Journal articles: 'Metals - Rapid Solidification Processing'

1

Gilgien, P., A. Zryd, and W. Kurz. "Metastable Phase Diagrams and Rapid Solidification Processing." ISIJ International 35, no. 6 (1995): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.35.566.

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Li, Xiaoshuang, Kai Zweiacker, Daniel Grolimund, Dario Ferreira Sanchez, Adriaan B. Spierings, Christian Leinenbach, and Konrad Wegener. "In Situ and Ex Situ Characterization of the Microstructure Formation in Ni-Cr-Si Alloys during Rapid Solidification—Toward Alloy Design for Laser Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 10, 2020): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092192.

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Laser beam-based deposition methods such as laser cladding or additive manufacturing of metals promises improved properties, performance, and reliability of the materials and therefore rely heavily on understanding the relationship between chemical composition, rapid solidification processing conditions, and resulting microstructural features. In this work, the phase formation of four Ni-Cr-Si alloys was studied as a function of cooling rate and chemical composition using a liquid droplet rapid solidification technique. Post mortem x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and in situ synchrotron microbeam X-ray diffraction shows the present and evolution of the rapidly solidified microstructures. Furthermore, the obtained results were compared to standard laser deposition tests. In situ microbeam diffraction revealed that due to rapid cooling and an increasing amount of Cr and Si, metastable high-temperature silicides remain in the final microstructure. Due to more sluggish interface kinetics of intermetallic compounds than that of disorder solid solution, an anomalous eutectic structure becomes dominant over the regular lamellar microstructure at high cooling rates. The rapid solidification experiments produced a microstructure similar to the one generated in laser coating thus confirming that this rapid solidification test allows a rapid pre-screening of alloys suitable for laser beam-based processing techniques.

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Matsuda, A., C. C. Wan, J. M. Yang, and W. H. Kao. "Rapid solidification processing of a Mg-Li-Si-Ag alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27, no. 5 (May 1996): 1363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02649873.

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Bertero, G. A., W. H. Hofmeister, M. B. Robinson, and R. J. Bayuzick. "Containerless processing and rapid solidification of Nb-Si alloys of hypereutectic composition." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 11 (November 1991): 2723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02851367.

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Yan, N., D. L. Geng, Z. Y. Hong, and B. Wei. "Ultrasonic levitation processing and rapid eutectic solidification of liquid Al–Ge alloys." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 607 (September 2014): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.04.006.

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Jabbareh, Mohammad Amin, and Hamid Assadi. "Modelling of Microstructure Evolution during Laser Processing of Intermetallic Containing Ni-Al Alloys." Metals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071051.

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There is a growing interest in laser melting processes, e.g., for metal additive manufacturing. Modelling and numerical simulation can help to understand and control microstructure evolution in these processes. However, standard methods of microstructure simulation are generally not suited to model the kinetic effects associated with rapid solidification in laser processing, especially for material systems that contain intermetallic phases. In this paper, we present and employ a tailored phase-field model to demonstrate unique features of microstructure evolution in such systems. Initially, the problem of anomalous partitioning during rapid solidification of intermetallics is revisited using the tailored phase-field model, and the model predictions are assessed against the existing experimental data for the B2 phase in the Ni-Al binary system. The model is subsequently combined with a Potts model of grain growth to simulate laser processing of polycrystalline alloys containing intermetallic phases. Examples of simulations are presented for laser processing of a nickel-rich Ni-Al alloy, to demonstrate the application of the method in studying the effect of processing conditions on various microstructural features, such as distribution of intermetallic phases in the melt pool and the heat-affected zone. The computational framework used in this study is envisaged to provide additional insight into the evolution of microstructure in laser processing of industrially relevant materials, e.g., in laser welding or additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys.

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de Castro, Walman Benício. "Undercooling of Eutectic Sn-57wt%Bi Alloy." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.201.

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Rapid Solidification Processing (RSP), of metals and alloys, is establish by increasing of the undercooling applying high cooling rates (102 - 106 K/s) or by reduce nucleation sites using low cooling rates (1 K/s). Melt undercooling opens new solidification pathways for new nonequilibrium phases and unusual microstructures. Several techniques have been developed to reduce nucleation sites and produce increased undercooling in metals and alloys including the fluxing technique. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the undercooling level on microstructures of eutectic Sn-57wt%Bi alloy by using the fluxing technique. A morphological change from eutectic to eutectic plus primary dendrites bSn was observed when the undercooling increase from 10 K to 19 K and a refinement of the primary dendrites bSn was observed when the undercooling increase from 19 K to 29 K. Increasing the undercooling led to a higher growth rate, hence morphological refinement occur.

