metal Debris Monitoring of Hydraulic Oil." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020150.

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Hydraulic oil is the key medium for the normal operation of hydraulic machinery, which carries various wear debris. The information reflected by the wear debris can be used to predict the early failure of equipment and achieve predictive maintenance. In order to realize the real-time condition monitoring of hydraulic oil, an impedance debris sensor that can detect inductance and resistance parameters is designed and studied in this paper. The material and size of wear debris can be discriminated based on inductance-resistance detection method. Silicon steel strips and two rectangular channels are designed in the sensor. The silicon steel strips are used to enhance the magnetic field strength, and the double rectangular detection channels can make full use of the magnetic field distribution region, thereby improving the detection sensitivity and throughput of the sensor. The comparison experiment shows that the coils in series are more suitable for the monitoring of wear debris. By comparing and analyzing the direction and the presence or absence of the signal pulses, the debris sensor can detect and distinguish 46 µm iron particles and 110 µm copper particles. This impedance detection method provides a new technical support for the high-precision distinguishing measurement of metal debris. The sensor can not only be used for oil detection in the laboratory, but also can be made into portable oil detection device for machinery health monitoring.
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von Skrbensky, Gobert, Karoline Mühlbacher, Emir Benca, Alexander Kolb, Reinhard Windhager, Georg Reischl, and Georg Reinisch. "Evaluation of Aerosol Electrospray Analysis of Metal-on-Metal Wear Particles from Simulated Total Joint Replacement." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173751.

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Wear is a common cause for aseptic loosening in artificial joints. The purpose of this study was to develop an automated diagnostical method for identification of the number and size distribution of wear debris. For this purpose, metal debris samples were extracted from a hip simulator and then analyzed by the electrospray method combined with a differential mobility analyzer, allowing particle detection ranging from several nanometers up to 1 µm. Wear particles were identified with a characteristic peak at 15 nm. The electrospray setup was successfully used and validated for the first time to characterize wear debris from simulated total joint replacement. The advantages of this diagnostic method are its time- and financial efficiency and its suitability for testing of different materials.
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Zhang, Xing Ming, Hong Peng Zhang, Yu Qing Sun, Hai Quan Chen, and Li Guo. "Effects of Eddy Current within Particles on the 3D Solenoid Microfluidic Detection Chip." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.546.

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Metal wear debris is an important component of contamination in lubrication oil, and is also an essential information carrier in hydraulic oil. Based on inductive Coulter counting principle, a microfluidic device to detect metal wear debris in oil is presented in this paper. The proposed device can make the distance between the particles in oil and the embedded induction coil very small, and hence greatly improve the sensitivity of the detection. The results indicate that eddy current within particles increase ability to detect copper particles, and decrease the sensitivity to iron particle.
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Sugumaran, Arunprabhu Arunachalam, Yashodhan Purandare, Krishnanand Shukla, Imran Khan, Arutiun Ehiasarian, and Papken Hovsepian. "TiN/NbN Nanoscale Multilayer Coatings Deposited by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering to Protect Medical-Grade CoCrMo Alloys." Coatings 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070867.

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This study describes the performance of nanoscale multilayer TiN/NbN coatings deposited on CoCrMo medical-grade alloys by utilising novel mixed high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) and direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBM) technique in an industrial size vacuum coater. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that these coatings were extremely dense without any intercolumnar voids. The coating exhibited high hardness of 28 GPa, as well as low friction and wear coefficient of 0.7 and 1.4 × 10−14 m3·N−1·m−1, respectively, as compared to the bare material. Scratch tests revealed superior coating to substrate adhesion due to the HIPIMS etching prior to coating deposition. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the wear debris generated during the impact test together with focused ion beam cross-section analysis in different locations of the impact crater revealed the coating failure mechanism and further confirmed the excellent coating to substrate bonding strength. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests in NaCl and Hank’s solutions revealed the clear passivation behaviour, several orders of magnitude lower corrosion currents, and high pitting potentials of the coating, which guarantee excellent protection to the base alloy in such aggressive environments. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of Hank’s solution containing corrosion debris of the coated sample revealed that the leaching of harmful metal ions from the base material was reduced to below the detection limit of the technique, thus demonstrating the high barrier properties of the coating.
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Duarte, Joana, Lurdes Correia, Adélia Simão, António Figueiredo, and Armando Carvalho. "Metalose: Causa Rara de Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 3 (April 30, 2015): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5766.

