Journal articles: 'Metal Wear Debris Detection'

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Sun, Yanshan, Lecheng Jia, and Zhoumo Zeng. "Hyper-Heuristic Capacitance Array Method for Multi-Metal Wear Debris Detection." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030515.

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Online detection of fatigued wear debris in the lubricants of aero-engines can provide warning of engine failure during flight, thus having great economic and social benefits. In this paper, we propose a capacitance array sensor and a hyper-heuristic partial differential equation (PDE) inversion method for detecting multiple micro-scale metal debris, combined with self-adaptive cellular genetic (SA-CGA) and morphological algorithms. Firstly, different from the traditional methods, which are limited in multi-induction-Dirac-boundary-inversion, a mathematical model with non-local boundary conditions is established. Furthermore, a hyper-heuristic method based on prior knowledge is also proposed to extract the wear character. Moreover, a 12-plate array circulating sensor and corresponding detection system are designed. The experimental results were compared with the optical microscopy. The results show that under the conditions of 1~3 wear debris with diameters of between 250–900 μm, the accuracy of the proposed method is 10–38% higher than those of the traditional methods. The recognition error of the wear debris counts decreases to 0.

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Wang, Man, Haotian Shi, Hongpeng Zhang, Dian Huo, Yucai Xie, and Jun Su. "Improving the Detection Ability of Inductive Micro-Sensor for Non-Ferromagnetic Wear Debris." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121108.

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The inductive debris sensor has been studied because of its wide application prospects in mechanical health monitoring. In order to ensure a high-precision detection performance, a comprehensive method to improve the detection sensitivity and detection ability of the inductive sensor for non-ferromagnetic metal debris is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the eddy current inside the metal, the change of the coil impedance caused by the metal debris is increased by enhancing the magnetic field strength and selecting the optimal excitation frequency. The impedance detection method involving inductance and resistance parameters is used to improve the detection limit of non-ferromagnetic metal debris. The experimental results verify that the magnetic field in the detection region can be enhanced by adding a silicon steel strip (paramagnetic material) in the central hole of the coil, thereby greatly improving the detection sensitivity of the inductive sensor, and the concentrated distribution of the magnetic field avoids the double-peak signals generated by a single particle. The characteristics of the signal amplitude of non-ferromagnetic debris with excitation frequency are studied. Higher inductance, resistance amplitudes, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be obtained by using a high-frequency alternating current. Compared with inductance parameter detection, resistance parameter detection can detect smaller non-ferromagnetic debris. Combining the detection results of the inductance and resistance parameters can effectively improve the sensor’s ability to detect non-ferromagnetic debris.

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Zhang, Hongpeng, Haotian Shi, Wei Li, Laihao Ma, Xupeng Zhao, Zhiwei Xu, Chenyong Wang, Yucai Xie, and Yuwei Zhang. "A Novel Impedance Micro-Sensor for Metal Debris Monitoring of Hydraulic Oil." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020150.

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Hydraulic oil is the key medium for the normal operation of hydraulic machinery, which carries various wear debris. The information reflected by the wear debris can be used to predict the early failure of equipment and achieve predictive maintenance. In order to realize the real-time condition monitoring of hydraulic oil, an impedance debris sensor that can detect inductance and resistance parameters is designed and studied in this paper. The material and size of wear debris can be discriminated based on inductance-resistance detection method. Silicon steel strips and two rectangular channels are designed in the sensor. The silicon steel strips are used to enhance the magnetic field strength, and the double rectangular detection channels can make full use of the magnetic field distribution region, thereby improving the detection sensitivity and throughput of the sensor. The comparison experiment shows that the coils in series are more suitable for the monitoring of wear debris. By comparing and analyzing the direction and the presence or absence of the signal pulses, the debris sensor can detect and distinguish 46 µm iron particles and 110 µm copper particles. This impedance detection method provides a new technical support for the high-precision distinguishing measurement of metal debris. The sensor can not only be used for oil detection in the laboratory, but also can be made into portable oil detection device for machinery health monitoring.

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von Skrbensky, Gobert, Karoline Mühlbacher, Emir Benca, Alexander Kolb, Reinhard Windhager, Georg Reischl, and Georg Reinisch. "Evaluation of Aerosol Electrospray Analysis of Metal-on-Metal Wear Particles from Simulated Total Joint Replacement." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173751.

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Wear is a common cause for aseptic loosening in artificial joints. The purpose of this study was to develop an automated diagnostical method for identification of the number and size distribution of wear debris. For this purpose, metal debris samples were extracted from a hip simulator and then analyzed by the electrospray method combined with a differential mobility analyzer, allowing particle detection ranging from several nanometers up to 1 µm. Wear particles were identified with a characteristic peak at 15 nm. The electrospray setup was successfully used and validated for the first time to characterize wear debris from simulated total joint replacement. The advantages of this diagnostic method are its time- and financial efficiency and its suitability for testing of different materials.

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Zhang, Xing Ming, Hong Peng Zhang, Yu Qing Sun, Hai Quan Chen, and Li Guo. "Effects of Eddy Current within Particles on the 3D Solenoid Microfluidic Detection Chip." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.546.

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Metal wear debris is an important component of contamination in lubrication oil, and is also an essential information carrier in hydraulic oil. Based on inductive Coulter counting principle, a microfluidic device to detect metal wear debris in oil is presented in this paper. The proposed device can make the distance between the particles in oil and the embedded induction coil very small, and hence greatly improve the sensitivity of the detection. The results indicate that eddy current within particles increase ability to detect copper particles, and decrease the sensitivity to iron particle.

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Sugumaran, Arunprabhu Arunachalam, Yashodhan Purandare, Krishnanand Shukla, Imran Khan, Arutiun Ehiasarian, and Papken Hovsepian. "TiN/NbN Nanoscale Multilayer Coatings Deposited by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering to Protect Medical-Grade CoCrMo Alloys." Coatings 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070867.