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Chen, Xiaohua, Weijie Fan, Wenwen Jiang, Deye Lin, Zidong Wang, Xidong Hui, and Yanlin Wang. "Effects of Cooling Rate on the Solidification Process of Pure Metal Al: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Based on the MFPT Method." Metals 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091504.

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Isothermal solidification process of pure metal Al was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using EAM potential. The effects of different cooling rates on the isothermal solidification process of metallic Al were studied. Al was first subjected to a rapid cooling process, and then it was annealing under isothermal conditions. The mean first-passage times (MFPT) method and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) law were used to qualify the solidification kinetic processing, and the nucleation rate, critical nucleus size, Avrami exponent and growth exponent of grains were calculated. Results show that the nucleation rate and critical size decrease as the cooling rate increases. Also, an increase in the cooling rate leads to the increase of grain growth rate. At all investigated cooling rates, nucleation and growth processes are in the typical three-dimensional growth mode.

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Nayak, S. S., S. K. Pabi, D. H. Kim, and B. S. Murty. "Microstructure-hardness relationship of Al–(L12)Al3Ti nanocomposites prepared by rapid solidification processing." Intermetallics 18, no. 4 (April 2010): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2009.09.009.

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Shen, Gaoliang, Zhilei Xiang, Xiaozhao Ma, Jingcun Huang, Yueqing Zhao, Jihao Li, Zhitian Wang, Guodong Shi, and Ziyong Chen. "Investigation of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Prepared by Rapid Solidification and Hot Extrusion." Metals 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020293.

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Al-Zn-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys have the advantages of high specific strength, easy processing, and high toughness, showing great potential application in the aerospace field. However, ultra-high strength aluminum alloys usually contain coarse microstructures, micro-segregation, and casting defects that seriously deteriorate mechanical properties. Here, we report a high-strength aluminum alloy (Al-10.5Zn-2.0Mg-1.2Cu-0.12Zr-0.1Er) prepared by rapid solidification and hot extrusion to explore the microstructure modification of the alloy based on this strategy. The results show that: rapid-solidification technology can significantly refine alloy grains, alloy ribbons were composed of α (Al) equiaxed fine grains, and the average grain size was less than 6 μm. After extrusion, the alloy had partially recrystallized, existing coarse second-phase (T-phase) and needle-shaped precipitates were MgZn2 (η-phase), and the tensile strength and elongation of the extruded bar were 466.4 MPa and 12.9%, respectively. After T6 heat treatment, the tensile strength of the alloy reached 635.8 MPa, while elongation decreased to 10.5%. According to microstructure analysis and considering the contributions of grain boundary, dislocation, and precipitation-strengthening to the improvement of the mechanical properties, it was found that precipitation-strengthening is the main strengthening mechanism. Our research shows that rapid-solidification and hot-extrusion technology have great potential for improving the microstructures and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys.

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Sampath, S., H. Herman, N. Shimoda, and T. Saito. "Thermal Spray Processing of FGMs." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048880.

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Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) display continuously or discontinuously varying compositions and/or microstructures over definable geometrical distances. The gradients can be continuous on a microscopic level, or they can be laminates comprised of gradients of metals, ceramics, polymers, or variations of porosity/density. Several processing techniques have been explored for the fabrication of FGMs for structural applications, e.g., powder metallurgy, thermal spraying, in situ synthesis, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, reactive infiltration, etc. Physical and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are also being explored to process FGM films with nanometer level gradients in composition. This article addresses the issues related to thermal-spray processing of FGMs and will only peripherally compare the advantages and limitations of thermal spray versus other processing techniques as reported in the literature.In thermal spraying, feedstock material (in the form of powder, rod, or wire) is introduced into a combustion or plasma flame. The particles melt in transit and impinge on the substrate where they flatten, undergo rapid solidification, and form a deposit through successive impingement. Thermal spraying has been traditionally employed to produce a variety of protective coatings of ceramics, metals, and polymers on a range of substrates. More recently, the process has been used for spray-forming structural components.Arc spray, combustion, and plasma are the major techniques comprising thermal spray. These classifications are based on the type of heat source and the method by which feedstock is injected. Arc-spray processes use electrically conductive wire as feedstock, while combustion methods use powder or wire.

