Academic literature on the topic 'Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Hunt, Gary E. "Hazardous Waste Minimization: Part IV Waste Reduction in the Metal Finishing Industry." JAPCA 38, no. 5 (May 1988): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466410.
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McLay, W. J., and F. P. Reinhard. "Waste minimization and recoverytechnologies." Metal Finishing 99 (January 2001): 808–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(01)85335-6.
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Smith, Edward H., and Angela C. Schurig. "Application of material balance concept in waste minimization assessment of a metal finishing process." Environmental Progress 13, no. 3 (August 1994): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670130316.
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McLay, W. J., and F. P. Reinhard. "Waste minimization and recovery technologies." Metal Finishing 100 (January 2002): 798–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(02)82078-5.
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McLay Dedietrich, W. J., and F. P. Reinhard. "Waste minimization and recovery technologies." Metal Finishing 105, no. 10 (2007): 715–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(07)80387-4.
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McLay, W. J., and F. P. Reinhard. "Waste minimization and recovery technologies." Metal Finishing 97, no. 1 (January 1999): 817–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)83135-9.
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Lo, Shang-Lien, and Ya-Chi Tsao. "Economic analysis of waste minimization for electroplating plants." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0564.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of waste minimization technology to electroplating plants and to evaluate the economic aspects of such an application. Waste minimization in electroplating plants can be classified into two categories: recycling and source reduction. Generally, source reduction takes priority before the other and is the most economic tool for waste minimization. Reduction of spent cleaning solutions and drag-out minimization are two major tasks, in which 86% and 60%, respectively, of the plants reviewed were involved, while 74% of the electroplating plants utilized purification equipment to recycle raw materials. In the electroplating process, some heavy metals and rinse water can be recycled. Most of the plants that were investigated recycle the effluent water to the rinse process for further use. From the results of the case study, the cost of the equipment and the utilization rate of the facilities have greater influence on the net present value (NPV) than other factors. Therefore, if the cost or the utilization rate of the facilities varies, re-evaluation will be needed.
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Dini, J. W. "Protecting uranium from corrosion: A waste minimization approach." Metal Finishing 94, no. 2 (February 1996): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(96)93871-4.
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Vanitha, M., and N. Balasubramanian. "Waste minimization and recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries – a review." Environmental Technology Reviews 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2013.853105.
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Herbert, Daniel. "Blast finishing." Metal Finishing 99 (January 2001): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(01)85266-1.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Ma, Yik, and 馬奕. "Water pollution from metal-finishing industry in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253490.
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Telukdarie, Arnesh. "Development of a hybrid fuzzy-mathematical cleaner production evaluation tool for surface finishing." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/514.
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Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Technology: Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2007.The metal finishing industry has been rated among the most polluting industries worldwide. This industry has traditionally been responsible for the release of heavy metals such as chrome, nickel, tin, copper etc into the environment. The application of cleaner production systems to a range of industries, including the metal finishing industry has provided significant financial and environmental benefits. An example of a successful application cleaner production in the metal finishing industry is the reduction in the typical water consumption from 400 1/m² to less than 10 1/m² of plated product. The successful application of cleaner production to the mental finishing industry has encountered many barriers. These barriers include the need for a highly skilled cleaner production auditor and the need for rigorous plant data to effectively quantify the cleaner production potential of the company under consideration. This study focuses on providing an alternate user-friendly audit system for the implementation of cleaner production in the mental finishing industry. The audit system proposed eliminates the need for the need for both a technical auditor and rigid plant data. The proposed system functions solely on plant operator inputs. The operator’s knowledge is harnessed and used to conduct an efficient and effective cleaner production audit. The research is based on expert knowledge, which was gained by conducting audits on some 25 companies using traditional auditing tools. This company audits were used to construct a database of data that was used in the verification of the models developed in this study. The audit is separated into different focus components. The first system developed was based on fuzzy logic multi variable decision-making. For this system the plant was categorized into different sections and appropriate fuzzy ratings were allocated based on experience. Once the allocations were completed multi variable decision