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<strong>Introduction:</strong> Hemolytic anemia may be associated with multiple etiologies, including toxic substances, such as metals, which is a rare cause.<br /><strong>Case Study:</strong> 55-year-old male, who underwent a total arthroplasty of the right hip (uncemented prostheses with ceramic-ceramic articulation with an acetabular component consisting of a dome composed of an alloy of titanium, aluminum and vanadium into which fitted a ceramic ‘insert’). Approximately 4 years after surgery the patient complained of noise originating from the prosthesis which occurred on movement. A surgical revision was performed and showed the presence of dark thick intracapsular fluid, fracture of the ceramic acetabular ‘insert’ and signs of wear of the acetabular metal dome. Extensive washing was carried out and the fractured ceramic ‘insert’ was replaced for a polyethylene ‘insert’. Two months later he was referred to the Emergency Room due to worsening of his general health, floating in the right hip and mucocutaneous jaundice. Laboratory tests suggested autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Arthrocentesis was performed and a large volume of metal fluid was drained off. The CT scan showed a large heterogeneous pelvic cystic collection seeded with prosthesis fragments, suggestive of metallosis. Hemolytic anemia was explained as toxicity of the particles and metal ions caused by the wear of the prosthesis. The patient was started on a high-dose steroid treatment. Afterwards, when he was stable, prosthesis components replacement and drainage of pelvic debris fluid were carried out.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> After the fracture of the ceramic ‘insert’ the ceramic head began to articulate directly with the metallic acetabular component, causing noise and wear with release of particles and ions. This caused a cystic pelvic abscess, which went unnoticed on the first surgical revision. Surgical debridement lead to the cystic collection extending into the adjacent tissues and the systemic circulation, triggering serious systemic effects, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The potential toxicity of each of the metal elements of this prosthesis is unknown, and there are still no available laboratory tests for its detection.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Metallosis is a rare cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
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Wu, Junru. "Implant wear debris detection apparatus and method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 1 (2003): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1554253.

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Moghadas, Parshia, David Hukins, Duncan Shepherd, and Aziza Mahomed. "Reducing Wear Debris in Metal-on-Metal Total Disc Arthroplasty." Spine Journal 11, no. 10 (October 2011): S127—S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.08.311.

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Stulberg, Bernard N., Katharine Merritt, and Thomas W. Bauer. "Metallic wear debris in metal-backed patellar failure." Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5, no. 1 (1994): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050103.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metal Wear Debris Detection"

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Veeravalli, Murali Srinidhi. "A Microfluidic Coulter Counting Devise for Metal Wear Detection in Lubrication Oil." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1226866175.

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Xia, Xinggao. "Modeling A Microfluidic Capacitive Sensor for Metal Wear Debris Detection in Lubrication Oil." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1256763475.

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Hart, Alister James. "The effects of wear debris from metal-on-metal hip replacements." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608613.

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Lee, Helen. "Spinal cord cellular response to wear debris from metal-on-metal total disc replacements." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16818/.