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Bertero, G. A., W. H. Hofmeister, M. B. Robinson, and R. J. Bayuzick. "Containerless processing and rapid solidification of Nb-Si alloys in the niobium-rich eutectic range." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 11 (November 1991): 2713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02851366.

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Zygmunt-Kiper, M., L. Błaż, and M. Sugamata. "Effect of Magnesium Addition and Rapid Solidification Procedure on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Co Alloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0007.

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Tested Al-5Co and Al-5Mg-5Co materials were manufactured using a common ingot metallurgy (IM) and rapid solidification (RS) methods combined with mechanical consolidation of RS-powders and hot extrusion procedures. Mechanical properties of as-extruded IM and RS alloys were tested by compression at temperature range 293-773 K. Received true stress vs. true strain curves were typical for aluminum alloys that undergo dynamic recovery at high deformation temperature. It was found that the maximum flow stress value for Al-5Mg-5Co alloy was much higher than that for Al-5Co, both for IM and RS materials tested at low and intermediate deformation temperatures. The last effect results from the solid solution strengthening due to magnesium addition. However, the addition of 5% Mg results also in the reduction of melting temperature. Therefore, the flow stress for Al-5Mg-5Co alloy was relatively low at high deformation temperatures. Light microscopy observations revealed highly refined structure of RS materials. Analytical transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed Al9Co2 particles development for all tested samples. Fine acicular particles in RS materials, ∽1μm in size, were found to grow during annealing at 823K for 168h. As result, the hardness of RS materials was reduced. It was found that severe plastic deformation due to extrusion and additional compression did not result in the fracture of fine particles in RS materials. On the other hand, large particles observed in IM materials (∽20μm) were not practically coarsened during annealing and related hardness of annealed samples remained practically unchanged. However, processing of IM materials was found to promote the fracture of coarse particles that is not acceptable at industrial processing technologies.

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Chen, Xiaohua, Weijie Fan, Wenwen Jiang, Deye Lin, Zidong Wang, and Simeng Jiang. "Effects of Pressure on Homogeneous Nucleation and Growth during Isothermal Solidification in Pure Al: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122101.

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Effects of different pressures on the isothermal-solidification process of pure Al were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using the embedded-atom method (EAM). Al was first subjected to a rapid-cooling process, and then it was annealed under different pressures conditions. Mean first-passage times (MFPT) method, Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) law, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) simulation analysis method were used to qualify the solidification- kinetic processing. Nucleation rate, critical-nucleus size, Avrami exponent, growth exponent, and crystallite size were calculated. Results show that the nucleation rate increases as the pressure increases. The change of critical-nucleation size is not obvious as the pressure increases. With the pressure increasing, growth exponent decreases, indicative of decreased grain-growth rate. It was also found that with the pressure increasing, the Avrami exponent decreases, indicating that the increased pressure has an effect on growth modes during solidification, which changes from three-dimensional growth to one-dimensional growth. Results of XRD simulation shows that with pressure increasing, crystallite size decreases.

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Pristinskiy, Yuri, Nestor Washington Solis Pinargote, and Anton Smirnov. "Spark plasma and conventional sintering of ZrO2-TiN composites: A comparative study on the microstructure and mechanical properties." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401055.

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Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an extremely fast solidification technique for compounds that are difficult to sinter within the material group metals, ceramics or composites. SPS uses a uniaxial pressure and a very rapid heating cycle to consolidate these materials. This direct way of heating allows the application of very high heating and cooling rates, enhancing densification over grain growth promoting diffusion mechanisms allowing maintaining the intrinsic properties of nanopowders in their fully dense products. The ZrO2-TiN cermets prepared by SPS processing achieves the enhanced mechanical properties with the hardness of 15.1 GPa and the fracture toughness of 9.1 MPa∙m1/2 in comparison to standard reference ZrO2-TiN material.

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Ba, Fahai, Gang Yu, and Ningfu Shen. "A Numerical Model of Rapid Solidification Processing of Ni-Al Alloy in Planar Flow Casting." ISIJ International 43, no. 8 (2003): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.1200.

