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Academic literature on the topic 'Metamorphism (Geology) – Switzerland – Alps, Swiss'
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Journal articles on the topic "Metamorphism (Geology) – Switzerland – Alps, Swiss"
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RAHN, M., J. MULLIS, K. ERDELBROCK, and M. FREY. "Very low-grade metamorphism of the Taveyanne greywacke, Glarus Alps, Switzerland." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 12, no. 5 (September 1994): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1994.tb00047.x.
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Zulbati, Fabio. "Multistage metamorphism and deformation in high-pressure metabasites of the northern Adula Nappe Complex (Central Alps, Switzerland)." Geological Journal 46, no. 1 (August 27, 2010): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.1263.
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Franz, Leander, and Rolf L. Romer. "Caledonian high-pressure metamorphism in the Strona-Ceneri Zone (Southern Alps of southern Switzerland and northern Italy)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100, no. 3 (September 22, 2007): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-007-1232-2.
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Picazo, Suzanne M., Tanya A. Ewing, and Othmar Müntener. "Paleocene metamorphism along the Pennine–Austroalpine suture constrained by U–Pb dating of titanite and rutile (Malenco, Alps)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 112, no. 2-3 (September 13, 2019): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-019-00346-1.
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Abstract We present in situ rutile and titanite U–Pb geochronology for three samples from the Ur breccia, which forms the boundary between the Malenco unit and the Margna nappe (Eastern Central Alps) near Pass d’Ur in southeast Switzerland. These sampled both oceanic brecciated material and a blackwall reaction zone in contact with a micaschist and serpentinized peridotite. Peak temperatures during Alpine metamorphism in these units were ~ 460 ± 30 °C. Textural observations combined with new geochronological data indicate that rutile and titanite both grew below their closure temperatures during Alpine metamorphism. We present a technique to calculate the most precise and accurate ages possible using a two-dimensional U–Pb isochron on a Wetherill concordia. Rutile from two samples gave a U–Pb isochron age of 63.0 ± 3.0 Ma. This age conflicts with previous 39Ar–40Ar data on heterogeneous amphiboles from which an age of 90–80 Ma was inferred for the high pressure part of the Alpine evolution, but is consistent with K–Ar ages and Ar–Ar ages on phengitic white mica. Titanite from three samples gave a U–Pb isochron age of 54.7 ± 4.1 Ma. This age is consistent with Rb–Sr isochron ages on mylonites along and in the footwall of the Lunghin–Mortirolo movement zone, a major boundary that separates ductile deformation in the footwall from mostly localized and brittle deformation in the hangingwall. Our ages indicate a Paleocene rather than upper Cretaceous metamorphism of the Pennine–Austroalpine boundary and permit at most ~ 15 Myr, and possibly much less, between the growth of rutile and titanite.
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Barnicoat, A. C., and N. Fry. "Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphism in the Piemonte zone of the Alps: south-west Switzerland and north-west Italy." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 43, no. 1 (1989): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.043.01.52.
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Wever, N., T. Jonas, C. Fierz, and M. Lehning. "Model simulations of the modulating effect of the snow cover in a rain-on-snow event." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 26, 2014): 4657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4657-2014.
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Abstract. In October 2011, the Swiss Alps underwent a marked rain-on-snow (ROS) event when a large snowfall on 8 and 9 October was followed by intense rain on 10 October. This resulted in severe flooding in some parts of Switzerland. Model simulations were carried out for 14 meteorological stations in two affected regions of the Swiss Alps using the detailed physics-based snowpack model SNOWPACK. We also conducted an ensemble sensitivity study, in which repeated simulations for a specific station were done with meteorological forcing and rainfall from other stations. This allowed the quantification of the contribution of rainfall, snow melt and liquid water storage on generating snowpack runoff. In the simulations, the snowpack produced runoff about 4–6 h after rainfall started, and total snowpack runoff became higher than total rainfall after about 11–13 h. These values appeared to be strongly dependent on snow depth, rainfall and melt rates. Deeper snow covers had more storage potential and could absorb all rain and meltwater in the first hours, whereas the snowpack runoff from shallow snow covers reacts much more quickly. However, the simulated snowpack runoff rates exceeded the rainfall intensities in both snow depth classes. In addition to snow melt, the water released due to the reduction of liquid water storage contributed to excess snowpack runoff. This effect appears to be stronger for deeper snow covers and likely results from structural changes to the snowpack due to settling and wet snow metamorphism. These results are specifically valid for the point scale simulations performed in this study and for ROS events on relatively fresh snow.
