Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Métallurgie du fer'
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Kiéthéga, Jean-Baptiste. "La métallurgie lourde du fer au Burkina Faso." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010529.
Full textRadimilahy, Chantal. "Contribution à l'étude de l'ancienne métallurgie du fer à Madagascar." Paris 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA01A017.
Full textBocoum, Hamady. "La métallurgie du fer au Sénégal : approche archéologique, technologique et historique." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010676.
Full textDieudonné-Glad, Nadine. "La métallurgie du fer chez les Bituriges à l'époque gallo-romaine." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010526.
Full textThe investigation of aerial photographs, toponymy, the use of interviews and land surveys, led to the discovery of numerous slag heaps, remains of iron oxydes direct reduction, in the counties of Cher and Indre (France). A few particularly important zones have been showed off and studied. The excavation of a slag heap in Maillet (Indre) and the chemical analysis of metallurgical vestiges allowed to explicit the ore reduction technics used there in roman times
Belinga, B'eno Charles. "Des rapports entre la métallurgie du fer et l'oralité dans le Mvet Ekãn." Paris, INALCO, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INAL0008.
Full textPolysemy of a lexical item that means iron and recurrency of it into an isotopic environment which particularity is to have a double level of comprehension, Mvet Ekan, relations between iron metallurgy and orality in Mvet Ekan, is a seek on how meaning occurs and on the specific way of the polysemic effect of oral text and based on a word. Is it a literary fact, that means an essential particularity of epic or a language fact, that means a singular manifestation of this group of bantu languages classified A70 ? Lexical analysis justifies polysemy while pragmatic analysis permit us to consider etye (that is the archi-morphem of eke and èki) as the epi-phenomenon of the discursive strategy tha appears finally and basicaly as the communication process of people who gets Mvet EkaN. Polysemy is the natural effect of the language of that people and also that of its civilization which uses activity experience for keeping and transmitting a knowledge and a know-how hardly acquired
Moravej, Maryam. "Développement et validation des matériaux métalliques pour stents cardiovasculaires biodégradables par dépôt électrolytique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27897/27897.pdf.
Full textDegradable metallic coronary stents have emerged as possible alternatives for permanent stents fabricated from corrosion-resistant metals such as 316L stainless steel (316L SS). Pure iron has shown to be an interesting candidate for degradable stents in terms of mechanical properties, degradation and biocompatibility. This project is the first to investigate the feasibility of using electroforming process for production of iron for degradable stents where the material is used for a load-bearing application. In this project, firstly, an electroforming process was developed. The produced iron foils showed a fine microstructure and high yield and tensile strength were also obtained comparable to those of 316L SS. Annealing at 550˚C for 1h induced recrystallization in iron and improved its ductility from 8 to 18%. The investigation of the degradation of electroformed iron in Hank’s solution using potentiodynamic polarization, static immersion and dynamic degradation tests showed that it corrodes faster than Armco® iron previously investigated for degradable stents. The effect of current density as an electroforming parameter on the microstructure and thereby the degradation of iron was also studied. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) showed that different microstructures including grain size and texture were produced at different current densities from 1-10 A dm-2. The highest degradation rate was obtained for iron fabricated at 5 A dm-2 since it possesses small grain size and equiaxed grains with random orientations providing more grain boundary volume can be held responsible for its faster degradation rate compared to the other iron samples. Finally, the electroforming process was successfully applied for the fabrication of iron tubes. Iron tubes were electroformed on Sn cylinders which were separated from them by melting after the process. The tubes were then used for the fabrication of iron stents by laser-cutting. Iron stents fabricated from electroformed tubes demonstrated an average grain size of 5 µm after annealing and acid-pickling. This grain size is finer than what usually obtained for 316L SS stents and could potentially provide high mechanical properties and targeted degradation for electroformed iron stents.
Goy, Julie. "La métallurgie du cuivre à l'âge du Fer en péninsule d'Oman : organisations et caractéristiques techniques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H063.
Full textThe Oman Peninsula is a geo-cultural entity organized around the al-Hajjar mountains, which are extremely rich in copper ores. This metal was probably exploited since the Hafit period (3000 - 2500 BC) and the metal produced will become a trading material with Mesopotamia during the Umm an-Nar period (2500 - 1900 BC). During the Iron Age (1350 - 300 B.C.), these exchanges became more blurred, but copper production did not decrease. The reduction and metalworking sites of the Oman Peninsula are extremely massive and operate with complex management and organization. Moreover, this metal is not competitive, as iron was only produced at the end of the Iron Age and bronze is relatively under-represented in the metallic corpus. Our study attempted to identify the processes implemented by metallurgists using a methodology that combines archaeometallurgical prospecting and physico-chemical analysis of production remains (slag, ingots and finished objects). These objects were found in various contexts : settlements, hiding places or metallurgical workshops. They are mainly weapons, bracelets, bowls and snake figurines, an animal to which the local populations seemed to devote an exclusive cult. Chemical analysis attest a local production, using ore from the al-Hajjar mountains. However, it appears that the practice of recycling objects actively contributes to the supply of copper to the population. The resulting metal is chemically highly mixed and appears to have been used in the manufacture of many objects, regardless of type or use. Despite the absence of a writing system, archaeological remains of the Iron Age populations attest to a complex social organization, in which copper seems to have played an important role, contributing to the development of a strong local identity
Skiredj, Juliette. "Mécanismes de frittage d'agglomérés Fe + C traités sous atmosphère H₂ + CH₄ : modélisation des processus de carburation et confrontation avec les résultats expérimentaux." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112255.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to analyze the processes occuring during carburization and/or decarburization when sintered steels are manufactured under hydrogen with an addition of methane. The behavior on heating the (Fe + C) mixtures was first studied by dilatometry; at the same time, the analysis by infrared spectrometry was done in order to follow the process of carburization decarburization. We explicited the concept of carbon potential from the carbon transfer to the surface of the samples. Besides, diagrams giving the carbon potential versus the temperature and composition of the atmosphere were infered from thermodynamic data relative to the (Fe + C) system in contact with an ( H₂ + CH₄ ) atmosphere. Hence, the comprehension and calculation of carbon potential was clarified. Finally, the complex phenomena, occuring during sintering under a carburizing atmosphere, were investigated in detail. We showed that the whole carburization process resulted from two related processes : - a carbon transfer through the gaseous :phase towards the surface of the sample ; this process may be characterized by a coefficient h, - the diffusion of carbon towards the core of the probe, which is characterized by a diffusion coefficient D. A mathematical model of the carburization kinetics was derived from the resolution of the FICK's equation. From this formalism, the values of the diffusion coefficient D and the transfer coefficient h were evaluated in the case of sintered steels and then were compared to those found for classical steels by other authors
Essomba, Joseph-Marie. "Le Fer dans le passé des sociétés du Sud-Cameroun : archéologie et histoire." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010517.
