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Journal articles on the topic 'Metaphor'
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Irwan, Irwan, and Muhammad Pujiono. "Perubahan Klasifikasi Metafora Pada Novel Laskar Pelangi Karya Andrea Hirata Versi Bahasa Jepang Berdasarkan Fungsi Kognitifnya." KIRYOKU 3, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v3i3.107-125.
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(The Changes of Metaphor Classification in Laskar Pelangi Novelby Andrea Hirata Japanese Language Version BasedonTheir Cognitive Functions) This article analyzed the changes in the classification of metaphorical expressions contained in the Laskar Pelangi novel based on their cognitive functions after being translated into the Japanese version. The theory used in this research is the classification theory of metaphor based on its cognitive function proposed by Kovecses (2010). This study uses a qualitative research approach with a descriptive type of research, while the method and data analysis uses interactive data analysis models from Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results of the data analysis showed that of 505 data found, there were 15 classifications of metaphor changes based on their cognitive functions, they are structural metaphors changed to structural metaphors consist of 95 data (18.8%), ontological metaphors to ontological metaphors consist of 151 data (29.9%), orientational metaphors to orientational metaphors consist of 5 data (1.0%), structural metaphor became ontological metaphor consist of 11 data (2.2%), structural metaphor became orientational metaphor consist of 2 data (0.4%), structural metaphor became simile consist of 2 data (0, 4%), structural metaphor becomes non-metaphoric consist of 67 data (13.3%), structural metaphor that was not translated consist of 4 data (0.8%), ontological metaphor became structural metaphors consist of 21 data (4.2%), ontological metaphor became orientational metaphor consist of 5 data (1,0%), ontological metaphor became simile consist of 10 data (2.0%), ontological metaphor became non metaphoric expression consist of 102 data (20.2%), untranslated ontological metaphor consist of 21 data (4.2%), orientational metaphor became non-metaphorical consist of 8 data (1.6%), and orientational metaphor became simile consist of 1 data (0.2%).
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Golshaie, Ramin, and Arsalan Golfam. "Processing Conventional Conceptual Metaphors in Persian: A Corpus-Based Psycholinguistic Study." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 44 (June 7, 2014): 495–518. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13963576.
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Research on the psycholinguistic processing of conceptual metaphors has produced contrasting results in recent years.‎ There have also been criticisms that in experimental studies of metaphor processing, linguistic stimuli are mostly intuition-based and not designed objectively based on the original language use data.‎ To address these issues, we studied the processing of conventional metaphoric expressions in Persian language using corpus data.‎ A reading time experiment was designed to test whether conventional metaphoric expressions activated conceptual metaphors.‎ A corpus of 50 million word tokens was used to study the conventional patterns of metaphoric expressions usages and construct experimental items.‎ Fifty five Persian speakers read a set of scenarios containing non-conventional metaphor, conventional metaphor and non-metaphor expressions on computer and the reading times of the following novel target sentence in each condition were recorded by DMDX stimulus presenter program.‎ Comparing mean reading times using one-way ANOVA revealed that reading target sentence after conventional metaphor scenarios had been significantly faster than non-metaphor scenarios, but slower than non-conventional scenarios.‎ The results show that conventionality has a weakening effect on the strength of metaphoric expressions to activate conceptual metaphors.‎
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Navidi-Baghi, Sakineh, Ali Izanloo, Alireza Qaeminia, and Alireza Azad. "Metaphoric chains." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00085.nav.
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Abstract The molecular structure of a complex metaphor comprises two or more atomic metaphorical parts, known as primary metaphors. In the same way, several molecular structures of metaphors may combine and form a mixture, known as mixed metaphors. In this study, different types of metaphoric integrations are reviewed and illustrated in figures to facilitate understanding the phenomena. Above all, we introduce double-ground metaphoric chain, a new form of metaphoric integration that has not been identified in the previous literature. Also, a distinction is made between single-ground and double-ground metaphoric chains. In the former, which has already been introduced, two basic metaphors are chained with the same form and have the same ground, while the latter includes two chained metaphors, one main metaphor plus a supportive one, with different grounds. In this analysis, we benefited from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to analyse double-ground metaphoric chains. This study suggests that each metaphoric integration leads to a multifaceted conceptualization, in which each facet is related to one of the constituent micro-metaphors.
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Kittay, Eva Feder. "Woman as Metaphor1." Hypatia 3, no. 2 (1988): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00069.x.
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Women's activities and relations to men are persistent metaphors for man's projects. I query the prominence of these and the lack of equivalent metaphors where men are the metaphoric vehicle for women and women's activities. Women's role as metaphor results from her otherness and her relational and mediational importance in men's lives. Otherness, mediation, and relation characterize the role of metaphor in language and thought. This congruence between metaphor and women makes the metaphor of woman especially potent in man's conceptual economy.
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Perkasa, Anugrah Novendi, and Tofan Dwi Hardjanto. "Pola Pemertahanan dan Penyesuaian Metafora pada Penerjemahan Novel Troubled Blood ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia." Sasdaya: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities 7, no. 2 (December 11, 2023): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/sasdaya.10352.
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The concepts of retention and adjustment emerge as strategies to overcome the challenges associated with cultural transfer in metaphor translation. Metaphor retention is necessary because it ensures the retention of the imagery and meaning conveyed in the original text. Metaphor adjustment aims to translate culturally appropriate metaphors to the target text and avoid misunderstandings. This study seeks to explain the patterns of metaphor retention and adjustment in English novels translated into Indonesian, focusing on analyzing the form and meaning of metaphors. This research relies on the theory of translation retention proposed by Venuti (2008) and the theory of translation adjustment proposed by Eco (2013). The methodology used in this study is based on the theoretical framework proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2014), which places significant emphasis on the examination of linguistic elements contained in the source text as the main stage in translation research, followed by a comparative analysis conducted between the source text and the target text. The data used in this study consists of phrases, clauses, and sentences that have metaphorical features. The data were collected using the Metaphor Identification Procedure VU University Amsterdam (MIPVU). The data were categorized based on Halliday's (1985) grammatical metaphor framework, which focuses on noun, verb, and adjective metaphors. The collected metaphor data were then analyzed using the notions of retention and translation adjustment derived from Sajarwa's (2021) research. The study's findings show that noun metaphors dominate metaphor retention and adjustment. Metaphor retention occurs when the form and meaning of the metaphor do not change, while metaphor adjustment occurs when the metaphor's form changes and the metaphor's meaning does not change.
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Maharani, Indira, and I. Made Rajeg. "Conceptual Metaphor in Daily Spiritual Texts Murli by Brahma Kumaris." Humanis 26, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2022.v26.i02.p15.