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Bussien, Denise, François Bussy, Henri Masson, Tomas Magna, and Nickolay Rodionov. "Variscan lamprophyres in the Lower Penninic domain (Central Alps): age and tectonic significance." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.4.369.
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Abstract Lamprophyre dykes have been recently discovered in blocks of gneiss embedded in a calcschist formation of wildflysch type that forms the top of the Mesozoic-Tertiary metasedimentary cover of the Antigorio nappe (the Teggiolo zone) in the Val Bavona (Lower Penninic, NW Ticino, Switzerland). The presence of the lamprophyres gives a clue to the possible source of these blocks. Similar dykes occur in the N part of the Maggia nappe where they are intruded into the Matorello granite and the surrounding gneisses. We studied these lamprophyres at two localities in the Teggiolo zone (Tamierpass and Lago del Zött) and at one locality in the Maggia nappe (Laghetti). Detailed mineralogical and geochemical investigations confirm their great similarity, particularly between the Tamier and Laghetti dykes. They all recrystallized during Alpine metamorphism under amphibolite facies conditions and lost their primary mineral assemblages and textures. The chemistry reveals a calc-alkaline affinity, a limited differentiation range, features of mineral accumulation and intense remobilization in some cases. The lamprophyres are characterized by a high mg# and relatively low contents in REE and other incompatible elements. In situ SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon dating yielded ages of 284.8 ± 1.7 Ma (Tamier), 290.0 ± 1.3 Ma (Zött) and 290.5 ± 3.7 Ma (Laghetti). These ages are compatible with the general late- to post-Variscan magmatic evolution of the Helvetic and Lower Penninic domains. The lamprophyres are considered as melts derived from the lithospheric Variscan mantle, variously hybridized and differentiated at the contact with crustal material during late- to post-orogenic extension. These lamprophyres are chemically distinct from earlier lamprophyres of Visean age, emplaced together with their associated granites in transcurrent fault zones during the Variscan orogenic compression. The similarity of these different dykes suggests that the front of the Maggia nappe is a likely source of the gneissic blocks embedded in the calcschists at the top of the Teggiolo zone. They would have been provided by the advancing Maggia nappe during its thrusting over the Antigorio nappe and simultaneous closure of the Teggiolo sedimentary basin.
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Maurer, Hansruedi, and Alan G. Green. "Potential coordinate mislocations in crosshole tomography: Results from the Grimsel test site, Switzerland." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 6 (November 1997): 1696–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444269.
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Tomographic techniques based on borehole‐to‐borehole and tunnel‐to‐borehole traveltime data are now being employed in a wide range of studies associated with the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and metallic minerals, the disposal of chemical and radioactive waste, diverse civil engineering projects, and archaeology. A fundamental assumption of currently employed tomographic inversion strategies is that the coordinates of the boreholes and tunnels containing the seismic sources and receivers are accurately known. By inverting both synthetic and observed traveltime data, we demonstrate that relatively minor coordinate errors (1–2%) in the deeper parts of long boreholes (>100 m) may produce artifacts in the tomographic images that are comparable in extent and amplitude to true velocity anomalies. To address this problem, we introduce the coupled inverse method, commonly used in earthquake studies, as a means to determine simultaneously borehole coordinate adjustments and an estimate of the tomographic image. This method has been applied to traveltime data generated and collected along a tunnel and in three boreholes within a granitic body situated in the central Swiss Alps (Grimsel test site operated by NAGRA, the Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste). Coupled inversions of two independent subsets of traveltime data that involve a common central borehole, together with a coupled inversion of the entire data set, yield consistent coordinate adjustments for all boreholes and tomographic images that are compatible with the known geology and a sonic log from the central borehole. Further tests with synthetic data demonstrate that certain types of weak anisotropy could influence the coupled inversions. Regardless of whether minor coordinate mislocations or weak anisotropy is the dominant effect at the Grimsel test site, distinct low‐velocity zones appear to delineate fractures zones that are conduits for groundwater flow.