Full textThe history of iron technology has contributed to the knowledge of technical, economic and sociocultural activities in many ancient societies in the world. Indeed, the study of iron in south-Cameroon is intended to increase our knowledge on the ancient history of this part of the country which an be considered as unknowm. This thesis shows that iron technology appeared in south-caleroon almost three thousand years ago, at the beginning of the first millenium bc. The appearance of iron production in this region can be considered as an indigenous feata of civilization initiated by proto-bantu populations, not as a consequence of borrowing. The main data from archaelogical research at Oliga, Obobogo, Nkometou, have brought a new light on the chronology of iron age in this region, from the end of the second millenium bc. This technology have been facilitated by the aboundance of raw materials such as ore and wood in fact, iron in south-Cameroon ancient societies has been and indigenous feata of local populations in their effort to adapt to the environment and to build and important civilization in agricultural production, and n many socio-cultural exchanges
Yandia, Félix. "La métallurgie du fer en République Centrafricaine du XVIIème au XXème siècle : approche archéologique, archéométrique et historique." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010651.
Full textRebeyrat, Stéphane. "Influence d'un traitement de phosphatation sur le comportement en oxydation haute température et sur la consolidation par compression uniaxiale et frittage de poudres de fer." La Rochelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LAROS091.
Full textIn order to prevent corrosion, surface coatings or treatments can only be effective if they cover uniformly the surface to be protected. Any surface deterioration can be very prejudicial. Within the techniques of powder metallurgy, it is possible to permute two stages of the process. If the treatment is carried out on a metal powder before compaction, one can obtain the equivalent of a inner treatment of the material. This study was devoted to the influence of a phosphatizing treatment on consolidation and on the behavior against high temperature oxidation of iron powders. The various elements making possible to characterize the coating (XRD, XPS and TEM) showed that this one had a low thickness and an amorphous structure made up of long polyphosphate chains connected between them by iron ions. In the range of 250ʿC-700ʿC and under artificial air, the treatment of phosphatizing clearly slows down the oxidation kinetics of iron powders. Two distinct stages are clearly highlighted. The deceleration of the oxidation of phosphated powders occurs only during the initial stage during which the formation haematite -Fe2O3 is favored. The second stage follows a process close to the oxidation of untreated iron. The oxidation of compacted and sintered agglomerates reveals that the initial treatment of phosphatizing gets an improvement of oxidation resistance less significant compared with the massive or powder samples. Nevertheless no modification of behavior during compaction can be detected when the powder grains are treated. Moreover, the apparent mechanical properties of the agglomerates increase in this last case. During sintering, the phosphate coating plays a role of a binder which involves a reinforcement of the mechanical characteristics
Luc, Etienne. "Soudabilité métallurgique des aciers : Applications aux aciers anciens." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10345.
Full textValdez, Nava Zarel. "Frittage micro ondes de manganites de nickel fer." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30146.
Full textThe objective of this work is the determination of the wave matter interactions between semiconductor ceramics and micro-waves for processing. Spinelle type manganites FeyNixMnz-x-yO4 are sintered conventionally and with micro-waves. A possible mechanism for the absorption of micro-waves by these materials is proposed and the experimental procedure for proving it is presented. The density and the electrical properties are not identical for the two sintering processes, but the dispersion is similar. The micro-wave effect was discarded in the sintering processing. On the contrary a thermodynamical state was identified in such a way that anisothermal contributions due to iron were excluded. It means that these reactions can be described globally by classical thermodynamics and kinetics. The process involves an increase of the diffusion coefficient and an improvement of the sintering process which occurs in two steps : sintering with reduction followed by oxidation to reach the same composition that initial powder
Adamski, Frédéric. "Ateliers, techniques et artisans du "bronze" en Aquitaine antique : de la fin de l'âge du Fer à la période gallo-romaine." Bordeaux 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30081.
