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Journal articles on the topic "Metallographical investigations":
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Deshpande, P. P., and N. B. Dhokey. "Metallographical investigations of iron objects in ancient Vidharbha region of Maharashtra." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 61, no. 2-3 (April 2008): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-008-0013-6.
Wang, Tao, and Junshan Zhang. "Thermoanalytical and metallographical investigations on the synthesis of TiAl3 from elementary powders." Materials Chemistry and Physics 99, no. 1 (September 2006): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.08.075.
Gegner, Jürgen, Andreas Ö. Öchsner, Werner Winter, and Günther Kuhn. "Metallographische Untersuchungen zur duktilen Schädigung in Aluminium-Legierungen / Metallographical Investigations of Ductile Damage in Aluminium Alloys." Practical Metallography 37, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2000-371005.
Yamanoglu, R., E. Karakulak, and M. Zeren. "Mechanical and wear properties of pre-alloyed molybdenum P/M steels with nickel addition." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 48, no. 2 (2012): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb111128026y.
The aim of this study is to understand the effect of nickel addition on mechanical and wear properties of molybdenum and copper alloyed P/M steel. Specimens with three different nickel contents were pressed under 400 MPa and sintered at 1120?C for 30 minutes then rapidly cooled. Microstructures and mechanical properties (bending strength, hardness and wear properties) of the sintered specimens were investigated in detail. Metallographical investigations showed that the microstructures of consolidated specimens consist of tempered martensite, bainite, retained austenite and pores. It is also reported that the amount of pores varies depending on the nickel concentration of the alloys. Hardness of the alloys increases with increasing nickel content. Specimens containing 2% nickel showed minimum pore quantity and maximum wear resistance. The wear mechanism changed from abrasive wear at low nickel content to adhesive wear at higher nickel content.
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Baer, Wolfram. "Performance of Modern DCI Materials – Investigation of Microstructural, Temperature and Loading Rate Effects on Mechanical and Fracture Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2244.
Design and safety assessment of advanced ductile cast iron (DCI) components like windturbines or transport and storage casks for radioactive materials require appropriate material data interms of strength and fracture toughness. Therefore, it is of vital importance to characterize andunderstand the deformation, damage and fracture behaviour of DCI which may substantially changefrom ductile to brittle by increasing loading rate, decreasing temperature and/or increasing stresstriaxiality. This paper reports on recent BAM investigations on different qualities of the widely usedDCI grade EN-GJS-400 with varying pearlite shares (none and 18 % respectively). The focus wason the influences of microstructure, temperature (ambient and -40 °C) and loading rate (quasi-staticto crash) on strength (YS, UTS, flow curve) and fracture mechanical properties (R-curve, crackinitiation toughness, fracture toughness). Systematic metallographical and fractographical analyseswere performed accompanying the whole test program and a systematics of specific damagebehaviour and fracture mechanisms was derived from the results.
Fischer, Bernd. "Metallographische und mikroanalytische Untersuchungen zur Verringerung der Platinkorrosion in Glasschmelzen’ / Metallographical and Microanalytical Investigations to Reduce Platinum Corrosion in Glass Melts." Practical Metallography 30, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-1993-300606.
Bischoff, Ewald, Horst Opielka, Irene J. Kabyemera, and Sadi Karagöz. "REM-Untersuchungen zur quantitativen Metallographie von Karbiden in Schnellarbeitsstählen / SEM-Investigations into the Quantitative Metallographical Determination of Carbides in High Speed Steels." Practical Metallography 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-1995-320204.
Engler, O. "Influence of the Initial Grain Size on the Rolling and Recrystallization Textures in the Alloy Al-1.8% Cu." Textures and Microstructures 23, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.23.61.