analysis was used to determine the individual variable impact. The output was compared and regressed to the database equivalent. Operator inputs can then be used to determine the individual category outputs for the cleaner for the production rating for the company under consideration. The second part of this study entails the development of mathematical models for the quantification of chemical and water consumptions. This was based on the present and ideal (cleaner production) plant configuration. Cleaner production operations are compared to present operations and potential savings quantified. Mathematical models were developed based on pilot scale experiments for the acid, degreaser and zinc plating process. The pilot experiments were carried out on a PLC controlled pilot plant. These models were developed form factorial experimentation on the variables of each of the plating processes. The models developed aid in the prediction of the relevant optimum consumptions. The key challenge in traditional evaluation systems has been the quantification of the plant production. The most effective measure of production is by means of the surface area plated. In this study a novel approach using the modeled acid consumption is proposed. It was assumed that the operator inputs for the above models would not be precise. The models developed allowed for input variations. These variations were incorporated into the model using the Monte Carlo technique. The entire cleaner production evaluation system proposed is based on an operator questionnaire, which is completed in visual basic. The mathematical model was incorporated into the visual basic model. For the purpose of model verification the mathematical models were programmed and tested using the engineering mathematical software, Mat Lab. The combined fuzzy logic and mathematical models prove to be a highly effective means of completing the cleaner production evaluation in minimal time and with minimal resources. A comparative case study was conducted at a local metal finishing company. The case study compares the input requirements and outputs from the traditional systems with the system proposed in this study. The traditional model requires 245 inputs whilst the model proposed in this study is based on 56 inputs. The data requirements for the model proposed in this study is obtained from a plant operator in less than one hour whilst previous models required high level expertise over a period of up to two weeks. The quality of outputs from the model proposed is found to be very comparable to previous models. The model is actually found to be superior to previous models with regards predicting operational variations, water usages, chemical usages and bath chemical evolution. The research has highlighted the potential to apply fuzzy-mathematical hybrid systems for cleaner production evaluation. The two limitations of the research were found to be the usage of a linear experimental design for model development and the availability of Mat Lab software for future application. These issues can be addressed as future work. It is recommended that a non-linear model be developed for the individual processes so as to obtain more detailed process models.
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Thambiran, Namo. "An investigation of a waste minimisation club for the metal finishing industry." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4819.
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Take care how you place your moccasins upon the earth, step with care, for the faces of the
future generations are looking upfrom the earth waitingfor their turnfor life - Lyoru, 1988
Increasing levels of pollution and the increase in demand for water and other resources by
industry led to a number of policies and regulations being developed and revised in South
Africa. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996),
everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or wellbeing. In order to
have the environment protected and sustained for future use, it became necessary to move away
from the traditional fragmented approach to pollution and waste management and focus on an
integrated strategy aimed at achieving a balance between ecological sustainability and socioeconomic
development.
In the Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA) , the Durban Metropolitan Council (Metro)
incorporated pollution prevention in their bylaws, which contained stringent discharge limits for
heavy metal concentrations. This posed a potential problem for metal fmishers who were
concerned about complying with these discharge standards. In addition, the metal finishing
industry was considered to be a significant contributor to the pollution load in the DMA, and
therefore needed to find suitable solutions to dealing with environmental problems, especially
waste management. Waste minimisation was believed to be a good tool for this industry to
utilise in order to reduce its pollution load. It was seen from the literature and case studies from
international initiatives that waste minimisation results in an improvement in process efficiency
and reductions in production costs and environmental impacts, generally at minimal costs.
A waste minimisation club was initiated for the metal finishing industry in the DMA in June
1998. The club consisted of twenty-nine members of which the majority were small and
medium sized companies. The club was run over a period of thirty months. A core group of
sixteen companies actively participated in the activities of the club.
During the period of investigation, a total of 391 waste minimisation options were identified for
club members and 147 of these options were implemented. This resulted in a total financial
saving in excess of R 4 million for the duration of the club's existence. The saving represents
combined savings in water, chemicals, metals, energy, effluent treatment, and waste disposal.
Corresponding environmental benefits were achieved including a reduced demand for water,
reduced toxicity of effluent from chemical and metal reduction, and a reduction in energy
requirements.