Full textHistory of techniques studies the links between an object and its fabrication techniques thanks to craft choices, society, economy, politic,… Knowing the physicochemical properties of the material, the working techniques, the tools and the gestures carried out, is necessary to understand the making process of metallic objects; material sciences and laboratory studies permit to reach some technical information about these objects. On one hand, the purpose is to analyze the elementary composition; on the other hand, the observation of metal microstructures makes it possible to highlight its thermomechanical history, in order to understand the chaîne opératoire which enables to make the studied artefacts. When workshop vestiges are dig up, it is interesting to try to replace the chaîne opératoire in the time and within the given space. By this way, the reflexion can be extended to the workshop social organization. This transdisciplinary work studies the evolution of the technical practices of the transformation metallurgy of copper alloys between the IIIrd century B. C. And IIIrd century A. D. In the Roman Province Aquitania drown up by Auguste Emperor. The whole of the studied vestiges have been dig up from seven recent archaeological excavations or prospection sites. Results of these studies make it possible to highlight some evolutions in the technical practices in these times. Moreover, some differences of organization between workshops with different production way have been highlighted
Delvat, Erwann. "Contribution au développement de nouveaux alliages biocompatibles de base de titane." Rennes, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAR0021.
Full textThe aim of this work is to contribute to the design of new titanium based biomaterials with improved properties (chemical, structural, mechanical and of biocompatibility) in regard with a durable implantation in a human body. For this study, we developed titanium based alloys with high concentration of alloying element like tantalum or molybdenum (perfectly biocompatible elements) and tried to fix in the volume bioactive elements like calcium or phosphorus. Those alloys were elaborated by powder metallurgy and by semi levitation melting that permits elaboration under ultra clean conditions (no reaction with the copper crucible), what is ideal for the synthesis of high melting point biocompatible alloys. The microstructural and mechanical properties of these alloys were carried by differents techniques as optical microscopy, SEM (pictures and spectroscopy), XRD, EPMA, Vickers hardness, compression testing… The biocompatibility on the elaborated alloys were tested thanks to collaborations with others research teams
Pagès, Gaspard. "La métallurgie du fer en France méditerranéenne de l'Antiquité au début du Moyen Âge : jalons d'une approche interdisciplinaire." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357391.
Full textDes inventaires bibliographiques précis sont dressés pour envisager le problème dans son ensemble et faire état des connaissances acquises par le passé, mais cette thèse s'ancre principalement sur les études inédites et détaillées de douze contextes métallurgiques dits témoins et significatifs de problématiques propres. Ces derniers sont documentés par l'ensemble des données archéologiques et, spécialement, sur la base d'une description rigoureuse des aménagements, du tri de près de vingt-huit mille pièces métallurgiques – objets et scories – et de l'analyse archéométrique de cent soixante-neuf d'entre elles.
Cette thèse est structurée autour des trois grandes activités qui se dégagent de la chaîne opératoire de la métallurgie du fer directe : la production du matériau fer – la réduction directe du minerai –, la fabrication des objets – leur forgeage – et le commerce du matériau fer sous une forme semi-finie – la circulation des demi-produits. Ainsi, à travers l'évolution de ces trois types d'activités économiques, il est possible de mettre en évidence les choix et les comportements qui ont été adoptés pour un même exercice des cadres antiques à l'orée de la réforme carolingienne pour, au final, contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la société de l'époque romaine au début du Moyen Âge en Gaule du Sud.
Pagès, Gaspard. "La métallurgie du fer en France méditerranéenne de l'Antiquité au début du Moyen Age : jalons d'une approche interdisciplinaire." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30054.
Full textThis PhD work in archaeology proposes a panorama on the iron metallurgy in Mediterranean France from Roman Antiquity to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is based on an archaeological step assimilating an archaeometric approach especially adapted to the analysis of the ancient iron artefacts: metallography and petrography. Precise bibliographical inventories are drawn up to globally consider the problem and to make a state of the art of knowledge acquired in the past, moreover the present work is mainly anchored on the new and detailed studies of twelve significant metallurgical contexts with specific topics – said, pilot archaeological site. Those are documented by the completeness of archaeological data and, especially, by a rigorous description of installations, sorting of practically 28000 metallurgical materials – objects and slags – and archaeometric analysis of 169 of them. This thesis is structured around the three great activities which emerge from iron bloomery process: the production of the metal – the direct reduction of the ore –, the manufacture of the objects – their forging – and the trade of ferrous artefacts in a semi-finished form – the circulation of the semi-products. Thus, through the evolution of these three economic types of activity, it is possible to highlight the choices and the behaviors which were adopted for the same exercise to finally contribute to a better knowledge of the society to the Roman Antiquity at the beginning of the Middle Ages in the south of Gaul
Bouchahoua, Jamel-Eddine. "Réduction de l'oxyde de fer liquide par le carbone solide." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0355.
Full textMace, Alain. "Technique du fer et lien social en pays éwé : (un exemple au Togo)." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0057.
Full textLeypold, Denis. "Mines et métallurgie du fer dans le massif vosgien de l'antiquité au XIXe siècle : l'exemple de la vallée de la Bruche." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR20027.
Full textThis contribution to the study of the global evolution of the iron-industry in a vosges valley, the bruche valley, was accomplished using historical and earth sciences research. The studied period ranges from antiquity to the 19th century. The first part of the thesis describes the history of each forge to show the circulation of the workers, the workers' role in the diffusion of the technical learning, the legal questions involved in establishing and running the metallurgical works. The second part of the thesis discusses concepts of industrial and mine archaeology and also open questions concerning technogoly and the history of the earth sciences. The analysis of texts shows the existence of a technologically well developed mining and industrial infrastructure since the 16th century, in contrast to the metallurgical traditions of the middle ages and to the forges' conservatism during the 19th century. The archaeology allows a mapping of mine and iron-metallurgy and also the observation of mine owriking geometry. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the mineral deposits and an introduction to the history of the regional mineralogy
Bauvais, Sylvain. "Évolution de l'organisation des activités de forge dans le nord du Bassin parisien au second Age du fer : études pluridisciplinaires de la chaîne opératoire en métallurgie du fer." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2016.