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The meaning of the metaphor is understanding as one of the conceptual domain in terms of other conceptual domains. A metaphor is used effortlessly in everyday life, including in a literary work. The aim of this study is able to help people to understand the metaphoric meaning of Murli, a spiritual text written by Brahma Kumaris. The problems of this study discussed based on metaphorical expressions used in daily spiritual texts Murli and the conceptual metaphors motivate the application of the metaphorical expressions in daily spiritual texts Murli. The data of this study is taken from the daily spiritual texts by Brahma Kumaris Murli. The technique that is used to collect the data is the note-taking technique. The metaphor is identified using MIP (Metaphor Identification Process) by Pragglejaz Group This method helps the process of analyzing metaphorical words. The result of this study showed that Murli consists of 16 conceptual metaphors of the structural metaphor, 2 conceptual metaphors of the orientational metaphor, and 3 conceptual metaphors of the ontological metaphor including the personification and 1 conceptual metaphor of the metonymy.
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Sullivan, Karen. "Integrating constructional semantics and conceptual metaphor." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.02sul.
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) aims to represent the conceptual structure of metaphors rather than the structure of metaphoric language. The theory does not explain which aspects of metaphoric language evoke which conceptual structures, for example. However, other theories within cognitive linguistics may be better suited to this task. These theories, once integrated, should make building a unified model of both the conceptual and linguistic aspects of metaphor possible. First, constructional approaches to syntax provide an explanation of how particular constructional slots are associated with different functions in evoking metaphor. Cognitive Grammar is especially effective in this regard. Second, Frame Semantics helps explain how the words or phrases that fill the relevant constructional slots evoke the source and target domains of metaphor. Though these theories do not yet integrate seamlessly, their combination already offers explanatory benefits, such as allowing generalizations across metaphoric and non-metaphoric language, and identifying the words that play a role in evoking metaphors, for example.
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Jamzaroh, Siti. "JENIS DAN BENTUK METAFORA DALAM KISDAP “JULAK AHIM” KARYA JAMAL T. SURYANATA." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v14i1.1135.
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This research is aimed to find out 1) to know the type of metaphor of Kisdap "Julak Ahim" (2) to describe the metaphoric function in that contained in Kisdap "Julak Ahim" The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. Data collection is done by reading technique and record technique. Furthermore, the data are classified based on the metaphorical characteristics shown. Data analysis is done by contrasting the expression data used with the metaphor. The results found are: 1) The type of metaphor found based on 1.1) its constituent elements in kisdap "Julak Ahim" is a) the animal metaphor (2); b) the synesthesia metaphor (1); c) anthropomorphic metaphor (2); and d) concrete-abstract metaphor (2); 1.2) based on its structure, there are a) subjective and complementary nominative metaphors and b) sentence metaphors.
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Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław. "On The Gradability of Metaphor." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 69, no. 1 (December 1, 2024): 31–56. https://doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2024-0011.
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Abstract My purpose in this paper is to demonstrate that metaphor should be viewed as a gradable conceptual phenomenon, and to elucidate further the notion of minimal metaphoric mapping between subordinate level concepts dominated by the same basic level category, which I called “syntaphor” in my previous studies. Since the concepts involved in metaphor represent different conceptual distances, metaphor appears to be gradable, starting from the lowest level of syntaphors through the level of close metaphors, to the level of distant and maximally distant metaphors, which have been the focus of interest in most cognitive studies of metaphor so far. In Section 1 I describe briefly an approach to metaphor from the point of view of the theory of categorization, whereby metaphor is defined in terms of mappings between concepts rather than domains. Section 2 presents the notion and four degrees of conceptual distance between the concepts involved in metaphor based on the subordinate, basic and superordinate levels of categorization. In Section 3 four kinds of metaphor are distinguished depending on three degrees of conceptual distance between the source and the target concepts: distant metaphors, close metaphors and syntaphors. The role of syntaphors is further discussed in polysemy and novel metaphors. Some of the crucial aspects of syntaphors are highlighted when they are compared with image metaphors. The most important implications of the study for the theory of metaphor are presented in Conclusions.
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Fitri Apriyanti and Faisal Zarkashi Arif. "METAPHOR ANALYSIS OF DANIEL CAESAR’S SONG LYRICS." Teaching English as Foreign Language, Literature and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/teflics.v4i1.5011.
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The Metaphor Analysis of Daniel Caesar''s Song is a research study that examines the meaning and type of metaphorical language contained in Daniel Caesar''s song lyrics. Metaphors are ideas to discuss something, give an understanding of the world, and are used by poets, songwriters, and book writers to convey meaning in an interesting way. The aim of this research is to provide understanding, enhance knowledge, add new experiences, and fill gaps. Qualitative research aims to understand phenomena experienced by research subjects, while descriptive research collects descriptive data and presents it in reports and descriptions. The researcher found 8 structural metaphors (53%), 3 orientation metaphors (20%), and 4 ontological metaphors (27%). According to conceptual metaphor, the most dominant type of metaphor is structural metaphor. Daniel Caesar''s songs are composed of words taken from poems and given additional melodies to create attraction. This research can be used as a reference source for the study of metaphoric language and its various meanings. Institutions can benefit by providing better support and making it easier for students to access resources related to metaphoric languages.
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Gibbs, Raymond W., and Elaine Chen. "Metaphor and the automatic mind." Metaphor and the Social World 8, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.16026.gib.
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Abstract When people produce or understand verbal metaphors, and metaphoric gestures, do they do so automatically or with conscious deliberation? Metaphor scholars widely recognize that the answer to this question depends on several factors, including the specific kind of metaphor that was produced or understood. But many scholars assume that the automatic use of metaphor involves the simple retrieval of its figurative meaning, without having to draw any cross-domain mappings. We argue that automaticity in behavior, such as when using verbal metaphors, actually involves many complex embodied and conceptual processes, even if these may operate quickly and without conscious attention. This article reviews the evidence for this claim, and considers other attempts to explore automaticity in metaphoric experiences, such as in 20th-century automatic writing practices. Our argument provides another set of reasons, from cognitive science research, to reject simplistic assumptions that automatic metaphor behavior is necessarily different in kind from more conscious metaphor use and understanding.
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Spirchagov, Svyatoslav Y. "Metaphors in banking." Neophilology, no. 18 (2019): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2019-5-18-139-149.
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Contemporary theory of metaphor highlights its cognitive nature as opposed to traditional view of metaphor as rather a trope. We address the status and significance of conceptual metaphors in English banking terminology. A large-scale corpus analysis of English banking discourse (1888728 words) is conducted to determine how this trope is used. The application of a cognitive approach to a banking discourse has led to identification of metaphoric structures characterizing banking discourse. We confirm the use of terminology system corpus for (organic, mechanical, military, liquid, sports) metaphor models. We prove that banking discourse is highly metaphoric and borrows metaphors from multiple terminological domains. We establish the evolution of certain metaphors. We define the connections between concept areas of cognitive maps. We also prove that not all semes are transferred from the source to the target area, which confirms the connection at the conceptual level. Special attention is paid to the nexus of banking institution and social and political aspects of national cultures. This in turn allows to substantiate and test the theory of conceptual metaphor, and also served as means for a detailed study of conceptual metaphors as a culturally determined phenomenon in language. Given that metaphor is a dynamic cognitive mechanism, we detect diverse ways of metaphorization.