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This study describes the performance of nanoscale multilayer TiN/NbN coatings deposited on CoCrMo medical-grade alloys by utilising novel mixed high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) and direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBM) technique in an industrial size vacuum coater. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that these coatings were extremely dense without any intercolumnar voids. The coating exhibited high hardness of 28 GPa, as well as low friction and wear coefficient of 0.7 and 1.4 × 10−14 m3·N−1·m−1, respectively, as compared to the bare material. Scratch tests revealed superior coating to substrate adhesion due to the HIPIMS etching prior to coating deposition. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the wear debris generated during the impact test together with focused ion beam cross-section analysis in different locations of the impact crater revealed the coating failure mechanism and further confirmed the excellent coating to substrate bonding strength. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests in NaCl and Hank’s solutions revealed the clear passivation behaviour, several orders of magnitude lower corrosion currents, and high pitting potentials of the coating, which guarantee excellent protection to the base alloy in such aggressive environments. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of Hank’s solution containing corrosion debris of the coated sample revealed that the leaching of harmful metal ions from the base material was reduced to below the detection limit of the technique, thus demonstrating the high barrier properties of the coating.

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Duarte, Joana, Lurdes Correia, Adélia Simão, António Figueiredo, and Armando Carvalho. "Metalose: Causa Rara de Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 3 (April 30, 2015): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5766.

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Introduction: Hemolytic anemia may be associated with multiple etiologies, including toxic substances, such as metals, which is a rare cause. Case Study: 55-year-old male, who underwent a total arthroplasty of the right hip (uncemented prostheses with ceramic-ceramic articulation with an acetabular component consisting of a dome composed of an alloy of titanium, aluminum and vanadium into which fitted a ceramic ‘insert’). Approximately 4 years after surgery the patient complained of noise originating from the prosthesis which occurred on movement. A surgical revision was performed and showed the presence of dark thick intracapsular fluid, fracture of the ceramic acetabular ‘insert’ and signs of wear of the acetabular metal dome. Extensive washing was carried out and the fractured ceramic ‘insert’ was replaced for a polyethylene ‘insert’. Two months later he was referred to the Emergency Room due to worsening of his general health, floating in the right hip and mucocutaneous jaundice. Laboratory tests suggested autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Arthrocentesis was performed and a large volume of metal fluid was drained off. The CT scan showed a large heterogeneous pelvic cystic collection seeded with prosthesis fragments, suggestive of metallosis. Hemolytic anemia was explained as toxicity of the particles and metal ions caused by the wear of the prosthesis. The patient was started on a high-dose steroid treatment. Afterwards, when he was stable, prosthesis components replacement and drainage of pelvic debris fluid were carried out. Discussion: After the fracture of the ceramic ‘insert’ the ceramic head began to articulate directly with the metallic acetabular component, causing noise and wear with release of particles and ions. This caused a cystic pelvic abscess, which went unnoticed on the first surgical revision. Surgical debridement lead to the cystic collection extending into the adjacent tissues and the systemic circulation, triggering serious systemic effects, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The potential toxicity of each of the metal elements of this prosthesis is unknown, and there are still no available laboratory tests for its detection. Conclusion: Metallosis is a rare cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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Wu, Junru. "Implant wear debris detection apparatus and method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 1 (2003): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1554253.

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Moghadas, Parshia, David Hukins, Duncan Shepherd, and Aziza Mahomed. "Reducing Wear Debris in Metal-on-Metal Total Disc Arthroplasty." Spine Journal 11, no. 10 (October 2011): S127—S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.08.311.

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Stulberg, Bernard N., Katharine Merritt, and Thomas W. Bauer. "Metallic wear debris in metal-backed patellar failure." Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5, no. 1 (1994): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050103.

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Yin, Yi, Zhijian Liu, Jie Zheng, Liang Chen, Sen Wu, Saijie Wang, Zhijun Yan, and Xinxiang Pan. "The Effects of Position on the Wear Debris Detection with Planar Inductor." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 4961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224961.

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Wear debris detection is an effective method to determine the running state of the machine. Recently, the planar inductor is commonly used to detect wear debris. The previous studies have found that the inductive signal would be varied while changing the position of wear debris pass through. However, the effect of position on the wear debris detection is not well understood. In this paper, a novel detection system in which the position of wear debris pass through could be adjusted precisely is designed. By changing the position in horizontal or vertical direction, the inductive signals of the wear debris were acquired. In the horizontal direction, the experimental results show that the amplitude of the inductive signal first increases and then decreases when the position changes from the center of the planar inductor to the outer. The maximum inductive signal appears when the wear debris pass through the edge of the inner coil, which is 20% higher than that for the center and much higher than that for the edge of outer coil. In the vertical direction, the signal decreases almost linearly when the position is away from the planar inductor. For every 0.1 mm step far away the planar inductor, the signal amplitude drops by approximately 10%. The variation trend of our experimental results is consistent with the numerical simulation results of magnetic intensity around the planar inductor.

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Williams, S., J. L. Tipper, E. Ingham, M. H. Stone, and J. Fisher. "In vitro analysis of the wear, wear debris and biological activity of surface-engineered coatings for use in metal-on-metal total hip replacements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 217, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441103765212659.

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Extremely low wear rates have been reported for metal-on-metal total hip replacements, but concerns remain about the effects of metal ion release, dissolution rates and toxicity. Surface-engineered coatings have the potential to improve wear resistance and reduce the biological activity of the wear debris produced. The aim of this study was to examine the wear and wear debris generation from surface-engineered coatings: titanium nitride (TiN), chromium nitride (CrN) and chromium carbon nitride (CrCN) applied to a cobalt-chrome alloy (CoCr) substrate. The coatings were articulated against themselves in a simple geometry model. The wear particles generated were characterized and the cytotoxic effect on U937 macrophages and L929 fibroblasts assessed. The CrN and CrCN coatings showed a decrease in wear compared to the CoCr bearings and produced small (less than 40 nm in length) wear particles. The wear particles released from the surface engineered bearings also showed a decreased cytotoxic effect on cells compared to the CoCr alloy debris. The reduced wear volumes coupled with the reduced cytotoxicity per unit volume of wear indicate the potential for the clinical application of this technology.

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Liu, Liankun, Liang Chen, Saijie Wang, Yi Yin, Dazhuang Liu, Sen Wu, Zhijian Liu, and Xinxiang Pan. "Improving Sensitivity of a Micro Inductive Sensor for Wear Debris Detection with Magnetic Powder Surrounded." Micromachines 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070440.