Full textThis study examines a region traditionnally poor of metallurgical production and treats the organization of forge activities during a period in which iron seems to have played a determining role in the structuring of socio-economic systems. Our work consists in a characterisation of the activities using a multidisciplinary approach which crosses archaeological and archaeometric methodologies. The internal texture of slags, scraps, and other metal objects represents the fozzilization of the techniques and a veritable "grammatical structure" allows us to decipher. Beyond this aspects, the present study explores the organization of iron and steel making as a global system; societal, environmental and technical. The fives centuries studied here reveal a succession of changes that commences at ancient La Tène with a general artisan production for the elite and moves to an omnipresent production and increasing specialization in which the primary material, shortly before the conquest, was centralized in the oppida and certain villages. This study has identifiedf inter and intra regional exchange circuits of the primary material (the raw masses from smelting, semi-products), in relation with segmentation of the chaine opératoire (smelting/forge) and the building of a societal hierarchy in the periods examined. This study has allowed for an important updating of the arachaeological map of iron and steel making in the north of France. This provides new perspectives in the interpretation of economic and social changes from those that have been common over the past few centuries
Valette, Romain. "La métallurgie du fer sur la façade atlantique de la France et de la péninsule Ibérique, du second âge du Fer à la fin du premier siècle de notre ère." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30045/document.
Full textThe objectives of this work are twofold. First, to characterize the technical, economic and social organization of iron metallurgy within a vast geographical area. Secondly, to verify the existence of permanence or chronological and geographical breaks in this system. A broad chronology (450 BC - 100 p.c.) including the Roman conquest of the territories concerned, makes it possible to verify the influence of political changes in iron production. First, the study of production structures, as well as iron working tools and waste, provides elements for restoring the technical processes used by metallurgists. It was thus possible to demonstrate that some blacksmiths were specialized in the manufacture of a reduced panel of objects, while others had a much larger activity. In a second step, work on the organisation of production spaces made it possible to demonstrate the existence of several types of structural arrangements within the workshops. These elements, added to those on manufacturing techniques, lead to the determination of the existence of technical lines: people using similar structures to carry out similar productions. Finally, the reintegration of these data into their social context, in particular by associating each production with the status of the site on which it is carried out, shows strong regional and chronological variations in the organisation of the metallurgical process on the Atlantic coast. At the beginning of the second Iron Age, metallurgy was not very widespread. It produces little waste and is carried out in a rural context. The largest quantities of metal are processed in the elite domains. The end of Protohistory is marked by an increase in the quantity of iron produced and by the ever more marked specialisation of activities, demonstrating a strong separation of the various phases of work. In addition, the amount of smithing works increase in urban areas. Around the change of era, the quantity of iron produced increased further, as did the number of specialized workspaces. This reflects the continuing trends initiated in previous periods
Andrieux, Philippe. "Prolégomènes à une étude tracéologique sur les structures d'élaboration thermique et les parois argilo-sableuse : application à la paléométallurgie du fer." Besançon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BESA1021.
Full textTokei, Zsolt. "Effet de la composition chimique et de l'ordre atomique sur la diffusion volumique et intergranulaire dans le cuivre et les composés Fe3Al et FeCo." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30064.
Full textHugon, Annie. "Etude d'alliages de surface contenant du nickel élaborés par irradiation laser de prérevêtements sur substrat fer." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0116.
Full textGrafoute, Moussa. "Etude des propriétés structurales et modélisations de poudres nanostructurées de fer obtenues par broyage mécanique." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1016.pdf.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of the structural and magnetic properties of nanostructured powders of pure iron obtained by mechanical grinding in a planetary ball mill in argon atmosphere. The analysis by 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry and X-ray diffraction versus grinding time allows to characterize both the structural and microstructural nature of these powders. The study by X-ray diffraction indicates an average size of crystalline grains bcc-Fe estimated at 13 nm, separated by grain boundaries, the atomic proportion of which makes possible an estimate of their thickness at 0. 7 nm. The hyperfine structure observed on the Mössbauer spectra shows the presence of only one sextet narrow lines, unambiguously attributed to bcc-Fe crystalline grains. On the contrary, both ZFC and FC magnetic measurements show at low temperature magnetic a freezing consistent with the presence of grain boundaries. In order to describe the structure of these nanostructured iron powders and the role of the grain boundaries, Monte-Carlo calculations based on the "Embedded Atom Method" have been developed. This method allows us to describe a realistic granular structure built up of randomly crystalline grains linked by grain boundaries. The technique consists in carrying out simulated annealing using a method of modified thermostat to account for the history of the sample (metastable structures obtained by mechanical milling). Numeric calculations give evidence for a structural configuration at the interface which is, neither bcc, nor fcc type, but consistent with the experimental results
Dupaigne, Bernard. "Les Maîtres du fer et du feu : étude de la métallurgie du fer chez les Koouy du nord du Cambodge, dans le contexte historique et ethnographique de l'ensemble kmer." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0065.