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Total disc replacements, are valuable interventions for the spinal surgeon for the treatment of back pain associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc. The longevity of these devices is compromised by wear and there are growing concerns within the neurosurgical community regarding the exposure of periprosthetic tissues to metal particles and/or ions. Considering the potential for metallic wear debris and ions to trigger inflammation, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, hypersensitivity and pseudotumour formation, coupled with evidence that nanoscale metal particles can compromise the barrier function of the outer meningeal layer, it is imperative to determine the effects of metallic wear particles on cells of the spinal cord. It was hypothesised that, utilising a 3D type-I collagen gel, enabling glial cells to behave in a more physiologically relevant manner than when cultured in monolayer, the effects of increasing concentrations of metallic wear particles on glial cell viability, cellular reactivity, and cytokine release could be more accurately determined. Clinically relevant cobalt chrome and stainless steel wear particles were generated using a six-station pin-on-plate wear simulator. Initially in 2D culture C6 glial, PC12 neuronal cells and primary astrocytes with microglia were cultured with increasing concentrations of metallic particles (0.05μm3-50μm3 debris per cell) and their effect on cell viability and DNA integrity assessed. Using a more physiologically relevant 3D culture environment the effects of increasing metallic particles (0.5μm3-50μm3 debris per cell) on cell viability, cellular activity and cytokine expression were investigated using live/dead staining, immunocytochemistry and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. This study highlighted the necessity for appropriate cell culture environments in biomaterial biocompatibility testing. In 2D culture all cobalt chrome particle doses triggered significant reductions in primary astrocyte and microglia viability, however, in 3D culture, cobalt chrome particles (30-39nm in length) only adversely affected the viability of primary astrocytes and microglia in co-culture when cultured with the highest cobalt chrome particle dose (50μm3 debris per cell) after two and five days in culture (41.8% and 54.2% viable cells, respectively) and with 5μm3 debris per cell after five days in culture (70.5% viable cells). In 2D culture, after 24 hours in culture 0.5μm3, 5μm3 and 50μm3 stainless steel particles per cell caused significant reductions in cell viability (38.8%, 38.9% and 24.9% reductions respectively) however, no adverse effect on viability was observed in 3D culture. Ions released from cobalt chrome caused significant reductions in astrocyte viability (in isolation) at all doses after two days in culture, this effect was not as pronounced after five days. Ions from cobalt chrome particles only caused adverse effects on the viability of astrocytes and microglia after five days at the 5μm3 per cell ion concentration in 3D culture. Ions released from stainless steel caused significant reductions in astrocyte viability (in isolation) at all doses after five days in culture. Stainless steel ions caused adverse effects on the viability of astrocytes and microglia after five days with the 50μm3 per cell ion concentration. DNA damage was observed with both astrocytes and microglia and astrocytes in isolation with both biomaterials tested. Intriguingly, when glial cells were cultured with stainless steel wear particles, the DNA damage observed did not correlate with cell death. Increasing particle volumes of cobalt chrome did not trigger the release of TNF-a, however 50μm3 stainless steel debris per cell caused the release of significantly elevated levels of TNF-a after 48 hours in culture (29.9 pg.ml-1). Stainless steel wear particles did not stimulate astrocyte reactivity unlike cobalt chrome wear products, which had a dose dependent affect on astrocyte activation. The effect was more pronounced in the presence of microglia. Thus the use of 3D culture, whereby glial cells behaved in a more physiologically relevant manner, with a low baseline of reactivity and more representative of the in vivo cellular spatial arrangement was a more appropriate cell culture environment for determining the biological response of cells of the central nervous system to metal wear particles. The results from this study would suggest that stainless steel is more biocompatible than cobalt chrome.
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Appleby, Matthew Paul. "Wear Debris Detection and Oil Analysis Using Ultrasonic and Capacitance Measurements." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1279562952.

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Bhattaram, Sneha. "Signal Compression Methods for a Wear Debris Sensor." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1399201029.

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Elmaci, Bilhan. "The detection and wear in mining machinery by debris particle size distribution." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.352968.

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Parry, Michael Christopher. "The indirect cytogenetic effects of orthopaedic wear debris generated by modern metal on metal hip implants." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556730.