The influence of the initial grain size prior to deformation on the rolling and recrystallization textures is investigated in the alloy Al-l.8wt%Cu by X-ray macrotexture analysis. Two different particle stages are examined: (i) Small shearable precipitates give rise to shear band formation and, during annealing, to nucleation of recrystallization at shear bands. (ii) Large particles cause particle stimulated nucleation of recrystallization (PSN). The microstructural evolution, particularly during recrystallization nucleation, is elucidated by metallographical investigations supported by EBSD local texture analysis.Both the initial grain size and the precipitation state strongly influence the evolution of the rolling textures. The results are interpreted with the help of Taylor-type deformation models. The recrystallization textures of Al-alloys emerge from a superposition of the orientations stemming from the various nucleation sites, i.e. Cube-bands, shear bands and particles. An increase of the initial grain size prior to deformation substantially shifts the recrystallization texture from the Cube-orientation towards the orientations being attributed to the other nucleation sites (shear bands, particles) which is interpreted by the spatial density of the various nucleation sites.
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Su, Guo Sheng, and Zhan Qiang Liu. "On Critical Conditions for Chip Transformation from Continuous to Serrated in High-Speed Machining." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.232.
For most of materials, a chip transformation from continuous to serrated takes place at a relative high cutting speed which is called the critical cutting speed (CCS). Serrated chips at CCS have different characteristics from those at higher cutting speeds. In this paper, the chip transformation is analytically investigated. The deformation in the primary shear zone (PSZ) during the transformation is analyzed. The critical shear strain at CCS for chip transformation is proposed. Cutting Experiments are carried out with four metals, and metallographical and morphological investigations on the chip transformation are conducted. The results show that serrated chips can be produced if the shear localization along a shear plane occurs before the shear plane reaches to the middle of PSZ. At CCS, the flow stress of the shear plane passing through the PSZ reaches maximum at the middle of PSZ and then decreases with further straining. The high thickness of localized shear bands makes the serrated chip at CCS look as a wave. At CCS, the shear strain of chip segments is approximately equal to the critical shear strain for chip transformation. Influences of material hardess (brittleness) on chip transformation are also discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metallographical investigations":
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Jaradeh, Majed. "The Effect of Processing Parameters and Alloy Composition on the Microstructure Formation and Quality of DC Cast Aluminium Alloys." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4205.
The objective of this research is to increase the understanding of the solidification behaviour of some industrially important wrought aluminium alloys. The investigation methods range from direct investigations of as-cast ingots to laboratory-scale techniques in which ingot casting is simulated. The methods span from directional solidification at different cooling rates to more fundamental and controlled techniques such as DTA and DSC. The microstructure characteristics of the castings have been investigated by optical and Scanning Electron microscopy. Hardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The effects of adding alloying elements to 3XXX and 6XXX aluminium alloys have been studied with special focus on the effects of Zn, Cu, Si and Ti. These elements influence the strength and corrosion properties, which are important for the performance of final components of these alloys. Solidification studies of 0-5wt% Zn additions to 3003 alloys showed that the most important effect on the microstructure was noticed at 2.5 wt% Zn, where the structure was fine, and the hardness had a maximum. Si addition to a level of about 2% gave a finer structure, having a relatively large fraction of eutectic structure, however, it also gave a long solidification interval. The addition of small amounts of Cu, 0.35 and 1.0 wt%, showed a beneficial effect on the hardness. Differences have been observed in the ingot surface microstructures of 6xxx billets with different Mg and Si ratios. Excess Si compositions showed a coarser grain structure and more precipitations with possible negative implications for surface defect formation during DC casting. The comparison of alloys of different Ti content showed that the addition of titanium to a level of about 0.15 wt% gave a coarser grain structure than alloys with a normal Ti content for grain refinement, i.e. < 0.02 wt%, although a better corrosion resistance can be obtained at higher Ti contents. The larger grain size results in crack sensitivity during DC casting. A macroscopic etching technique was developed, based on a NaOH solution, and used in inclusion assessment along DC cast billets. Good quantitative data with respect to the size and spatial distribution of inclusions were obtained. The results from studied billets reveal a decreasing number of inclusions going from bottom to top, and the presence of a ring-shaped distribution of a large number of small defects in the beginning of the casting. The present study shows how composition modifications, i.e. additions of certain amounts of alloying elements to the 3xxx and 6xxx Al alloys, significantly change the microstructures of the materials, its castability, and consequently its mechanical properties QC 20100901
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Budd, Paul David. "A metallographic investigation of Eneolithic arsenical copper." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358024.