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The inductive detection of wear debris in lubrication oil is an effective method to monitor the machine status. As the wear debris is usually micro scale, a micro inductive sensor is always used to detect them in research papers or high-tech products. However, the improvement of detection sensitivity for micro inductive sensors is still a great challenge, especially for early wear debris of 20 μm or smaller diameter. This paper proposes a novel method to improve the detection sensitivity of a micro inductive sensor. Regarding the magnetic powder surrounding the sensor, the magnetic field in the core of the sensor where the wear debris pass through would be enhanced due to the increased relative permeability. Thus, the inductive signal would be improved and the detection sensitivity would be increased. It is found that the inductive signal would linearly increase with increasing the concentration of the magnetic powder and this enhancement would also be effective for wear debris of different sizes. In addition, the detection limit of the micro inductive sensor used in our experiment could be extended to 11 μm wear debris by the proposed method.

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Berar, Pascal, Koji Kato, Hiroyuki Osaki, Toshiyuki Terazono, and Philippe Kapsa. "Wear Mechanisms at the Metal Evaporated Magnetic Tape-Head Interface." Journal of Tribology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833954.

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The wear mechanisms of Metal-Evaporated magnetic tape-head interfaces have been investigated. A new apparatus was designed for the continuous observation of the tape surface when run in the still frame mode. The mild wear mechanism of the bumps on the ME tapes was proven using SEM and AFM. Four different types of wear debris were observed. Depending on wear debris formation, two types of spalling were emphasized. The effect of humidity in the range of 30–70 percent was also investigated. The wear mechanisms are discussed in terms of contact mechanics theory, coating failure modes, and humidity induced stiction theory.

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Wu, Sen, Zhijian Liu, Haichao Yuan, Kezhen Yu, Yuefeng Gao, Liankun Liu, and Xinxiang Pan. "Multichannel Inductive Sensor Based on Phase Division Multiplexing for Wear Debris Detection." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040246.

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Inductive wear debris sensor has been widely used in real time machine lubricant oil condition monitoring and fault forecasting. However, the small sensing zone, which is designed for high sensitivity, of the existing sensors leads to low throughput. In order to improve the throughput, a novel multichannel wear debris sensor that is based on phase division multiplexing is presented. By introducing the phase shift circuit into the system, multiple sensing coils could work at different initial phases. Multiple signals of sensing coils could be combined into one output without information loss. Synchronized sampling is used for data recording, and output signals of multiple sensing coils are extracted from the recorded data. A four-channel wear debris sensor system was designed to demonstrate our method. Subsequently, crosstalk analysis, pseudo-dynamic testing and dynamic testing were conducted to check the sensing system. Results show that signals of four sensing coils could be simultaneously detected and the detection limit for ferrous wear debris is 33 μm. Using the presented method, real time wear debris detection in multiple channels could be achieved without increasing the number of excitation source and data acquisition equipment.

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Lee, H., J. B. Phillips, R. M. Hall, and Joanne L. Tipper. "Neural cell responses to wear debris from metal-on-metal total disc replacements." European Spine Journal 29, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 2701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06177-w.

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Purpose Abstract Total disc replacements, comprising all-metal articulations, are compromised by wear and particle production. Metallic wear debris and ions trigger a range of biological responses including inflammation, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, hypersensitivity and pseudotumour formation, therefore we hypothesise that, due to proximity to the spinal cord, glial cells may be adversely affected. Methods Clinically relevant cobalt chrome (CoCr) and stainless steel (SS) wear particles were generated using a six-station pin-on-plate wear simulator. The effects of metallic particles (0.5–50 μm3 debris per cell) and metal ions on glial cell viability, cellular activity (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression) and DNA integrity were investigated in 2D and 3D culture using live/dead, immunocytochemistry and a comet assay, respectively. Results CoCr wear particles and ions caused significant reductions in glial cell viability in both 2D and 3D culture systems. Stainless steel particles did not affect glial cell viability or astrocyte activation. In contrast, ions released from SS caused significant reductions in glial cell viability, an effect that was especially noticeable when astrocytes were cultured in isolation without microglia. DNA damage was observed in both cell types and with both biomaterials tested. CoCr wear particles had a dose-dependent effect on astrocyte activation, measured through expression of GFAP. Conclusions The results from this study suggest that microglia influence the effects that metal particles have on astrocytes, that SS ions and particles play a role in the adverse effects observed and that SS is a less toxic biomaterial than CoCr alloy for use in spinal devices. Graphic abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

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Virk, Jagandeep S., Sudhir K. Garg, Purnima Aggarwal, Reetu Kundu, and Robin Bohat. "Pseudotumor in Metal-on-metal Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Unusual Complication." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 52, no. 1 (2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1270.

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ABSTRACT Second-generation metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) was introduced to overcome the complications associated with the wear debris from ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). However, a new type of complication began appearing, described as aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL). Patients with ALVAL complain of pain and, in some cases, extensive swelling around the hip joint known as “pseudotumors.” The cause is unknown and probably multifactorial. This may be an adverse reaction to an excess of particulate metal wear debris or a hypersensitivity reaction to a normal amount of metal debris. Surgical findings are typical and symptoms tend to resolve reliably following conversion to an alternative bearing surface. We report one such case of a 55-year-old male, who underwent a revision of bearing surfaces because of ALVAL and pseudotumor formation following an MoM THA at our institute. How to cite this article Virk JS, Garg SK, Aggarwal P, Kundu R, Bohat R. Pseudotumor in Metal-on-metal Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Unusual Complication. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2018;52(1):26-30.

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HONG, Wei, Wenjian CAI, Shaoping WANG, and Mileta M. TOMOVIC. "Mechanical wear debris feature, detection, and diagnosis: A review." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 31, no. 5 (May 2018): 867–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2017.11.016.

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Feng, Song, Guang Qiu, Jiufei Luo, Leng Han, Junhong Mao, and Yi Zhang. "A Wear Debris Segmentation Method for Direct Reflection Online Visual Ferrography." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030723.

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Wear debris in lube oil was observed using a direct reflection online visual ferrograph (OLVF) to monitor the machine running condition and judge wear failure online. The existing research has mainly concentrated on extraction of wear debris concentration and size according to ferrograms under transmitted light. Reports on the segmentation algorithm of the wear debris ferrograms under reflected light are lacking. In this paper, a wear debris segmentation algorithm based on edge detection and contour classification is proposed. The optimal segmentation threshold is obtained by an adaptive canny algorithm, and the contour classification filling method is applied to overcome the problems of excessive brightness or darkness of some wear debris that is often neglected by traditional segmentation algorithms such as the Otsu and Kittler algorithms.

