Academic literature on the topic 'Metanogenes'

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui indikasi keterdapatan gas biogenik di Delta Musi, Kabupaten Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan. Analisis contoh sedimen menunjukkan jumlah bakteri metanogenik dari jenis Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanoplanus endosimbiosus dan Methanobacterium ivanovii berkisar antara 3,2 x 104 - 1,0 x 105 (CFU/gram). Bakteri ini melimpah pada kedalaman pemboran 15-17 meter dalam sedimen yang terdiri dari lanau hingga lempung pasiran, pasir halus-sedang, fragmen kuarsa, mineral hitam, gambut dan material organik. Hasil analisis laboratorium dari dua titik bor memperlihatkan kandungan karbon organik berkisar 2,2-13,4 % berupa submaceral Detrovitrinite (Humodetrinite) yang menunjukkan bahwa sedimen di daerah penelitian berpotensi terbentuk gas biogenik pada kedalaman sedimen 6-17,5 meter. Kata Kunci : bakteri metanogenik, energi baru terbarukan, Delta Musi, Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan The aim of the study is to identify the indication of biogenic gas occurence in the Musi Delta, District of Banyuasin, South Sumatera. Sediment samples analysis indicate methanogenic bacteria Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanoplanus endosimbiosus and Methanobacterium ivanovii as much as 3.2 x 104 to 1.0 x 105 (CFU / g). These bacteria are abundant at the core depth of 15-17 meters which sediments consist of silt to sandy clay sediment, fine-medium sand, quartz fragments, dark minerals, peat and organic material. From the laboratory analysis of two cores indicates the organic carbon content of 2.2-13.4 % as Detrovitrinite (Humodetrinite) which indicate that the sediments in study area are potential to form biogenic gas at the depth between 6 to 17.5 meters. Keywords : metanogenic bacteria, renewable, Musi Delta, Banyuasin South Sumatera.

Produksi biogas pada skala rumah tangga umumnya menggunakan teknologi fermentasi anaerobik di dalam satu biodigester (satu tahap), yang mengakomodasi dua tahap utama prinsip pembentukan biogas, yakni tahap asetogenesis dan tahap metanogenesis. Permasalahan yang muncul dari penggunaan digester biogas satu tahap adalah ketidakseimbangan proses fermentasi (peningkatan laju beban organik, waktu retensi senyawa organik yang lebih cepat, dan produktivitas biogas yang menjadi tidak maksimal). Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan melakukan produksi biogas melalui sistem fermentasi anaerobik dua-tahap (two-stage anaerobic digestion), yang didukung dengan pengaturan pH pada proses metanogenik. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan proses aklimatisasi (aktivasi) bakteri yang menunjang proses asetogenik dan metanogenik pada skala laboratorium (19 L), dan selanjutnya menjadi inokulum untuk proses fermentasi skala pilot dengan kapasitas biodigester asetogenik 125 L dan metanogenik 500 L. Hasil proses aklimatisasi bakteri asetogenik pada media kotoran sapi menunjukkan adanya kestabilan pH yang dibutuhkan untuk reaksi asetogenik, yaitu pada kisaran pH 5-6, sedangkan kontrol menunjukkan perubahan pH yang masih ada di rentang pH netral yaitu 6-7. Kotoran sapi yang telah melalui proses asetogenik selama 2 minggu (pH awal 5,5), menjadi bahan baku pembuatan biogas pada digester metanogenik. Hasil dari proses metanogenik menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan volume biogas dan komposisi gas metana (CH4) di dalam biogas. Komposisi CH4 tertinggi diperoleh pada hari ke-20 yakni 74,82% dengan volume produksi biogas tertinggi ada pada hari ke-22, dengan laju 8,87 L/hari. Potensi energi tertinggi yang diperoleh mencapai 217,66 kJ/hari.Generally, biogas production on the household scale is using one-stage anaerobic fermentation technology, which accommodates two main processes of biogas production, namely acetogenesis and methanogenesis. An obstacle of using one-stage biogas digester is the imbalance of the fermentation process that indicated by the increase of organic load rate and shorter retention time that lead to un-optimal biogas productivity. This research undertook the application of two-stage anaerobic digestion, supported by adjusting the initial pH for both acetogenic and methanogenic processes. Firstly, the research initiated by acclimatization (activation) process of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria via fermentation in laboratory scale (19 L) digesters, separately. The results of acetogenic bacteria acclimatization process on cow dung media showed the pH stability needed for the reaction acetogenic, in the range of 5-6, while the control showed the pH changes still in the neutral pH range (6-7). The substrate from lab-scale acetogenic and methanogenic digester, then used as a starter for pilot-scale digester (125 L and 500 L, respectively). The mixture of water and cow dung were adjusted at initial pH 5.5 on acetogenic digester for 2 weeks. Those material were used for biogas production in the methanogenic digester. The result of the methanogenic process showed an increasing volume of biogas and the composition of methane (CH4) in the biogas. The highest CH4 composition was obtained on the 20th day, which reached 74.82%, and the highest volume of biogas production was at day 22, with the rate of 8.87 L/day. The highest energy potential obtained was 217.66 kJ/day.