Full textOld and modern cambodia cannot be understand without the study of iron metallurgy. The powerful cambodian empires could not have been edified without iron. Iron was needed for the army, for the building of the temples, and for the constitution of the elaborated irrigation channels. In ancient cambodia, iron was produced by metallurgists settled near the iron ore mines, not far from angkor. The mines were relied to angkor by roads. The study presented here put in the light the metallurgists of the kompong - thom province, with their techniques, probably the same tham five hundred years ago. Reduction of iron ore was accompagnied by numerous rituals. Those religious rituals were extremly precise and complex. They were to permit the deities to let the ore to be changed in iron, with action of the main elements : earth, wind, water, fire the technic of the work of reduction of the ore is detailed in this work. As well as the economy of the production of iron in the society
Khet, Nini. "Les objets en fer protohistoriques de Haute Birmanie : réalisation d’un corpus, classement typologique, approches morphologique et technologique." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S148.
Full textThe thesis, the very first study of this type in Myanmar, inventory, class and study of 330 iron objects from Upper Myanmar found fortuitously or during archaeological excavation of protohistoric burial, mainly in the Samon valley: 47% are the tools, 41% can be assimilated to the weapons of hunting or war, 1,8% to the ornaments while 9,7% correspond to the fragments of non identified. All theses functional objects considered as belonging to the defunct played a role in the funeral rituals. The valley, like the neighbouring regions, has been provided for the iron mineral. The blacksmiths had been produced iron instruments in modest scale, by using the small bloomery furnaces. This iron of the Samon valley was produced by direct reduction, like in the other countries of Southeast Asia and in India. The microstructures reveal that it was forging. There are no traces, like we observed in China, of white cast iron and gray cast iron which can be obtained by indirect reduction. Any trace of importation of the steel was detected. If the cementation was employed, it was badly controlled since the carbon content is heterogeneous including in the cemented areas. There is no the moulded iron objects. The bronze handle of the bimetallic sword contemporary was, on the other hand, casting like in China and in Vietnam. The iron objects from the Samon valley appeared less variety than those the first urban population of Upper Burma (Pyu sites). A work of restoration permitted to obtain the further information
Vignati-Pagis, Elizabeth. "Du fourneau à la fosse : changements techniques dans la métallurgie du fer au Burundi au cours des deux derniers millénaires : approche ethnographique, archéologique et historique." Paris 1, 1995. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01766320.
Full textThis study, based on analysis of iron technological processes, through oral and written sources, excavations and survey works, shows an important change in iron production between 2000 bp and to-day. This work wants to demonstrate the relations between production and demand (the quality and the quantity of the product), between production and ressources (mineral and vegetal), and between production and social and political systems, in the era of the present burundi territory. The pluridisciplinary approach (ethno-archaeological,. . . ). Documents and sets forth hypothesis about those different points in a chronological frame
Fabre, Jean-Marc. "Sidérurgie ancienne au Sahel : archéologie d'un district métallurgique de la fin de l'âge du Fer (Markoye, province de l'Oudalan, Burkina Faso)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20085.
Full textThe surveys carried out in the extreme north of Burkina Faso have led to the identification of more than 150 metallurgical sites.Two production periods have been distinguished, based on the type of slag-pit furnaces. During the first one (7th–10th c.), the production was probably restricted to the local market. During the second period (11th–13th c.), it multiplied by 25.Most of workstations are situated in the Beli River’s valley, in the North zone, but there are very tight links with settlements of the South zone, where the iconographic themes of rock engravings help to characterize the local population. It was a hybrid society, basically Sudanian with Berber influence and a Muslim varnish. The geographic distribution of a specific type of slag-pit furnace allows to locate its territory between the Niger River’s valley and the ancient springs of the Beli River.Arab-Muslim texts allude regularly to a limit of the Islam World at bilād al-Sūdān. It is argued that his symbolic boundary was situated south from Kukia / Bentia. It overlaps with geologic, climatic and cultural limits. Beyond is the world of animism, the land of gold and iron.Situated precisely in between those two worlds, this society could have been both a strategic and commercial go-between
Izard, Véronique. "Les montagnes du fer : éco-histoire de la métallurgie et des forêts dans les Pyrénées méditerranéennes (de l'Antiquité à nos jours) : pour une histoire de l'environnement." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20092.
Full textKienon-Kabore, Hélène Timpoko. "La métallurgie ancienne du fer au Burkina Faso : province du Bulkiemdé : approche ethnologique, historique, archéologique et métallographique : un apport à l'histoire des techniques en Afrique." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010585.
Full textThe study of the ancien metal working in the bulkiemde province is a wide approach to the history of iron in the central west region of the Moose plateau in Burkina Faso. We have based our study on data from various disciplines such as history, archeology, ethnology and metallograpy to analyse an ancient iron and steel warking which has disapeared since the colonial period because of the new economic requirements and of the introduction of the generative iron. We have studied two different types of metal working. This one of the present time populations which we have studied by collecting oral sources and this one of the antique populations who formerly occupied this area and who are only identified through archeological relics. The are scarcely no written sources about them. The result is that both iron and steel working are not the same. The foundations of the furnaces collected during the escavations and the metallographical analyses, proved this difference
Fabre, Jean-Marc. "Sidérurgie ancienne au Sahel : archéologie d'un district métallurgique de la fin de l'âge du Fer (Markoye, province de l'Oudalan, Burkina Faso)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20085/document.