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Jasien, Chris, Alec Saville, Chandler Gus Becker, Jonah Klemm-Toole, Kamel Fezzaa, Tao Sun, Tresa Pollock, and Amy J. Clarke. "In Situ X-ray Radiography and Computational Modeling to Predict Grain Morphology in β-Titanium during Simulated Additive Manufacturing." Metals 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071217.

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The continued development of metal additive manufacturing (AM) has expanded the engineering metallic alloys for which these processes may be applied, including beta-titanium alloys with desirable strength-to-density ratios. To understand the response of beta-titanium alloys to AM processing, solidification and microstructure evolution needs to be investigated. In particular, thermal gradients (Gs) and solidification velocities (Vs) experienced during AM are needed to link processing to microstructure development, including the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET). In this work, in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography of the beta-titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (wt.%) (Ti-1023) during simulated laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was performed at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, allowing for direct determination of Vs. Two different computational modeling tools, SYSWELD and FLOW-3D, were utilized to investigate the solidification conditions of spot and raster melt scenarios. The predicted Vs obtained from both pieces of computational software exhibited good agreement with those obtained from in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography measurements. The model that accounted for fluid flow also showed the ability to predict trends unobservable in the in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography, but are known to occur during rapid solidification. A CET model for Ti-1023 was also developed using the Kurz–Giovanola–Trivedi model, which allowed modeled Gs and Vs to be compared in the context of predicted grain morphologies. Both pieces of software were in agreement for morphology predictions of spot-melts, but drastically differed for raster predictions. The discrepancy is attributable to the difference in accounting for fluid flow, resulting in magnitude-different values of Gs for similar Vs.

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Kloc, Luboš, Stefano Spigarelli, Emanuela Cerri, Enrico Evangelista, and Terence G. Langdon. "An evaluation of the creep properties of two Al-Si alloys produced by rapid solidification processing." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27, no. 12 (December 1996): 3871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02595636.

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Chang, C. P., and M. H. Loretto. "Bulk and dislocation core diffusion in Al-Mo solid solutions obtained through rapid-solidification processing." Philosophical Magazine A 57, no. 4 (April 1988): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418618808214409.

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Liu, Jihao, Hongxiao Chi, Huibin Wu, Dangshen Ma, and Jian Zhou. "Discussion of the Segregation and Low Hardness of Large-Diameter M3 High-Speed Steel Produced by Spray Forming." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020482.

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As an advanced near-net-shape processing method in which directly preformed, semi-finished products are created from liquid metals, spray forming has become popular in the development and application of new materials and is supporting industrialization. However, as investigated in this work, the problems of segregation and low hardness exist in the actual industrialization process, particularly for large-diameter M3 high-speed steel. It was here found that the annual ring segregation morphologies were mostly distributed from the edge to 1/2R, with a large number of stripes primarily enriched in C, Mo, and Cr elements, and the degree of segregation was mild. The ring segregation was located at the 1/2R position, where the main elemental enrichments were C, W, Mo, Cr, and V, and the segregation degree was severe. The formation of segregation during deposition is described based on an equilibrium solidification model. A slow cooling rate and heat dissipation from the surface to the inside were judged to be the main factors causing segregation and changes in the carbide morphology. In terms of hardness, with the increase in the quenching temperature to 1230 °C, the tempering hardness increased significantly. The analysis shows that a faster cooling rate in the atomization stage caused the solidified droplets to exhibit rapid solidification characteristics, and there was a higher proportion of MC carbide in the deposited billet. MC carbides cannot be fully dissolved using the conventional heat treatment process, which decreases the C, Cr, Mo, and V contents in the solution and, thus, reduces the secondary hardening capability. The findings show that, when the spray forming process is used to prepare large-diameter materials, it should not be considered a rapid solidification technology simply because of its atomization stage. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the influence of microstructure transformation during atomization and deposition.

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Liao, Yiliang, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Claus Rebholz, and Charalabos C. Doumanidis. "Uniform Droplet Spraying of Magnesium Alloys: Modeling of Apollonian Fractal Structures on Micrograph Sections." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 4 (June 24, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7040122.