The paper presents the results of research into the influence of organic fraction composition on yield and dynamics of anaerobic digestion of swine manure and silage maize mixtures. It defines the biological methane potential of individual mixtures and proposes the best option for biogas production on a larger scale.

Bakteri metanogenik adalah bakteri penghasil gas metan. Bakteri ini digolongkan sebagai Archaebacteria yang secara alami hidup di rawa-rawa, tanah becek, kolam dan dalam alat pencernaan hewan besar. Sedimen pada kolam ikan mengandung elemen nutrien yang terbentuk dari aktivitas makhluk hidup seperti sisa pakan dan kotoran ikan sehingga menjadi habitat yang sangat mendukung pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya bakteri metanogenik dan nilai indeks keanekaragaman pada sedimen kolam ikan lele (Clarias sp.) serta karakter bakteri metanogenik. Pengambilan sampel berasal dari kolam ikan lele (Clarias sp.) di Desa Bendosewu, Kecamatan Talun, Kabupaten Blitar. Metode yang digunakan yaitu teknik isolasi anaerobik menggunakan media thioglikolat, morfologi sel dengan pewarnaan gram dan fisiologi dengan MR-VP. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah dalam sedimen kolam ikan lele (Clarias sp.) terdapat bakteri metanogenik dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman koloni kolam A lebih tinggi dibanding kolam B. Keduanya menunjukkan keanekaragaman rendah. Kata kunci : bakteri, metanogenik, sedimen. ABSTRACT Methanogenic bacteria are methane gas producing methane. This bacteria are classified as Archaebacteria which naturally live in swamps, muddy soil, ponds and in the digestive organs of large animals. Sediments in fish ponds contain nutrient elements which are formed from the activity of living things such as food waste and fish feces making it a habitat that strongly supports the growth of microorganisms. The study aimed to determine the presence of methanogenic bacteria and the diversity index value in catfish (Clarias sp.) pond sediments and the characteristics of methanogenic bacteria. Sampling came from catfish (Clarias sp.) ponds in Bendosewu village, Talun sub-district, Blitar district. The method used is anaerobic isolation technique using thioglycolate medium, cell morphology with gram staining and physiology with MR-VP. The result obtained were in catfish (Clarias sp.) pond sediments there were methanogenic bacteria with a diversity index of pond A colonies higher than pond B colonies. Both are showing low diversity. Keywords :bacteria, methanogenic, sediment.

Gas metan biogenik merupakan gas metan yang terbentuk akibat aktivitas anaerobik. Gas biogenik yang terdapat di daerah penelitian merupakan gas biogenik yang terdapat pada sedimen Kuarter. Sedimen Kuarter yang mengalasi daerah telitian terdiri atas perselingan pasir dan lempung yang mengandung unsur pembentuk mineral dan material organik. Pada sumur bor BH-3 yang mengandung gas biogenik, kandungan bakteri metanogenik sebesar 1,5% dari total bakteri umum, kandungan karbon total sekitar 4%, unsur utama, unsur logam berat, dan unsur tanah jarang (REE) mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Pada sumur BH-1, BH-2, dan BH-4 kandungan unsur-unsur tersebut tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang mencolok. Penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami keberadaan gas biogenik di daerah Delta Kapuas dengan melihat keragaman sedimen dan unsur pembentuk mineral Kata kunci: gas metan biogenik, bakteri metanogenik, karbon total, unsur utama, unsur logam berat, unsur tanah jarang, Delta Kapuas, Kalimantan Barat Biogenic methane was formed by anaerobic activity. The biogenic gas was found in the Quaternary sediments in the study area. This sediments consist of alternating sand and clay that contain the element-forming minerals and organic material. Analysis metanogenik bacteria(1,5%), total carbon content(4%), major elements, heavy metals, and rare earth elements (REE) in borehole BH-3 containing biogenic gas is significantly changing. In the borehole of BH-1, BH-2, and BH-4 content elements do not show significant changes. This research is to understand the existence of biogenic gas in the Kapuas Delta region by looking at the diversity of sediment and mineral-forming elements. Keywords: biogenic methane, bacteria metanogenik, total carbon, major elements, heavy metal elements, rare earths, Delta Kapuas, West Kalimantan

The paper deals with assessment of biogas yield from mixtures of <I>Reynoutria</I> substrates and livestock manure. The aim was to perform laboratory experiments and suggest suitable fermenter operating conditions (dry matter content, pH, share of substrate components, thermic regime) for metanogenic digestion, then to determine its quality and assess the usability of such produced biogas.

Treatment of solid waste that can be applied to reduce solid waste into the landfill is the treatment of organic solid waste into a biogas. The largest component of biogas is CH4 and CO2 Alternative organic solid waste treatment is anaerobic digestion, besides reducing waste, this process can also produce renewable fuels. This research processed the leachate organic solid waste from Itenas cafetaria using fixed bed reactor. Volume reactor 180 liters with sponge filter media. An increase the concentration gas CH4 conducted using pressure swing absorption technology with pressure 1 bar on the reactor metanogen and -0,01 bar on stripper. Variation circulation a substrate for 0,30, 0,32, and 0,33 circulation per hour. Parameter measured are COD, TVA, pH, temperature, alkalinitas, and CO2, CH4. The result of this research obtained gas CH4 highest concentration of 90 % in a gas holder metanogen, and the highest CO2 24,36 % in a gas holder stripper on volumetric 0,33 circulation/hours.