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Galera Masegosa, Alicia, and Aneider Iza Erviti. "Conceptual complexity in metaphorical resemblance operations revisited." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 28, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.28.1.05gal.
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The present article is concerned with the analysis of so-called metaphoric resemblance operations. Our corpus of animal metaphors, as representative of resemblance metaphors, reveals that there are complex cognitive operations other than simple one-correspondence mappings that are necessary to understand the interpretation process of the selected expressions (which include metaphor and simile). We have identified a strong underlying situational component in many of the examples under scrutiny, which requires the metonymic expansion of the metaphoric source. Additionally, metaphoric amalgams (understood as the combination of the conceptual material from two or more metaphors) and high-level metonymy in interaction with low-level metaphor are also essential for the analysis of animal metaphors.
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Wulandari, Ari. "KEARIFAN LOKAL ORANG JAWA DALAM METAFORA NOVEL PARA PRIYAYI, KARYA UMAR KAYAM." SASDAYA: Gadjah Mada Journal of Humanities 1, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/sasdayajournal.27779.
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The metaphor is born because of the limitations of human language, while the human mind is unlimited. This research data is a metaphor in the Para Priyayi novel. This study uses a qualitative research design or research context. Metaphors are covered depends context of existing metaphors in the Para Priyayi novel. Metaphoric consists of nine patterns, namely (1) one sentence, one metaphor, (2) one sentence, two metaphors, (3) one sentence, three metaphors, (4) tenor at the front, the vehicle in the behind, (5) vehicle at the front, tenor in the behind, (6) noun - verb, (7) verb - noun, (8) noun - adjective, and (9) the frozen form. As there are four kinds of metaphor, namely (1) a metaphor of man, (2) a metaphor of animal, (3) a metaphor of plant, and (4) a metaphor of natural circumstances. The sphere of life that exists in the Para Priyayi novel metaphor includes five programs: (1) economics, (2) the family, (3) community, (4) the natural environment, and (5) of religion and belief. The values of local wisdom includes nine things, namely (1) character, (2) ethics, (3) chivalry, (4) the concept of Manunggaling Kawula kalawan Gusti, (5) education, (6) the attitude of the community, (7) moral education, (8) self-control, and (9) leadership. The research proves that metaphor in the Para Priyayi novel has certain forms and types, contains the realm of Javanese life, and the values of Java local wisdom.
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Yu, Xiaohua, and Younghee Cheri Lee. "A Corpus-Assisted Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in K-Beauty Metaphoric Advertising." Asian Social Science 20, no. 2 (February 26, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v20n2p1.
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Over the past few decades, the Conceptual Metaphor theory has attracted scholarly and practitioner attention in the construction of metaphoric advertising, which is driven by the claim that abstract concepts intended to be delivered are better communicated through a conceptual metaphor (Reddy 1979). Metaphoric advertising is a communicative mechanism that sends out intended messages while also provoking positive emotions and triggering attention from the recipient. In order to augment prior findings, this article aims to provide the metaphorical account of a conceptual mechanism delineated in K-Beauty metaphoric advertising by classifying their sub-types into structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. To that end, this study compiled the K-Beauty metaphoric advertising corpora, which held over four thousand tokens of slogans and taglines extracted from beauty product advertisements generated in translated English, thus aiming to discuss primary instances of metaphorical mappings and conceptualizations, as well as their persuasive functions. Overall, the results evidenced that structural metaphors outperformed the other two sub-types, typifying systematic qualities and rich source domains. Of all the conceptual metaphor sub-categories, it was observable that the ENTITY and SUBSTANCE metaphors, which are a sub-type of ontological metaphors, were the most robust, signifying that ontological metaphors may adopt an imaging mechanism to transfer metaphorical mappings from a source domain to a target domain. The findings argue that particular metaphor choices in metaphoric advertising are closely linked to a cognitive mechanism triggered by cultural awareness pertaining to persuasion and promotion. Based on the current findings, implications and future research directions will also be discussed.
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Sweetser, Eve, and Karen Sullivan. "Minimalist metaphors." English Text Construction 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.5.2.01swe.
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We suggest that the impact of metaphoric language does not depend entirely on the conceptual metaphor that is evoked, nor on the form the metaphoric language takes, but also on the steps involved in evoking a given metaphor. This is especially apparent in minimalist poetry. Readers are given hints, cultural conventions, or no guidance at all, on how to fill in missing metaphoric domains and mappings. We place minimalist metaphors at the “effortful” end of the cline proposed by Stockwell (1992), and suggest that the other end can be associated with maximalist metaphors, which corral the reader into a highly specific interpretation. The degree of minimalism or maximalism depends on the specific mappings that are linguistically indicated, the degree of conventionalization of the metaphor, and reliance on cultural background knowledge.
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Nagornaya, Alexandra V. "Metaphor as a means of describing flavor in the contemporary English-speaking culture." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 20, no. 1 (2023): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.105.
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The paper presents an analysis of metaphors used to describe flavor in the 21st century English-speaking culture. The analysis is based on the modern theories of taste developed within the Humanities and the most relevant ideas of Metaphor Studies. Among the latter is J.Zinken’s Discourse Metaphor Theory. According to it, metaphor can serve as a framing device, setting conceptual landmarks for oral and written narratives. The research was conducted on the basis of the culinary show MasterChef. The author made a sample of five hundred metaphors, which is representative enough to achieve the main objective of the research: to reveal the patterns of metaphorical activity in conceptualizing flavor and model the metaphoric landscape of flavor. The research shows that the metaphoric landscape of flavor is constructed around several discourse metaphors: flavor is an event, flavor is a dimensional object, flavor is balance, flavor is a living being, flavor is a form of art. Each discourse metaphor can be used as it is, represented in speech by the most typical verbal means. It can also be represented by its subordinate forms. For instance, the subordinate forms for the event metaphor are flavor is motion, flavor is an impact, flavor is an explosion, and others. Genetically different metaphors may be combined within one description conveying different aspects of flavor. Metaphor expands the repertoire of means used for communicating flavor experience and is a full-fledged means of its cognition and verbalization, alongside qualia terms.
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Sardaraz, Khan, and Roslan Ali. "A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246.
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In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality. 
 
 Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
 
 Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246
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Mathieson, Fiona, Jennifer Jordan, and Maria Stubbe. "Recent applications of metaphor research in cognitive behaviour therapy." Metaphor in Mental Healthcare 10, no. 2 (November 13, 2020): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.00003.mat.