Four companies were investigated in detail and presented as case studies. These companies
showed that the payback on implementing waste minimisation options was mostly immediate.
The size of the companies was not critical in determining the level of success from running
waste minimisation programmes. Success depended mainly on commitment from companies
and motivation of project champions. It was found that the greatest barriers to implementing waste minimisation, as identified by
companies, were a lack of time, resources, and commitment. Companies joined the club mainly
for benefit of reducing costs and complying with legal standards.
Aside from successfully raising awareness and promoting the concept of waste minimisation,
the waste minimisation club also resulted in an improvement in the relationship between the
metal finishing industry and the Metro, and among club members.
Based on the results achieved by club members, and from managing the club, it was evident that
the club was effective in promoting waste minimisation in industry. For the future running of
clubs, it is recommended that waste minimisation assessment training be given to all employees
of a company. It would also be more useful if companies reported savings on a more regular
basis and more formally. In addition it is recommended that club membership should be limited
to between ten and fifteen companies to facilitate improved management of the club.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal,Durban, 2002.
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"An assessment of the Pietermaritzburg Waste Minimisation Club and the waste minimisation opportunities on a coil coating plant." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3266.
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This study involved an assessment of the Pietermaritzburg Waste Minimisation Club (PWMC) during 2001, and a waste minimisation audit conducted at two coil coating lines. Waste minimisation is the reduction or elimination of waste at source4 • It is often achieved
through waste minimisation clubs which comprise a small number of companies, generally in the same geographicaI area, that are interested in reducing waste 1"711 .
The success of the PMWC was evaluated in terms of the degree to which members implemented waste minimisation principles. Two questionnaires were used to assess the success of the club. These indicated that although the training material gave the members a good understanding of the basic principles of waste minimisation, the material has not given
the members enough practical information to implement a waste minimisation programme in their companies. The main barriers to waste minimisation identified include production pressure, operational constraints, lack of human resources and a lack of management time.
The drivers for waste minimisation were financial savings, improved plant utilisation and improved environmental performance.
Coil coating is a continuous process where a coiled sheet of aluminium is cleaned, pretreated and coated with paint. The flow rates, compositions and costs of all input and output streams to the cleaning and pretreatment sections were gathered from operators or measured. The data
were collected over a three-month period to obtain a representative sample, and then analysed to determine waste minimisation opportunities using mass balances, monitoring and targeting, a scoping audit and a true cost of waste assessment. The scoping audit was found to be the
most useful technique because it accurately prioritised the waste minimisation opportunities but required a relatively small amount of data for its application. However, the scoping audit underestimated the savings that could be achieved at the coil coating department and therefore the 'scope to save' percentages, which were developed for United Kingdom industries, need modification to better reflect South African industry.
Opportunities for waste minimisation on Coil Coating Line 1 (CCL1) included reducing the water consumption, reducing the acid and chromium raw materials consumption, and finding a cheaper energy source for heating the process and rinse tanks. Potential fmancial savings of R116 000 and environmental savings of 18 200 kL of water or effluent per year were
calculated for CCL1.
The chromium and acid effluent treatment and solid waste disposal are the main areas for waste minimisation on Coil Coating Line 2 (CCL2). Savings could be achieved in these areas by using roller application ofthe chromium pretreatment rather than spray application, and by preventing a leak of chromium pretreatment into the acid process and rinse tanks. Other
savings can also be achieved by operating the chromium process tank as a fed-batch process, and operating the alkali and acid process tanks as continuous processes at the specified chemical concentrations and with recycle of the rinse water (dragout). The total financial savings that can be achieved on CCL2 are R5.3 million, and potential environmental savings
are 31 600 kL ofeffluent per year.Thesis (M.Sc.)- University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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"Application of analytical chemistry to waste minimisation in the powder coating industry." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1976.
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A local company instituted a new chemical procedure in their spray phosphating system
used in the pretreatment of large components for industrial racking systems. An inorganic
conversion coating is deposited on the workpiece surface during phosphating and this
prepares the surface to receive an organic top-coat. The organic coating is applied to the
workpiece surface in the form of a powder and cured to form a continuous film about 80
u.m thick.
