Relevant bibliographies by topics / Metals Equilibrium

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Academic literature on the topic 'Metals Equilibrium'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

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El Zayat, Mohamed, Sherien Elagroudy, and Salah El Haggar. "Equilibrium analysis for heavy metal cation removal using cement kiln dust." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 6 (July 21, 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.325.

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Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and chemical precipitation have been investigated extensively for heavy metal uptake. However, they are deemed too expensive to meet stringent effluent characteristics. In this study, cement kiln dust (CKD) was examined for the removal of target heavy metals. Adsorption studies in completely mixed batch reactors were used to generate equilibrium pH adsorption edges. Studies showed the ability of CKD to remove the target heavy metals in a pH range below that of precipitation after an equilibrium reaction time of 24 h. A surface titration experiment indicated negative surface charge of the CKD at pH below 10, meaning that electrostatic attraction of the divalent metals can occur below the pH required for precipitation. However, surface complexation was also important due to the substantive metal removal. Accordingly, a surface complexation model approach that utilizes an electrostatic term in the double-layer description was used to estimate equilibrium constants for the protolysis interactions of the CKD surface as well as equilibria between background ions and the sorbent surface. It was concluded that the removal strength of adsorption is in the order: Pb > Cu > Cd. The experiments were also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
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Kraftmakher, Yaakov. "On equilibrium point defects in metals." Philosophical Magazine A 74, no. 3 (September 1996): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619608243543.

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Rajfur, Małgorzata. "Algae - Heavy Metals Biosorbent / Glony - Biosorbent Metali Ciężkich." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0002.

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Abstract The publication is a synthetic collection of information on the sorption properties of marine and freshwater algae. Kinetics and sorption equilibrium of heavy metals in algae-solution system, influence of abiotic factors on the process of sorption and desorption of analytes from biomass are discussed. In paper the results of laboratory tests conducted using different species and types of algae, which purpose was to assess their usefulness as natural sorbents, are described. The conclusions drawn from current research confirm the results from literature.
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Guo, Xiang Hui, and Hai Yun Hu. "Non-Equilibrium Statistical Theory of Void Microstructure Evolution in Irradiated Metals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.568.

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The non-equilibrium statistical theory was used as a theoretical approach to modeling and predicting void evolution in metal materials. Fokker-Plank equation was introduced as the kinetic equation for the void evolution, from which the probability density distribution function of voids could be obtained. From the micro-mechanism of metal's irradiation damage, void growth rate equation was obtained using spherical Weilv model and control diffusion theory, and then was simplified based on appropriate assumptions. According to the probability density distribution function of void, a series of macro-mechanical characteristics caused by void growth can be calculated, such as: the critical radius of the void nucleation, the average radius of void. Thus the correlation between the void microstructure evolution and the macroscopic properties of metals can be achieved.
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El Zayat, Mohamed, and Edward Smith. "Modeling of heavy metals removal from aqueous solution using activated carbon produced from cotton stalk." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.037.

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Activated carbon produced from cotton stalks was examined for the removal of heavy metal contaminants. Adsorption studies in completely mixed batch reactors were used to generate equilibrium pH adsorption edges. Continuous flow experiments using the activated carbon in fixed beds were conducted to determine heavy metal breakthrough versus bed volumes treated. At given pH value in the range 5–7, the adsorption capacity was similar for copper and lead and clearly greater than for cadmium. A surface titration experiment indicated negative surface charge of the activated carbon at pH > 6, meaning that electrostatic attraction of the divalent heavy metals can occur below the pH required for precipitation. Substantive metal removal below the pH of zero charge might be due to surface complexation. Accordingly, a surface complexation model approach that utilizes an electrostatic term in the double-layer description was used to estimate equilibrium constants for the protolysis interactions of the activated carbon surface as well as equilibria between background ions used to establish ionic strength and the sorbent surface. Pb(II) adsorption edges were best modeled using inner-layer surface complexation of Pb2+, while Cd(II) and Cu(II) data were best fit by outer-layer complexes with Me2+. The full set of equilibrium constants were used as input in a dual-rate dynamic model to simulate the breakthrough curves of the target metals (Pb, Cu and Cd) from fixed bed experiments and to estimate external (or film) diffusion and internal (surface) diffusion coefficients.
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Kraftmakher, Y. "Equilibrium Point Defects in Metals: Unsolved Problems." Defect and Diffusion Forum 194-199 (April 2001): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.194-199.23.