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Abstract Metaphors are common in psychotherapy. The last decade has seen increasing interest in the use of metaphor in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), with attention to client metaphors being asserted as a way of enhancing CBT. However, prior to this current research there was very little research on the use of metaphor in CBT sessions, and no studies have examined how to train therapists in this skill. This article discusses four studies that provide a preliminary empirical basis for the exploration of metaphors in CBT. The first study evaluated the reliability and utility of an approach to metaphor identification. The second study explored how clients and therapists co-construct metaphors, contributing to development of a shared language in early therapy sessions and identified a range of responses to each other’s metaphors. The third study explored the effect of training CBT therapists to intentionally bring client metaphors into case conceptualisations in terms of building therapeutic alliance and collaboration, along with an exploration of preference for metaphoric language. The fourth study explored the impact of the metaphor training on therapist confidence, awareness and use of metaphors, based on therapist self-report ratings and reflections on their ongoing application of learning over a three month period. These findings suggest that it is possibly to conduct empirical research on metaphor in CBT, with metaphor having potential as an important therapy process1 variable.
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Invarovna, Abdulhairova Firuza. "Metaphor In The Scientific Discourse." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 25, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v25.1.2773.
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There was investigated the role of metaphor in the scientific discourse. The possibility to get clear and laconic information with metaphoric transfer was studied.The goal of this article was to determine the features of the metaphors in the scientific style texts.The scientific novelty was to determine the role of metaphor in the scientific texts and the possibility its use as a scientific term.Conclusion: 1) metaphor is an integral part of the scientific style texts and terminology systems of science, 2) it is an instrument of enrichment of the scientific language (the appearance of new terms, etc.), 3) almost all types of metaphor and metaphorical transfer are represented in the scientific style texts, 4) the evaluative-expressive metaphors are completely absent in the scientific texts, 5) figurative metaphors are used to convey scientific information in a more accessible and easy-to-understand form, 6) metaphor serves as a vector for the further development of scientific knowledge.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Metaphoric cognition as social activity." Metaphor and the Social World 3, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.3.1.03gib.
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Metaphoric thought is often viewed as a property of individual minds that is quite separate from people’s social, communicative actions with metaphoric language and gesture. My goal in this article is to argue that metaphoric cognition is fundamentally linked to human social activities. I defend this idea by focusing not only on metaphor use in overt communicative situations, but by suggesting ways that individual metaphoric cognition is implicitly social. Many of the experimental tasks used in psychology to demonstrate the psychological reality of conceptual metaphors reflect intricate couplings between cognitive and social processes. This argument demands a reorientation in how metaphor scholars interpret empirical findings related to conceptual metaphor theory, and more broadly aims to dissolve the long-standing theoretical divide between metaphoric cognition and metaphoric communication.
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Altaras-Dimitrijevic, Ana, and Marija Tadic. "Figuring out the figurative: Individual differences in literary metaphor comprehension." Psihologija 40, no. 3 (2007): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0703399a.
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This paper explores the cognitive and affective-conative correlates of metaphor comprehension. We first introduce the concept of metaphor by describing its essential features and functions. Then, we give a short review of key findings derived from cognitive and developmental studies of metaphor comprehension. Finally, we discuss individual differences in metaphoric skill and sensitivity and present the results of an empirical investigation in which we sought to determine the relationship between literary metaphor comprehension, the subjective experience of metaphors and the readers? verbal intelligence and personality traits. On the basis of our research findings, it is argued that metaphoric ability represents a central facet of intelligence and that the Test of Literary Metaphor Comprehension designed in our study may be viewed as a valid measure of verbal ability. .
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Ntabo, Victor, and George Ogal Ouma. "A Metaphoric Analysis of Miriri’s Ekegusii Pop Song Ebunda." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i1.163.
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The study undertakes a metaphoric analysis of the animal metaphors in Miriri’s Ekegusii pop song “Ebunda” (a donkey) to reveal meaning. The meaning of the animal metaphors in the song might be elusive to the majority of the fans because metaphor is principally a matter of thought and action which is often situated in a specific context. The study employed the descriptive research design to describe the metaphors as used in the song. First, four coders (including the researchers) were employed to identify the metaphors in the song through the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit. Secondly, the metaphors in the song were classified into animal metaphors based on the levels of the principle of Great Chain of Being metaphor (GCBM). The animal metaphors in “Ebunda” were then explained using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study reveals that animals are stratified source domains used to effectively conceptualize human beings as highlighted in the song. In addition, the animal metaphors in “Ebunda” are used on a cognitive basis to reveal the perceptions Abagusii (the native speakers of Ekegusii) have about some animals in society. Metaphors are crucial ways of communication and are best explained using the Cognitive Linguistics paradigm.
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Tychinina, Alyona. "In Search of the Meaning of Umberto Eco’s Narrative Metaphor “To Catch a Orange Dove”." Pitannâ lìteraturoznavstva, no. 101 (July 9, 2020): 256–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/pytlit2020.101.256.
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The narrative specifics of Umberto Eco’s novel “The Island of the Day Before is regarded through a basic idea of the narrative metaphor “The Orange Dove”. The methodological basis of the study is a summary concept of the relationship between narrative and metaphor. These are O. Freidenberg’s hypothesis of metaphor as a future narrative form of plots and genres; F. Ankersmit’s narrative logic of metaphor’s transformation into a plot through a “point of view”; P. Recoeur’s “common innovative nucleus” in narrative and metaphor designed for productive imagination; G. Genette’s “narrative modality” and regulation of narrative information through metalepsis; R. Barthes’ dichotomy of “functions and indices” as an analogy of metonymic and metaphorical relations. In the article under discussion, we consider metaphor as a narrative principle that ensures its own presentation, generates its rhythm, creates personosphere, and involves a reader in an intellectual game. Such a way of metaphor formation marks U. Eco’s literary style. In his novel “The Island of the day Before”, the following distinctive range of metaphors play a very constructive role: metaphor of sleep, metaphor of love as a source of creative activities, metaphor of duality, metaphor of hatred. Above all, it is worth pointing out author’s epistemological metaphor, which is closely related to the search of truth: in the latter sense, the “Orange Dove” is associated with a post-modernist analogue of the “Blue Rose”, borrowed from the epoch of Romanticism. Due to the technique of metalepsis (“the figure of speech denoting author’s intrusion”), offered by G. Genette, the narrator demonstrates his metaphoric intentions through the discourse of a character-narrator. In conclusion, narrative metaphor of the novel directs the narrative strategy to a variety of its numerous versions, which may be implemented owing to reader’s competence.
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David, Oana, George Lakoff, and Elise Stickles. "Cascades in metaphor and grammar." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 214–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.04dav.
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Public discourse on highly charged, complex social and political issues is extensive, with millions of sentences available for analysis. It is also rife with metaphors that manifest vast numbers of novel metaphoric expressions. More and more, to understand such issues, to see who is saying what and why, we require big data and statistically-based analysis of such corpora. However, statistically-based data processing alone cannot do all the work. The MetaNet (MN) project has developed an analysis method that formalizes existing insights about the conceptual metaphors underlying linguistic expressions into a computationally tractable mechanism for automatically discovering new metaphoric expressions in texts. The ontology used for this computational method is organized in terms of metaphor cascades, i.e. pre-existing packages of hierarchically organized primary and general metaphors that occur together. The current paper describes the architecture of metaphor-to-metaphor relations built into this system. MN’s methodology represents a proof of concept for a novel way of performing metaphor analysis. It does so by applying the method to one particular domain of social interest, namely the gun debate in American political discourse. Though well aware that such an approach cannot replace a thorough cognitive, sociological, and political analysis, this paper offers examples that show how a cascade theory of metaphor and grammar helps automated data analysis in many ways.