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Macián, Vicente, Bernardo Tormos, Guillermo Miró, and Isaac Rodes. "Experimental assessment and validation of an oil ferrous wear debris sensors family for wind turbine gearboxes." Sensor Review 38, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2017-0065.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform a complete experimental assessment of a family of oil ferrous wear debris sensor is performed. The family comprised the original sensor and its re-engineered evolution, which is capable of detecting both amount and size of wear debris particles trapped by the sensor and some predefined oil condition properties. Design/methodology/approach In this work, the first step was to perform a design of experiments for the sensor validation. A specially defined test rig was implemented, and different ferrous wear debris was collected. For each sensor, two different tests were performed. The first test was called a “void test”, where quantified amounts of debris were collided with the sensor without oil. The second one was a dynamic test, where the sensor was installed in the test rig and different amounts of wear debris were added at a constant rate. In addition, specific tests related with oil properties detection were studied. Findings The results show excellent correlation of the sensor output signal with the amount of wear debris and a satisfactory detection of debris size in all ranges. Also, the dynamic test presented adequate representativeness, and sensors performed well in this scenario. Practical implications This paper shows the practical implementation of this type of sensor and the usual detection range and rate of detection for different debris size and quantities. Originality/value This work has a great utility for maintenance managers and equipment designers to fully understand the potential of this type of sensor and its suitability for the application required.

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Akbar, Moeed, Alasdair R. Fraser, Gerard J. Graham, James M. Brewer, and M. Helen Grant. "Acute inflammatory response to cobalt chromium orthopaedic wear debris in a rodent air-pouch model." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 74 (April 18, 2012): 2109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0006.

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This study used a rodent air-pouch model to assess the acute inflammatory response to cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloy wear debris from a metal-on-metal hip resurfacing implant that may contribute to joint failure. Air-pouches were injected with either sterile phosphate-buffered saline, 1 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 2.5 mg CoCr wear debris. The in situ inflammatory response was monitored 4, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 days later. A flow cytometric analysis of the inflammatory exudates showed that CoCr wear debris induced a different inflammatory pattern compared with LPS. LPS induced a strong early (4 h) neutrophil influx, with monocyte/macrophage influx peaking at 24 h, whereas CoCr wear debris initiated almost equal numbers of early monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil recruitment. Histological analyses also showed CoCr debris accumulated in the pouch wall and this was accompanied by vast cellular infiltration and fibrosis around the debris throughout the duration of the experiment. Assessment of inflammatory gene transcripts from air-pouch tissue showed that CoCr wear debris increased the expression of cytokines involved in promoting inflammation and fibrosis (IL-1β, TGF-β) and chemokines that promote the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages (CXCL2 and CCL2). The data suggest that inflammatory responses to CoCr debris induce a specific acute process in which the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages is key.

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Glascott, J., G. C. Wood, and F. H. Stott. "The Influence of Experimental Variables on the Development and Maintenance of Wear-Protective Oxides during Sliding of High-Temperature Iron-Base Alloys." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 199, no. 1 (January 1985): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1985_199_088_02.

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An investigation has been carried out into the development and maintenance of wear-protective oxide on iron-12 per cent chromium-base alloys during sliding in air at 20–600°C, with particular reference to the effects of temperature, of intermittent changes in temperature, and of sliding speed. It has been established that the wear-protective surface develops on and from compacted oxide and oxide-coated metal debris and involves deformation of the oxide. The wear process in the early stages of sliding generates metallic wear debris particles. These are fractured and re-fractured until they have a high surface to volume ratio. These surfaces are oxidized at the ambient temperature, to produce considerable amounts of oxide debris. Additional amounts are generated by transient oxidation of the specimen surfaces and removal of this oxide during each transversal of the sliding action. The rate of production of such oxide debris is determined by the ease of fracture of the metal debris and the rate of oxidation. Under these sliding conditions, this results in a minimum in the time required to generate a wear-protective oxide surface at 400°C. Development of such a surface takes a longer period at higher and lower temperatures, and indeed it does not develop at all at room temperature. Once established, the wear-protective oxide remains adherent and stable during isothermal sliding at 300°C and higher temperatures. Thermal stresses imparted by cooling to room temperature and reheating to 300° C do not cause loss of effectiveness of the oxide on subsequent further sliding at 300°C. However, subsequent sliding at room temperature results in rapid breakdown of the oxide and metal-metal contact, presumably due to a decrease in plasticity of the fine oxide debris with decreasing temperature or to a decrease in the adhesion between the oxide and the metal substrate or in oxide cohesion.

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Kovochich, Michael, Ernest S. Fung, Ellen Donovan, Kenneth M. Unice, Dennis J. Paustenbach, and Brent L. Finley. "Characterization of wear debris from metal‐on‐metal hip implants during normal wear versus edge‐loading conditions." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 106, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 986–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33902.

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Wang, Shi Bo, Shi Rong Ge, Hong Tao Liu, and Xiao Long Huang. "Wear Behaviour and Wear Debris Characterization of UHMWPE on Alumina Ceramic, Stainless Steel, CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V Hip Prostheses in a Hip Joint Simulator." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 7 (October 2010): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.7.7.

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Ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been used in total hip replacement for the last three decades. Despite the advancements in prosthesis design, the wear of UHMWPE remains a serious clinical problem; the release of wear debris may induce osteolysis and implant loosening. Understanding of wear behavior and wear debris morphology of the polyethylene is essential to improve the reliability of hip joint implants. The investigation in this paper carried out wear simulation tests of UHMWPE on Al2O3, 316L stainless steel, CoCrMo alloy and Ti6Al4V alloy, respectively. The lubrication of plasma solution and bovine serum solution was presented in wear tests. The effect of motion and loading on the wear behavior and wear debris morphology, and the influence of femoral head material and assembly style were studied in order to obtain a better understanding of the morphology of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles. It is shown that the wear of UHMWPE acetabular cups against metal femoral heads was significantly higher than that against ceramic heads. The presence of protein in lubricant increases the wear of UHMWPE acetabular cups on Al2O3 heads. The wear rates of UHMWPE in multi-directional motion are approximately 2.5 times of those in uni-directional motion. The size distribution range of the UHMWPE debris particles for all head materials varies from submicron particles up to several hundreds micron. The size distribution range of wear debris particles is not directly related to wear resistance of UHMWPE, but significantly influenced by wear mechanisms. The UHMWPE debris particles produced in hip wear simulation tests are classified as round debris, flake-like debris and stick debris, which are closely related to the primary mechanisms of abrasive wear, adhesive wear and fatigue wear.