Full textThe surveys carried out in the extreme north of Burkina Faso have led to the identification of more than 150 metallurgical sites.Two production periods have been distinguished, based on the type of slag-pit furnaces. During the first one (7th–10th c.), the production was probably restricted to the local market. During the second period (11th–13th c.), it multiplied by 25.Most of workstations are situated in the Beli River’s valley, in the North zone, but there are very tight links with settlements of the South zone, where the iconographic themes of rock engravings help to characterize the local population. It was a hybrid society, basically Sudanian with Berber influence and a Muslim varnish. The geographic distribution of a specific type of slag-pit furnace allows to locate its territory between the Niger River’s valley and the ancient springs of the Beli River.Arab-Muslim texts allude regularly to a limit of the Islam World at bilād al-Sūdān. It is argued that his symbolic boundary was situated south from Kukia / Bentia. It overlaps with geologic, climatic and cultural limits. Beyond is the world of animism, the land of gold and iron.Situated precisely in between those two worlds, this society could have been both a strategic and commercial go-between
Berranger, Marion. "Le fer, entre matière première et moyen d'échange, en France du VIIe au Ier s. Av. J. -C. : approches interdisciplinaires." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010689.
Full textLenhard, Sébastien. "Texture, microstructure et propriétés d'un alliage Fe-40AI à grains fins obtenus par métallurgie des poudres et extrusion : influence des paramètres du procédé et de traitements thermiques." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Lenhard.Sebastien.SMZ0128.pdf.
Full textThe elaboration of B2 structured Fe 40 %at. Al intermettalics by mechanical alloying, reinforced by a fine dispersion of yttrium oxides, have blast a way to overcome the problems due to their brittleness and poor ductility. This study deals with the characterization of the influence of parameters of the elaboration process on the evolution of the microstructures, the textures and the mechanical properties of extruded bars. In order to analyse this evolutions, the extrusion ratio and temperature were modified. Powders of different nature were also used and the effect of heat treatments were investigated as well. The microstructure have been characterized by TEM, the textures have been measured by X ray diffraction, by EBSP and by OIM. Tensile tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties. The analysis of the formation of textures have been completed by simulations with the help of the Taylor model and the anisotropy have been characterized by using models of Reuss, Voigt and Hill. The increase of the extrusion temperature reinforces first the deformation texture characterized by a <110> fibre. At 1250°C, the <110> fibre texture is partly replaced by a <111> fibre related with recrystallization. The fact that deformation texture is retained up to 1200°C is due to the fine oxide dispersion inhibiting the recrystallization. In terms of stiffness, the appearance of the <111> fibre is counterbalanced by the weakening of the <110> component. The influence of the microstructure on the yield strength could be rationalized by considering the hardening due to the grain and the oxide particles sizes as well as the hardening due to the presence of matrix defects. The heat treatments showed that above a temperature, identified to be B2 → A2 phase transition temperature (near 1270°C), abnormal growth of <111> oriented grains takes place without primary recystallization. Bellow this critical temperature the microstructure remains very stable
Kaba, Arnaud. "Les maîtres du fer : des ouvriers métallurgistes de Bhopal et de leur confrontation avec l’incertitude." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EHES0001/document.
Full textThis doctoral thesis starts with the study of the social space of two groups of metal workers in Bhopal. The first one is made of Muslim inhabitants of the polluted neighborhoods which have been contaminated following the 1984 industrial disaster who work in the Old City’s metal workshops. The other one in made of a majority of Hindus coming from the rural hinterland, sometimes from distant villages, and hired in the flyover construction yards in and around Bhopal. Both are working in the informal sector, and experiment uncertain conditions of employment. By exploring their relationships outside of work it describes the way their social relations and their collective representations are constructing themselves. It also shows how the confronting with uncertainty and their relationship to work are interacting with these social constructs. It shifts then its focus to the relationships on the shop floor, the nature of the labour and domination relationships and it shows that the workers have many margins of negotiation, in spite of an important resurgence of paternalistic structures combined with weak empirical protections. Then, the thesis makes an ethnography of the techniques and the body commitment involved in the labour process in order to unveil ideologies of labour which constitute the core of a value system which allows to legitimate the hierarchical positions but also to contest it, and allows a social mobility based on skills. But this system is also threatened by the uncertainty of these cultures of mètis in a technological environment which experiments a deep technological mutation and a social context where the valorization of the academic education becomes more and more hegemonic
Brenier, Roger. "Etude des phases induites par mixage ionique du système Fe-Ti." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10010.
Full textFilippini, Anne. "Les forges des princes bituriges : approches historiques, archéologiques et archéométriques de la métallurgie du fer en Gaule du Centre-est au Vème siècle avant J.-C." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20016.
Full textThe present study is part of a recent line of research focused on the iron economy of the proto-historical period. This unusual outlook is due to the study of the material from the most ancient metallurgical contexts and the multidisciplinary approach to the subject leading to some new social and economic interpretations. This research work is based on the study of the smithy remains in Bourges (Cher-France) and in Lyon (Rhône-France) dating back to the Vth century B C. This part is studied from an archaeological and historical point of view but also from an archaeometrical point of view. The first stage consisted in defining the craft industry in these two important settlements, in measuring its extent concerning the craft production in general as well as the smithy activity in particular. The second stage consisted in characterizing the smithy wastes (slags, metal scraps, waste material, rough items) and iron productions that could be found on these archaelogical sites, in order to better determine their place in the operational sequence of an object production. It was also important to know at the same time the artifact and the nature of its constitutive metal, the ways of supplying the workshops with iron and to identify different productions. We had to point out the highly specific know-how of the smiths, and the internal organisation of the workshops. It was also a way of revealing the value of iron and all the social implications of metal productions. Finally we compared these results to available data from other settlements including iron working among craft activities. We established an original classification of these sites where craft activities are the main criteria and where the indicators of the social levels are used in a second stage. Thus was revealed the importance of iron working in the economic development of settlements
Dibady, Mandendi Éric Gilles. "Étude du mythe de Tsamba et Magotsi sur la connaissance de la métallurgie du fer, dans la région de Sindara-Fougamou, au Gabon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43060.pdf.