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A variety of advanced manufacturing processes have been developed based on the concept of rapid solidification processing (RSP), such as uniform droplet spraying (UDS) for the additive manufacturing of metals and alloys. This article introduces a morphological simulation of fractal dendric structures deposited by UDS of magnesium (Mg) alloys on two-dimensional (2D) planar sections. The fractal structure evolution is modeled as Apollonian packs of generalized ellipsoidal domains growing out of nuclei and dendrite arm fragments. The model employs descriptions of the dynamic thermal field based on superposed Green’s/Rosenthal functions with source images for initial/boundary effects, along with alloy phase diagrams and the classical solidification theory for nucleation and fragmentation rates. The initiation of grains is followed by their free and constrained growth by adjacent domains, represented via potential fields of level-set methods, for the effective mapping of the solidified topology and its metrics (grain size and fractal dimension of densely packed domains). The model is validated by comparing modeling results against micrographs of three UDS-deposited Mg–Zn–Y alloys. The further evolution of this real-time computational model and its application as a process observer for feedback control in 3D printing, as well as for off-line material design and optimization, is discussed.

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Kushwaha, Amanendra K., Merbin John, Manoranjan Misra, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Nanocrystalline Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications." Crystals 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111317.

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Nanostructuring is a commonly employed method of obtaining superior mechanical properties in metals and alloys. Compared to conventional polycrystalline counterparts, nanostructuring can provide remarkable improvements in yield strength, toughness, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and hardness, which is attributed to the nano grain size. In this review paper, the current state-of-the-art of synthesis methods of nanocrystalline (NC) materials such as rapid solidification, chemical precipitation, chemical vapor deposition, and mechanical alloying, including high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and cryomilling was elucidated. More specifically, the effect of various process parameters on mechanical properties and microstructural features were explained for a broad range of engineering materials. This study also explains the mechanism of grain strengthening using the Hall-Petch relation and illustrates the effects of post-processing on the grain size and subsequently their properties. This review also reports the applications, challenges, and future scope for the NC materials.

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Bao, Chengli, Tao Zhou, Laixin Shi, Mingao Li, Li Hu, Mingbo Yang, and Qiang Chen. "Hot Deformation Behavior and Constitutive Analysis of As-Extruded Mg–6Zn–5Ca–3Ce Alloy Fabricated by Rapid Solidification." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030480.

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The plasticity of Mg–6Zn–5Ca–3Ce alloy fabricated by rapid solidification (RS) at room temperature is poor due to its hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) structure. Therefore, hot deformation of RS Mg–6Zn–5Ca–3Ce alloy at elevated temperature would be a major benefit for manufacturing products with complex shapes. In the present study, hot deformation behavior of as-extruded Mg–6Zn–5Ca–3Ce alloy fabricated by RS was investigated by an isothermal compression test at a temperature (T) of 573–673 K and strain rate (ε˙) of 0.0001–0.01 s−1. Results indicated that the flow stress increases along with the declining temperature and the rising strain rate. The flow stress behavior was then depicted by the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation where the value of activation energy (Q) was calculated to be 186.3 kJ/mol. This issue is mainly attributed to the existence of fine grain and numerous second phases, such as Mg2Ca and Mg–Zn–Ce phase (T’ phase), acting as barriers to restrict dislocation motion effectively. Furthermore, strain compensation was introduced to incorporate the effect of plastic strain on material constants (α,Q,n,lnA) and the predicted flow stresses under various conditions were roughly consistent with the experimental results. Moreover, the processing maps based on the Murty criterion were constructed and visualized to find out the optimal deformation conditions during hot working. The preferential hot deformation windows were identified as follows: T = 590–640 K, ε˙ = 0.0001–0.0003 s−1 and T = 650–670 K, ε˙ = 0.0003–0.004 s−1 for the studied material.

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Manfredi, Diego, and Róbert Bidulský. "Laser powder bed fusion of aluminum alloys." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i3.988.

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<p class="AMSmaintext">The aim of this study is to analyze and to summarize the results of the processing of aluminum alloys, and in particular of the Al-Si-Mg alloys, by means of the Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique defined as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). This process is gaining interest worldwide thanks to the possibility of obtaining a freeform fabrication coupled with high mechanical strength and hardness related to a very fine microstructure. L-PBF is very complex from a physical point of view, due to the extremely rapid interaction between a concentrated laser source and micrometric metallic powders. This generate very fast melting and subsequent solidification on each layer and on the previously consolidated substrate. The effects of the main process variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final parts are analyzed: from the starting powder properties, such as shape and powder size distribution, to the main process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed and scanning strategy. Furthermore, some examples of applications for the AlSi10Mg alloy are illustrated.</p>

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Michalcová, Alena, Matouš Orlíček, and Pavel Novák. "Aluminum Alloys with the Addition of Reduced Deep-Sea Nodules." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030421.