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Yang, Yang. "Corpus-Driven Analysis of Conceptual Metaphor in Artificial Intelligence Language: A Sample of ChatGPT-Written Speeches." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 7, no. 12 (December 25, 2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v7i12.5713.
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Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), this paper creates a tiny corpus of ChatGPT-written speeches. Through employing a corpus-driven approach, this study analyzes the identification and utilization of conceptual metaphors in artificial intelligence (AI) languages. The AI demonstrated its capacity to utilize metaphors in the metaphoric corpora through the display of diversity, non-arbitrariness, repetition, and intersectionality in the selection of source domains. It often uses vocabulary combinations with clear similarities to establish metaphorical meaning. In the literal sense, the outcomes of metaphor identification by artificial intelligence differ significantly from those of humans. Therefore, there is a need to develop advanced automatic models for identifying metaphors in order to enhance the precision of metaphor identification consistently.
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DJALILOVA, Z. B., and M. S. UMAROVA. "METAPHOR IN THE LAKOFF’S TRADITION. TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR." IQRO 04, no. 01 (June 1, 2023): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/iqro-volume04-issue01-15.
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As the title suggests this thesis deals with is the area of conceptual metaphor. Nowadays, the theory of conceptual metaphor is something well established. Works and researches dealing with this topic abound but there is still much tо discоver. The article presented is therefore only a small piece of the jigsaw puzzle that will shed some light on the phenomenon of cоnceptual metaphor. The approach to metaphor adopted in this thesis is the оne that forwarded by Lakoff and Johnson in their piece of work Metaphors We Live By. That is why this thesis was inspired by their work; it is convenient to define metaphor in their terms. According to authors claim that the essence of metaphor is realizing and experiencing one kind оf thing with the help of anоther. We tried to rewrite this statement as this kind: metaphоr is knowing and experiencing one thing in terms of nominative idea.
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Awier, Martyna. "Multimodal metaphor in ELT: combining theoretical knowledge and skills development." Linguodidactica 25 (2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/lingdid.2021.25.01.
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Multimodal metaphor combines elements of various modes (i.e. visual, written or auditory) and constitutes an attractive means of communication. The aim of the paper is to show that knowledge of metaphors should be taught in foreign language (FL) lessons along with the mother tongue. A pilot study on the effectiveness of the adoption of knowledge on metaphors in practical classes was conducted among students of English philology at the University of Bialystok. The issue was conducted by means of a specially designed Google survey and evaluation sheets. The paper presents some ways of introducing linguistic knowledge of metaphors to advanced FL learners. Furthermore, some practical class activities concerningmetaphor are proposed. Integratingmetaphor and practical exercises on metaphor in FL lessons broadens students’ linguistic knowledge. Developing metaphoric competence also enhances second language learners’ communicative ability, with a special emphasis on their metaphoric competence. Moreover, metaphor-based activities incite students’ analytical and critical thinking. Exercises on metaphors facilitate learners using the newly acquired knowledge in practice. Finally, adopting this approach contributes to promoting students’ autonomy and self-education.
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Chen, Gong, and Graham Stevens. "Embedded Metaphor and Perspective Shifting." Croatian journal of philosophy 24, no. 71 (August 1, 2024): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52685/cjp.24.71.8.
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Non-cognitivism is an approach to metaphor that denies the existence of any metaphorical meanings. A metaphor’s only meaning is its literal meaning. The interpretation of metaphor, on this approach, does not consist in metaphorical contents being communicated by being either semantically encoded or pragmatically communicated. Rather, metaphor operates in an entirely non-linguistic way that does not require the postulation of such meanings. Metaphors cause people to see connections, even to grasp new thoughts, but they do not do so by meaning those thoughts or connections. Non-cognitivism faces a stern challenge from the problem of embedding: metaphors embedded in propositional attitude reports seem to require metaphorical meanings in their truth conditions. In this paper, we argue that existing attempts to solve this problem for non-cognitivism have been unsuccessful. We then offer a new solution that differentiates two scope readings of embedded metaphors and explains each in turn. The paper thus suggests that non-cognitivism has enough rescores to account for embedded metaphors.
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Choi, Jae-you. "A Cognitive Analysis of the Metaphor of Subject and Self in Great Expectations." Convergence English Language & Literature Association 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.55986/cell.2022.7.3.193.
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This paper examines self, subject and cognitive neural network, showing that language of literature has a place in cognitive metaphor study. I raise some popular matters of the principle of metaphors; ‘cognitive linguistic metaphor theory’, self-subject metaphor more widely, inside the cognitive science of philosophical thought. The study of self-subject concerns the structure of our inner lives. Metaphor is a primary implement for understanding ourselves and our world, and entering into an contract with forceful metaphors is grappling in an important way with what it means to have a human life. I try to check up the cognitive linguistic metaphoric method of Great Expectations. As a result of analyzing, this research proposes that critical thought in consilience of the researches raised problems as to our basic principles and gave them fresh creative theories.
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Möring, Sebastian. "The Metaphor-Simulation Paradox in the Study of Computer Games." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2013100103.
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This article discusses the metaphor-simulation paradox in the study of computer games. It is derived from three observations. Firstly, often when authors use the concept of metaphor with regard to games they use it in conceptual and textual vicinity to the concept of simulation. Secondly, the concept of metaphor is often applied to signify seemingly abstract games in opposition to mimetic simulations. Both observations can be made within an artgame discourse of the study of computer games as well as within the more general discourse of the study of computer games. Thirdly, however, the definitions for simulation as well as for metaphor are strikingly similar which culminates in the metaphor-simulation paradox i.e. the notions of metaphor and simulation are not distinct enough in order to make the distinctions which are usually made with these notions with regard to computer games. In an attempt to reconcile both notions with regard to computer games this article will make three suggestions. Observing that simulations are often called metaphors with regard to their degree of reduction or abstraction the first suggestion argues that simulations are essentially synecdochic and hence metaphoric when following a broad notion of metaphor. Based on the assumption that simulation is not a matter of similarity the second suggestion proposes to distinguish between a first order simulation and a second order simulation which can then be considered metaphoric. As a third and final suggestion the author offers to consider simulation and metaphor as related via the notion of the model. Simulations are based on models and metaphors provide models such that one can speak of metaphor based simulations.
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Julich-Warpakowski, Nina, and Paula Pérez Sobrino. "Introduction." Current challenges in metaphor research 13, no. 1 (July 7, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.00026.jul.