The solution chemistry of the phosphating system was monitored by sampling and
chemical analysis and taking direct reading instrumental measurements on the process
and rinse solutions. The process was also evaluated using the results of a waste
minimisation audit. This involved gathering data on composition, flow rates and costs of
inputs and outputs of the process. Two types of information were collected and used
during the audit, namely chemical monitoring (concentration levels of Na, Fe, Zn, Mo,
Mn and Cr and measurements of conductivity, TDS, SS and pH) and water usage data on
the Phosphating Line and existing data (raw materials, workpieces and utility inputs as
well as domestic waste, factory waste and scrap metal outputs). The data were analysed
using four established waste minimisation techniques. The Scoping Audit and the Water
Economy Assessment results were determined using empirically derived models. The
Mass Balance and the True Cost of Waste findings were obtained through more detailed
calculations using the results of the chemical analysis.
The results of the audit showed that the most important area for waste minimsation in the
Phosphating Line was the (dragged-out phosphating chemicals present in) wastewater
stream. According to the scoping audit, water usage had the third highest waste
minimisation potential behind powder and steel consumption for the entire powder
coating process. While the scoping audit and the specific water intake value showed that
water consumption for the process was not excessive, it did not indicate that the pollution
level in the rinse waters was high. Further, drag-out calculations showed that drag-out
volumes were typical of those found in the metal finishing industry. However the presence of high levels of metal species in the rinse waters was highlighted through the
chemical monitoring of the Phosphating Line. The True Cost of Waste Analysis
estimated potential financial savings for the effluent stream at about R8000 for a period
of 105 days. However this does not take into consideration the cost of the liability
associated with this stream when exceeding effluent discharge limits (given in the Trade
Effluent Bylaws) or of the chemical treatment necessary to render this stream suitable for
discharge to sewer. Intervention using only "low-cost-no-cost" waste minimisation
measures was recommended as a first step before contemplating further areas for
technical or economic feasibility studies. However, a further study involving monitoring
the sludge was recommended in order to establish the potential financial savings offered
by this waste stream.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Reiner, Monika. "Industrial waste minimisation in South Africa : a case study in the textile and metal finishing sectors." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4809.
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Environmental legislation is becoming more stringent as people are realising the need for
conservation and a reduction of environmental degradation in order to facilitate sustainable
development. To ease legislative pressures, companies need to work together in symbiotic networks,
whereby co-operation between companies results in far more innovative practices than if the
companies acted individually. Success in an industrial network is largely dependent on cleaner
production, where industries seek to redirect from waste treatment to waste minimisation. Cleaner
production has already received international recognition and waste minimisation initiatives have
been used as a tool of cleaner production. Two polluting industrial sectors within South Africa, the
textile and metal finishing sectors, were chosen to investigate waste minimisation concepts. One
company from each sector was used as a case study. The dissertation followed company network
identification, potential to participate within an industrial symbiotic network, and waste
minimisation opportunities. Suppliers and buyers, up and down the product line were identified.
Relationships with these partners should be advanced such that environmental concerns are at the
forefront of any decision-making. In light of developing industrial networks and maintaining
symbiotic relationships, the company's potential was investigated by interviewing employees of
various ranks. Both companies were partially suited to participate within an industrial symbiotic
network and company-specific barriers were identified, such as ineffective internal communication.
The waste minimisation investigation followed a four-phase approach of planning and organisation;
pre-assessment; assessment; and feasibility study. In both the companies investigated, water savings
were identified as the waste minimisation focus area with potential for improvement. In total,
potential water savings of over R80 000 per annum were identified. In the textile company, the
weaving department and bleach house were further investigated. Cloth weaving errors were
attributed to machine stops, as each stop has the potential to result in a cloth fault. In the bleach
house the potential existed to reduce the number of rinse tanks. Although a modem and automated
process, the plating plant in the metal finishing company was identified as having potential waste
minimisation opportunities. Of particular interest was the reduction of solution carry over from the
plating tanks into subsequent tanks. Extended drip times were investigated. Additional waste
minimisation opportunities included repairing pipe leaks, replacing the degreasing solvent,
trichloroethylene, with a less harmful cleaning agent and establishing a symbiotic relationship with
the oil supplier, Castrol. Over and above the main waste minimisation opportunities highlighted,
other recommendations and potential savings were identified. Each case study emphasises that
simple waste minimisation initiatives, without expending capital, reduce demands on natural
resource, such as water, and benefit the company financially. Successful waste minimisation leads to
further cleaner production initiatives, which may then initiate better network interactions with the
further potential of promoting sustainable development.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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Mbongwa, Nkosinathi Wiseman. "Development of a mathematical model for treatment of metal finishing wastewater." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2746.