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Kraftmakher, Yaakov. "Equilibrium vacancies and thermophysical properties of metals." Physics Reports 299, no. 2-3 (June 1998): 79–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00082-3.

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Zyuzin, A. A., and A. Yu. Zyuzin. "Non-equilibrium spin waves in paramagnetic metals." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 67007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/90/67007.

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Gerasimov, K. B., A. A. Gusev, E. Y. Ivanov, and V. V. Boldyrev. "Tribochemical equilibrium in mechanical alloying of metals." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 9 (1991): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01130201.

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Salgansky, E. A., D. N. Podlesniy, M. V. Tsvetkov, and A. Yu Zaichenko. "Thermodynamically Equilibrium Compositions of the Products Formed During the Filtration Combustion of the Metal-Containing Mixtures." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj998.

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Thermodynamic calculations for describing the compositions of the products formed in conditions of the filtration combustion of the metal-containing mixtures were carried out. The analysis of the equilibrium compositions of the products was carried out using the TERRA high-temperature thermochemical equilibrium calculation program. According to the results of calculations, the metals were divided into two groups. First one forms both the condensed and gaseous phases and in the second one ‒ metals that are only in the condensed phase. In case of the presence of metal compounds in the gas phase, as a rule, these are the following compounds: metals, oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, sulfides and metal sulfates. Metals of the second group cannot be subjected to mass transfer under conditions of the filtration combustion wave and will remain in solid combustion products (in ash).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

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Evans, Paul Vincent. "Solidification of metals and alloys far from equilibrium." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254068.

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Hörnis, Helmut Georg. "Equilibrium structures of clean and alkali covered metal (110) surfaces." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30284.

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Coetzee, Colette. "Solidification behaviour of titania slags." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02282007-152308.

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Benavente, Martha. "Adsorption of Metallic Ions onto Chitosan : Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Kemiteknik, Chemical and Engineering and Technology, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4746.

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Olds, William. "Lignite Derived Humic Substances for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6583.

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Addition of alkalinity to acid mine drainage (AMD) results in the neutralisation of acidity and precipitation of dissolved metals as insoluble hydroxides. Two aspects of the current AMD treatment practice at the Stockton Mine could be enhanced. Firstly, residual water quality may be poor due to unreacted alkalinity reagents, particularly CaCO3, resulting in poor water clarity and elevated suspended solids (SS). Secondly, neutralisation to circum-neutral pH may not avoid the discharge of residual metals (Ni and Zn) due to incomplete adsorption and hydroxide precipitation. The aim of this project was to enhance the conventional neutralisation of AMD through addition of humic substances (HS) to reduce residual SS and