Full textJarrier, Catherine. "Minéralogie, pétrologie et géochimie des résidus sidérurgiques gallo-romains (Ariège et Montagne Noire) ; comparaison avec les résultats des essais in situ de réduction directe du fer." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30272.
Full textZiller, Tiffany. "Étude du mélange à l'état solide lors de la mécanosynthèse d'alliages Fe-X (X = CR, MN, V, MO) et étude de la mise en ordre d'alliages Fe-V élaborés par cette technique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_ZILLER_T.pdf.
Full textThe evolutions of Fe-X (X=Cr,Mn,V,Mo) elemental powders mixtures during mechanical alloying have been characterized from the scale of the powder particle down to the atomic scale by laser granulometry, scanning electron microscopy, microprobe analysis, X-ray and neutron diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic and susceptibility measurements. When the thermodynamic evolution of the system leads to mixing (Fe₀. ₂₈Mn₀. ₇₂), the combination of the elements is faster th an when it leads to unmixing (Fe₀. ₃₀Cr₀. ₇₀). In our milling conditions, the stationary state of Fe₀. ₃₀Cr₀. ₇₀ powders mixture is not a homogeneous solid solution but presents nanosized composition fluctuations. These results can only be explained in the light of a competition between a driven mixing mechanism and a thermal unmixing process. During mechanical alloying of Fe₀. ₃₀Mo₀. ₇₀ and Fe₀. ₆₆Mo₀. ₃₄ powder mixtures, an amorphous phase is formed at the interfaces between the Fe and Mo layers. This amorphisation seems to be due to the asymmetry of the diffusion coefficients of Fe and Mo added to a destabilization of the crystalline lattice linked to the driven mixing of the elements beyond a critical concentration. The ordering (A2-+B2) under annealing of Fe-V alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying has been studied by neutrons diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. At 450°C, the order parameter of Fe₀. ₅₃ V₀. ₄₇ stabilizes at an unusual low value that can be attributed residual fragments of antiphase boundaries. Only high enough temperatures can lead to the elimination of these defects thanks to long range migration of vacancies. An A2+B2 two phase domain, predicted by the theory, has been observed in Fe₀. ₃₇V₀. ₆₃ alloy annealed at 450°C
Belkadi, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'homogénéisation multi-échelle des propriétés électromagnétiques des matériaux en poudre de fer." Nantes, 2009. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=345e0099-427a-412e-8f6d-01accbc836f0.
Full textThe use of the iron powders material in electrical and electronic devices is growing rapidly. These materials are composed by iron particles coated by a thin dielectric layer. The performance of this type of material depends on an optimal use of its components. This optimization requires a good understanding of their behaviour at the macroscopic scale as well as at the particle scale. The important ratio between the global material dimensions and the size of the particles does not allow a global study considering, at the same time, the local phenomena at the powders level. For that purpose, it is imperative to simplify the geometry of the device and therefore apply the homogenization methods. In our work, a new non linear homogenization approach is developed for the study of iron powder materials. This approach consists of new generations of elementary cells which take into account the density of the material and the randomized distribution nature of the particles in a volume. This new geometry reflects the irregular shape of the powders and the variation of their sizes. This elementary geometry serves to calculate the equivalent permeability of the material and to evaluate its losses. Solving the electromagnetic equations has been done by a 3D model based on Whitney elements developed under the Matlab environment. The proposed work contributes to a good comprehension of the soft magnetic composite behaviour
L'Héritier, Maxime. "L' utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique : les cas de Troyes et de Rouen." Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00295179.
Full textFilippini, Anne. "Les forges des princes bituriges : approches historiques, archéologiques et archéométriques de la métallurgie du fer en Gaule du Centre-est au Vème siècle avant J.-C." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20016.
Full textThe present study is part of a recent line of research focused on the iron economy of the proto-historical period. This unusual outlook is due to the study of the material from the most ancient metallurgical contexts and the multidisciplinary approach to the subject leading to some new social and economic interpretations. This research work is based on the study of the smithy remains in Bourges (Cher-France) and in Lyon (Rhône-France) dating back to the Vth century B C. This part is studied from an archaeological and historical point of view but also from an archaeometrical point of view. The first stage consisted in defining the craft industry in these two important settlements, in measuring its extent concerning the craft production in general as well as the smithy activity in particular. The second stage consisted in characterizing the smithy wastes (slags, metal scraps, waste material, rough items) and iron productions that could be found on these archaelogical sites, in order to better determine their place in the operational sequence of an object production. It was also important to know at the same time the artifact and the nature of its constitutive metal, the ways of supplying the workshops with iron and to identify different productions. We had to point out the highly specific know-how of the smiths, and the internal organisation of the workshops. It was also a way of revealing the value of iron and all the social implications of metal productions. Finally we compared these results to available data from other settlements including iron working among craft activities. We established an original classification of these sites where craft activities are the main criteria and where the indicators of the social levels are used in a second stage. Thus was revealed the importance of iron working in the economic development of settlements
Guemona, Djimet. "La paléo-métallurgie dans la région du Guéra (centre du Tchad) : inventaire des sites et essai de caractérisation des traditions sidérurgiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20084.