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A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the Degree of M-Tech in Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology Durban, 2008.The waste generated by metal finishers is rated as the most toxic and harmful to the environment. Metal finishing wastewater consists of heavy metals, cyanides, acids and alkalis. Formal treatment of waste generated has not been of primary importance to metal finishers. It would be ideal to develop a generic model to assist finishers to predict the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. The model must be able to predict effectiveness of treatment based on a variety of equipment, chemicals and concentrations.
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Munsamy, Megashnee. "Use of evaporative coolers for close circuiting of the electroplating process." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/685.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the egree of
Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, Durban
University of Technology, 2011.The South African electroplating industry generates large volumes of hazardous waste water that has to be treated prior to disposal. The main source of this waste water has been the rinse system. Conventional end-ofpipe waste water treatment technologies do not meet municipality standards. The use of technologies such as membranes, reverse osmosis and ion exchange are impractical, mainly due to their cost and technical requirements. This study identified source point reduction technologies, close circuiting of the electroplating process, specific to the rinse system as a key development. Specifically the application of a low flow counter current rinse system for the recovery of the rinse water in the plating bath was selected. However, the recovery of the rinse tank water was impeded by the low rates of evaporation from the plating bath, which was especially prevalent in the low temperature operating plating baths. This master’s study proposes the use of an induced draft evaporative cooling tower for facilitation of evaporation in the plating bath. For total recovery of the rinse tank water, the rate of evaporation from the plating bath has to be equivalent to the rinse tanks make up water requirements. A closed circuit plating system mathematical model was developed for the determination of the mass evaporated from the plating bath and the cooling tower for a specified time and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower. The key criteria in the development of the closed circuit plating system model was the requirement of minimum solution specific data as this information is not readily available. The closed circuit plating system model was categorised into the unsteady state and steady state temperature regions and was developed for the condition of water evaporation only. The closed circuit plating system model was programmed into Matlab and verified. The key factors affecting the performance of the closed circuit plating system were identified as the plating solution composition and operational temperature, ambient air temperature, air flow rate and cooling tower iv packing surface area. Each of these factors was individually and simultaneously varied to determine their sensitivity on the rate of water evaporation and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and cooling tower. The results indicated that the upper limit plating solution operational temperature, high air flow rates, low ambient air temperature and large packing surface area provided the greatest water evaporation rates and the largest temperature drop across the height of the cooling tower in the unsteady state temperature region. The final equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower is dependent on the ambient air temperature. The only exception is that at low ambient air temperatures the rate of water evaporation from the steady state temperature region is lower than that at higher ambient air temperatures. Thus the model will enable the electroplater to identify the optimum operating conditions for close circuiting of the electroplating process. It is recommended that the model be validated against practical data either by the construction of a laboratory scale induced draft evaporative cooling tower or by the application of the induced draft evaporative cooling tower in an electroplating facility.
Books on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Metal Finishing Industry Workshop (Sic 347). Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention, 1994.
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Edwards, Harry W. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of finished metal and plastic parts. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1994.
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Edwards, Harry W. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of finished metal and plastic parts. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1994.
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Eyraud, Patrick. Waste reduction activities and options for a manufacturer of paints primarily for metal finishing. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.
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Looby, Gwen P. Waste minimization assessment for an aluminum extrusions manufacturer. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.
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Looby, Gwen P. Waste minimization assessment for an aluminum extrusions manufacturer. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.
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Kirsch, F. William. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of aluminum extrusions. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.