trace metal concentrations. Humic substances are organically derived and have a high molecular weight. Functional groups on the surface of HS are capable of binding dissolved metals, forming HS-metal complexes. Incorporation of HS complexed metals into settling floc could result in increased metal removal from the dissolved phase. Modified jar testing was used to investigate the effects of HS addition before, after and during (pH 4.5) neutralisation of AMD in two treatment scenarios at the Stockton Mine; the Blackwater Treatment Plant (BTP) using NaOH and Ca(OH)2 and the Mangatini Stream-sump System (MSS) using CaCO3. Supernatant samples collected during the sedimentation period were analysed for basic water quality parameters (turbidity and suspended solids) and dissolved (< 0.45 µm) metal concentrations. The addition of HS to the BTP process before (pH 2.8) and during (pH 4.5) neutralisation resulted in HS precipitation. Precipitated HS subsequently acted as a nucleation site, triggering flocculation of precipitating metal hydroxides, resulting in low turbidity and suspended solids (SS) of less than 2 NTU and 5 mg/L, respectively. The addition of HS after neutralisation (pH 7) did not result in HS precipitation. Intermolecular bridging of HS by the divalent Ca resulted in incorporation of HS into floc when neutralised by Ca(OH)2, resulting in low turbidity and SS. However, in NaOH neutralised conditions, the monovalent Na was unable to bridge HS molecules, resulting in HS remaining dissolved and contributing to elevated turbidity and SS of up to 24.4 NTU and 18.4, respectively. The neutralisation efficiency of CaCO3 is relatively low, thus approximately 1000 mg/L CaCO3 remained unreacted in MSS scenarios, resulting in elevated turbidity and SS. When added after neutralisation, dissolved Solid Energy Humic Acid (SEHA) facilitated flocculation of residual CaCO3 SS, resulting in an up to 75% lower suspended solids than CaCO3 neutralisation alone conditions. Although the results are good, the efficiency of SEHA as a polymer compared unfavorably in a cost: benefit analysis to two commercially available polymers for the removal of residual CaCO3. Neutralisation of AMD in control samples resulted in decreased concentrations of the target metal group (Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) by hydroxide precipitation, co-precipitation, and adsorption. Equilibrium speciation modeling showed that the HS-metal binding affinity controlled the effectiveness of HS addition for metal removal. The low HS complexation affinity of Ni and Zn resulted in no additional metal removal by HS dosing. The removal of Cu was enhanced by over 50% for SEHA 20 during-neutralisation conditions neutralised by both NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Up to 80% lower Cd concentrations were observed for all HS dose conditions when neutralised by Ca(OH)2. Data for CaCO3 HS dosed metal removal was statistically indeterminate. The high detection limit for Pb made any HS dosed removal enhancement difficult to identify, which was unfortunate as Pb has a high HS complexation affinity (Čežı́ková, Kozler et al. 2001; Milne, Kinniburgh et al. 2003). A simple cost: benefit analysis showed that the additional removal of metals by HS dosing was less efficient than conventional neutralisation alone, on a cost basis. Overall, incorporation of HS into AMD treatment results in improved water quality for CaCO3 neutralisation and lower concentrations of metals with a high HS binding affinity, for some conditions. However, further investigation is required to improve the feasibility of HS incorporation into the AMD neutralisation process.
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Pissetti, Fabio Luiz. "Preparação de redes modificadas de poli(dimetilsiloxano) com ion piridinio ou etilenodiamina : estudo da adsorção de ions metalicos em etanolico." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249701.