Böhmert, Jürgen, and Gudrun Müller. "Metallographic Post Test Investigations for the Scaled Core-Meltdown-Experiments FOREVER-1 and -2." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-29883.
FOREVER (Failure Of Reactor Vessel Rentention) experiments has been carried out in order to simulate the behaviour the lower head of a reactor pressure vessel under the conditions of a depressurized core melt down scenario. In particular the creep behaviour and the vessel failure mode have been investigated. Metallographic post test investigations have complemented the experimental programme. Samples of different height positions of the vessel of the FOREVER-C1 and -C2 experiments were metallographically examined and characteristic microstructural appearances were identified. Additionally samples with uneffected microstructure were annealed at different temperatures and cooled by different rates and afterwards investigated. In this way the microstructural effects of the temperature regime, the thermo-mechanical loads and the environmental attack could be characterized. Remarkable effects were characteristic for the FOREVER-C2 experiment where the highest-loaded region below the welding joint reached temperatures of approx. 1100°C and a strong creep damage occured. In the FOREVER-C1 experiment creep damage could not be observed and the maximum temperature did not exceed 900°C. Environmental attack generated decarburization and oxidation but the effect was restricted to a narrow surface layer. There was almost no chemical interaction between the oxidic melt and the vessel material.
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Böhmert, Jürgen, and Gudrun Müller. "Metallographic Post Test Investigations for the Scaled Core-Meltdown-Experiments FOREVER-1 and -2." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 2000. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21815.
FOREVER (Failure Of Reactor Vessel Rentention) experiments has been carried out in order to simulate the behaviour the lower head of a reactor pressure vessel under the conditions of a depressurized core melt down scenario. In particular the creep behaviour and the vessel failure mode have been investigated. Metallographic post test investigations have complemented the experimental programme. Samples of different height positions of the vessel of the FOREVER-C1 and -C2 experiments were metallographically examined and characteristic microstructural appearances were identified. Additionally samples with uneffected microstructure were annealed at different temperatures and cooled by different rates and afterwards investigated. In this way the microstructural effects of the temperature regime, the thermo-mechanical loads and the environmental attack could be characterized. Remarkable effects were characteristic for the FOREVER-C2 experiment where the highest-loaded region below the welding joint reached temperatures of approx. 1100°C and a strong creep damage occured. In the FOREVER-C1 experiment creep damage could not be observed and the maximum temperature did not exceed 900°C. Environmental attack generated decarburization and oxidation but the effect was restricted to a narrow surface layer. There was almost no chemical interaction between the oxidic melt and the vessel material.
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Chen, Chih-Hao, and 陳志豪. "A New Fire Investigation Techniques By Using The Nondestructive Metallographic Replication Testing For Iron Materials After High Temperature." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97316256143429807875.
碩士 吳鳳科技大學 消防研究所 104 A relatively high proportion of buildings use steel materials. Building components made from steel are less likely to be completely burned down because of the high melting point of steel and their bigger size, and as a result, changes in the structure and mechanical behavior of these steel components due to high-temperature burning are important evidence of fire spread in fire investigation. In the study, an SS41 steel board, a frequently used building construction material, was heated to a high temperature, and then a metallographic replication experiment and tensile experiment were performed to obtain the composition and proportion of the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of fire damaged steel boards. When the steel board was heated to 800℃ or higher and then rapidly cooled down by water, significant changes were found in its composition and proportion. More specifically, pearlite was completely lost, ferrite was reduced from 80% to 30%, bainite was increased to 30%, and martensite was also increased to 40%. The significant increase in the martensite phase altered the structure of the fire damaged steel board by making its structure more delicate and loose. Even though the yielding strength and tensile strength showed a tendency to increase, element ductility dropped from 32.5% to 15%. Reducing the extensibility substantially can make the steel board more likely to crack suddenly. The aim of the study is to provide the fire investigation department with new technology for reconstructing fire scenes to improve the reliability of their fire investigation.