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Kirsch, F. William. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of aluminum extrusions. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992.
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Sutherland, J. Final report on the installation and operation of atmospheric evaporators at Acadian Barrel Finishing. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Walton, Clifford W., Kevin S. Briggs, and Kevin J. Loos. "Waste Minimization and Remediation in the Metal Finishing Industries." In Industrial Environmental Chemistry, 71–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2320-2_7.
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Thomas, E. Higgins. "Metal Plating and Surface Finishing." In Hazardous Waste Minimization Handbook, 75. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351072854-5.
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"Waste Minimization and Cleaner Production." In Waste Treatment in the Metal Manufacturing, Forming, Coating, and Finishing Industries, 13–48. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420072242-5.
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"Management, Minimization, and Recycling of Metal Casting Wastes." In Waste Treatment in the Metal Manufacturing, Forming, Coating, and Finishing Industries, 163–210. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420072242-8.
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"Removal of Chromate, Cyanide, and Heavy Metals from Wastewater." In Process Engineering for Pollution Control and Waste Minimization, 549–70. CRC Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482277586-34.
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"Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil." In Waste Treatment in the Metal Manufacturing, Forming, Coating, and Finishing Industries, 393–444. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420072242-14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Klarman, Anthony F., and James A. Heist. "Hazardous Wastes Minimization by Reuse and Recycling at a Naval Air Rework Facility." In Annual Aerospace/Airline Plating and Metal Finishing Forum and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880872.
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Gallerani, Peter A., and Rick McCarvill. "Waste Minimization Planning and Implementation at Pratt & amp; Whitney Aircraft, North Haven, Connecticut." In Airframe Finishing, Maintenance & Repair Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/920935.
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Quade, Ulrich, and Thomas Kluth. "Waste Minimization by Melting–Recycling of Radioactive Metals: 20 Years Operation of the Melting Plant CARLA by Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59040.
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Since more than 20 years the company Siempelkamp is deeply involved in the field of melting and recycling of radioactively contaminated metals from operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations across Europe. The experience of this long period shows clearly that only a combination of recycling inside the nuclear industry and release for reuse outside the nuclear market will generate the optimum results for the minimisation of radioactive waste volume. Final disposal volume is becoming more and more the status of an own resource within our nuclear business and should be handled very carefully in the future. The paper gives a compact overview about the impressive results of melting treatment, the current potential of the melting plant CARLA and about further developments.
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Balkey, J. J., S. S. Ramsey, and R. E. Wieneke. "Treatment and Volume Reduction of Transuranic Waste at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4550.
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Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy’s (DOE) weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling radioactive materials and, consequently, in radioactive waste management. The focus for actinide research and development is the Plutonium Facility, which has been in operation since 1978. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating the Plutonium Facility. It has a dedicated group of personnel who manage radioactive and hazardous waste, and address environmental regulations. Waste from operations with radioactive materials inside glovebox lines in the Plutonium Facility is packaged for disposal in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in Carlsbad, New Mexico. This waste is subject to a prescriptive certification program and is expensive to dispose of. Because the Plutonium Facility generates approximately 140 cubic meters of transuranic (TRU) waste each year, this significant financial burden effectively reduces the funds available to conduct research. To cut waste disposal costs, the NMT Division is making a considerable effort to identify and fund implementation of treatment and size-reduction processes. This study looks at both the effectiveness and probability of successful implementation. The waste management group’s waste minimization specialist has used waste generation information to identify the two largest TRU waste streams: combustible solids would benefit from size reduction, and nonactinide metals can be decontaminated. To reduce the size of combustible solids (polyethylene bottles and rubber hose), an industrial-model granulator, which was purchased for the head end of a molten salt oxidation process, is being adapted. This waste stream can be reduced by about 30% without affecting the ability to perform nuclear material assay. For glovebox decontamination, electrolytic decontamination techniques previously developed will also work on metals (tubing, tools, and equipment). Reducing the TRU levels to low-level contamination will allow onsite disposal, significantly reducing disposal costs (by approximately an order of magnitude). Several other technologies that were developed to address environmental regulatory concerns will also result in modest waste minimization and are in various states of installation and testing; they are vitrification for aqueous TRU waste, pyrolysis for the destruction of mixed waste, and distillation and recycle for nitric acid and trichloroethylene. The successful implementation and coordination of waste minimization and treatment technologies is resulting in cost savings from waste reduction and avoidance for the NMT Division.