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Orientador: Yoshitaka Gushikem
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foram preparadas redes poliméricas com propriedades elastoméricas a partir do poli(dimetilsiloxano) (PDMS), modificadas com íon piridínio ou etilenodiamina. Os materiais preparados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria diferencial de varredura e ressonância magnética nuclear de C e Si. Os resultados destas análises mostraram que ambos os materiais apresentam boa estabilidade térmica e uma temperatura de transição vítrea de ~ 160 K. Os dados de RMN indicaram que rede foi formada pela reticulação das cadeias lineares de PDMS por ¿clusters¿ de siloxanos do tipo T, provenientes da hidrólise/condensação de 3-cloropropiltrimetoxissilano e do 2-aminoetil-3- aminopropiltrimetoxissilano. Além disso, por ensaios de intumescimento foi calculada a massa molecular média entre os nós da rede polimérica e também a densidade de reticulação dos materiais. Os valores encontrados sugerem um alto grau de reticulação para ambos os materiais estudados. A rede modificada com etilenodiamina apresentou a maior densidade de reticulação. Com intuito de avaliar a potencialidade dos materiais como adsorventes de íons metálicos de uma solução etanólica, foram obtidas isotermas de adsorção. Para o material modificado com o íon piridínio os metais estudados foram o Co, Cu e Fe, que foram retirados da solução com boa eficiência, 0,25, 0,29 e 0,45 mmol g, respectivamente. Os haletos metálicos foram adsorvidos pela rede polimérica modificada na forma de complexos aniônicos FeCl4¨, CuCl4 e CoCl4. Os resultados de UV-Vis sugeriram que os complexos formados na interface têm uma simetria tetraédrica ou tetraédrica distorcida. Para a rede modificada com etilenodiamina foram estudados os metais Cu, Ni e Fe. Neste caso o material apresentou uma elevada capacidade de adsorção para os cloretos de Fe (1,35 mmol g) e Cu (1,25 mmol g), enquanto que, para o Ni a capacidade de adsorção foi consideravelmente menor, 0,36 mmol g. Os resultados de espectro eletrônico para este material sugeriram que o cobre é adsorvido pela rede polimérica modificada na forma do complexo, [Cu(en)], com uma estrutura tetraédrica distorcida, enquanto que para o níquel os resultados sugeriram formação de um complexo octaédrico. Os dados obtidos nas isotermas de adsorção foram usados para calcular as constantes de equilíbrio para a adsorção dos íons metálicos. Estes resultados permitiram verificar que no material modificado com o íon piridínio a adsorção de CoCl2 e CuCl2 segue o modelo descrito por Langmuir. Para a adsorção do FeCl3 outro modelo, em que centro adsorvedor é composto por dois grupos ligantes, foi necessário para descrever o processo de adsorção. Neste caso, há um efeito cooperativo entre as espécies formadas na superfície. Para o material modificado com etilenodiamina, os cálculos mostraram que a adsorção dos três íons metálicos pode ser descrito adequadamente pelo modelo de Langmuir
Abstract: In this work elastomeric polymeric networks based on poly(dimethilsiloxane) PDMS, modified with pyridine ion or ethylenediamine, were prepared. These materials were characterized by infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of Si and C. The results showed that both materials presented a good thermal stability and a glass transition temperature at ~ 160 K. The NMR data indicated that the polymeric network was formed by PDMS linear chain crosslinked with siloxane clusters of T Si units formed from hydrolyses/condensation of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane or 2-aminoethyl-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Using the swelling measurements, the average molecular weight between crosslinking points and the polymeric network crosslinking density were calculated. The results obtained suggested a high degree of crosslinking for the prepared materials, which was higher for the ethylenediamine. To evaluate the potential use of the prepared materials as adsorbents, adsorption isotherms were obtained from an ethanolic solution. For the polymeric network modified with pyridine ion the metallic ions studied were Cu, Co and Fe, which were adsorbed with high efficiency of 0.25, 0.29 e 0.45 mmol g, respectively. Metal halides were adsorbed by the modified polymeric network as an anionic complex, FeCl4¨, CuCl4 and CoCl4. The UV-Vis data suggested that the formed complexes at surface presented a tetrahedral symmetry or distorted tetrahedral symmetry. For The polymeric network modified with ethylenediamine, the metallic ions studied were Cu, Ni and Fe. In this case, the material showed a higher capacity of adsorption for Fe (1.35 mmol g) and Cu (1.25 mmol g), while, to Ni that capacity was significantly lower, 0.36 mmol g. The electronic spectra data suggested that the copper was adsorbed by the modified polymeric network as [Cu(en)], with a distorted tetrahedral symmetry, while the nickel was adsorbed with a octahedral symmetry. From the isotherm data, the equilibrium constants of the metallic ion adsorption were calculated. These results allowed verifying that the adsorptions of CoCl2 e CuCl2 are appropriate described by Langmuir equation. For the FeCl3 another model, which two adsorptions centers are envolved was necessary to describe the adsorption process. In this case, there was a cooperative effect among the adsorbed species. The results for polymeric network modified with ethylenediamine showed an adsorption described by the Langmuir equation for all metallic ions studied
Doutorado
Quimica Inorganica
Doutor em Ciências
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Norman, Per-Albin. "Filter Materials for Sorption of Cu and Zn in Stormwater Treatment: A Batch Equilibrium and Kinetic study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-68059.