Gas metana dari ternak ruminansia merupakan salah satu penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca terbesar di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Gas metana yang bersumber dari peternakan berasal dari dua sumber emisi, yaitu pencernaan dan feses, sehingga produksinya dapat dikurangi melalui modifikasi pakan. Salah satu strategi untuk mengurangi produksi gas metana tersebut adalah dengan penambahan bakteri denitrifikasi, yang mengalihkan akseptor elektron untuk metanogenesis kepada denitrifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki potensi penambahan bakteri denitrifikasi yang diinaktivasi dengan iiradiasi sinar Gamma dalam menurunkan produksi gas metana dalam cairan rumen sapi, yang diuji secara in vitro. Pada penelitian ini diuji empat perlakuan, yaitu dengan penambahan bakteri denitrifikasi aktif, bakteri denitrifikasi yang diinaktivasi dengan iradiasi Gamma Cell 1000 Gy dan bakteri denitrifikasi yang diinaktivasi menggunakan autoklaf 1,5 tekanan atmosfir, 120°C selama 15 menit, seluruhnya pada cairan rumen sapi yang diberi substrat hijauan sorgum secara in vitro. Hasil pengukuran dari masing-masing parameter berupa nilai pH, amonia, volatile fatty acids total, asetat, propionat, butirat, biomassa bakteri, biomassa protozoa, produksi gas total dan produksi gas metana pada jam ke-24 dan 48 mendukung penurunan metanogenesis akibat penambahan bakteri denitrifikasi aktif dan inaktif. Pemberian bakteri denitrifikasi inaktif lebih besar menekan produksi gas metana dibandingkan dengan bakteri aktif. Penurunan produksi gas metana dari jam ke-24 sampai 48 dari perlakuan penambahan bakteri denitrifikasi inaktif-iradiasi, dan inaktif-autoklaf berturut-turut sebesar 41,5% dan 55,3%, yang lebih tinggi daripada dari bakteri denitrifikasi aktif dengan penurunan sebesar 13,6%.

Gas Emissions from Contaminated Fibrous Sediments in Sweden The discharge of untreated wastewater from pulp and paper mills have resulted in the accumulation offibrous sediments on the bottom of many nearby aquatic recipients. Some accumulations are multiplemeters thick and consist almost entirely of cellulose fibre or wood chips; these are called fiberbanks.The often hypoxic conditions and high organic content in fiberbanks makes them favourable for methaneproducing microorganisms, and gas release by ebullition has been observed. CH4 has high globalwarming potential and this study therefore aims to investigate GHG emissions from Swedish fiberbanks.Since methanogenesis is influenced by temperature and organic content, the gas ebullition is expectedto vary with season and between fiberbanks. As such it was necessary to examine differences inebullition rate, bubble volume and bubble quantity between different fiberbanks and to test the influenceof temperature on ebullition. To achieve this, the gas ebullition from two fiberbanks with very differentcomposition (Väja and Sandviken), were investigated using optical ebullition sensors measuring thequantity and volume of released gas bubbles. The ebullition measurements were performed in laboratoryat room temperature (20oC) and with sediments in incubation (4 – 15oC). The results indicate differencesin both ebullition rate and mean bubble volume between these two fiberbanks, with only minordifferences in the quantity of bubbles released. In a period of stable ebullition over five consecutivedays, sediment from Väja released 83 – 90% larger volumes of gas per day, and also produced bubblesthat were on average 67 – 89 % larger in volume when compared to Sandviken. The incubationexperiments show that ebullition from both fiberbanks increases exponentially with temperature, at ratessimilar to those found in natural sediments (Väja Q10 3.9, Sandviken Q10 4.9). The rate of accelerationin ebullition from both sediments is very strong >10oC, which is also similar to what has been observedin natural sediments. If estimating the combined GHG emissions from Swedish fiberbanks based on theresults from this study, it shows that fiberbanks could emit as much as 550 000 – 900 000 tonnes of CO2equivalents annually. That would correspond to 1.1 – 1.7% of the combined annual Swedish GHGemissions in 2018, and with fiberbank ebullition showing such a strong temperature dependence, thatestimate would grow rapidly when water temperatures increase with a warming climate
Utsläpp av orenat processvatten från svensk pappersindustri har resulterat i ansamlingar av fiberhaltigasediment på botten av närliggande vattendrag. På vissa platser bildar de fiberhaltiga sedimenten flerameter tjocka fiberbankar som består nästan uteslutande av cellulosafibrer eller träflis. Det högaorganiska innehållet i fiberbankarna resulterar ofta i syrefria förhållanden vilket gör dem gynnsammaför metanproducerande mikroorganismer, och frisläppning av gasbubblor har observerats. Metangasbidrar starkt till växthuseffekten och det här projektet utformades därför med huvudmålet att uppskattaväxthusgasutsläppen via ebullition från svenska fiberbankar. Eftersom metangasproduktionenförväntades variera beroende på temperatur och fiberbankskomposition, undersöktes skillnader igasutsläpp från två olika fiberbankar, gällande koncentrationen på utsläppt gas, mängd utsläppt gas,volym på bubblor, antal bubblor, samt hur gasutsläppen från fiberbankarna påverkades av temperatur.Undersökningen inkluderade sediment från två fiberbankar med väldigt olika sammansättning (Väja ochSandviken) och gasutsläppen studerades med hjälp av optiska sensorer i rumstemperatur och underinkubation vid temperaturer från 4 – 15oC. Data från undersökningarna användas sedan till att uppskattade årliga växthusgasutsläppen från svenska fiberbankar. Resultaten indikerar att det är stora skillnader imängden utsläppt gas och volymen på frisläppta bubblor mellan dessa två fiberbanksediment, menendast små skillnader i antalet frisläppta bubblor. Fiberbankssediment från Väja släppte ut en 83 - 90%större gasvolym per dag och producerade också i genomsnitt 67 - 89% större bubblor jämfört medsediment från Sandviken. Inkubationsexperimenten visar att gasutsläppen från de bådafiberbanksedimenten ökar exponentiellt med temperatur, och tilltar i liknande hastighet som hosnaturliga sediment (Väja Q10 3.9, Sandviken Q10 4.9). Ökningen i gasutsläpp vid temperaturer över 10oCär mycket stark hos båda sedimenten, vilket också liknar observationer från naturliga sediment. Närresultaten används för att uppskatta växthusgasutsläppen från den totala mängden fiberbanksedimentsom kan finnas i Sverige, visar de att fiberbankar kan släppa ut så mycket som 550 000 - 900 000 tonCO2-ekvivalenter årligen. Det skulle innebära 1.1 – 1.7% av de sammanlagda årliga svenskaväxthusgasutsläppen.