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Claude, Anne, Naki Akçar, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Fritz Schlunegger, Peter W. Kubik, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Joachim Kuhlemann, Meinert Rahn, and Christian Schlüchter. "Changes in landscape evolution patterns in the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland during the mid-Pleistocene revolution." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (May 2, 2019): 2056–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31880.1.
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AbstractThe northern Swiss Alpine Foreland exemplifies a highly transient landscape characterized by multiple knickzones along the trunk valleys and distinct bedrock straths at their junction with tributary valleys. This landscape has evolved as a result of fast base level changes in response to repeated glaciations during the Quaternary. As the archives related to the evolution of this transient landscape are scarce, available quantitative information is limited, especially for the early and middle Pleistocene. In order to track the pace of the landscape evolution in the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland during the Pleistocene, in this study, we focus on the Deckenschotter sequences, the oldest Quaternary terrestrial sedimentary archives on the northern margin of the Central European Alps. These deposits have been morphostratigraphically divided into two: Höhere (Higher; HDS) and Tiefere (Lower; TDS) Deckenschotter. We analyzed seven different sites extending from Basel in the west to Schaffhausen in the east of Switzerland for the provenance signal, and we dated these archives by depth-profile and isochron-burial dating techniques with 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl. Investigations on the petrographic compositions of the deposits revealed distinct provenances for the HDS and TDS deposits. During HDS time, the Alpine Rhine drained through Lake Constance and into the Danube River. Rerouting of the river toward the west and into the Upper Rhine Valley occurred between the end of HDS and the beginning of TDS accumulation. The results of the depth-profile and isochron-burial dating suggest that the HDS deposits accumulated at around 2 Ma as a result of a first widespread Alpine glaciation, whereas the TDS was deposited at around 1 Ma. Based on the provenance and the chronological information, we propose a scenario where the Rhine River captured the Alpine sources of the Danube and thus increased its runoff and enhanced its baseline lowering. Consequently, the landscape evolution has been accelerated possibly in response not only to the larger runoff but also to the climate change associated with the mid-Pleistocene revolution.
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Petrescu, Laura, Silvia Pondrelli, Simone Salimbeni, and Manuele Faccenda. "Mantle flow below the central and greater Alpine region: insights from SKS anisotropy analysis at AlpArray and permanent stations." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 1275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1275-2020.