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Abstract Metaphor research has witnessed tremendous changes in how metaphor is seen and understood. Traditionally, metaphor has been viewed as a special, creative, and noticeable use of language. Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (1980) has marked a cognitive revolution by viewing metaphor as pervasive in language as well as fundamental to thought and action. More recently, the discourse revolution has re-emphasised metaphor’s manifestations in language and its function in communication. A methodological revolution has brought forth procedures to identify and analyse metaphor in naturally occurring data (such as MIP and MIPVU). Despite these advances, in the present introduction, we identify four challenges that we believe metaphor researchers are still faced with: (1) How metaphorical are metaphors? (2) whose metaphor is it anyway? (3) metaphor research needs more diversity; and (4) how to study metaphor empirically – qualitatively or quantitatively? We conclude by presenting outlines of the contributions and specify how they address these issues.
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Taghiyeva, Ulviyya H. "Metaphor in Azerbaijani and Russian Media Discourse." International Journal of English Linguistics 5, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v5n6p141.
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<p>The paper aims to study the role of metaphors in the construction of Azerbaijani and Russian media discourse. It speaks of the fact that metaphor plays a central role in the structure of discourse. Being the unit of the second nomination, metaphor carries out greater expressive function. Metaphoric expression is always directed to attain the maximal communicative effectivity. This situation makes the metaphor an organizing centre of discourse of any type.</p>
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Wei, Shi Chi. "Comparative Investigation of Military Metaphors in China-Russian Political Discourses." Russian and Chinese Studies 3, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2019.3(3).76-81.
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Political metaphor is frequently used in present-day political discourse. Nowadays, political metaphor has become one of the most lapidary, active and effective ways to express political outlooks and political influence. Complex political concepts, which are difficult to understand by everybody in the twinkling of an eye, can be easily understood after a cognitive bridge of the metaphor investigation, which helps people to see the light and understand this or that nation, the cultural inheritance, the ideology and the mode of thinking being formed at a certain historical stage of the country. In general, the article examines military metaphors, substantiates the generality of the metaphor and analyses its metaphoric unicity. Military metaphors are often used in political discourses of the both countries, which comes out as a result of comparing politics with wars. However, the fields and methods of military metaphors used in political discourse of the both countries are different, which reflects the different nationalities of the two peoples.
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Chudinov, Anatoly P., and Elizaveta V. Shustrova. "Modern metaphor research in Russia: Trends, schools and results." Russian Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-35070.
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This article focuses on various trends and linguistic approaches to metaphor studies in Russia (2019-2023). The latter deal with different types of metaphors, process of metaphor formation and the use of metaphors in discourse. The basic methods of investigation include comparative, inductive, generalization and descriptive approaches. The article summarises new results in modern studies of metaphor on data from Slavic, Romance and Germanic languages. In the paper, we show the role of metaphor both as a trope and a cognitive operation in monolingual and comparative studies. Alongside these traditional areas, we discuss the results of metaphor studies in multimodal texts and corpora. Multimodal texts are frequently constructed on the intersection of mental, semiotic and semantic fields. Corpora, which have proved to be a convenient source of recent and reliable data, present another modern sphere of investigation of metaphoric potential in Russian studies. We discuss such important areas of metaphor studies as the interdisciplinary approach, pluralism of methods, critical attitudes to universalism, emphasis on cultural features of communication and discourse, and the blending of rhetorical and cognitive methods.
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Lambkin, Brian. "Migration as a metaphor for metaphor." Metaphor and the Social World 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.2.2.03lam.
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This article is concerned with migration as a metaphor for metaphor. Metaphor is generally recognised an essential tool in the promotion of public understanding of difficult subjects and this begs the question of what metaphors are available for promoting the understanding of metaphor itself. A review of metaphors for metaphor is undertaken and they are found to be of three types, based on seeing, travelling and thinking. It is argued that recent developments in migration studies may have something to offer metaphor studies and migration is proposed as a metaphor for re-framing metaphors for metaphor.
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Campoy-Cubillo, Mari Carmen, and Montserrat Esbrí-Blasco. "Pedagogical Potential of Online Dictionaries in Metaphor and Idiom Language Instruction." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, no. 21 (November 15, 2022): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.32445.
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Metaphors are an intrinsic part of thought and language that allow us to construe a cognitive domain in terms of another domain. Metaphors are especially relevant to the study of idioms, inasmuch as idioms are commonly underlain by metaphorical patterns of conceptualization. As figurativeness is a common phenomenon in everyday language, tackling metaphors and idioms effectively in the EFL classroom can enhance students’ metaphoric competence and, consequently, increase their level of linguistic proficiency. This article explores the potential of online dictionaries and the multimodal affordances they bring to the teaching of metaphor and idiom in the language classroom. Dictionary skill descriptors are used to relate task types with idiom and metaphor content in online dictionaries and how it may be used to promote students’ learning of both dictionary skills and metaphoric language understanding. Five dictionary skills descriptors are proposed and illustrated with specific metaphor related tasks that show online dictionary affordances present in six selected online dictionaries. On the whole, this article envisions online dictionaries and their multimodal affordances as a powerful learning tool for steering EFL students through the intricacies of metaphoric language.
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Wang, Juanjuan, and Yi Sun. "How is Chinese English Learners’ L2 Metaphoric Competence Related to That of L1? An E-Prime-Based Multi-Dimensional Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (May 27, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p115.
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Even though transfer from L1 to L2 has been repeatedly tested and confirmed, there is little literature and consensus on how and to what extent the L1 metaphoric competence could be related to that of L2. Based on the metaphor acceptability and response time of E-Prime experiments and two written tests of comprehension and production of metaphors on 94 intermediate Chinese-speaking university students of English, this study compares Chinese English learners&rsquo; similarities and differences in four dimensions (metaphor acceptability, identification speed, metaphor comprehension, and metaphor production) of metaphoric competence between L1 and L2 (here is Chinese and English). The results demonstrate that: Chinese English learners&rsquo; L1 metaphoric competence is significantly better than that of L2; their L2 metaphoric competence is significantly correlated to that of L1, and the regression analysis shows that L1 metaphoric competence has a significant prediction of that of L2. These findings enlighten us to greatly cultivate metaphoric competence in foreign language teaching and help students create connection between L1 and L2 metaphoric competence. This study also provides statistical support for the claim that metaphoric competence is a general trans-language cognitive ability for Chinese English learners.
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Han, Jeong Han, Myunghee Cha, and Hye Gyeong Yoon. "A Study on multiword expressions that substitute for Korean postpostional markers: From the perspective of experiential metaphors in systemic functional linguistics." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 24, no. 19 (October 15, 2024): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2024.24.19.781.