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As fecularias são indústrias que processam mandioca para obtenção de amido. São inúmeras as unidades reunidas, principalmente, na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, gerando uma grande quantidade de águas residuárias poluentes. A solução usual é o tratamento em lagoas de estabilização o que, porém, apresenta problemas como emissão de gases poluentes e ocupação de grandes áreas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho referem-se ao tratamento de águas residuárias do processamento de uma indústria de fécula de mandioca, através de um sistema contínuo de biodigestão anaeróbia, com separação de fases, em escala piloto. Os biodigestores com separação de fases comprendem um reator acidogênico, cuja função é transformar o substrato bruto em ácidos orgânicos e um reator metanogênico que transforma estes ácidos em biogás e materiais orgânicos estabilizados. A separação de fases aumenta a estabilidade e a capacidade de trabalhar com materiais altamente solúveis, como os resíduos das indústrias de amido. A pesquisa foi conduzida junto a empresa M.C.R. Alimentos Ltda, uma fecularia com capacidade de processar 250 toneladas de mandioca por dia, localizada no município de Mercedes, região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. Está situada no paralelo 24°09'18'' de Latitude Sul e meridiano 54°09'26'' de Longitude...
It was used a pilot scale two-stage anaerobic reactor to study the biological treatment of cassava wastewater. The research was carried at a Cassava processing factory, with a capacity of 250 metric tons day-1. It is located in West Paraná, South of Brazil, near the border of the Paraná River, at the parallel 24°09'18'' South latitude and meridian 54°09'26'' West longitude of Grw. The system consisted of two settling tanks with 500 L each, connected in series, followed by a two-stage anaerobic biodigester. The acidogenic reactor had a capacity of 1,000 L and the metanogenic had a capacity of 3,000 L. The experiment was conducted at ambient temperature, without nutrients and pH correction. The best result were obtained at a flow rate of 901 L d-1, with a TOC (total organic carbon) loading rate of 0.565 g L-1 d-1 (around a COD (chemical oxigen demand) of 2.49 g L-1 d-1) and a hidraulic residence time of 4.4 days. At this loading rate, the system achieved the following removal efficiencies: 77% of TOC and COD removal; 66% of Total Solids removal; 78% of Volatile Solids removal; 98% of Total Cyanide...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marney Pascoli Cereda
Resumo: As fecularias são indústrias que processam mandioca para obtenção de amido. São inúmeras as unidades reunidas, principalmente, na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, gerando uma grande quantidade de águas residuárias poluentes. A solução usual é o tratamento em lagoas de estabilização o que, porém, apresenta problemas como emissão de gases poluentes e ocupação de grandes áreas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho referem-se ao tratamento de águas residuárias do processamento de uma indústria de fécula de mandioca, através de um sistema contínuo de biodigestão anaeróbia, com separação de fases, em escala piloto. Os biodigestores com separação de fases comprendem um reator acidogênico, cuja função é transformar o substrato bruto em ácidos orgânicos e um reator metanogênico que transforma estes ácidos em biogás e materiais orgânicos estabilizados. A separação de fases aumenta a estabilidade e a capacidade de trabalhar com materiais altamente solúveis, como os resíduos das indústrias de amido. A pesquisa foi conduzida junto a empresa M.C.R. Alimentos Ltda, uma fecularia com capacidade de processar 250 toneladas de mandioca por dia, localizada no município de Mercedes, região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. Está situada no paralelo 24°09'18'' de Latitude Sul e meridiano 54°09'26'' de Longitude... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: It was used a pilot scale two-stage anaerobic reactor to study the biological treatment of cassava wastewater. The research was carried at a Cassava processing factory, with a capacity of 250 metric tons day-1. It is located in West Paraná, South of Brazil, near the border of the Paraná River, at the parallel 24°09'18'' South latitude and meridian 54°09'26'' West longitude of Grw. The system consisted of two settling tanks with 500 L each, connected in series, followed by a two-stage anaerobic biodigester. The acidogenic reactor had a capacity of 1,000 L and the metanogenic had a capacity of 3,000 L. The experiment was conducted at ambient temperature, without nutrients and pH correction. The best result were obtained at a flow rate of 901 L d-1, with a TOC (total organic carbon) loading rate of 0.565 g L-1 d-1 (around a COD (chemical oxigen demand) of 2.49 g L-1 d-1) and a hidraulic residence time of 4.4 days. At this loading rate, the system achieved the following removal efficiencies: 77% of TOC and COD removal; 66% of Total Solids removal; 78% of Volatile Solids removal; 98% of Total Cyanide...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor

Metan är en växthuseffektpåverkande gas. Eftersom dess koncentration ökar i atmosfären ingår den i ett stort framtida, globalt miljöproblem. I uppdraget som lärare står att elever ska göras medvetna kring de processer som påverkar deras miljö. Vårt syfte med uppsatsen är att fördjupa våra ämneskunskaper i och kring de processer som påverkar vår miljö. Detta för att göra ndervisningen mer intressant och för att kunna leda eleverna mot en kunskapsutveckling i ett ämne som är högst aktuellt.

Uppsatsens studie består i att undersöka om det finns metanbildande eller metankonsumerande mikroorganismer i kaveldun, Typha latifolia, (L.) och var i kaveldunet de i så fall finns. Vi vill också lyfta vår egen läroprocess under arbetets gång och se om det finns något där som är användbart i vårt kommande yrkesliv, som lärare, inspiratör och som föredöme.

I vår undersökning upptäckte vi att det i kaveldunet fanns både metanogener och metanotrofer. I sedimentet fanns både metanogener och metanotrofer. Vi fick klara indikationer på att det fanns metanogener i kaveldunets nedre delar och vi såg att de växte på vätgas och på acetat. Vi fann också att metanotrofer uppehöll sig i kaveldunets rothår och rotnerv och i den övre delen av kaveldunet.

Sist, men inte minst, fick vi upp ögonen för vikten av att lärande måste komma inifrån individen för att förståelse helt och fullt ska uppstå. För att skapa intresse är det viktigt att arbeta med relevanta och meningsfulla frågeställningar. Dessa frågeställningar behöver vi inte konstruera, de finns redan färdiga i vår omvärld och det är frågor som ungdomar i dag har.

The greenhouse gas, methane, palys an important role in the future climate change on the globe. The curriculum given to teachers constitutes that pupils should be aware of the different processes affecting their environment.

The purpose of this report is to deepen our knowledge on such processes tohelp us to fullfil this requierment. Hence, this should aid us in making our teaching more interesting and also to enable us to lead the pupils in a knowledge development on a very urgent environmental topic.

The study examines, if there are microorganisms that produce or consume methane in cattail, Typha Latifolia (L.), and if so, where in the cattail tissues. During our work with the report we also wanted to follow our own teaching process and to highlight phenomena useful in our future professional lives as teachers, inspirers and as good examples.

We observed that methanogens and methanotrophs were present in cattail tissues as was allso the case in the sediment samples. We got clear indications on that there were methanogenes in the lower parts of the cattail and we saw that they grew on hydrogen gas and on acetate. The methanotrophs resided in the root hair and root nerves as well as in the upper part of the cattail plant.