Full textLocated in the south-east of the Lake Chad basin, the Guéra region has so far not benefited from any archaeological research work. However, this region has a rich metallurgical heritage. Combining oral information and archaeological data, this study is a contribution to the history of ancient iron production. To this end, we seek to determine the technical, economic and human impacts of this activity. In order to conduct this study properly, our questions focused on the identity of the metallurgists who worked iron in this region, their migration paths and their settlement in the Guéra. We also tried to describe and characterize the smelting techniques that were used, to quantify the volume of metallurgical waste, and to date the metallurgy of iron in the Guéra
Skiba, Olivier. "Développement d'un procédé de nitruration pour l'aéronautique. Étude des mécanismes de durcissement sur des alliages fer-chrome nitrurés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0099.
Full textNitriding of steels is a thermochemical process for improving the mechanical properties by nitrogen diffusion and associated to nitrides precipitation of the alloying elements within the treated zone. This treatment results in a significant increase in hardness and to the introduction of residual compressive stresses. The scope of the study was to develop a nitriding cycle adapted to a steel grade for heavily loaded applications such as gears for the aerospace industry. A parametric study allowed the evaluation of the parameters criticality on the behavior of the chosen steel after nitriding. Based on these results, a nitriding cycle fulfilling the defined requirements has been proposed. Hardening of the nitrided layer was studied on Fe-Cr binary alloys in order to avoid complex precipitation phenomena observed in industrial grade steel. Transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed, through the complete interpretation of the electron diffraction pattern, that three nitrides families develop on the faces of the cubic centered structure of ferrite and obey the orientation relationships of Baker-Nutting. These semi-coherent nitrides adopt a disk-shape geometry. Image analyses allowed the identification of the microstructural parameters (size distribution of the precipitates, width, inter-particles spacing and volume fraction). The knowledge of these parameters led to the development of a hardening model, based on particles bypassing by dislocations and taking into account the disk-shape geometry of the precipitates. It has been shown that the use of results coming from diffusion - precipitation models does not permit to reliably determine the hardness gradient of the nitrided layer. This inability results principally from the impossibility of these models to describe correctly the microstructure in terms of precipitates geometry and their size distribution
Birba, Noaga. "La sidérurgie ancienne dans la province du Bam (Burkina Faso) : approches archéologique, archéométrique et ethno historique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H212.
Full textBurkina Faso, like other African countries, experienced a primary iron metallurgy millennia ago. In the current researches, the earliest date is around the eighth century BC, in the Bwamu at Douroula, in western Burkina Faso. In almost all regions of the country, vestiges relating to the former iron production are visible and are now tangible witnesses of knowledge and the ability of ancient metallurgists. Bam province, our study area is located in the region of north-central Burkina Faso and covers an area of 3931 km2. Our archaeological surveys have enabled to identify more than a hundred sites and remains resulting directly from the steel production. Ethno historical, archaeological and archaeometric investigations of these remains have elucidated the origins of the steel industry in this part of Burkina Faso and permitted to characterize the technical traditions that were used by the ancient metallurgists. Thus, five technical traditions have been identified and described (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5). They have been developed at different times. Besides the technical aspects, socio-cultural and economic implications caused by the local iron industry were apprehended to better understand the place occupied by the iron artisans in the traditional society of Bam province
Lapierre-Boire, Louis-Philippe. "Impact de l'ajout de nanoparticules sur l'écoulement de mélanges de poudre à base de fer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27117/27117.pdf.
Full textJay, Frédéric. "Des particules revêtues aux matériaux massifs : synthèse par mécanofusion et dépôt chimique en phase vapeur, caractérisation et étude de l'oxydation à haute température." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Jay-Frederic/2008-Jay-Frederic-These.pdf.
Full textProtection against oxidation of materials has promoted extensive research activity. It exists various methods, most of them are based on the formation of oxidation-resistant surface coatings. Any deterioration of the surface coating by mechanical strain can be prejudicial for the life span of the material because it is in direct contact with the oxidizing atmosphere. To avoid this problem, this work is devoted, in a first step, to the formation of oxidation-resistant coatings on the surface of metallic particles. The ultimate objective is to use powder metallurgy, and more precisely coated particles sintering, in order to synthesize a bulk material. The as-elaborated composite material is thus protected against oxidation at the particle scale. The mechanofusion process has been successfully applied to coat iron particles with alumina. The fluidized-bed metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (FB-MOCVD) process has been applied to coat iron particles with aluminium. By this last method, a dual-layer Al/-Al2O3 is formed around iron particles, the metastable alumina being in contact with the surrounding atmosphere. From oxidation kinetics study, it is demonstrated that Al/-Al2O3-coated Fe particles do not oxidize, whereas Al2O3-coated Fe particles oxidize slower than uncoated ones. At low temperatures (T < 600°C), the internal oxidation of Al2O3-coated Fe particles results from the incursion of oxidizing gas through the cracks or porosities of the alumina coating. At high temperatures, oxidation mechanisms are governed by Fe cations' diffusion through the alumina layer. Bulk materials sintered by spark plasma sintering using Al2O3-coated Fe particles preserve the microstructure of coated particles. Concerning the bulk materials sintered by hot isostatic pressing, the coating is gathered in small islands dispersed in an iron matrix. During both sintering processes, alumina is transformed to hercynite FeAl2O4. Oxidation tests carried out at 720°C on sintered samples show that hercynite slows down the oxidation process. Moreover, the bulk materials which have conserved the microstructure of coated particles show the slowest oxidation rate
Boullier, Claire. "Recherches méthodologiques sur la sculpture en terre cuite africaine : application à un corpus de sculptures archéologiques - en contexte et hors contexte - de la culture Nok (Nigéria)." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010591.
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