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Objectives The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between experiential metaphors and multiword expressions that substitute for postpositional markers in Korean from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics. Methods grammatical metaphor, a concept introduced in Halliday (1985), operates in the opposite direction of metaphor to lexical metaphor. Whereas lexical metaphor starts at the lexical-grammatical level and realizes ‘alternative meanings’ at the discourse-semantic level, grammatical metaphor starts at the discourse-semantic level and realizes ‘alternative forms’ at the lexical-grammatical level. More specifically, circumstantial(or postpositional) metaphor is a phenomenon in which a multiword expression, such as phrase or clause, metaphorizes the meaning of a particular adverbial postposition, and has various lexicogrammatical alternative realizations. Here, the former circumstantial metaphoric expressions are called incongruent, and the latter adverbial postpositions are called congruent. Results The results of this study show that multiword expressions in Korean three different kinds: verbatim type, experiential metaphor type (Type I), experiential idiomatic type (Type II). Among these, the verbatim is only recognized as an entry stage for multiword expressions. After reviewing in detail the lists of previous studies (postpostion equivalents, postpostional collocation, periphrastic construction, grammaticalization, etc.), this paper applies the criteria of non-congruent, congruent, and postpositional meanings to them, and finally selects 34 experiential metaphors that substitute for postpositional markers and 13 idiomatic forms that replace postpositional markers. Conclusions Although we have limited our discussion to grammatical metaphors as substitution for postpositional markers, the scope of application of grammatical metaphors is very broad, and future research efforts need to continue to expand the scope.
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Niu, Peipei. "An integrated study of visual metaphors in Chinese editorial cartoons." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00043.niu.
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Abstract Conceptual metaphor theory highlights that metaphor is a matter of thinking. This assumption indicates that metaphors exist not only in language, but also in other modes. This study examines uses of visual and visual-verbal metaphors in 50 Chinese editorial cartoons conceptualizing serious haze problem, with the intention of eliciting implicit meaning conveyed by visual signs alone or together with verbal texts. Both conceptual and critical discourse analysis of the metaphors are conducted. The study finds that the way a metaphor is realized visually and verbally in a cartoon determines the features mapped onto the topic, and further implicitly expresses a critical stance toward the topic under discussion. The metaphors in the cartoons evoke a general understanding of haze problem by activating the war scenario and familiar cultural or social context in viewers. It is found in this corpus that visual fusion and visual replacement are the most frequent kinds of visual metaphors. The study further affirms that visual metaphors are better in conveying rich and implicit conceptual and affective meaning, and can be direct manifestation of the conceptual metaphor without the mediation of language. In sum the study suggests the need for an integrated approach to visual metaphoric representation in multimodal analysis.
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Kalinin, O. I. "Metaphor Power in the US-China Trade War Discourse." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2024): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2023-21-4-70-84.
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The article studies the role of metaphor in modeling the enemy image in the US-China trade war discourse. Based on the metaphor power theory, speech impact of metaphors on cognitive, semantic and communicative levels is described. The cognitive level of metaphor power is manifested in the metaphors of different intensity, namely conventional and noval, semantic metaphor power is manifested in the metaphors that differ in semantics and language form, namely orientational, ontological and structural, and, finally, communicative metaphor power is associated with the metaphor’s position in the text structure. All the three levels of metaphor power can be identified quantitatively by metaphor power indices (MII – intensity index, MfTI – index of functional typology, MStI – index of the text structure). Indices are interpreted on the data of previously conducted case studies, which allows us to determine the degree of metaphor power. Proposed methodology also includes identification of the most typical metaphorical models that make it possible to describe direction and content of discursive conceptualization. News texts corpora representing the trade war have been studied, showing Chinese discourse being more influential with indicators of intensity and functional typology indices reflecting the emotionality and transformational nature of the metaphors used, while metaphors in American articles seem to be more aimed at rational and identification impact. The main target concepts in the studied texts were “trade war” as a new reality of bilateral relations between countries and the actors of these relations, the US and the PRC. In the trade war discourse, the image of trade war is created as a “fierce geopolitical battle” (China) or “inevitable economic confrontation” (USA). Metaphors are also used to make changes to the evaluative component of the concepts CHINA (as a thief and a fraudster in American discourse) and USA (as a gendarme with a baton in Chinese discourse) in order to form a certain attitude and cause-and-effect relationships in their audience.Keywords
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DECKERT, Matthias, Michaela SCHMOEGER, Ines SCHAUNIG-BUSCH, and Ulrike WILLINGER. "Metaphor processing in middle childhood and at the transition to early adolescence: the role of chronological age, mental age, and verbal intelligence." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 334–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000491.
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AbstractMetaphor development in conjunction with verbal intelligence and linguistic competence in middle childhood and at the transition to early adolescence was investigated. 298 individuals between seven and ten years (chronological age) who attended grades two–four (mental age) were tested for metaphor processing by the Metaphoric Triads Task, for linguistic competence (HELD), and verbal intelligence (WISC-III). Chronological age significantly predicted metaphor processing with a breakpoint of 8.2 years regarding identification and comprehension, and 10.2 years regarding preference. Fourth-graders showed highest metaphor processing scores. Verbal intelligence significantly predicted metaphor processing; this effect became stronger with increasing age. Attributional metaphors were best understood and most preferred. Chronological and mental age are associated with metaphor processing in an age span that is seemingly crucial for metaphor development. Verbal analogical reasoning, concept formation, verbal abstraction, and semantic knowledge predicted metaphor comprehension. Understanding facts, principles, and social situations, and resultant inferential verbal reasoning predicted metaphor preference.
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Starr-Glass, David. "First steps into the metaphoric wilderness of macroeconomics." On the Horizon 22, no. 4 (September 23, 2014): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-11-2013-0060.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyze the decline of two central metaphors of macroeconomics, economics and markets, and suggests ways in which metaphoric vigor can be initiated to promote economic reflection, inter-disciplinary collaboration, and more productive engagement with the broader society. Economics and markets can be described as dead metaphors which have ceased to provide any metaphoric advantage or potential but which nevertheless remain central to economic discourse. At a time when economics is coming under societal scrutiny and being asked to explain its assumptions, predictive ability and social impact, the perceived distance and sterility of economic language presents a significant problem. Design/methodology/approach – The central approach is an analysis of the ways in which metaphor come into being, provide regenerative insights and communicate open and creative discourse. Metaphor theory is introduced, as are theoretical considerations on the decline of conceptual metaphor through over familiarization. Findings – Metaphor in economics is underexplored and this article suggests that a more engaged and creative approach will provide benefit within the discipline and will be necessary to sustain the ongoing discourse with those outside the field. Originality/value – This article provides new insight into the problems associated with the failure to recognize and to resuscitate metaphor in macroeconomics. It provides original perspectives on the problem, and presents novel suggestions for reducing the communication difficulties that metaphor failure has produced, particularly in communicating economic perspectives with the broader society.
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Ondish, Peter, Dov Cohen, Kay Wallheimer Lucas, and Joseph Vandello. "The Resonance of Metaphor: Evidence for Latino Preferences for Metaphor and Analogy." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 11 (May 8, 2019): 1531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219833390.