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An innovative way to utilize deep-sea manganese nodules is described in this paper. The manganese nodules were reduced by aluminothermy and subsequently added into aluminum as a mixture of alloying elements in their natural ratio. The microstructure and properties of aluminum alloys containing 1.2, 7.7, and 9.7 wt % of reduced nodules were studied. The alloys were formed by Al matrix and minor amounts of Al6(Fe,Mn) and Al11Fe7 intermetallic phases. The alloys containing a higher amount of reduced nodules are characterized by very good thermal stability. The obtained alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction, their microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and their local chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer. The hardness of the samples was measured on the initial materials and after long-term annealing. Based on the obtained results, the aluminum alloys, with the addition of reduced deep-sea nodules, can serve as precursors for processing, e.g., by rapid solidification or hot working methods.

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Redchits, A. V., V. Yu Konkevich, T. I. Lebedeva, and V. V. Redchits. "Self‐organisation of structure in rapid solidification of aluminium alloys with a high content of transition materials in welding and laser processing." Welding International 15, no. 9 (January 2001): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110109549430.

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Anzel, Ivan, Albert C. Kneissl, Ladislav Kosec, Rebeka Rudolf, and Leo Gusel. "Dispersion strengthening of copper by internal oxidation of rapidly solidified Cu-RE alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0180.

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Abstract Combination of rapid solidification and internal oxidation was used for producing a fine dispersion of rare earth oxide particles in the copper matrix. An overall microstructural analysis has shown that the internal oxidation temperature, the rapidly solidified microstructure and its changing ahead of the internal oxidation front strongly influence the mechanism of the internal oxidation process and the resulting microstructure. The internal oxidation in a Cu –Yb alloy took place mainly by direct oxidation of intermetallic particles. Contrary to this, in a Cu – Er alloy two mechanisms of internal oxidation have been clearly observed: (i) Dissolution of intermetallic particles ahead of the internal oxidation front and oxidation of the erbium from the solid solution and (ii) direct oxidation of the Cu–Er intermetallic particles. While a reasonable optimum combination of processing conditions at internal oxidation in the solid state, yielding suitable oxide dispersions, seems to have been identified for the Cu–Er alloy, the same was not true for the Cu–Yb alloy. However, the internal oxidation of the Cu–Yb alloy in the semisolid state, which occurs by alternation of two processes – Yb oxides precipitation and Cu matrix solidification – led to a relatively uniform dispersion of Yb oxide particles.

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Yamauchi, Isamu, Makoto Ohmori, and Itsuo Ohnaka. "Production of Metastable Nano Size Materials by a Combination of the Rapid Solidification and the Chemical Processing of Al-Co-Cu Alloys." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 43, no. 5 (1996): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.43.573.

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Czerwinski, Frank. "Thermal Stability of Aluminum Alloys." Materials 13, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153441.

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Thermal stability, determining the material ability of retaining its properties at required temperatures over extended service time, is becoming the next frontier for aluminum alloys. Its improvement would substantially expand their range of structural applications, especially in automotive and aerospace industries. This report explains the fundamentals of thermal stability; definitions, the properties involved; and the deterioration indicators during thermal/thermomechanical exposures, including an impact of accidental fire, and testing techniques. For individual classes of alloys, efforts aimed at identifying factors stabilizing their microstructure at service temperatures are described. Particular attention is paid to attempts of increasing the current upper service limit of high-temperature grades. In addition to alloying aluminum with a variety of elements to create the thermally stable microstructure, in particular, transition and rare-earth metals, parallel efforts are explored through applying novel routes of alloy processing, such as rapid solidification, powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, engineering alloys in a liquid state prior to casting, and post-casting treatments. The goal is to overcome the present barriers and to develop novel aluminum alloys with superior properties that are stable across the temperature and time space, required by modern designs.

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Luo, Yiwa, Mingyong Wang, Jun Zhu, Jiguo Tu, and Shuqiang Jiao. "Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030496.