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Pillokat, Peter, and Jan Hendrik Bruhn. "Experience in Dismantling and Packaging of Pressure Vessel and Core Internals." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40036.
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Nuclear Company AREVA is proud to look back on versatile experience in successfully dismantling nuclear components. After performing several minor dismantling projects and studies for nuclear power plants, AREVA completed the order for dismantling of all remaining Reactor Pressure Vessel internals at German Boiling Water Reactor Wuergassen NPP in October ’08. During the onsite activities about 121 tons of steel were successfully cut and packed under water into 200l- drums, as the dismantling was performed partly in situ and partly in an underwater working tank. AREVA deployed a variety of different cutting techniques such as band sawing, milling, nibbling, compass sawing and water jet cutting throughout this project. After successfully finishing this task, AREVA dismantled the cylindrical part of the Wuergassen Pressure Vessel. During this project approximately 320 tons of steel were cut and packaged for final disposal, as dismantling was mainly performed by on air use of water jet cutting with vacuum suction of abrasive and kerfs material. The main clue during this assignment was the logistic challenge to handle and convey cut pieces from the pressure vessel to the packing area. For this, an elevator was installed to transport cut segments into the turbine hall, where a special housing was built for final storage conditioning. At the beginning of 2007, another complex dismantling project of great importance was acquired by AREVA. The contract included dismantling and conditioning for final storage of the complete RPV Internals of the German Pressurized Water Reactor Stade NPP. Very similar cutting techniques turned out to be the proper policy to cope this task. On-site activities took place in up to 5 separate working areas including areas for post segmentation and packaging to perform optimized parallel activities. All together about 85 tons of Core Internals were successfully dismantled at Stade NPP until September ’09. To accomplish the best possible on-site performance and to achieve a minimization of the applied collective dose rates, each on-site activity was previously planned in detail and personnel exercised each task at original size mock ups under most realistic onsite conditions. Planning was especially focused on an optimized size minimization and packaging concept to reduce the number of filled waste packages. The segmentation of components strictly followed a sophisticated cutting and packaging concept developed under consideration of possible cutting techniques, the resulting geometry and logistical conditions. Therefore, segments were post processed by hydraulic press and band saw in order to minimize their volume, where applicable.
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Bergstro¨m, Lena, Maria Lindberg, Anders Lindstro¨m, Bo Wirendal, and Joachim Lorenzen. "Proven Concepts for LLW-Treatment of Large Components for Free-Release and Recycling." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7218.
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This paper describes Studsvik’s technical concept of LLW-treatment of large, retired components from nuclear installations in operation or in decommissioning. Many turbines, heat exchangers and other LLW components have been treated in Studsvik during the last 20 years. This also includes development of techniques and tools, especially our latest experience gained under the pilot project for treatment of one full size PWR steam generator from Ringhals NPP, Sweden. The ambition of this pilot project was to minimize the waste volumes for disposal and to maximize the material recycling. Another objective, respecting ALARA, was the successful minimization of the dose exposure to the personnel. The treatment concept for large, retired components comprises the whole sequence of preparations from road and sea transports and the management of the metallic LLW by segmentation, decontamination and sorting using specially devised tools and shielded treatment cell, to the decision criteria for recycling of the metals, radiological analyses and conditioning of the residual waste into the final packages suitable for customer-related disposal. For e.g. turbine rotors with their huge number of blades the crucial moments are segmentation techniques, thus cold segmentation is a preferred method to keep focus on minimization of volumes for secondary waste. Also a variety of decontamination techniques using blasting cabinet or blasting tumbling machines keeps secondary waste production to a minimum. The technical challenge of the treatment of more complicated components like steam generators also begins with the segmentation. A first step is the separation of the steam dome in order to dock the rest of the steam generator to a specially built treatment cell. Thereafter, the decontamination of the tube bundle is performed using a remotely controlled manipulator. After decontamination is concluded the cutting of the tubes as well as of the shell is performed in the same cell with remotely controlled tools. Some of the sections of steam dome shell or turbine shafts can be cleared directly for unconditional reuse without melting after decontamination and sampling program. Experience shows that the amount of material possible for clearance for unconditional use is between 95 – 97% for conventional metallic scrap. For components like turbines, heat exchangers or steam generators the recycling ratio can vary to about 80–85% of the initial weight.