Book chapters on the topic "Metallographical investigations":
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Takács-Szabó, A., Balázs Verő, and Jenő Sólyom. "Metallographic Investigation of TRIP Steels." In Materials Science Forum, 457–64. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-426-x.457.
Chowdhury, Sohini, Yadaiah Nirsanametla, and Manapuram Muralidhar. "Investigation on Metallographic Analysis of Electron Beam Ti6Al4V Alloy Welds." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 121–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9072-3_11.
Fursikov, P. V., D. N. Borisov, V. A. Yartys, and B. P. Tarasov. "Metallographic Investigations And Hydrogenation Peculiarities Of The Alloy Mg-La-Ni." In Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems, 457–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8898-8_57.
Fauszt, Anna, Balázs Verő, and Éva Dénes. "Thermogravimetric and Metallographic Investigation of the Oxidation of Steels for Enamelling." In Materials Science, Testing and Informatics II, 195–200. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-957-1.195.
Scott, D. A. "The use of metallographic and metallurgical investigation methods in the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts." In Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts, 82–99. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782421573.2.82.
Ardelean, Lavinia, Lucien Reclaru, Cristina-Maria Bortun, and Laura-Cristina Rusu. "Investigations on Dental Alloys Using Metallographic Observation, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy- Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy." In Micro and Nanotechnologies for Biotechnology. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64291.
Kuppuswamy, R. "Metallographic Etching of Aluminium and Its Alloys for Restoration of Obliterated Marks in Forensic Science Practice and Investigations." In Aluminium Alloys, Theory and Applications. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/15693.
Conference papers on the topic "Metallographical investigations":
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Steinhäuser, S., B. Wielage, U. Hofmann, and G. Zimmermann. "Increase in the Reliability of Thermal Sprayed Coatings." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0491.
Abstract The characterisation of the effectiveness of sealing was studied by metallographical investigations as well as comparing the investigations with respect to the corrosion- and wear behaviour of the used thermal sprayed coatings and last but not least by measuring of the insulation resistance of the coating system. The obtained results show that there are differences between the used sealants and it is possible through a mechanical treatment of sealed coatings to remove the sealants from the coatings. In the corrosion test the sealants show their efficiency. The sealants insulate the open porosity and prevent the corrosion attack owing to the interconnected pores.
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Wielage, B., K. Fleisher, and G. Zimmerman. "Investigations on Thermal Sprayed Carbon-Short-Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Composites." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0349.
Abstract Composite coatings are increasingly applied for the protection against wear in mechanical constructions. Especially, in the case of abrasion these coatings offer the possibility to protect the base material. The matrix is ductile and the reinforcements cause the higher strength and hardness. A research project presented in this paper dealt with the manufacture of carbon-short-fibre-reinforced aluminum composite coatings by vacuum plasma spraying. The basis of the processing is the agglomeration of aluminum powder and carbon fibres. During the spraying process the aluminum melts, covers the fibres, and so, contributes to the creation of the composite coating and/or the composites. The processing times are so short that the damaging formation of carbides can be suppressed mostly. For the creation of free standing bodies it is necessary to find a qualified core material which allows the removing of the sprayed composites. The investigations on the composites are focused on the metallographical judgement regarding the fibre and void content, the fibre distribution, the characterization of the interface as well as the determination of mechanical properties and the wear resistance.
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Wielage, B., and K. Fleischer. "Electron Beam Post-Treatment of Coatings Plasma Sprayed Onto Magnesium Alloys." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p1449.