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Abstract. The Alpine chain in western and central Europe is a complex orogen developed as a result of the African–Adriatic plate convergence towards the European continent and the closure of several Tethys oceanic branches. Seismic tomography studies detected high-wave-speed slabs plunging beneath the orogen to variable depths and a potential change in subduction polarity beneath the Central Alps. Alpine subduction is expected to leave a significant imprint on the surrounding mantle fabrics, although deformation associated with the Hercynian Orogeny, which affected Europe prior to the collision with Adria, may have also been preserved in the European lithosphere. Here we estimate SKS anisotropy beneath the central and greater Alpine region at 113 broadband seismic stations from the AlpArray experiment as well as permanent networks from Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and France. We compare the new improved dataset with previous studies of anisotropy, mantle tomography, lithospheric thickness, and absolute plate motion, and we carry out Fresnel analysis to place constraints on the depth and origin of anisotropy. Most SKS directions parallel the orogen strike and the orientation of the Alpine slabs, rotating clockwise from west to east along the chain, from −45 to 90∘ over a ∼700 km distance. No significant changes are recorded in Central Alps at the location of the putative switch in subduction polarity, although a change in direction variability suggests simple asthenospheric flow or coupled deformation in the Swiss Central Alps transitions into more complex structures beneath the Eastern Alps. SKS fast axes follow the trend of high seismic anomalies across the Alpine Front, far from the present-day boundary, suggesting slabs act as flow barriers to the ambient mantle surrounding them for hundreds of km. Further north across the foreland, SKS fast axes parallel Hercynian geological structures and are orthogonal to the Rhine Graben and crustal extension. However, large splitting delay times (>1.4 s) are incompatible with a purely lithospheric contribution but rather represent asthenospheric flow not related to past deformational events. West of the Rhine Graben, in northeastern France, anisotropy directions are spatially variable in the proximity of a strong positive seismic anomaly in the upper mantle, perhaps perturbing the flow field guided by the nearby Alpine slabs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metamorphism (Geology) – Switzerland – Alps, Swiss"
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Keeler, Durban Gregg. "Development and Validation of a Physically Based ELA Model and its Application to the Younger Dryas Event in the Graubünden Alps, Switzerland." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6142.
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The rapid rate of global warming currently underway highlights the need for a deeper understanding of abrupt climate change. The Younger Dryas is a Late-Glacial climate event of widespread and unusually rapid change whose study can help us address this need for increased understanding. Reconstructions from the glacial record offer important contributions to our understanding of the Younger Dryas due to (among other things) the direct physical response of glaciers to even minor perturbations in climate. Because the glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) provides a more explicit comparison of climate than properties such as glacier length or area, ELA methods lend themselves well to paleoclimate applications and allow for more direct comparisons in space and time. Here we present a physically based ELA model for alpine paleoglacier climate reconstructions that accounts for differences in glacier width, glacier shape, bed topography and ice thickness, and includes error estimates using Monte Carlo simulations. We validate the ELA model with published mass balance measurements from 4 modern glaciers in the Swiss Alps. We then use the ELA model, combined with a temperature index model, to estimate the changes in temperature and precipitation between the Younger Dryas (constrained by 10Be surface exposure ages) and the present day for three glacier systems in the Graubünden Alps. Our results indicate an ELA depression in this area of 320 m ±51 m during the Younger Dryas relative to today. This ELA depression represents annual mean temperatures 2.29 °C ±1.32 °C cooler relative to today in the region, which corresponds to a decrease in mean summer temperatures of 1.47 °C ±0.73 °C. Our results indicate relatively small changes in summer temperature dominate over other climate changes for the Younger Dryas paleoglaciers in the Alps. This ELA-based paleoclimate reconstruction offers a simple, fast, and cost-effective alternative to many other paleoclimate reconstruction methods. Continued application of the ELA model to more regions will lead to an improved understanding of the Younger Dryas in the Alps, and by extension, of rapid climate events generally.
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Cannic, Sébastien. "L'évolution magmatique et tectono-métamorphique du substratum du domaine valaisan (complexe du Versoyen, Alpes occidentales) : Implications dans l'histoire alpine." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10155.