We realised that it is important for learning to arise from within the individual for the establishment of a complete understanding of an evironmental issue. To create an interest by any pupil category, it’s important to work with relevant and meaningful questions. We don’t need to construct these questions, they already exist in our surroundings, many of which are the questions of the young people today.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O processo de biodigestão anaeróbia pode ser utilizado no tratamento de resíduos orgânicos, com destaque para recuperação energética do biogás. Estudos recentes apontam aumento na eficiência da atividade microbiológica em processos de biodegradação anaeróbia de compostos orgânicos sob campo magnético. Desse modo, tecnologias que resultem em melhorias desse processo podem contribuir para o avanço do tratamento de resíduos orgânicos e da produção de biogás, via digestão anaeróbia. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho verificou a influência da aplicação de campo eletromagnético constante sobre o processo de decomposição anaeróbia da glicose. A pesquisa consistiu na operação de reatores (1 L) anaeróbios em batelada, mantidos a 37 ± 2 ºC, sem agitação, sob a influência de diferentes intensidades de campo eletromagnético de 5, 7,5 e 10 mT. Foi usado, como inóculo lodo granular proveniente de estação de tratamento anaeróbio, nos reatores, em meio nutricional sintético não seletivo. A avaliação do desempenho do processo de degradação foi obtida pela estimativa de produção de biogás e metano, bem como da análise da redução da demanda química de oxigênio e da remoção de sólidos. Os resultados demonstraram diferença positiva na produção de gás metano, aumento de 21,5 % com 7,5 mT e aumento de 15 % da remoção de DQO, nas intensidades de 7,5 mT. Esses resultados sinalizam para possível viabilidade de uso de campo magnético constante na bioestimulação de consórcios microbianos anaeróbios.
Anaerobic digestion processes with biogas production are largely used for organic waste treatment, with emphasis for energy recovery. Some recent studies have demonstrated magnetism influence on microbiological activity, these indicates possible influence on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. By these means, technologies that act in anaerobic digestion enhancement can contribute for the improvement of organic compounds treatment. The present study aims to verify the influence of constant electromagnetic field on the glucose anaerobic digestion. The research comprises comparison of biogas production in 1 L batch reactors, kept static under 37 ± 2 ºC. In each experiment, reactors were operated with and without the influence of constant electromagnetic field of 5, 7,5 and 10 mT. The inoculum was granular sludge from anaerobic treatment plant in non-selective media culture. Biogas production, COD and solid removal were measured during the experiments. Results show positive difference on methane production of 21,5 % and on COD removal of 15 % in the tests with electromagnetic field of 7,5 mT. These results sign for the viability of the application of constant magnetic field as a bioetimulation agent.

A presente pesquisa teve a intenção de desenvolver reator biológico de 159 \'M POT.3\' de volume total, com leito de carvões granulares (ativado e antracito) expandido e parcialmente aerado, para promover remoções de matéria orgânica e nutrientes (N e P) do esgoto sanitário, devido a manutenção de ambientes anaeróbio e aeróbio, estratificados ao longo da altura do reator e ao longo do biofilme cultivado em seu interior. Para avaliar o impacto das modificações operacionais no comportamento biológico dos microrganismos presentes no reator, foram aplicados métodos para análise das atividades nitrificante (ANE), desnitrificante (ADE) e metanogênica (PME), embasados em testes respirométricos padrões descritos na literatura. A estratificação reacional também foi estudada dentro de filmes biológicos com a ajuda de microsensores amperométricos de OD em testes de bancada. Assim, após 451 dias de operação, foi possível verificar remoções médias de \'DQO IND.F\', NTK e fosfato total de, respectivamente 78%, 56% e 42%, quando o reator foi operado por 66 dias com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio de 8,8 h, injetor de oxigênio puro, instalado após placa de orifício em linha de recirculação aerada, a qual funcionava pressurizada (3 a 4 bar) e com razão média de recirculação igual a 3, comparada à vazão de alimentação. Para o restante do período, no qual foram aplicadas taxas de carregamentos volumétricos médios de 0,74 \'+ OU -\' 0,28 kg\'DQO IND.F\'/\'M POT.3\'.dia; 0,17 \'+ OU -\' 0,07 kg NTK/\'M POT.3\'.dia e 0,05 \'+ OU -\' 0,02 kg\'PO IND.4\'POT.-3\'/\'M POT.3\'.dia, o sistema demonstrou remoções médias de 65 \'+ OU -\' 20% para \'DQO IND.F\', 25 \'+ OU -\' 21% para o NTK e 48 \'+ OU -\' 18% para o fosfato total, mesmo operado com tempo de retenção celular médio de 15 \'+ OU -\' 7 dias. Os testes respirométricos foram sensíveis para avaliar a atividade microbiana do material biológico coletado ao longo do reator, com os quais foram verificados PME médio de 0,25 mL\'CH IND.4\'/gSVT.h, para as amostras de material biológico coletado na região anaeróbia, ao fundo do reator; ANE variando entre 1,3 a 4,4 mg\'O IND.2\'/gSVT.h, para as amostras coletadas na região aeróbia, intermediária ao reator; e ADE variando entre 0,024 e 5,20 mg\'N IND.2\'/gSVT.h, para amostras coletadas, respectivamente, no fundo e no topo do reator. As análises do material líquido também corroboram com a idéia de estratificação dos ambientes aeróbio, no fundo do reator, e micro-aerado, em sua região intermediária superior, apontando para região com alto potencial de ocorrerem nitrificação e desnitrificação conjuntas no topo da sua zona reativa. O microsensor amperométrico de OD com ponta entre 10 e 30 \'mü\'m de diâmetro, confeccionados em laboratório especializado, se mostrou sensível para a observação do gradiente de concentração de oxigênio dissolvido dentro de filme biológico, suficientes para a formação de regiões aeróbia e anaeróbia em seu interior, cuja informação pode ser útil para a aprimoramento de reatores com biofilme, projetados para remoções combinadas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Entretanto, quando se pretende definir parâmetros cinéticos ou de transferência de massa, maior rigor deve ser dispensado na definição dos locais para a aplicação do sensor, nos quais sejam reduzidos os efeitos da heterogeneidade do agregado microbiano no ajuste da modelagem matemática aplicada aos pontos experimentais
The current research aimed the development of a 159 \'M POT.3\' total volume biological reactor, with a expanded and partially aerated granular coal bed (activated and anthracite), to promote organic matter and nutrients (N and P) removal from wastewater due to the maintenance of anaerobic and aerobic environments, stratified throughout the height of the reactor and also all over the biofilm cultivated in its interior. Methods for the analyses of specific nitrifying activities (ENA), denitrifying (EDA) and methanogenic (EMA) were applied to assess the impact of the operational modifications in the biological behavior of microorganisms present in the reactor, based on standard respirometric tests found in literature. The reactional stratification was also studied inside the biological films with the help of DO microsensors in batch tests. Thus, after 451 of operation it was possible to verify mean \'COD IND.F\', TNK and phosphate removal of 78%, 56% and 42%, respectively, when the reactor was operated for 66 days with average hydraulic detention time of 8.8 h, pure oxygen injector which was installed after the aerated recirculation line which was working pressurized (3 to 4 bar) and with mean recirculation ratio equal to 3, when compared to the feeding flow. For the rest of the period where mean volumetric loading rates of 0.74 \'+ OR -\' 0.28 kg\'COD IND.F\'/\'M POT.3\'.day; 0.17 \'+ OR -\' 0.07 kgTNK/\'M POT.3\'.day and 0.05 \'+ OR -\' 0.02 kg\'PO IND.4\'POT.-3\'/\'M POT.3\'.day were applied the system demonstrated average removal of 65 \'+ OR -\' 20% for \'COD IND.F\', 25 \'+ OR -\' 21% for TNK and 48 \'+ OR -\' 18% for total phosphate, even when it operated with mean cellular retention time of 15 \'+ OR -\' 7 days. The respirometric tests were sensible enough to assess the microbial activity from the biological material collected throughout the reactor, and where mean PME of 0.25 mL\'CH IND.4\'/gSVT.h was verified for the samples of biological material collected in the anaerobic region, at the bottom of the reactor; ANE varying between 1.3 to 4.4 mg\'O IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for the samples collected in the aerobic region, reactor\'s intermediary; and ADE varying between 0.024 to 5.20 mg\'N IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for samples collected at the bottom and the top of the reactor, respectively. The analyses of the liquid material also support the idea of stratification of the aerobic environments, at the bottom of the reactor, and micro-aerated, in its superior intermediate region, pointing to the region as a high potential of occurring joint nitrification and denitrification at the top of the reactive zone. The DO amperometric microsensor, with tip between 10 and 30 \'mü\'m of diameter, produced in a special laboratory, is sensible to the determination of dissolved oxygen concentration gradient inside biological film, sufficient for the formation of anaerobic and aerobic regions in its interior, this information can be useful to the improvement of biofilm reactors, projected for the combined removal of organic matter and nutrients. However, when the definition of kinetic parameters or mass transference is intended more strictness must be applied when choosing the locals for microsensor application, where the effects of the microbial aggregate heterogeneity is reduced in the adjustment of the mathematical modeling applied to the experimental points.