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Urban stormwater is today recognized as a significant source of pollution that has contributed to the deterioration of water quality in lakes and streams. Of the pollutants, metals are commonly occurring in stormwater and can cause major damage when released into the receiving waters. A promising treatment method for removing these metals before it reaches the receiving waters is to filter the water in various filter technologies such as catch basin inserts. In this study, the potential of five materials to remove dissolved copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from stormwater was investigated. The study was initiated with batch equilibrium tests to assess the sorption capacity of the materials at different metal concentrations relevant for stormwater. This was done in both single and binary batches to investigate whether or not any competitive sorption occurred between the metals. Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were adapted to the obtained data. Through geochemical modelling, it was also possible to investigate whether precipitation of metals was likely. Finally, kinetic studies were conducted to investigate whether the reaction rate of Cu and Zn was relevant in the context of catch basin inserts. The results showed that the biochar had the highest sorption capacity followed by peat, bark, milkweed, and polypropylene. It could also be noted that Cu competed with Zn binding sites at high concentrations and that the sorption capacity of biochar, peat and bark, at concentrations between 50-100 μg/l Cu and 50-500 μg/l Zn, was sufficient to meet the limits set for stormwater emissions. For these sorbents, the reaction rate was also significant. Kinetics tests showed that at an initial concentration of 1,000 μg/l, 83% of the metals were sorbed after 5 minutes and after 10 minutes this number was 93%. Bark and peat also showed low effluent pH and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The Langmuir and pseudo-second order equation could be well adapted to the data while geochemical modelling showed that precipitation of metals was unlikely. This suggests that chemical adsorption may be the mechanism that largely accounted for the removal of Cu and Zn. The results of this study can hardly be used to estimate the field performance of stormwater filters, but can be used as a basis for comparing and selecting sorbents for subsequent column tests.
I denna studie undersöktes potentialen för fem material att avskilja löst koppar (Cu) och zink (Zn) från dagvatten. Studien inleddes med skaktest för att testa sorptionsförmågan hos materialen vid olika metallkoncentrationer relevant för dagvatten. Detta gjordes i både singel och binära test för att undersöka om någon konkurrerande sorption skedde mellan metallerna. Langmuirs, Freundlichs och Sips isotermmodeller anpassades även till resultatet. Genom geokemisk modellering var det även möjlig att undersöka om utfällning av metaller var sannolik. Till sist gjordes kinetiska studier för att undersöka om reaktionshastigheten för sorption av Cu och Zn till filtermaterialen var relevanta i ett brunnsfiltersammanhang. Resultaten visar att biokol hade den största sorptionsförmågan följt av torv, bark, sidenört och polypropylen. Det kunde även konstateras att koppar konkurrerade om sorptionsplatser för zink vid högre koncentrationer och att sorptionskapaciteten för biokol, torv och bark, vid koncentrationer mellan 50-100 µg/l Cu och 50-500 µg/l Zn, är tillräckligt hög för att uppfylla gränsvärdena för utsläpp av dagvatten. För dessa sorbenter var reaktionshastigheten betydande. Kinetiktesten visade att vid en initial koncentration på 1,000 µg/L var 83% av metallerna sorberade efter 5 minuter och efter 10 minuter var denna siffra uppe i 93%. Bark and torv uppvisade även ett lågt uppmätt pH och lakade löst organisk kol (DOC). Langmuir och pseudo-andra ordningens ekvation kunde anpassas väl till datat samtidigt som den geokemiska modelleringen visade att utfällning av metaller var osannolikt. Detta antyder att kemisk adsorption kan vara den mekanism som till störst del stod för avskiljningen av Cu och Zn. Studien kan inte fastställa något om filtermaterialens fältprestanda, men kan användas som underlag för att jämföra och att välja sorbenter för efterföljande kolumntester.
Formas project 2016-75
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Nunes, Carlos Angelo. "Estabilidade de fases em ligas Mo-B-Si ricas em molibdenio." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264163.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Martinez Nazar
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Em trabalhos recentes têm-se proposto que materiais formados por um metal refratário em equilíbrio com uma fase intermetálica constituem a melhor opção para aplicações estruturais em temperaturas acima de 1400°C. Baseado em informações disponíveis na literatura foi identificada a existência de um campo bifásico envolvendo as fases Mo (solução sólida) e o intermetálico 'Mo IND. 5¿ ¿Si¿ ¿B IND. 2¿ ('T IND. 2¿) A 1600 º C no sistema Mo-B-Si. Tendo em vista o limitado número de informações relacionadas a este sistema objetivamos neste trabalho uma avaliação sistemática sobre estabilidade de fases na região rica em Mo. O trabalho consistiu em: determinar a relação de fases a 1600°C; desenvolver métodos de análise via microssonda eletrônica (WDS) para determinação da composição das fases; determinação da projeção liquidus; determinação da seção vertical Mo-'T IND. 2¿.A determinação da relação de fases a 1600°C confmnou a existência do campo bifásico Mo+ 'T IND. 2¿ naquela temperatura.A fase ternária 'T IND. 2¿ é rodeada pelos campos trifásicos ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: In recent investigations it has been proposed that equilibrium microstructures constituted by a refractory metal and an intermetallicphase are the best choice for high temperature structural applications at temperatures higher than 1400°C. Based on the information available in the literature it has been identified the existence of a Mo (solid solution) + intermetallic 'Mo IND. 5¿ ¿Si¿ ¿B IND. 2¿ two-phase field in the Mo-B-Si system. Considering the limited information related to this system it was the objective of this study to systematically evaluate the phase stability in the Mo-rich region. Specific objectives were: determination of the phase relations at 1600°C; development of microprobe methods of analysis to determine phase compositions; determination of the liquidus projection; determination of the Mo-'T IND. 2¿ vertical section. The Mo+ 'T IND. 2¿ two-phase field was confirmed to exist at 1600°C. The ternary phase ('T IND. 2¿) is surrounded by the following three-phase field ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
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Andrews, Lesley. "Base metal losses to furnace slag during processing of platinum-bearing concentrates." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01222009-172643/.