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Wasiuddin, N. M., Nouman Ali, and M. R. Islam. "Use of Offshore Drilling Waste in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Concrete as Aggregate Replacement." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29168.
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Despite continuous research and development on drilling fluids and waste minimization during the last 40 years, offshore drilling waste (OSDW) remains a significant environmental concern for the petroleum industry. OSDW contains three types of contaminants namely, heavy metals from drilling fluid, oil from oil based mud or petroleum contamination and naturally occurring radioactive substances from exposed formations. In this study a promising and permanent solution based on recycling of OSDW as road construction materials has been investigated. It has been revealed previously that five to ten percent of some waste materials such as recycled asphalt pavement, tire rubber, glass, roofing shingles, polythene etc. can be added to hot mix asphalt (HMA) concrete without sacrificing its strength and performance. These wastes can be added to the HMA by either replacing the mineral filler or proportionately reducing the amount of virgin material in the original mix. In this laboratory test study, different percentages of OSDW were added as aggregate replacement and the properties of resulting blends were evaluated. Three beneficial actions, namely, incineration, dilution and solidification took place. At the end, the effectiveness of using OSDW was determined with the Marshall stability and flow, permeability of HMA concrete, leachability and resilient modulus. It has been found that for the drilling waste used in this research the percentage that can be used in HMA concrete without sacrificing its properties is as high as 20%. Even though the percentage of waste that can be used as aggregate replacement varies with waste types and properties, the proposed technique offers significant promises for OSDW recycling.
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Yamagishi, Isao, Masaki Ozawa, Hitoshi Mimura, Shohei Kanamura, and Koji Mizuguchi. "Advanced ORIENT Cycle: Progress on Fission Product Separation and Utilization." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40053.
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Fission reaction of U-235 and/or plutonium generates more than 40 elements and 400 nuclides in the spent fuel. Among them, 31 elements are categorized as rare metals. In a conventional fuel cycle U and Pu are reused but others are vitrified for disposal. Adv.-ORIENT (Advanced Optimization by Recycling Instructive Elements) Cycle strategy was drawn up for the minimization of radio-toxicity and volume of radioactive waste as well as the utilization of valuable elements/nuclides in the waste. The present paper describes the progress on Fission Products (FP) separation in this Cycle. Highly functional inorganic adsorbent (AMP-SG, silica gel loaded with ammonium molybdophosphate) and organic microcapsule (CE-ALG, alginate gel polymer enclosed with crown ether D18C6) were developed for separation of heat-generating Cs and Sr nuclides, respectively. The AMP-SG adsorbed more than 99% of Cs selectively from a simulated High-level Liquid Waste (HLLW). The ALG microcapsule adsorbed 0.0249 mmol/g of Sr and exhibited the order of its selectivity; Ba > Sr > Pd >> Ru > Rb > Ag. The electrodeposition is advantageous for both recovery and utilization of PGMs (Ru, Rh, Pd) and Tc because PGMs are recovered as metal on Pt electrode. Among PGMs, Pd was easily deposited on the Pt electrode. In the presence of Pd or Rh the reduction of Ru and Tc was accelerated more in hydrochloric acid media than in nitric acid. In the simulated HLLW, the redox reaction of Fe(III)/Fe(II) disturbed deposition of elements except for Pd. The deposits on Pt electrode showed higher catalytic reactivity on electrolytic hydrogen production than the original Pt electrode. The reactivity of deposits prepared from the simulated HLLW was higher than that from solution containing only PGM.
Reports on the topic "Metals – Finishing – Waste minimization"
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Stimetz, C. J. Pollution prevention and waste minimization in metal finishing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10105524.
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