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology has a dominant position in the preparation of titanium implants with a complex structure and precise size. However, the processing characteristics of rapid melting and solidification lead to the low density and poor corrosion resistance of the alloy. Hereby, the effects of the laser power and scanning rate on the density, hardness, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy prepared by LPBF technology have been investigated by metallographic microscopy, a mechanical analysis, and electrochemical tests. The results show that increasing the scanning rate and decreasing the laser power decreases the transformation power from the β phase to α′ phase and changes the morphology of the α′ phase from lath shaped to acicular. The hardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy reaches the maximum (480.53 HV) for a scanning rate of 1000 mm/s and laser power of 280 W, owing to the sufficient precipitation of the α′ phase. Unfused holes occur in the titanium alloy when the laser energy density is too low to melt the power. Pores occur when the laser energy density is too high to vaporize the powder. Both defects reduce the compressive strength of the alloy. The maximum relative density of the Ti6Al4V alloy is 99.96% for a scanning rate of 1200 mm/s and laser power of 240 W, and the compressive strength (1964 MPa) and corrosion resistance (3.16 MΩ·cm2) both reached the maximum.

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31

Wolfenstine, Jeff. "A review of: “PROCESSING OF STRUCTURAL METALS BY RAPID SOLIDIFICATION” edited by F.H. Froes and S.J. Savage Proceedings of the International Symposium on Enhanced Properties in Structural Materials via Rapid Solidification Held in conjunction with the 1986 ASM Materials Week Orlando, Florida, USA, 6-9 October 1986. ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio 475 pages, hardcover, 1986." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 5, no. 3 (January 1990): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426919008953268.

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Jacobson, Loren A., and Joanna McKittrick. "Rapid solidification processing." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 11, no. 8 (March 1994): 355–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-796x(94)90022-1.

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Byakova, O. V., A. O. Vlasov, O. A. Scheretskiy, and O. I. Yurkova. "The Role of Technological Process in Structural Performances of Quasi-Crystalline Al–Fe–Cr Alloy." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 21, no. 4 (December 2020): 499–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.21.04.499.

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The present study emphasizes the role of processing strategy in terms of its effect on structural performances, heat-treatment response, and mechanical behaviour of quasi-crystalline Al–Fe–Cr-based alloy with nominal composition Al94Fe3Cr3. Several kinds of semi-products and bulk-shaped materials, all processed with Al94Fe3Cr3 alloy, have been produced using rapid solidification by melt spinning, powder atomization, hot extrusion, and cold-spraying, respectively. All kinds of semi-products and bulk-shaped materials comprised nanosize quasi-crystalline particles of i-phase, all embedded in α-Al matrix, although fraction volume of quasi-crystals and other structural parameters were rather different and dependent on processing route. In particular, cold-spraying technique was believed to give essential advantage in retaining quasi-crystalline particles contained by feedstock powder as compared to currently employed hot extrusion. Crucial role of nanosize quasi-crystalline particles in structural performances and superior combination of high strength and sufficient ductility of ternary Al–Fe–Cr alloy was justified over evolution of mechanical properties under heating. In this aim, evolution of the structure and mechanical properties of each kind of Al94Fe3Cr3 alloy in response to heat treatment was examined and discussed by considering the classical strengthening mechanisms. A set of mechanical characteristics including microhardness, HV, yield stress, σy, Young’s modulus, E, and plasticity characteristic δH/δA was determined by indentation technique and used in consideration. Strength properties (HV, σy, E) and plasticity characteristic (δH/δA) of cold-sprayed Al94Fe3Cr3 alloy were revealed to be much higher than those provided by currently employed hot extrusion. The important point concerns the fact that cold-sprayed Al94Fe3Cr3 alloy kept almost stable values of mechanical properties at least up to 350 °C, suggesting potential application of this material in engineering practice under intermediate temperature.

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34

Lim, Shao Qi, and James S. Williams. "Electrical and Optical Doping of Silicon by Pulsed-Laser Melting." Micro 2, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro2010001.