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Li, Yining, and Peilin Zhang. "An online de-noising method for oil ultrasonic wear debris signal: fuzzy morphology component analysis." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2016-0302.

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Purpose In real working condition, signal is highly disturbed and even drowned by noise, which extremely interferes in detecting results. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an effective de-noising method for the debris particle in lubricant so that the ultrasonic technique can be applied to the online debris particle detection. Design/methodology/approach For completing the online ultrasonic monitoring of oil wear debris, the research is made on some selected wear debris signals. It applies morphology component analysis (MCA) theory to de-noise signals. To overcome the potential weakness of MCA threshold process, it proposes fuzzy morphology component analysis (FMCA) by fuzzy threshold function. Findings According to simulated and experimental results, it eliminates most of the wear debris signal noises by using FMCA through the signal comparison. According to the comparison of simulation evaluation index, it has highest signal noise ratio, smallest root mean square error and largest similarity factor. Research limitations/implications The rapid movement of the debris particles, as well as the lubricant temperature, may influence the measuring signals. Researchers are encouraged to solve these problems further. Practical implications This paper includes implications for the improvement in the online debris detection and the development of the ultrasonic technique applied in online debris detection. Originality value This paper provides a promising way of applying the MCA theory to de-noise signals. To avoid the potential weakness of the MCA threshold process, it proposes FMCA through fuzzy threshold function. The FMCA method has great obvious advantage in de-noising wear debris signals. It lays the foundation for online ultrasonic monitoring of lubrication wear debris.

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Topolovec, Matevž, Ingrid Milošev, Andrej Cör, and Roy Bloebaum. "Wear debris from hip prostheses characterized by electron imaging." Open Medicine 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-013-0156-7.

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AbstractThe characterization of wear particles is of great importance in understanding the mechanisms of osteolysis. In this unique study, thirty-one tissue samples were retrieved at revision surgeries of hip implants and divided into four groups according to the composition of metal prosthetic components. Tissue samples were first analyzed histologically and then by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with back-scattered electron imaging and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, particles were studied directly in situ in tissue sections, without the requirement for particle isolation. The composition of metal wear particles detected in the tissue sections corresponded to the composition of the implant components. A considerable number of large metal particles were actually clusters of submicron particles. The clustering of submicron particles was observed primarily with CoCrMo (cobalt-chromiummolybdenum) and, to a lesser extent, for stainless steel particles. SEM secondary and back-scattered electron imaging was an appropriate and selective method for recognizing the composition of metal particles in the in situ tissue sections, without destroying their spatial relationship within the histology. This method can be used as a screening tool for composition of metal and ceramic particles in tissue sections, or as an additional method for particle identification.

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Prasad, S. V., S. D. Walck, and P. F. Lloyd. "TEM examination of wear debris from a self-lubricating metal-matrix composite prepared by ultramicrotomy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139172.

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Self-lubricating materials are usually multi-phase composites comprising of a solid lubricant dispersed in a matrix of a metal or a polymer. During sliding contact, chemical reactions among the constituent phases of the composite, the counterface and the gases in the surrounding environment are inevitable. The wear debris is a product of such chemical (or tribochemical) reactions. Determination of the chemistry and the crystal structure of the wear debris is therefore crucial to the understanding of the wear mechanisms. In self-lubricating composites, the quantity of the debris generated is often too small to perform x-ray diffraction.It has been previously demonstrated that self-lubricating aluminum metal-matrix composites can be synthesized by dispersing silicon carbide and tungsten disulfide particles in commercial aluminum alloy matrices. A typical microstructure of an Al-0.10SiC-0.05WS2 MMC is shown in Fig. 1. The friction and wear test was performed, in a ball-on-disk configuration, on a polished disk of the aluminum MMC against a 440C steel ball.

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SATHISH, S., V. ANANDAKRISHNAN, and MANOJ GUPTA. "ANALYSIS OF WEAR BEHAVIOR OF A NOVEL MAGNESIUM METAL–METAL COMPOSITE." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 10 (July 10, 2020): 1950228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19502287.

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The need of engineered materials with high strength to weight ratio was instrumental for the development of a novel magnesium metal–metal composite with the addition of titanium (reinforcement) and aluminum (alloying element) through disintegrated melt deposition technique. The X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis used to explore the metallurgical insights of the developed magnesium metal–metal composite. Wear tests were carried out with pin-on-disc equipment by varying the input parameters load and sliding velocity over a sliding distance of 2000[Formula: see text]m. Wear was obtained as the output from the experiments, and the same was analyzed through Pareto analysis of variance, to identify the significant parameters. Also, a fuzzy logic-based model was developed to predict the wear behavior of the metal–metal composite. The wear mechanisms involved in the dry sliding wear behavior were analyzed through worn surface analysis and wear debris analysis.

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Silva, Ruthilene C. Lima da, Janaina Silva de Santana, José F. Silva, Ademir Oliveira da Silva, and João Telésforo Nóbrega Medeiros. "Tribological Study of the Damage Mechanics of Polymer-Metal Contacts Used in Implants." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1099.

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Polyurethane is a biocompatible material and its use is increasing as human or animal implants. However, problems due to wear debris and their interaction with the host require a better understanding of wear mechanisms and the genesis of the debris formation. Some effects of the contact pressure and geometry were experimentally investigated to identify the response, obtained by contact temperature, mass variation, Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDS microanalysis, of polyurethane samples from sliding against metallic surfaces.