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Total hip replacement is an effective treatment for arthritis of the hip. Its use has expanded to include younger patients with higher functional demands resulting in poor implant survival when conventional arthroplasty designs are employed. This has resulted in the development of alternative bearing materials and designs including resurfacing arthroplasties. The effects of particulate and ionic debris generated by these bearings have recently come to light. Metal alloys including cobalt chromium are often employed as bearings in young patients and are associated with genotoxic and teratogenic effects. The potential for this debris to cause damage to the foetus of a mother with a metal implant is a cause for concern. This risk is difficult to assess using epidemiological methods. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with an increase in metal levels in the blood and urine of patients undergoing resurfacing arthroplasty. We aimed to investigate the potential for debris generated by metal hip replacements to cause chromosomal aberrations in the foetus. To do this, we employed an in vitro cellular barrier to investigate the transport of material across the human placenta, and human fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells to record the effect. Nanoparticles of cobalt chrome but not ceramic or ionic cobalt and chromium, induced chromosomal aberrations, the majority of which were tetraploidy. When indirectly exposed to human embryonic stem cells, nanoparticles of cobalt chrome resulted in DNA damage only when exposed to differentiated cells. Metallic debris indirectly induces chromosomal aberrations in human cells, depending on the nature of the material and its surface characteristics. The foetus is most susceptible to damage at the time of differentiation. These results raise further concerns about the use of metallic bearings in women of child bearing age.
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Khan, Muhammad Munir Ahmed. "Effects of metal-on-metal hip replacement : clinical results and release, distribution and biological effects of wear debris." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499344.

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This PhD thesis studies the performance of metal-on-metal bearings, which are used in hip arthroplasty. Three aspects in particular were studied, namely the clinical results, the release of cobalt and chromium wear debris from the bearings, and the effects of this debris on a cell's DNA. The clinical results showed that large diameter metal-on-metal bearing hip resurfacing (BHR) restored hip function to an excellent level and had an extremely low failure rate up to eight years after the operation. This makes a metal-on-metal bearing an attractive option for hip replacementin high-demand patients.
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Akbar, Moeed. "Investigation into the immunological effects of chromium and cobalt ions and wear debris released from metal-on-metal hip implants." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16801.

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Books on the topic "Metal Wear Debris Detection"

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Hunt, Trevor M. Handbook of wear debris analysis and particle detection in liquids. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metal Wear Debris Detection"

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Price, A. L., and B. J. Roylance. "Detection and diagnosis of wear through oil and wear debris analysis." In Handbook of Condition Monitoring, 377–419. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4924-2_15.

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Kavanaugh, Aaron E., Paul Benya, and Fabrizio Billi. "A Method to Isolate and Characterize Wear Debris from Synovial Fluid and Tissues." In Metal-On-Metal Total Hip Replacement Devices, 86–98. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp156020120044.

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Heimke, Günther, and Gerd Willmann. "Follow-up-Study—Based Wear Debris Reduction with Ceramic—Metal—Modular Hip Replacements." In Biomaterials Engineering and Devices: Human Applications, 223–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-197-8_14.

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Roizard, X., and J. Von Stebut. "Paper III (iv) Wear Debris Formation and Tool Transfer Build-Up in Sheet Metal Forming." In Wear Particles: Frorn the Cradle to the Grave, Proceedings of the 18th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, 91–100. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(08)70513-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metal Wear Debris Detection"

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Murali, Srinidhi V., Xinggao Xia, Ashish V. Jagtiani, Joan Carletta, and Jiang Zhe. "A Microfluidic Device for Wear Detection in Lubricants." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66768.

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We present the design, fabrication and testing of a microfluidic device for metal wear detection in lubrication oils. The detection is based upon the capacitance Coulter counting principle, that is, on the change in a microchannel’s capacitance caused by the presence of a metal particle in the microchannel. Preliminary testing on the microfluidic device using 20 μm aluminum particles has demonstrated the feasibility of using this microfluidic device for detection and counting of micro metal particles in non conductive lubricant oil. This microfluidic device is promising for online oil debris detection by the use of multiple detection microfluidic channels.
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Du, Li, Joan Carletta, Robert Veillette, and Jiang Zhe. "A Magnetic Coulter Counting Device for Wear Debris Detection in Lubrication." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10967.