Il trattamento di reflui salini ed ipersalini rappresenta circa il 5 % della richiesta di trattamenti dei reflui a livello globale. Lo scopo di questo elaborato è documentare come ottimizzare la produzione di metano, testando diverse condizioni in una configurazione a due fasi separate con reattori UASB, trattando un refluo salino derivante da piclaggio del cuoio (la prima fase della filiera conciaria). Batch tests per la fase acidogenica sono stati eseguiti per valutare l’influenza del pH sull’acidogenesi: due pH sono stati testati 5.5, 7. La diluizione di refluo nei batch tests corrisponde a 30 g Na+/L , il miglior grado di acidificazione, 47.11 ± 2.29 %, è stato trovato a pH 7. Il reattore UASB acidogenico è stato alimentato con una diluizione del refluo e le condizione (pH, carico organico e salinità) sono state modificate con lo scopo di ottimizzare la produzione di acidi grassi volatili. Il migliore grado di acidificazione, tra le condizioni testate, è stato raggiunto a pH 6.5, tempo di ritenzione idraulica 2.3 giorni, carico organico 1.35 ± 0.25 gCODsol/L per giorno, usando una diluzione del refluo corrispondente a 28.5 g Na+/L. Il reattore UASB metanogenico è stato alimentato con una diluzione dell’effluente del reattore acidogenico e le condizioni testate (start up, salinità) sono state cambiate al fine di ottimizzare la produzione di metano. Tra le condizioni testate, la miglior produzione di metano, 160 mL/L per giorno, è stata ottenuta con un basso carico organico in start up, pH 7, tempo di ritenzione idraulica 1.3 giorni, carico organico 1.1 gCODsol/L per giorno, usando un’alimentazione con 14 g Na+/L. Batch tests per la fase metanogenica sono stati eseguiti per valutare l’influenza del sale: tre diluizioni sono state eseguite (30 g Na+/L, 23 g Na+/L, 14 g Na+/L e 3 g Na+/L). È stato trovato che il sale a queste concentrazioni è inibitorio a tal punto che il bianco ha ottenuto una miglior produzione di metano.