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S., Sathish, Anandakrishnan V., and Gupta Manoj. "Optimization of wear parameters of Mg-(5.6Ti+3Al)-2.5B4C composite." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-08-2019-0326.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse and optimize the wear parameters of magnesium metal-metal composite. Materials with lesser weight attract both the researcher and industrialists, as it exhibits the performance improvement in the automotive and aerospace industries. The enrichment of mechanical and tribological properties of the existing magnesium focussed the development of new metal–metal composite. Design/methodology/approach Metal–metal composite with magnesium matrix was synthesized through the disintegrated melt deposition technique with the addition of titanium, aluminium and boron carbide particles. The wear performance of the composite was experimented with the dry sliding wear test by considering load, sliding velocity and sliding distance. Findings The wear rate of the composite is analysed statistically, and the significance of wear parameters on the wear performance of metal–metal composite is observed. The worn pin surface and the wear debris collected during the wear experiments were exposed to the microscopy analysis to seize the dominating wear mechanisms. Originality/value The wear performance of the developed magnesium composite was analysed and discussed in detail with the support of scientific evidence, i.e. worn surface and debris analysis express the wear mechanisms. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2019-0326/

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SHI Hao-tian, 史皓天, 张洪朋 ZHANG Hong-peng, 王文琪 WANG Wen-qi, 孙广涛 SUN Guang-tao, and 纪玉龙 JI Yu-long. "Design and research of high-sensitivity wear debris detection sensor." Optics and Precision Engineering 27, no. 9 (2019): 2043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20192709.2043.

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Du, Li, and Jiang Zhe. "An integrated ultrasonic–inductive pulse sensor for wear debris detection." Smart Materials and Structures 22, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 025003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/2/025003.

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Khan, M., J. H. Kuiper, and J. B. Richardson. "Can cobalt levels estimate in-vivo wear of metal-on-metal bearings used in hip arthroplasty?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 929–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim270.

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High levels of cobalt and chromium ions are detected in the blood and urine of patients with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacement. These elements are released as a result of wear at the bearing surfaces. Wear rates depend on a multitude of factors, which include the bearing geometry, carbon content, manufacturing processes, lubrication, speed and direction of sliding of the surfaces, pattern of loading, and orientation of the components. In-vivo wear of MoM bearings cannot be reliably measured on X-rays because no distinction can be made between the bearing surfaces. Hip simulator studies have shown that wear rates are higher during the initial bedding-in phase and subsequently drop to very low levels. Accordingly, metal ion levels would be expected to decrease with the use of the bearing, measured as implantation time following surgery. However, several clinical studies have found that metal ion levels either gradually rise or fluctuate instead of decreasing to lower levels. Moreover, hip simulator studies predict that large-diameter bearings have lower wear rates than small-diameter bearings. In clinical studies, however, metal levels in patients with large-diameter bearings are unexpectedly higher than those in patients with small-diameter bearings. As a consequence, high cobalt ion levels in patients do not necessarily imply that their MoM bearings produce much wear debris at the time that their levels were measured; it may simply be due to accumulation of wear debris from the preceding time. Exercise-related cobalt rise may overcome this limitation and give a better assessment of the current wear status of a MoM bearing surface than a measure of cobalt levels only.

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Zhang, Hong Peng, Wen Huang, Yin Dong Zhang, Yan Shen, and Dong Qing Li. "Design of the Microfluidic Chip of Oil Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.517.

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Wear debris in hydraulic oil causes most of the faults of hydraulic system and is also an important information carrier, so it is essential to check the condition of wear debris in hydraulic oil. On the basis of inductive principle and microfluidic chip technology, the design of a microfluidic chip of oil detection is presented in this paper. the relation between coil geometry parameters and inductive change of planar inductor are analyzed through the related experimental statistics, the result being that when the ferrous metallic particle flows through planar inductor, the measured inductance variation increases with the number of turns and decreases with the coil line width.

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Bulgakov, Valeriy Georgievich, V. K. Il'ina, N. S. Gavryushenko, A. N. Shal'nev, N. P. Omel'yanenko, V. G. Bulgakov, V. K. Il'ina, N. S. Gavryushenko, A. N. Shal'nev, and N. P. Omel'yanenko. "Tribochemical Component of Oxidative Stress Development when Implantating of Artificial Joints. Part 2. Oxidative and Antiproliferative Effect of Wear Debris of Orthopedic Materials." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 17, no. 3 (September 15, 2010): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201017329-33.

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Using modeling reaction with constant production of metal radical-generated wear debris it was determined increasing intensification of oxidative processes. Generated free radicals enabled to oxidize polymeric component of endoprostheses. Radical-generated wear debris significantly decreased the proliferative ability of human osteogenic cells. Inert ceramics particles showed antiprolifirative effect only in their high concentration. Those particles prevented growth of osteogenic cells. Worsening in mechanical properties of polymeric implant components and disturbance of bone remodeling under radical-generated wear debris may be one of the causes of further development of implant loosening and its instability.

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Harvie, P., H. Giele, C. Fang, O. Ansorge, S. Ostlere, M. Gibbons, and D. Whitwell. "The Treatment of Femoral Neuropathy Due to Pseudotumour Caused by Metal-On-Metal Resurfacing Arthroplasty." HIP International 18, no. 4 (October 2008): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000801800408.

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Concerns now exist about the long-term biological effects of exposure to orthopaedic metal alloys, particularly serum cobalt and chromium ions derived from metal-on–metal wear debris in these patients. A pseudotumour mass complicating metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty has been recognized by orthopaedic oncologists and specialist hip units. Pseudotumours may also present with a major nerve palsy. Two cases of femoral neuropathy due to pseudotumour masses caused by metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty are presented. Preoperative neurophysiological studies showed severe and irreversible pathological changes to nerve function with neurohistopathological evidence of complete nerve destruction with a previously unreported pathological appearance. This may represent a previously unrecognized pathological process, possibly ‘toxic’ in nature, resulting from metal-on-metal wear debris. Prolonged follow-up and detailed clinical assessment of patients after hip resurfacing arthroplasty is advocated with planned and expeditious revision of any patient in whom evidence of femoral neuropathy develops.

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Xiao, Hong, Xinyu Wang, Hongcheng Li, Jiufei Luo, and Song Feng. "An Inductive Debris Sensor for a Large-Diameter Lubricating Oil Circuit Based on a High-Gradient Magnetic Field." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081546.

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Wear is one of the main factors of machine failure. If abnormal wear was not detected in time during the operation of a mechanical system, it probably leads to catastrophic consequences. The wear debris in the lubricating oil circuit contains much information about equipment wear. Consequently, debris detection is regarded as an effective way to detect mechanical faults. In this paper, an inductive debris sensor based on a high-gradient magnetic field is presented for high-throughput lubricating oil circuits. The excitation coil of the sensor is driven by a constant current to generate a high-gradient magnetic field, and the induction coil is wound around the flow path. When wear debris cuts the magnetic line through the flow path, a corresponding induced voltage is generated. The experimental results show that the sensor output signal is linear with the drive current and the wear debris velocity. In addition, the shortest distance between the particles that the sensor output signals can be completely separated is 25 mm. When the distance is smaller, the induced signals are superimposed.

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Fisher, J., X. Q. Hu, J. L. Tipper, T. D. Stewart, S. Williams, M. H. Stone, C. Davies, et al. "An in vitro study of the reduction in wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses using surface-engineered femoral heads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544110260138709.

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Although the wear of existing metal-on-metal (MOM) hip prostheses (1 mm3/106 cycles) is much lower than the more widely used polyethylene-on-metal bearings, there are concerns about the toxicity of metal wear particles and elevated metal ion levels, both locally and systemically, in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of reducing the volume of wear, the concentration of metal debris and the level of metal ion release through using surfaceengineered femoral heads. Three thick (8-12 μm) coatings (TiN, CrN and CrCN) and one thin (2 μm) coating (diamond-like carbon, DLC), were evaluated on the femoral heads when articulating against high carbon content cobalt-chromium alloy acetabular inserts (HC CoCrMo) and compared with a clinically used MOM cobalt-chromium alloy bearing couple using a physiological anatomical hip joint simulator (Leeds Mark II). This study showed that CrN, CrCN and DLC coatings produced substantially lower wear volumes for both the coated femoral heads and the HC CoCrMo inserts. The TiN coating itself had little wear, but it caused relatively high wear of the HC CoCrMo inserts compared with the other coatings. The majority of the wear debris for all half-coated couples comprised small, 30 nm or less, CoCrMo metal particles. The Co, Cr and Mo ion concentrations released from the bearing couples of CrN-, CrCN- and DLC-coated heads articulating against HC CoCrMo inserts were at least 7 times lower than those released from the clinical MOM prostheses. These surface-engineered femoral heads articulating on HC CoCrMo acetabular inserts produced significantly lower wear volumes and rates, and hence lower volumetric concentrations of wear particles, compared with the clinical MOM prosthesis. The substantially lower ion concentration released by these surface-engineered components provides important evidence to support the clinical application of this technology.

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Vendittoli, Pascal-André, Martin Lavigne, and Daniel Lusignan. "Adverse reaction to local metal debris does not always come from metal on metal bearing wear." Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique 103, no. 7 (November 2017): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcot.2017.09.162.

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Flanagan, I. M., J. R. Jordan, and H. W. Whittington. "Wear-debris detection and analysis techniques for lubricant-based condition monitoring." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 21, no. 11 (November 1988): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/11/001.

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Magdalena Richter and Henryk Matusiewicz. "Review of the local tissue reaction to metallic spinal implant debris: Ions and nanoparticles." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.3.0085.

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Biologic reactivity to implant debris is the primary determinant of long-term clinical performance. The metallic implants placed in human bodies can exhibit electrochemical or mechanical corrosion that yields in the liberation of metallic products. Such implants-derived metal wear products can be present in the form of metal ions and particulate metal debris with still unknown effects on human health. In situ generation of metallic wear particles, corrosion products and in vivo trace metal ions release from metal and metallic alloys implanted into the body in spine surgery is becoming a major cause for concern regarding the health and safety of patients. In vivo clinical studies addressing the adverse local tissue reaction effects of metallic wear products on surrounding soft tissues and bodily fluids are less numerous. Although numerous studies have focused on the clinical significance of corrosion and wear of hip and knee replacements, research involving spine instrumentation is not well documented. This review explores how migration of metallic wear nanoparticles and trace metal ions in the area of metallic spinal implants influences the surrounding tissues and bodily fluids, and what the clinical consequences of this process may be.

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Jin, Xing. "Analysis of Time Series to Wear Tendency of Aero-Engines." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.955.

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A common method of debris detection to detect the condition of the engine is to establish the relationship between wearing condition and the elements in debris. To accomplish this aim, the ARIMA and Auto-Regressive models should be set up by analyzing the original time series which is established in accordance with the data of debris. After that, the trend of engine wear in a cycle of overhaul can be verified and the best model can be found depending on the situation of real data of debris. So the original time series can be obtained and the time series model to monitor engine condition can be set up. This paper finally provides a reference for monitoring engine conditions and other familiar fields.

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Peng, Peng, and Jiugen Wang. "Analysis of oxide wear debris using ferrography image segmentation." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 7 (September 9, 2019): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-09-2018-0355.

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Purpose It is a challenging task to analysis oxide wear particles when they are stuck together with other types of wear particles in complex ferrography images. Hence, this paper aims to propose a method of ferrography image segmentation to analysis oxide wear debris in complex ferrography images. Design/methodology/approach First, ferrography images are segmented with watershed transform. Then, two region merging rules are proposed to improve the initial segmentation results. Finally, the features of each particle are extracted to detect and assess the oxide wear particles. Findings The results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods of ferrography image segmentation, and the overlapping wear particles in complex ferrography images can be well separated. Moreover, the features of each separated wear particles can be easily extracted to analysis the oxide wear particles. Practical implications The proposed method provides a useful approach for the automatic detection and assessment of oxide wear particles in complex ferrography images. Originality/value The colours, edges and position information of wear debris are considered in the proposed method to improve the segmentation result. Moreover, the proposed method can not only detect oxide wear particles in ferrography images but also evaluate oxide wear severity in ferrography images.

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Becker, Andrew. "Health indicator metrics applicable to inductive wear debris sensors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 5 (August 16, 2016): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116665047.

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The Inductive Wear Debris Sensor is a relatively new invention that is increasingly being used for the detection of incipient machinery damage or failures by sensing metallic debris in lubrication systems. This type of sensor is typically used in-line and has a superior particle size detection range compared to traditional techniques such as the ubiquitous spectrometric oil analysis. There is, however, very little in the literature regarding the application and interpretation of data arising from this type of sensor. Unlike other condition monitoring sensors, no data will be generated by an Inductive Wear Debris Sensor in an ideal system; however, in real applications it is necessary to discriminate between occasional particles unrelated to a failure and incipient failure particles. Inductive Wear Debris Sensor data could be misinterpreted if a simple cumulative count limit was applied to the data. A short-term rate of particle generation is sometimes used as an alternative; however, it too can be misleading with short succession particles producing high instantaneous rates possibly causing false alarms. The purpose of this work was to develop a robust metric (or group of metrics) that when applied to Inductive Wear Debris Sensor data would reliably identify a failure event and exclude non-failure related particles. The Health Indicator described herein consists of three subordinate Condition Indices that collectively are shown to reliably detect the onset of rolling contact fatigue. The metrics have been applied to bearing test rig data (seeded fault) and data obtained from a non-seeded fault test of a complex helicopter gearbox.

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Autry, Luke, and Harris Marcus. "Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on Metal Transfer during Sliding Wear under Ambient Conditions." Advances in Tribology 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/492858.

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Nitrogen implantation in Interstitial-Free steel was evaluated for its impact on metal transfer and 1100 Al rider wear. It was determined that nitrogen implantation reduced metal transfer in a trend that increased with dose; the Archard wear coefficient reductions of two orders of magnitude were achieved using a dose of 2e17 ions/cm2, 100 kV. Cold-rolling the steel and making volumetric wear measurements of the Al-rider determined that the hardness of the harder material had little impact on volumetric wear or friction. Nitrogen implantation had chemically affected the tribological process studied in two ways: directly reducing the rider wear and reducing the fraction of rider wear that ended up sticking to the ISF steel surface. The structure of the nitrogen in the ISF steel did not affect the tribological behavior because no differences in friction/wear measurements were detected after postimplantation heat treating to decompose the as-implantedε-Fe3N toγ-Fe4N. The fraction of rider-wear sticking to the steel depended primarily on the near-surface nitrogen content. Covariance analysis of the debris oxygen and nitrogen contents indicated that nitrogen implantation enhanced the tribo-oxidation process with reference to the unimplanted material. As a result, the reduction in metal transfer was likely related to the observed tribo-oxidation in addition to the introduction of nitride wear elements into the debris. The primary Al rider wear mechanism was stick-slip, and implantation reduced the friction and friction noise associated with that wear mechanism. Calculations based on the Tabor junction growth formula indicate that the mitigation of the stick-slip mechanism resulted from a reduced adhesive strength at the interface during the sticking phase.

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Jamari, J., Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Amir Putra Md Saad, Ardiyansyah Syahrom, Mohammad Uddin, Emile van der Heide, and Hasan Basri. "The Effect of Bottom Profile Dimples on the Femoral Head on Wear in Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 12, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb12020038.

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Wear and wear-induced debris is a significant factor in causing failure in implants. Reducing contact pressure by using a textured surface between the femoral head and acetabular cup is crucial to improving the implant’s life. This study presented the effect of surface texturing as dimples on the wear evolution of total hip arthroplasty. It was implemented by developing finite element analysis from the prediction model without dimples and with bottom profile dimples of flat, drill, and ball types. Simulations were carried out by performing 3D physiological loading of the hip joint under normal walking conditions. A geometry update was initiated based on the patient’s daily routine activities. Our results showed that the addition of dimples reduced contact pressure and wear. The bottom profile dimples of the ball type had the best ability to reduce wear relative to the other types, reducing cumulative linear wear by 24.3% and cumulative volumetric wear by 31% compared to no dimples. The findings demonstrated that surface texturing with appropriate dimple bottom geometry on a bearing surface is able to extend the lifetime of hip implants.

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Brown, Alan S. "Hip New World." Mechanical Engineering 128, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-oct-2.

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This paper focuses on the development of modern metal-on-metal hips implants. Their large bearings mimic natural biomechanics and let patients remain active. Metal rubbing on metal creates nanoscale wear debris. The particles appear small enough for some cobalt and chrome to end up as ions. Both metals have the potential to cause cancer. Device manufacturers are scrambling after alloys that leave behind less debris. Some have also introduced ceramic hips. Ceramics are highly biocompatible and so hard and wear-resistant that they are likely to outlast metal. The ceramics used in hip implants are a triumph of materials science. The industry is moving toward zirconia-toughened alumina. It is stronger than conventional alumina and designers can slim down cup liners and use larger ceramic femoral bearings.

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Anissian, H. Lucas, André Stark, Allen Gustafson, Victoria Good, and Ian C. Clarke. "Metal-on-metal bearing in hip prosthesis generates 100-fold less wear debris than metal-on-polyethylene." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 70, no. 6 (January 1999): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453679908997845.

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Anwar, Mahmood, Sudin Izman, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul-Kadir, Engku Mohammad Nazim, Aini Abdul Kadir, Mohamed Konneh, and Mas Ayu Hassan. "Elemental Diffusion Behaviour of Biomedical Grade Titanium Alloy through Thermal Oxidation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.591.

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Major issues related to implant failure are wear debris and metal ions release where Titanium-Aluminium-Niobium alloys still face those problems despite of better biocompatibility. Surface modification is one of the alternatives in order to reduce those wear as well as ion release problems to the host tissue. In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate the element diffusion behaviour of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy through thermal oxidation in order to obtain coating on the surfaces for diminishing those effects. Thermal oxidation was carried out at 650°C for three different durations 6, 12 and 24 hours. It is found that at prolong time, Niobium diffusion occurs where short duration Aluminium dominates. This suggests that longer heating time promotes heavy metal diffusion by restricting diffusion of light metal and hence, dominates the heavy metal oxide layer formation. The oxide layer formed on the substrate may lead to increase the lifespan of the implant and reduces the harmful effects caused by wear debris or toxic ion from metal alloys.

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Halim, T., I. C. Clarke, M. D. Burgett-Moreno, T. K. Donaldson, C. Savisaar, and J. G. Bowsher. "A simulator study of adverse wear with metal and cement debris contamination in metal-on-metal hip bearings." Bone & Joint Research 4, no. 3 (March 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.43.2000332.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metal Wear Debris Detection'

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