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A device based on a magnetic Coulter counting principle to detect metal particles in lubrication oil is presented. The device detects the passage of ferrous and non ferrous particles by monitoring inductance change in a coil. First, the sensing principle is demonstrated at the mesoscale using a solenoid. Next, a microscale device is developed using a planar coil. The device is tested using iron and aluminum particles ranging from 100μm to 500μm. The testing results show the device is capable of detecting and distinguishing ferrous and non-ferrous metal particles in lubrication oil. The design concept demonstrated here can be extended to a microfluidic device for online monitoring of ferrous and non-ferrous wear debris particles.
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Zhang, Hongpeng, Wen Huang, Junwei Jin, Li Guo, and Dongqing Li. "Debris Detection in Hydraulic Oil Using a Microfluidic Inductive Pulse Device." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75171.

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Metal wear debris is an important component of oil particle contamination and is also an essential information carrier in hydraulic oil. Based on inductive Coulter counting principle, a microfluidic device to detect wear debris in oil is presented. The proposed device has the advantage that in theory the distance between wear particle in oil and an embedded coil is 0, which can greatly improve the sensitivity of detection. The relationship between coil parameters and inductive change of a coil is analyzed through the related experimental statistics. The result indicates it can distinguish effectively ferrous and nonferrous metal particles in oil, and the size of 19 μm iron particles and 40 μm copper particles can be detected.
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Discenzo, Fred M., Steven A. Kania, Chung-Chin Liu, Laurie Dudik, Aleksandr Vasser, and Benjamin Ward. "Dissolved Wear Metal Monitoring in Lubricating Fluids." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44102.

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Lubricating fluids play a critical role in the operation of many machines in commerce, industry, and the military. Failure of a lubricant often results in accelerated metal wear and the release of wear debris in the lubricant. Early detection of abnormal metal wear is important for fault detection and failure prevention. An electrochemical cell can be operated in a lubricating fluid in such a way that the operating characteristics of the cell can provide an indication of the chemistry of the fluid. For example, certain ions in the fluid, such as wear metal ions, will react to particular potential values applied to electrodes in the electrochemical cell. By applying a changing potential across the electrodes in an electrochemical cell and observing the resulting current it is possible to detect and identify the ionic species present in the lubricating fluid. The objective is to provide real-time monitoring of lubricating fluids using an in situ sensor to detect and diagnose conditions leading to machinery failure. A series of experiments have been conducted to confirm the ability of an electrochemical cell to detect wear metal ions in lubricating fluids extracted from machinery. Additional tests have been conducted to test the hypothesis that the presence and amount of wear metal ions corresponds to the type and amount of wear particles in the fluid. Initial laboratory tests have established a positive correlation with wear particles detected in used lubricating oil with ion presence determined using ion chromatography. The results reported indicate that a small, real-time multielement sensor with an electrochemical cell will be able to detect wear metal ions and provide an early indication of unusual material wear. This capability may provide an early warning of atypical wear patterns and provide a cue to an operator or service engineer indicating the type of fault occurring and the specific component experiencing wear or early failure.
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Li Zhining, Li Guozhang, Fan Hongbo, and Cheng Yuan. "Experimental study of an in-line monitoring sensor for metal wear debris." In 2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (CMCE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmce.2010.5610194.

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Matsumoto, Kenji, Tatsuya Tokunaga, Jun Mori, Yuji Mihara, and Masahiko Kawabata. "Metal Belt CVT Seizure Monitoring System Using Wear Debris Analysis and Particle Measurement." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0907.

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Li, Yimeng, Jing Wu, and Qiang Guo. "Design on Electromagnetic Detection Sensor on Wear Debris in Lubricating Oil." In 2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8826904.

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Hongbo, Fan, Zhang Yingtang, Ren Guoquan, and Chen Fei. "Study on oil detection technology based on inductive wear debris sensor." In Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2009.5274434.

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Luo, Jiufei, Song Feng, Guang Qiu, and Leng Han. "Segmentation of Wear Debris Based on Edge Detection and Contour Classification." In 2018 International Conference on Sensing,Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sdpc.2018.8664913.

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Reintjes, J. "Lasernet Fines Wear Debris Analysis Technology: Application to Mechanical Fault Detection." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION:Volume 22. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1570320.

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