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Rydholm, Fredrik. "Sorption of Stormwater Pollutants for Five Material Mixtures: A batch Equlibrium Study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86150.

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Blue-green infrastructure have been more lucrative during the last 30 years, since urbanizationbrings more impervious surfaces that increases stormwater runoff volumes. Amongst thedifferent blue-green infrastructures there are e.g., constructed wetlands and swales. Blue-greeninfrastructure means more natural management of the stormwater, such as infiltration. Forinfiltration of water, the hydraulic conductivity is an important parameter, but also the abilityto remove dissolved pollutants. In literature, various studies of filter materials are only testedfor single dissolved pollutants, which might be a disadvantage as this does not represent fieldconditions where metals usually co-exist. Economic costs are also an important parameter,unfortunately not always targeted in research. In this thesis, the efficiency of five different material mixtures for removing typical dissolvedstormwater pollutants: chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb) andzinc (Zn) were studied. The mixtures were following: 1) crushed rock + soil (RO_SO) 2)crushed rock + soil + LECA 4/10 + biochar (RO_SO_BC_LC4). 3) crushed rock + soil + LECA10/20 + biochar (RO_SO_BC_LC10). 4) Soil (SO). 5) crushed rock + soil + biochar(RO_SO_BC). This study was a part of blue-green investments that is being made in Östersundmunicipality and the use of low-cost materials for stormwater treatment are examined. The study was made using batch equilibrium tests, to determine the sorption capacity fordifferent material mixtures, using dissolved metal- and P-solutions. The measured data werefitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Redlich-Petersonisotherms. Economic feasibility has also been compared between the material mixtures.Results showed that SO had the best sorption capacity for all metals and P, with rankingPb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn for the metals. All material mixtures showed a removal efficiency of79-99%, at the lowest concentration (1mg/L) for the metals and 31-62% for the lowestconcentration of P-single solution (1mg/L). Using additional materials in the mixtures, such asbiochar, slightly improved the sorption capacities of Pb and P. Redlich-Peterson isothermsprovided the best fits to the data. An economic evaluation of the ingoing materials shows thatSO and RO_SO are undoubtedly the most feasible alternatives for removal of targeted metalsand P.
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Books on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

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1938-, Warren William W., ed. Fluid metals: The liquid-vapor transition of metals. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.

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Lecture notes on equilibrium point defects and thermophysical properties of metals. Singapore: World Scientific, 2000.

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Low, It-Meng. MAX phases: Microstructure, properties, and applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Mervyn Willis Symposium and Smelting & Refining Course (1992 University of Melbourne). Mervyn Willis Symposium and smelting & refining course, 6-8 July, 1992. Edited by Nilmani Madhu, Rankin W. J, and G.K. Williams Laboratory for Extractive Metallurgy Research. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1992.

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Ye gu gao ya cheng xing ji shu yu ying yong: Technology and Application of Liquid Solid Forming Under High Pressure. Beijing Shi: Guo fang gong ye chu ban she, 2013.

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Porter, David A. Phase transformations in metals and alloys. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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1933-, Easterling Kenneth E., ed. Phase transformations in metals and alloys. 2nd ed. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes, 2000.

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Zhurakovskiĭ, E. A. Kineticheskie svoĭstva i ėlektronnai͡a︡ struktura faz vnedrenii͡a︡. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1989.

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Brown, David S. MINTEQA1, an equilibrium metal speciation model: User's manual. Athens, Ga: Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987.

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Karhu, Jouni. Equilibria and balances of metal ions in kraft pulping. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Technology, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

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McCoy, Bill N., and John L. Dewey. "Equilibrium Composition of Sodium Aluminate Liquors." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 148–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647868.ch19.

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McCoy, Bill N., and John L. Dewey. "Equilibrium Composition of Sodium Aluminate Liquors." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 148–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48176-0_19.

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Zhang, Zhengyong. "Process Optimization for Diaspore Digestion Equilibrium Using Response Surface Methodology." In Light Metals 2017, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_4.

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Pagnanelli, Francesca. "Equilibrium, Kinetic and Dynamic Modelling of Biosorption Processes." In Microbial Biosorption of Metals, 59–120. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0443-5_4.

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Trost, W., K. Differt, K. Maier, and A. Seeger. "Point Defects in Metals in Thermal Equilibrium." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 219–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71007-0_36.

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Roach, Gerald I. D. "The Equilibrium Approach to Causticisation for Optimising Liquor Causticity." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 228–34. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647868.ch30.