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Le domaine valaisan dessine une suture qui marque la limite entre les zones internes et externes des Alpes occidentales. Cette suture est constituée de roches magmatiques d'affinité tholéïtique (le complexe du Versoyen) dont l'interprétation géodynamique était controversée. En effet, suivant les auteurs, cette suture pourrait représenter: 1) une klippe d'origine piémontaise (suture d'hyper-collision), 2) une écaille ophiolitique située au front d'un prisme d'accrétion (suture océanique), 3) un complexe magmatique lié à un amincissement crustal (inversion structurale). Le but de ce travail était de trouver des arguments qui permettaient de résoudre cette controverse. Ainsi les résultats acquis au cours de cette thèse montrent que: ― Le magmatisme tholéïtique du Versoyen, dans les régions du col du Petit Saint Bernard (frontière franco-italienne) et de Visp (Suisse), présente des caractères géochimiques et isotopiques identiques qui sont intermédiaires entre ceux des N-MORB et des T-MORB. Ces tholéïtes dériveraient de la fusion partielle d'un manteau appauvri (de type N-MORB), avec probablement la participation d'une source enrichie (de type OIB). ― Dans la région du col du Petit Saint Bernard, certaines tholéïtes sont recoupées par des filons leucocrates qui correspondent à des liquides différenciés, cogénétiques du magmatisme. Les datations U/Pb sur les zircons contenus dans l'un de ces filons indiquent un âge Carbonifère supérieur pour le magmatisme du Versoyen. ― Le complexe du Versoyen est affecté par un métamorphisme polyphasé de type éclogitique, schiste bleu et schiste vert. La paragénèse éclogitique correspond à des conditions de Haute-Pression et Basse-Température qui traduisent un enfouissement à grande profondeur, lié à une subduction. Les datations Ar/Ar réalisées sur les phengites donnent des âges de refroidissement proches de 33 Ma et permettent d'affiner le chemin P-T-t de ce complexe au cours de l'exhumation des éclogites. ― Le complexe du Versoyen est affecté par une déformation syn-schiste vert qui correspond à un jeu normal vers le SE. Cette déformation apparait dès l'Èocène supérieur ― Oligocène et explique en partie l'exhumation des éclogites. Ce jeu normal est contemporain de chevauchements dans la zone externe et pourrait accomoder un réamincissement crustal au cours de la collision alpine. Ces données permettent une réinterprétation de la signification géodynamique du complexe du Versoyen dont l'individualisation est liée au cycle hercynien alors que son évolution tectonométamorphique est contrôlée par l'orogénèse alpine
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Berg, Christopher Andrew 1975. "Strain rates and constraints on chemical homogeneity and length scales of equilibration during Alpine metamorphism at Passo del Sole, Central Swiss Alps." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/16020.
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Garnet-bearing gneisses from the vicinity of Passo del Sole, Central Swiss Alps, have undergone a complex history of metamorphism and deformation that has imbued them with unique compositional and textural variations. Complex, concentric zoning patterns in garnet may be correlated between porphyroblasts on the scale of a hand sample; however, the character of the Ca, Mn, and Y zoning patterns in garnet vary within single layers on the meter-scale. Within a hand sample, individual compositional zones can be correlated from crystal to crystal on the basis of chemical similarities (e.g., intricate yet identical variations in calcium concentration; equivalent manganese concentrations at zone boundaries) and textural similarities (e.g., initiation of inclusiontrail curvature). These relationships allow the identification of individual compositional zones as time markers during garnet growth. Detailed examination of garnet growth zoning patterns, in combination with measurements of inclusion-trail curvature within garnet porphyroblasts and detailed thermodynamic models of the garnet growth history in selected samples, together with an assumed heating rate associated with Alpine metamorphism, allows quantification of strain-rates during prograde amphibolite-facies metamorphism along the northern margin of the Lucomagno nappe. Constraints on the nucleation and timing of garnet growth and garnet growth rate mechanisms permit further insight into the relationship between strainrate and metamorphism at Passo del Sole than had previously been possible with this method: variations in strain-rate magnitude of over a factor of ten (10⁻¹⁴ - 10⁻¹³ s⁻¹) are observed, which correlate with core-to-rim changes in compositional zoning. The source of the incredible diversity of compositional zoning patterns in garnet is hypothesized to be open-system infiltration of ephemeral, channelized Ca- or Mn-rich fluids derived from magmatic sources or equilibrated with metamorphic rocks deeper in the section. Stages of garnet growth associated with increased strain rates are also correlated with the high-Ca or high-Mn zones within the garnet porphyroblasts, presumably as the result of strain softening associated with the passage of these fluids. In-situ oxygen isotope analysis using SIMS demonstrates that the changes in majorelement zoning patterns correlate with small shifts in the isotopic composition of garnet.text