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Over four decades ago, pulsed-laser melting, or pulsed-laser annealing as it was termed at that time, was the subject of intense study as a potential advance in silicon device processing. In particular, it was found that nanosecond laser melting of the near-surface of silicon and subsequent liquid phase epitaxy could not only very effectively remove lattice disorder following ion implantation, but could achieve dopant electrical activities exceeding equilibrium solubility limits. However, when it was realised that solid phase annealing at longer time scales could achieve similar results, interest in pulsed-laser melting waned for over two decades as a processing method for silicon devices. With the emergence of flat panel displays in the 1990s, pulsed-laser melting was found to offer an attractive solution for large area crystallisation of amorphous silicon and dopant activation. This method gave improved thin film transistors used in the panel backplane to define the pixelation of displays. For this application, ultra-rapid pulsed laser melting remains the crystallisation method of choice since the heating is confined to the silicon thin film and the underlying glass or plastic substrates are protected from thermal degradation. This article will be organised chronologically, but treatment naturally divides into the two main topics: (1) an electrical doping research focus up until around 2000, and (2) optical doping as the research focus after that time. In the first part of this article, the early pulsed-laser annealing studies for electrical doping of silicon are reviewed, followed by the more recent use of pulsed-lasers for flat panel display fabrication. In terms of the second topic of this review, optical doping of silicon for efficient infrared light detection, this process requires deep level impurities to be introduced into the silicon lattice at high concentrations to form an intermediate band within the silicon bandgap. The chalcogen elements and then transition metals were investigated from the early 2000s since they can provide the required deep levels in silicon. However, their low solid solubilities necessitated ultra-rapid pulsed-laser melting to achieve supersaturation in silicon many orders of magnitude beyond the equilibrium solid solubility. Although infrared light absorption has been demonstrated using this approach, significant challenges were encountered in attempting to achieve efficient optical doping in such cases, or hyperdoping as it has been termed. Issues that limit this approach include: lateral and surface impurity segregation during solidification from the melt, leading to defective filaments throughout the doped layer; and poor efficiency of collection of photo-induced carriers necessary for the fabrication of photodetectors. The history and current status of optical hyperdoping of silicon with deep level impurities is reviewed in the second part of this article.

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35

Asthana, R. "Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals: Solidification Microstructure of Reinforced Metals." Key Engineering Materials 151-152 (April 1998): 234–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.151-152.234.

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Froes, F. H., Young Won Kim, and S. Krishnamurthy. "Lightweight Metals Using Rapid Solidification." Key Engineering Materials 29-31 (January 1991): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.29-31.249.

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37

OHNAKA, Itsuo. "Rapid solidification processing of aluminum alloys." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 39, no. 7 (1989): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.39.514.

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Suryanarayana, C., F. H. Froes, and R. G. Rowe. "Rapid solidification processing of titanium alloys." International Materials Reviews 36, no. 1 (January 1991): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/imr.1991.36.1.85.

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39

Kurz, W., and R. Trivedi. "Rapid solidification processing and microstructure formation." Materials Science and Engineering: A 179-180 (May 1994): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)90162-7.

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40

Asthana, R. "Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals: Introduction." Key Engineering Materials 151-152 (April 1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.151-152.1.

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Das, S. K. "High Performance Materials by Rapid Solidification Processing." Key Engineering Materials 38-39 (January 1991): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.38-39.1.

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Bowden, D. M. "RAPID SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSING OF NIOBIUM-BASED ALLOYS." Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes 3, no. 1 (January 1988): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08842588708953197.

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Baram, J. "Centrifuge Melt Spinning Improves Rapid Solidification Processing." Materials and Processing Report 3, no. 10 (January 1989): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08871949.1989.11752221.

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Yang, J. M. "Rapid solidification processing of a magnesium alloy." Metal Powder Report 51, no. 1 (January 1997): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)80095-1.

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Kurz, W., and P. Gilgien. "Selection of microstructures in rapid solidification processing." Materials Science and Engineering: A 178, no. 1-2 (April 1994): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)90538-x.

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Mahmoudi, J., and H. Fredriksson. "Modelling of solidification for copper-base alloys during rapid solidification processing." Materials Science and Engineering: A 226-228 (June 1997): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(96)10582-7.

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Asthana, R. "Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals: Process Fundamentals." Key Engineering Materials 151-152 (April 1998): 136–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.151-152.136.

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48

Asthana, R. "Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals: Figure Credits." Key Engineering Materials 151-152 (April 1998): 399–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.151-152.399.

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Asthana, R. "Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals: Frabrication Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 151-152 (April 1998): 6–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.151-152.6.

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Ferro, Paolo. "Casting and Solidification Processing." Metals 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040559.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Metals - Rapid Solidification Processing'

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