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Roach, Gerald I. D. "The Equilibrium Approach to Causticisation for Optimising Liquor Causticisity." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 228–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48176-0_30.

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Okuyucu, Can, Burçin Kaygusuz, Cemil Işıksaçan, Onur Meydanoğlu, Amir Motallebzadeh, Sezer Özerinç, and Yunus Eren Kalay. "Al-Sm Alloys Under Far-From-Equilibrium Conditions." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 85–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65396-5_13.

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Ikkatai, Takuo, and Noboru Okada. "Viscosity, Specific Gravity, and Equilibrium Concentration of Sodium Aluminate Solutions." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 162–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48176-0_21.

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Ikkatai, Takuo, and Noboru Okada. "Viscosity, Specific Gravity, and Equilibrium Concentration of Sodium Aluminate Solutions." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 162–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647868.ch21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

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Levon, K., W. Y. Zheng, J. Laakso, and J. E. Osterholm. "Low percolation thresholds with the control of equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of polyaniline-DBSA blends." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834805.

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Mueller, B. Y., I. Klett, and B. Rethfeld. "Laser excited metals under non-equilibrium conditions." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH POWER LASER ABLATION 2012. American Institute of Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4739913.

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Huang, Huogen, and Liang Chen. "Speculation of equilibrium pressure of Ti36Zr40Ni20Pd4 icosahedral quasicrystal." In PROCEEDINGS FOR THE XV LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS METALS (LAM-15) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928276.

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Ohmura, Satoshi, Kiyonobu Nagaya, Fuyuki Shimojo, and Makoto Yao. "Non-equilibrium dynamics in disordered materials: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations." In PROCEEDINGS FOR THE XV LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS METALS (LAM-15) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928260.

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Zendelska, Afrodita. "EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES OF HEAVY METALS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING CLINOPTILOLITE." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b51/s20.040.

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Pichler, T., R. Winkler, and H. Kuzmany. "Equilibrium phases in alkali metal doped C/sub 60/ films and single crystals from IN-SITU infrared reflectivity measurements." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834659.

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Unagolla, J. M., and S. U. Adikary. "Adsorption of cadmium and lead heavy metals by chitosan biopolymer: A study on equilibrium isotherms and kinetics." In 2015 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon.2015.7112351.

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Pattamatta, Arvind, and Cyrus K. Madnia. "Electron-Phonon Non-Equilibrium in Nanoscale Gold Films." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66218.

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Ultrashort-pulsed laser irradiation on metals creates a thermal non-equilibrium between electrons and the phonons. Previous computational studies used the two-temperature model and its variants to model this non-equilibrium. However, when the laser pulse duration is smaller than the relaxation time of the energy carriers or when the carriers mean free path is larger than the material dimension, these macroscopic models fail to capture the physics accurately. In this paper, the non-equilibrium between energy carriers is modeled via numerical solution of the Boltzmann Transport Model (BTM) for electrons and phonons which is applicable over a wide range of length and time scales. The BTM is solved using the Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for spatial discretization and the three-step Runge Kutta temporal discretization. Temperature dependant electron-phonon coupling factor and electron heat capacity are used due to the strong electron-phonon non-equilibrium considered in this study. The results from the proposed model is compared with existing experimental studies on laser heating of macroscale materials. The model is then used to study laser heating of gold films, by varying parameters such as the film thickness, laser fluence and pulse duration. It is found that the temporal evolution of electron and phonon temperatures in nanometer size gold films are very different from the macroscale films. For a given laser fluence and pulse duration, the peak electron temperature increases with a decrease in the thickness of the gold film. Both film size as well as laser fluence significantly affect the melting time. For a fluence of 5000 J/m2, and a pulse duration of 75 fs, gold films of thickness smaller than 200 nm melt before reaching electron-phonon equilibrium. However, for the film thickness of 2000 nm, even with the highest laser fluence examined, the electrons and phonons reach equilibrium and the gold film does not melt.
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Lopes, C. B., M. Otero, Z. Lin, E. Pereira, C. M. Silva, J. Rocha, and A. C. Duarte. "Removal of Mercury From Aqueous Solutions by ETS-4 Microporous Titanosilicate: Effect of Contact Time, Titanosilicate Mass and Initial Metal Concentration." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7201.