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People of different cultures communicate and describe the world differently. In the present article, we document one such cultural difference previously unexplored by psychologists: receptiveness to metaphors. We contrast Spanish-speaking Latinos with Anglo-Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos who do not habitually speak Spanish. Across four experiments, we show that relative to these other groups, Spanish-speaking Latinos show stronger preferences for metaphoric definitions, better recall of metaphors, greater trust in both scientific and political arguments that use metaphor, and stronger liking for and desire to connect with persons who use metaphoric speech. Future directions and implications for improving cross-cultural communication in various settings are discussed.
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Low, Graham. "Explaining evolution: the use of animacy in an example of semi-formal science writing." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947005051285.
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Science writers who explain complex ideas to a non-specialist audience make frequent use of metaphor as a help in explaining, but metaphor can carry dangers as well as advantages. This article focuses on the use of one particular type of metaphor, namely animacy metaphor. It takes the form of a detailed case-study of an article in the magazine New Scientist describing a new theory of the evolution of multicellular organisms, the Snowball theory. The article fits closely into the rhetorical pattern found for informal written explanatory texts by Low (1997), with the addition of large numbers of animacy metaphors. The animacy metaphors form three clusters, which occur at salient points in the argument, serve to carry the argument forward and are increased in impact by the use of ‘resonance’ effects and metonymic overlays. The analysis further examines what happens between the metaphor clusters, where it is found that, instead of counteracting the animacy, a range of non-metaphoric devices maintain a continuously high level of animacy. The result, it is argued, represents a rhetorical imbalance: the use of animacy and metaphor without accompanying control.
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Tay, Dennis, and Robert A. Neimeyer. "Making meaning with metaphor in grief therapy." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00070.tay.
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Abstract Metaphors play an important role in contemporary approaches to grief therapy by helping clients (re)construe their continuing relationship with the deceased. Relevant studies have illustrated the substantive elements of metaphors (i.e. sources, targets, and mappings) in this regard, often focusing on localized bursts of intense metaphoric activity. This paper highlights the extended nature of metaphoric conceptualizations and their relationship with key meaning-making processes, following the principle of ‘correspondent analysis’ as a collaborative move between language analysts and therapy practitioners. Three specific phenomena are detailed through a mixed methods analysis of 18 motivated segments in a single session of grief therapy: (i) sporadic sources, (ii) persistent sources, and (iii) metaphor ‘chaining’ across embodied and verbal activity. Their respective links to treatment objectives and processes demonstrate how metaphor theoretic constructs dovetail with therapeutic work, and suggest future avenues for modeling unfolding metaphoric activity as a time series.
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Tay, Dennis. "At the heart of cognition, communication, and language." Metaphor and the Social World 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.4.1.03tay.
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Cognitive, communicative, and linguistic forces have been theorized to inhere in all metaphor use in real world contexts, with Steen (2011) describing these forces as constitutive and interacting ‘dimensions’ of metaphor. This paper proposes that cognition, communication, and language should be seen not just as crucial dimensions of individual metaphoric utterances, but also of their circumstances and contexts of use. In other words, purposive real world discourse activities impose various demands of a cognitive, communicative, and linguistic nature on speakers, and these shape the characteristics of metaphors used in definitive ways. I characterize the discourse activity of psychotherapy along the three dimensions, and show how the strategic use and management of metaphors in psychotherapy is, and ought to be, determined by interacting cognitive, communicative, and linguistic considerations. From this, I suggest that the effectiveness of therapeutic metaphors can be evaluated in terms of their “discourse career” (Steen, 2011, p. 54) over a series of therapy sessions. I conclude by highlighting the value of psychotherapy to metaphor study, and of metaphor study to psychotherapeutic practice.
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Akintayo, Abiodun, and Olufemi Olatokunbo. "Creative Use of Metaphor in Nigerian Political Discourse." International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 4, no. 5 (2024): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.4.5.7.
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The paper investigated use of metaphor in contemporary Nigerian political discourse with the aim of revealing the multi-faceted patterns of metaphoric language in order to examine the creativity in political communication. The data were derived from a variety of illustrative texts sourced from Nigerian newspapers and magazines that are circulated nationwide. The study employed the cognitive linguistics approach originated by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson to discuss the two significant metaphor themes of war and journey in the corpus data. The findings showed that metaphors are used as persuasive strategy and manipulative tool by politicians. The metaphors of war revealed that politics is typically conceived of as warfare with the primary aim of winning elections at all costs and the metaphors of journey depicted a nation in search of solutions to socio-economic problems and moving towards nationhood. The study concluded that the use of metaphor in political discourse is not just an ornamental device but a necessary feature of political communication. This research will extend the existing perspective on the rhetorical imperative in the deployment of metaphor in Nigerian political discourse.
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Kaplan, Steven P. "Metaphor, Shame, and People with Disabilities." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 25, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.25.2.15.
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Metaphors describe, explicate, inform, encourage understanding. Metaphor, defined as a substitution based on perceived similarity, is a potent, ubiquitous communication device with affective implications; it can also deconstruct meaning and perception, and encourage stigma and shame. The power of metaphoric thinking and shame-based affect is often acutely experienced by people with disabilities. In this paper, I discuss shame, metaphor use, and coping with disability employing Wright's (1960, 1983) framework of adjustment to illuminate the argument that people with disabilities are vulnerable to psychological harm through being shamed and devalued by the misuse of metaphor.
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Bessonova, O., and E. Trofimova. "PHRASEOLOGICAL VERBALIZATION OF EMOTIONAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LINGUOCULTURES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Philological sciences 10, no. 3 (December 4, 2024): 189–203. https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-1679-2024-10-3-189-203.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the analysis of the emotional metaphor as a means of emotion conceptualization in phraseology. The interest to such idioms is accounted for by their capacity to reflect the understanding of emotions based on the socio-cultural experience of the language community, as well as to illustrate the national peculiarities of world perception through metaphoric meanings. On the material of English and Russian, metaphoric models of the emotional state are characterized, the role of metaphor in mapping the emotional domain is considered. In the context of a comparative study the authors find it relevant to expand the scope of understanding of the emotional model of the world formation by different linguocultures. Metaphors widely used to explicate the emotional concepts are orientational and ontological ones. A special attention is paid to anthropomorphic and zoomorphic metaphoric types. It is argued that the most productive metaphor is the anthropomorphic one, which can be explained by the anthropocentric mode of human cognition. Anthropomorphic metaphor assigns typically human properties or actions to emotions. Physiological metaphor also seems to be frequent in emotion conceptualization, based on similarity of physiological symptoms and emotional states. Zoomorphic metaphor is also actively used in metaphorical structuring the emotional sphere due to the special significance of animal images for people. In such idioms, animal images are metaphorically patterned to give characteristics of human emotions. The analysis of the material allows to make a conclusion that English and Russian phraseology represent nationally and culturally specific ways of metaphorical mapping of the human emotional experience. The common features in the metaphoric emotion representation are revealed in universal domain spheres for emotional metaphors. The distinctive features reveal themselves in different ways and frequency value, used in the process of figurative representation of positive and negative emotions in the phraseology of English and Russian, differences and gaps in metaphoric meanings, cognitive patterns of emotional concepts.