Abstract Magnesium alloys are widely used as light-weight metals in the field of automotive engineering (1,2). However, there are some disadvantages regarding the wear and corrosion behaviour of these materials. Therefore, the surface treatment of Mg-alloys is an important process to extend the industrial use of magnesium (3,4). Beside the laser technology one of the innovative processes for the improvement of the surface properties of Mg is the electron beam technology. Results of the manufacture of wear resistant coatings plasma-sprayed onto magnesium and a subsequent electron beam treatment are presented. Copper and nickel were chosen as the coating material since these metals can form hard hd resistant intermetallic compounds with magnesium during the remelting. The structure and the properties of the remelted Cu- or Ni-alloyed surface layer are dependent on the properties of the plasma sprayed coating and on the parameters of the subsequent electron beam treatment (feed rate, voltage, current and beam deflection). During the electron beam treatment the influence of the substrate must be minimized. The investigations on the coatings are focused on: (i) the metallographical evaluation concerning the microstructure and the thickness of the remelting zone, (ii) occurring phases, and (iii) the determination of hardness and abrasive wear resistance.
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Ottens, Werner, Eberhard Roos, Hans Kockelmann, and Rolf Hahn. "Optimization of Stuffing Box Stem Sealings in Valves by Means of Surface Treatment and Coating." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25043.
The optimization of the frictional behavior of valve stems in stuffing box sealing systems by means of stem surface treatment and coating is subject of a research project carried out at MPA Stuttgart. Low friction should lead to a high compression and densification of the packing already during assembly resulting in a reduced drop of packing stress with service time and improved tightness. Several surface treatment and coating technologies (Nitrogen and Boron Hardening, inductive coat, Si- and Me-DLC, AlTiN, Chromium-Nitride Multilayer, Tungsten-Carbide and Chromium-Carbide) were examined. Friction tests were carried out at 400 °C followed by leakage tests (160 bar, test fluid Nitrogen) on simulated stuffing box sealings with usual graphite packings and coated or surface treated stems in comparison to a “standard” stem without coating and surface treatment. These combined friction and leakage tests were accompanied by mechanical, technological and metallographical investigations. Visual inspection of the stems after the friction tests suggests a classification in 3 categories depending on the graphite adhesion to the stem surface. Some coatings caused a deterioration (increase of leakage rate) compared to the standard stem (without any coating or surface treatment). In the other cases the leakage rates were comparable to that of the standard stem. Most favorable behavior was observed for the stem with inductive coat. This technology can be seen as a repair technology for damaged stems.
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Gustilo, Paul Angelo D., and Joyce Lyn G. Fernandez. "Metallographic Investigation on Solder Creep Phenomenon." In ISTFA 2012. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2012p0562.
Abstract Solder bulging is detected on the exposed paddle of Device A after burn-in causing the affected units to fail the coplanarity criteria. The affected units show up at random burn-in board socket locations and occur with varying frequency. Potential causes are plotted through an Ishikawa diagram which reveal fusion and creep as the potential mechanisms behind the solder bulging phenomenon. This paper seeks to determine the mechanism behind the solder bulging phenomenon via a 2-step metallographic investigation through (i) material deformation characterization and (ii) deformation mechanism simulation. In material deformation characterization, visual inspection on affected units show that the solder bulge is generally circular and is located on the center of the exposed paddle. Moreover, SEM/EDX analysis reveal that the solder bulge is not caused by a foreign contaminant or a compositional anomaly in the solder plating. On the other hand, deformation mechanism simulation involves the metallographic comparison between controlled simulations of fusion and creep versus the actual unit with solder bulge. Metallographic inspection reveal that the grain size and grain shape of the solder bulge possess the characteristics of creep phenomenon. Additionally, investigation on the burn-in (BI) process conditions also supports creep over fusion as the mechanism behind the solder bulging phenomenon. The static stress induced by the socket on the package at elevated temperature caused the solder plating to creep towards the free area which is the hole on the bottom of the socket.
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Otahal, Alexandr, Josef Skacel, and Ivan Szendiuch. "Investigation of Metallographic Etchants Selectivity for Tin Solder Alloys." In 2020 43rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse49702.2020.9121138.
Ozeki, Go, A. Toshimitsu Yokobori, and Takashi Matsuzaki. "Creep Damage Formation and Crack Initiation / Growth Behavior of Notched Specimen for Directionally Solidified Ni-Base Superalloy by Interrupted Observation." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63380.
Directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy is used for gas turbine blades for high efficiency thermal power plant. Since gas turbine blades are subject to high temperature creep condition due to the high speed rotation of rotor, it is important to evaluate the creep strength. There are many studies using the smooth specimen for directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy. However, these are not so many researches which concern the mechanical behavior of a notched specimen. Therefore, the researches of creep damage formation and the crack growth behavior around a notch tip have not yet been clarified. Recently, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method has been conducted to evaluate the creep damage for Ni-base superalloy. However, most of the studies also use the smooth specimen. When the materials are practically used for the component of structures, creep damage or crack may be originated at the site of stress concentration of equipment such as cooling holes. Therefore, in order to evaluate the creep damage formation and the crack growth behavior, it is important to conduct the research using notched specimens from the view point of application to actual components. In this study, creep damage formation and crack growth behavior of a notched specimen for directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy CM247LC under high temperature creep condition were investigated by conducting experiment and mechanical analysis. The interrupted observational test of creep crack growth was conducted to investigate the damage formation and the crack growth behavior around notches. In addition, the In-situ observation and the metallographical investigations were conducted for creep damaged specimens using SEM / EBSD analysis. Furthermore, in order to clarify the mechanism of creep damage formation behavior, the designed two-dimensional elastic-plastic creep finite element analysis was conducted for the model with various distributed grains obtained by EBSD analysis. And this analytical results were compared with experimental results. As a result, the micro creep crack around a notch tip was found to be caused by accumulation of micro damage and voids. In addition, macro cracks were found to initiate just before final unstable fracture. However, it is necessary to take into account for the variety of mechanical properties of each crystal orientation, the designed two-dimensional elastic-plastic creep finite element analysis was found to well represent the creep damage formation observed in experiments.
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Panchenko, Iuliana, Maik Mueller, and Klaus-Juergen Wolter. "Metallographic preparation of the SnAgCu solders for optical microscopy and EBSD Investigations." In 2010 33rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2010.5547252.
Dundas, Robert E. "Investigation of Failure in Gas Turbines: Part 2 — Engineering and Metallographic Aspects of Failure Investigation." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-084.
This paper opens with a discussion of the various mechanisms of cracking and fracture encountered in gas turbine failures, and discusses the use of metallographic examination of crack and fracture surfaces. The various types of materials used in the major components of heavy-duty industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines are tabulated. A collection of macroscopic and microscopic fractographs of the various mechanisms of failure in gas turbine components is then presented for reference in failure investigation. A discussion of compressor damage due to surge, as well as some overall observations on component failures, follows. Finally, a listing of the most likely types of failure of the various major components is given.
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Kharlanova, E., S. Lafrenière, G. E. Kim, and T. A. Brzezinski. "Development of Tailored Metallographic Preparation Techniques for Thermally Sprayed Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0967.
Abstract In order to properly characterize the entire deposition process, evaluation of the coating, including a reliable metallographic preparation technique which reveals the true microstructure, must be performed. Often, recommended metallographic sample preparation methods for thermally sprayed coatings are generic and are not tailored to specific materials. They are time-consuming and, in some cases, may provide inaccurate details (pull-outs, smearing, etc). This could lead to a wrong interpretation of the coating quality. The aim of the investigation was to develop new metallographic sample preparation procedures tailored to different types of coatings (metallic, ceramic, multilayer and composites), in order to reveal a more representative microstructure. A comparative study of different preparation procedures for the examination of various as-sprayed coatings is presented using an optical microscope. The coatings were deposited by atmospheric and vacuum plasma spray (APS and VPS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) processes. A separate approach is recommended for choosing the right metallographic preparation procedure for ceramic, metallic, or composite coatings. Applied load and positioning of the mounted sample during preparation are identified as key factors in developing proper procedures. The microhardness of the coating must be considered when determining the applied load. Interesting practical trends in preparation procedures that may lead to superior coating representation and, in some instances, cost and time savings are presented.