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Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals present in the environment and therefore is extremely important develop new, simple and reliable techniques for its removal from aqueous solutions. A recent line of research within this context is the application of microporous materials. The use of these materials for removing heavy metals from solutions may become a potential clean-up technology in the field of wastewater treatment. In this work it is reported the application of microporous titanosilicate ETS-4 as ion exchanger to remove Hg2+ from aqueous solution. Under batch conditions, we studied the effect of contact time, titanosilicate mass and initial Hg2+ concentration. Only 5 mg of ETS-4 are required to purify 2 litres of water with 50 μg L−1 of metal. Under the experimental conditions, the initial Hg2+ concentration and ETS-4 mass have strong influence on the sorption process, and it is proved that 24 h are almost always sufficient to attain ion exchange equilibrium. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit equilibrium experimental results. The kinetics of mercury removal was reliably described by a pseudo second-order model. On the whole, ETS-4 shows considerable potential to remove Hg2+ from wastewaters.
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Wu, Xin, Jingtao Du, and Wayne Cai. "Significance of Workpiece Conductivity on Resistance Spot Welding Process Map." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2958.

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Abstract Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a sheet metal welding process with broad applications, known to be more suitable for low-conductive materials, such as steels, due to concentrated and steady-state heat generation and retention at the metal interface. However, for high conductive metals such as copper, conventional welding processes in resistance spot welding has not been successful. This paper provides a comparative study of resistance welding among steel, aluminum and copper through mechanistic analyses, i.e., analytical solutions calibrated by finite element analyses. It is found when lower conductivity metals, such as steels, are welded, the applied energy can be more concentrated on the interfaces, and the heat dissipation is relatively slow, so that a close to steady-state welding condition can be reached that provides a wide and robust operation window. For welding highly conductive metals having similar melting temperature as that of electrode, the process window becomes much narrower or does not always exist without additional conditioning of materials, design or the welding processes. The physics of RSW process is analyzed based on energy equilibrium, and a new concept of pulse welding process is proposed as a required operation mode for welding copper during temperature ramping up period and prior to electrode melting. A new type of welding limit diagram (WLD) is constructed that contains three welding limit curves (WLC) for nugget formation, and the transient region. The newly constructed WLD allows a clear distinction between welding low- and high-conductive metals, and provides new understanding and a theoretical guidance for widening the weldability window.
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Reports on the topic "Metals Equilibrium"

1

Frederick, W. J. Jr, A. W. Rudie, G. W. Schmidl, S. A. Sinquefield, G. L. Rorrer, M. L. Laver, W. Yantasee, and D. Ming. Control of the Accumulation of Non-Process Elements in Pulp Mills with Bleach Filtrate Reuse: A Chemical Equilibrium Approach to Predicting the Partitioning of Metals in Pulp Mill and Bleach Plant Streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/769184.

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Chan, S. H., and P. J. Janke. Complex Equilibrium Calculations of Nonideal Multiphase Systems (CEC- NMS) and Applications to Liquid Metal Fuel Combustion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209990.

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Yuan, Haojie, and R. S. Williams. Solid-Phase Equilibria for Metal-Silicon-Oxygen Ternary Systems. II. Sc, Y, and La. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232150.

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Yuan, Haojie, and R. S. Williams. Solid-Phase Equilibria for Metal-Silicon-Oxygen Ternary Systems I: Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225038.

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Miller, R. L., and G. A. Reimann. Thermodynamics of gas-metal-slag equilibria for applications in in situ and ex situ vitrification melts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10170082.

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Bruland, Kenneth W. Trace Metal Speciation: Equilibrium and Kinetic Considerations on Biological Effects, Phytoplankton Uptake and Sorption Processes in Coastal Waters (Field and Laboratory Studies). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627883.

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Bruland, Kenneth W. Trace Metal Speciation: Equilibrium and Kinetic Considerations on Biological Effects, Phytoplankton Uptake and Sorption Processes in Coastal Waters (Field and Laboratory Studies). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630785.

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Leibowitz, L., E. Veleckis, and R. A. Blomquist. Review of the phase equilibria and thermodynamics of binary and ternary systems composed of IFR fuel component metals (U, Pu, and Zr) and nitrogen. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/713925.

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Schwarz, J. A. Surface nonuniformity effects on metal oxides in going from proton adsorption equilibria to the kinetics of acid catalyzed reactions. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491426.

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Dharmawardana, Udeni Rajaratna. An equilibrium model for ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. Selective separation of metal ions using iminoacetic substituted polyamines and a theoretical model for the titration behavior of polyamines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146348.

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