Myrmarker har en stor roll i regleringen av den globala kolbalansen och koncentrationerna av koldioxid och metan i atmosfären, vilket gör dem till speciellt viktiga ekosystem ur ett klimatförandringsperspektiv. Förändringar av myrmarker genom naturlig utveckling eller antropogen påverkan kan därför få långtgående störningar av myrars klimatreglerande funktion. Mikroorganismer har en avgörande roll i biogeokemiska processer genom att t ex bryta ned organisk material i mark och därmed styra kolets kretslopp. För att förstå hur myrsystemen reagerar på störningar är det därför väsentligt att veta hur mikroorganismsamhällena reagerar genom förändringar i sammansättning och biogeokemisk aktivitet. Målet för studierna, som ligger till grund för denna avhandling, var att undersöka hur mikroorganismsamhällen i myrar reagerar på uppvärmning genom klimatförändring och ökade kväve- (N) och svavel- (S) halter i nederbörd. High through-put sekvensering användes för att studera taxonomiska och funktionella egenskaper hos mikroorganismerna i myrar och quantative PCR användes för att mer specifikt studera de metanbildande arkeorna. Två fältkampanjer vardera omfattande tre ombrotrofa myrar med olika klimatförhållanden och olika mängder N och S inederbörden användes för att undersöka lokala och storskaliga effekter på myrars mikrobiella samhällen. Resultaten visade att latudinell variation i geoklimatologiska förhållanden (temperatur ochnederbördsmängd) och deposition av näringsämnen hade en påverkan på sammansättningen av de mikrobiella samhällena och aktiva metanbildare förr än variationen i den kemiska miljön inom varje specifik myr. Myrväxtsamhällenas sammansättning för en specifik myr visades sig i stor utsträckning styra sammansättningen av motsvarande mikrobiella samhälle i torvprofilen. Detta framgick klart av i en analys av samexisterande nätverk av mikroorganismsamhällen och motsvarande växtsamhällen i en studie av tre geografiskt skilda myrar med olika kvävedeposition. Effekterna av klimatförändring och nederbörd med olika mängder av N och S studerades mer specifikt genom att analysera de mikrobiellasamhällena i  ett långliggande (18 år) försök. Påverkan av var och en av dessa manipulationer antingen förstärktes eller minskades, när de förekom i kombinationer. Ökad kvävedeposition var den faktor som hade starkast effekt. De långvariga störningarna medförde stora förändringar i den mikrobiella taxonomin inom samhällena. Detta återspeglades dock inte i den fysiologiska kapaciteten, vilket visar att det finns en stark buffring i myrarnas mikrobiella funktion. Detta tyder på att framtida utveckling av myrar i relation till olika störningar sannolikt inte kommer att påverka myrarnas roll för kolbalans och växthusgasutbyte med atmosfären.
Peatlands play a substantial role in regulating the global carbon balance and concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, and are thus of utmost importance from a climate change perspective. Any changes of peatland functions due to natural or anthropogenic perturbations may result in changes in these ecosystem services. Soil microbial communities are essential drivers of biogeochemical processes, including the carbon cycle. In order to fully understand the effect of environmental perturbations on peatland functions, it is essential to understand how microbial communities are affected. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to investigate the responses of the peat microbial communities to climate change and increased precipitation of nitrogen(N) and sulfur (S) compounds. High-throughput sequencing approaches were used to investigate the taxonomic and functional composition of microbial communities, and quantitative PCR was used to specifically target the methanogen community. Two field studies including three ombrotrophic peatlands each that differed in climatological conditions and atmospheric N and S depositions, were used to investigate and compare the effect of large- and local-scale environmental conditions on microbial communities. The results show that the variation in geo-climatological (temperature and precipitation) and atmospheric deposition conditions along the latitudinal gradient modulate the peat microbial community composition and the abundance of active methanogens to a greater extent thansite-related microhabitats. Furthermore, a tight coupling between the plant community composition of a site and the composition of its microbial community was observed, and was found to be mainly driven by plants rather than microorganisms. These co-occurrence networks are strongly affected by seasonal climate variability and the interactions between species in colder areas are more sensitive to climate change. The long-term effects of warming and increased N and S depositions on the peat microbial communities were further investigated using an 18-year in-situ peatland experiment simulating these perturbations. The impacts of each of these perturbations on the microbial community were found to either multiply or counteract one another, with enhanced N deposition being the most important factor. While the long-term perturbations resulted in a substantial shift in the taxonomic composition of microbial communities, only minor changes occurred in genome-encoded functional traits, indicating a functional redundancy. This could act as a buffer maintaining ecosystem functioning when challenged by multiple stressors, and could limit future changes in greenhouse gases and carbonexchange.

The theoretical part of work is focused on the issue of biomass which can be used for energy purposes, inparticular agricultural waste, as well as can serve as a substrate for biogas station. It also deals with proteomics, its goals and approaches, separation methods. The aim of this work was to measure each sample of enzyme activity of biomass, which are used as a raw materials for biogas plants and their proteomic identification.

The aim of this thesis was to determine limitation of methanogenesis in restored peatlands and effect of different substrates on potential methane production in restored bog and spruce swamp forest soil. Study sites were located in Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic.