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Nietzsche's noontide friend: The self as metaphoric double. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
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Kuźniak, Marek. Foreign words and phrases in English: Metaphoric astrophysical concepts in lexicological study. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego, 2009.
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Pedone, Valentina, and Ikuko Sagiyama, eds. Transcending Borders. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-403-9.
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These days, it seems that many people are concerned with borders, confines, and walls more than ever. We chose “transcending borders” as the theme and title of the volume, hinting at the concept of bridging boundaries, in any possible context and domain, metaphorical or concrete. By proposing this theme, we want to reflect on the opportunities that are to be gained through the overcoming of borders, on what can be accomplished by calling into question old norms, on the implementations of less familiar norms, and on the renegotiation of individual limits and horizons. This collection gathers seven articles on the theme of borders: the first four articles deal with Chinese presence in Italy today; the three articles in the field of Japanese Studies elaborate on the concept of borders in literary terms.
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Nogales, Patti, and Patti D. Nogales. Metaphorically Speaking. Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 1999.
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Nogales, Patti, and Patti D. Nogales. Metaphorically Speaking. Center for the Study of Language and Inf, 1999.
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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham, and Sudi Sharifi. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.003.0011.
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The final chapter brings together a series of conclusions based on the preceding study of workplace attitudes, behaviour, and experiences within an English hospice. Initially it examines the nature of relationships between the three concepts that form the analytical core of this study—culture, identity, and image. This includes a wide-ranging critical review of these concepts in relation to the relevant fields of literature in management and organization theory. Subsequently a number of limitations are considered with regard to the use of Schein’s well-known three-level model of culture as a framework for guiding empirical research. The chapter ends by discussing some metaphorical issues relevant to the study and specifically makes proposals for perceiving organization culture as something that is philosophically fluid, uncertain, and in flux.
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Spencer, Alexander. Metaphorizing Terrorism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038860.003.0005.
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This chapter shows that metaphors in the media actively take part in the construction of the world as we see it, think of it, and ultimately react to it. By projecting understandings from one conceptual area, such as war, to a different area, such as terrorism, metaphors naturalize specific countermeasures while placing other options outside of the mainstream debate. Metaphors are mechanisms for cognitive engagement by making abstract concepts and phenomena that are difficult to grasp, such as terrorism, comprehendible. The chapter begins by illustrating the concept of metaphors, reflecting on what metaphors do, and thereby outlining a method of metaphorical analysis. It then applies this method to tabloid news media discourse in Germany and the UK, and examines the four dominant conceptual metaphors that construct the terrorism of al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden in these media. These conceptual metaphors are: terrorism is war, terrorism is crime, terrorism is uncivilized evil, and terrorism is disease. The chapter concludes by reflecting on some of the differences between media representations in Germany and the UK, and outlines some possible explanations for varying metaphor usage.
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Gao, Xiuping, and Chun Lan. Buddhist Metaphors in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0010.
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This is a study of the metaphorical expressions in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with a special emphasis on five concepts, SPACE, TIME, LIFE, BUDDHIST PRACTICE and EMPTINESS. It is found that the Buddhist SPACE is AN UNSUBSTANTIAL EMPTINESS, structured along ten directions and filled with an immeasurable number of dusts, which in turn constitute an immeasurable number of SHI-JIE (WORLD) on four different levels. The Buddhist TIME follows the root TIME-AS-SPACE metaphor. The Buddhist LIFE, constrained along both the temporal dimension and the spatial dimension, is A CYCLIC JOURNEY IN THE WHEEL OF SIX PATHS. BUDDHIST PRACTICE is A JOURNEY FROM REINCARNATION TO NIRVANA. These metaphors help construct a Buddhist world which is distinct from but also related to the mundane world that we all dwell in.
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Okasha, Samir. Agential Thinking and its Rationale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0002.
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Evolutionary biologists often use the language of intentional psychology in an extended or metaphorical sense. This is a symptom of agential thinking, the practice of invoking concepts such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking comes in two types. In type 1, the agent with the goal is an evolved entity, typically an individual organism. In type 2, the agent is the evolutionary process itself, often personified as ‘mother nature’. Agential thinking of type 2 is misleading. That of type 1 is a valid expression of adaptationist assumptions, but it relies on a crucial presupposition. It presumes that the organism exhibits a unity-of-purpose, in that all of its evolved traits must contribute to a single overall goal. Where this unity fails to obtain, as for example if there is within-organism conflict, it becomes impossible to treat an organism as akin to a rational agent pursuing a goal.
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Sauer, Michelle M., and Jenny C. Bledsoe, eds. The Materiality of Middle English Anchoritic Devotion. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781641894883.
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Anchorites and their texts, such as <i>Ancrene Wisse</i>, have recently undergone a reevaluation based on material circumstances, not just theological import. The articles here address a variety of anchoritic or anchoritic-adjacent texts, encompassing guidance literature, hagiographies, miracle narratives, medical discourse, and mystic prose, and spanning in date from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Exploring reclusion and materiality, the collection addresses a series of overlapping themes, including the importance of touch, the limits of religious authority, and the role of the senses. Objects, metaphorical and real, embodied and spiritual, populate the pages. These categories are permeable, with flexible and porous boundaries, demonstrating the conflation of ideas, concepts, and manifestations in medieval materiality. In fact, the permeability of these categories demonstrates how materiality can reshape our approach to medieval texts. It leaves room for directions for future study, including the application of material analysis to previously unstudied objects, spaces, and literary artifacts.
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Okasha, Samir. Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0010.
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This brings us to the end of the journey. The discussion has ranged quite widely, so it is worth stepping back to re-capitulate the main points and to extract some general morals.Part I focused on a mode of thinking in evolutionary biology that we called ‘agential’. This involves using notions such as interests, goals, and strategies in evolutionary analysis. Agential thinking has a number of manifestations. One is the use of intentional idioms (‘wants, knows’), usually in an extended or metaphorical sense, to describe adaptive behaviour. Another is the analogical transfer of concepts from rational choice theory to evolutionary biology. There are two types of agential thinking, which need to be sharply distinguished. Type 1 treats an evolved entity, paradigmatically an individual organism, as akin to an agent with a goal towards which its phenotypic traits, including its behaviour, conduce. Type 2 treats ‘mother nature’, a personification of natural selection, as akin to a rational agent choosing between alternatives in accordance with a goal, such as maximal fitness. The former is a way of thinking about adaptation (the product), the latter about selection (the process)....
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Roy, Rohan Deb, and Guy N. A. Attewell, eds. Locating the Medical. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199486717.001.0001.
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This volume interrogates the foundational categories that have come to define medical science in modern South Asia. Through case studies ranging from nineteenth- to twenty first-centuries, it addresses the following questions: How and in what conditions does an event, a substance, an actor, an institution or a particular situation of the body-mind become or cease to be considered ‘medical’ and according to whom? How did contingent political histories engender the medical? How does the medical, in turn, reshape and sustain political categories? Is the medical necessarily a stable, coherent and continuous category? In what ways are the rigid boundaries between the medical and the nonmedical blurred? In so doing, Locating the Medical examines close interactions between political authorities, corporeal knowledge and objects of governance. This volume showcases various trends in the historiography of medicine in South Asia. It reasserts the material and metaphorical significance of the medical in shaping the histories of colonial and postcolonial South Asia. At the same time, these histories reveal various ways in which the medical, both as a category and a set of processes, was consolidated and domesticated. The approaches adopted here should be relevant to similar efforts to analyse various core discipline-defining concepts prevalent in other fields.
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El Refaie, Elisabeth. Visual Metaphor and Embodiment in Graphic Illness Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678173.001.0001.
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This study uses the analysis of visual metaphor in 35 graphic illness narratives—book-length stories about disease in the comics medium—in order to re-examine embodiment in traditional Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and propose the more nuanced notion of “dynamic embodiment.” Building on recent strands of research within CMT, and drawing on relevant concepts and findings from other disciplines, including psychology, phenomenology, social semiotics, and media theory, the book develops the argument that the experience of one’s own body is constantly adjusting to changes in one’s individual state of health, sociocultural practices, and the activities in which one is engaged at any given moment, including the modes and media that are being used to communicate. This leads to a more fluid and variable relationship between physicality and metaphor use than many CMT scholars assume. For example, representing the experience of cancer through the graphic illness narrative genre draws attention to the unfathomable processes going on beneath the body’s visible surface, particularly now that digital imaging technologies play such a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This may lead to a reversal of conventional conceptualizations of knowing and understanding in terms of seeing, so that vision itself becomes the target of metaphorical representations. A novel classification system of visual metaphor, based on a three-way distinction between pictorial, spatial, and stylistic metaphors, is also proposed.
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Nagarajan, Vijaya. Feeding a Thousand Souls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170825.001.0001.
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Drawing on extensive fieldwork, this book investigates aesthetic, symbolic, metaphorical, literary, mathematical, and philosophical meanings of the kōlam, the popular Tamil women’s daily ephemeral practice, a ritual art tradition performed with rice flour on the thresholds of houses in southern India. They range from concepts such as auspiciousness, inauspiciousness, ritual purity, and ritual pollution. Several divinities, too, play a significant role: Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, good luck, well-being, and a quickening energy; Mūdevi, the goddess of poverty, bad luck, illness, and laziness; Bhūdevi, the goddess of the soils, the earth, and the fields; and the god Ganesh, the remover of obstacles. Braiding art history, aesthetics, and design, this book analyzes the presence of the kōlam in medieval Tamil literature, focusing on the saint-poet Āṇṭāḷ. The author shows that the kōlam embodies mathematical principles such as symmetry, fractals, array grammars, picture languages, and infinity. Three types of kōlam competitions are described. The kinship between Bhūdevi and the kōlam is discussed as the author delves into the topics of “embedded ecologies” and “intermittent sacrality.” The author explores the history of the phrase “feeding a thousand souls,” tracing it back to ancient Sanskrit literature, where it was connected to Indian notions of hospitality, karma, and strangers. Its relationship to the theory of karma is represented by its connection to the five ancient sacrifices. This ritual is distinguished as one of the many “rituals of generosity” in Tamil Nadu.
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Pouillaude, Frédéric. Presence, Ideality, Signification. Translated by Anna Pakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199314645.003.0007.
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This chapter approaches the question of the “spectacle” in a different way, by taking the position of a historically naive contemporary who believes that there is an essence of spectacle simply waiting to be uncovered. In doing so this chapter pretends that the idea of “spectacle” has always existed, as if the historical detail of its emergence and development could be bracketed. It then proceeds in line with the fiction of the concept, by eidetic variation and the testing of limits. The chapter starts from a few examples of “spectacles” some of which might be considered frankly marginal in relation to the core concept: a football match, a bullfight, a concert, a theatrical representation, and a liturgical ceremony. It then tries to answer a very simple question from this historically naive position: in virtue of what common element are these different events called “spectacles,” literally or metaphorically?
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Lewis, David M. The Riddle of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at the concept of freedom and its articulation in ancient Greek texts. It shows that in the Homeric period, the terminology of slavery and freedom was used only for personal status. In the centuries that followed, these terms were appropriated and applied metaphorically to a variety of asymmetrical power relationships. However, Greeks were able to maintain clear distinctions between slavery as a legal concept and slavery as a metaphor. The chapter concludes with critiques of the methods of M. I. Finley and R. Zelnick-Abramovitz, who do not make clear distinctions between law and metaphor when analysing this terminology, and whose methods have led to convoluted analyses of aspects of Greek slavery.
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Lu, Zongli. When Buddhism Meets the Chen-Wei Prophetic and Apocryphal Discourse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.003.0006.
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As Buddhism was a new religion introduced to a foreign society and culture, Buddhist doctrines and religious and philosophical concepts had to be translated and transmitted through a set of the indigenous linguistic, conceptual, and metaphoric discourses of the time. The majority of followers of the new religion would welcome and perceive this set of religious concepts only within their own mindsets that had focused on homegrown religious beliefs and cultural traditions. Many historians of Chinese Buddhism have pointed out that Confucianism, Daoism, Metaphysical Learning, and other indigenous cultural traditions contributed significantly to the acculturation of Buddhism in early medieval China. This chapter argues that a less discussed religious discourse, the learning of the chen (讖) prophecy and wei apocrypha (weishu 緯書), also played a notable role in the process of translating and converting Buddhist scriptures and notions into “Chinese” Buddhism during early medieval China.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. “This Quarter of the Globe”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0006.
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Europeans of the classical epoch began to think of their “quarter of the globe” as “an extensive social commonwealth” (Friedrich von Gentz). The Westphalian settlement of 1648 supported this sensibility and its realization in the balance of power among Europe’s most important ruling houses. The metaphor of a balance creates the impression that the “powers” have some property called power, that each power’s power can be placed on the scales, that the scales will balance if the powers’ power is more or less the same, and that powers’ power should therefore be equalized—through war and by treaty—to maintain the stability of Europe. The metaphor of the balance relies on Newton’s concept of mass, derived from the Latin massa (lump of dough). Metaphorical weight equals state power or strength. This simple idea, so difficult to operationalize, is a lasting legacy of the classical epoch.
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Elledge, C. D. The Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0008.
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As they present few immediate references to resurrection, scholars have questioned the extent to which this was important to the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls. This chapter provides a reading of scrolls that do feature resurrection, especially the Messianic Apocalypse and Pseudo-Ezekiel. Other scrolls, like the Thanksgiving Hymns, suggest that the discourse of resurrection was known among the authors of the scrolls, yet frequently utilized in more metaphorical ways. Taken together, the evidence suggests the profile of a religious movement that was still in the dynamic process of receiving the resurrection hope, as it increased its exposure during the late second to early first centuries BCE. The scrolls challenge assessments that resurrection was central to early Judaism or that its appeal was universal. Resurrection remained an emerging and appealing belief—yet one that still remained somewhat peripheral among the religious concerns of this particular community’s literary collection.
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Thorup, Mikkel. Democratic Hatreds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0011.
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For democracies what must cease to be is violence, or rather, the violent. The generalization of the hated other specific to democracies, informing and shaping how the hated other is perceived, combated, and made to serve as self-legitimacy for democracies, concerns violence; it is all about an idea constitutive to the self-understanding of democracies, that violence exists in this world because of others. This chapter analyzes how and why liberal democracies produce specific enemy images of “the hating other.” The focus is on the dividing line between the democratic and the nondemocratic, as seen from the democratic side and how democracies discursively police that line. I shall focus on the particular ways that liberal, Western, contemporary democracies create enemy images, the historical and metaphorical references peculiar to democracies, and, not least, the enemy imagery coming out of defining oneself against hatred and violence.
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Lipton, Gregory A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190684501.003.0006.
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The conclusion situates key discursive elements of Schuonian Perennialism within a genealogy of German idealism leading back to Kant to show metaphorical resonances with a Kantian metaphysics of autonomy and its attendant universalism. In contradistinction to Ibn ‘Arabi’s heteronomous absolutism, this chapter tracks how Frithjof Schuon’s religious essentialism functionally echoes the discursive practices that mark Kant’s “universal” religion as defined against Semitic heteronomy. While both Kantian and Schuonian universalist cosmologies thus appear to reflect a similar Copernican turn where an autonomous, universal perspective forms the essence of all religion, this chapter argues that these respective discourses also metaphysically reflect the imperial cartography of the Copernican age itself and its attendant ideological conceit of a universal perspective. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the overlapping discursive formations of Kantian and Schuonian universalism conceal absolutist modalities of supersessionism that are ironically similar to those openly posited by Ibn ‘Arabi.
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Braunmuller, A. R. Shakespeare’s Late Style. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0025.
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‘Shakespeare’s Late Style’ explores stylistic aspects of Shakespeare’s dramatic verse (and a little of the prose) in plays composed after Hamlet. It suggests that Dryden was among the first to recognize that Shakespeare’s style changed over time and seems to have thought that the style became less ‘pestered’ with ‘figurative expressions’ as the career advanced. Like most early commentators, however, Dryden left little detailed analysis to support his larger, often metaphorical, claims. The purpose of this chapter is to identify the features of Shakespeare’s style in the second half of his professional career, to explore the imaginative effect of those features, and to speculate on why these changes from his earlier plays might have occurred. One principal claim made in this chapter concerns the degree to which the dramatic verse is rooted in dramatic events and characters’ motivations and designs. Increasing abstraction in both thought and expression combine to create the distinctive quasi-allegorical qualities especially visible in the four or five plays last written by Shakespeare alone or in collaboration.
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Pappas-Kelley, Jared. Solvent Form. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526129246.001.0001.
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Solvent form examines the destruction of art—through objects that have been destroyed (lost in fires, floods, vandalism, or similarly those artists that actively court or represent this destruction, such as Gustav Metzger), but also as a process within art that the object courts through form. In this manner, Solvent form looks to events such as the Momart warehouse fire in 2004 as well as the actions of art thief Stéphane Breitwieser in which the stolen work was destroyed. Against this overlay, a tendency is mapped whereby individuals attempt to conceptually gather these destroyed or lost objects, to somehow recoup in their absence. From this vantage, Solvent form—hinging on the dual meaning in the words solvent and solvency—proposes an idea of art as an attempt to secure and fix, which correspondingly undoes and destroys through its inception. It also weaves a narrative of art that intermingles with Jean Baudrillard’s ideas on disappearance, Georges Bataille and Paul Virilio’s negative or reverse miracle, Jean-Luc Nancy’s concept of the image (or imago as votive that keeps present the past, yet also burns), and Giorgio Agamben’s notion of art as an attempt to make the moment appear permeable. Likewise, it is through these destructions that one might distinguish a solvency within art and catch an operation in which something is made visible through these moments of destruction when art’s metaphorical undoing emerges as oddly literal.
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Maguire, Laurie. The Rhetoric of the Page. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862109.001.0001.
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This book explores blank space in early modern printed books; it addresses physical blank space (from missing words to vacant pages) as well as the concept of the blank. It is a book about typographical marks, readerly response, and editorial treatment. It is a story of the journey from incunabula to Google books, told through the signifiers of blank space: empty brackets, dashes, the et cetera, the asterisk. It is about the semiotics of print and about the social anthropology of reading. The book explores blank space as an extension of Elizabethan rhetoric with readers learning to interpret the mise-en-page as part of a text’s persuasive tactics. It looks at blanks as creators of both anxiety and of opportunity, showing how readers respond to what is not there and how writers come to anticipate that response. Each chapter focuses on one typographical form of what is not there on the page: physical gaps (Chapter 1), the &c (Chapter 2) and the asterisk (Chapter 3). The Epilogue uncovers the rich metaphoric life of these textual phenomena and the ways in which Elizabethan printers experimented with typographical features as they considered how to turn plays into print.
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Golden, Rachel May. Mapping Medieval Identities in Occitanian Crusade Song. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948610.001.0001.
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Home to the troubadours and a creative monastic center, twelfth-century Occitania (the south of France) fostered a vibrant musical culture that encompassed both secular and sacred, vernacular and Latin, spanning a wealth of locally cultivated genres. Such musical-poetic impulses reflected and responded to regional practices of courtly love, chivalric ideals, votive worship, monastic theologies, pilgrimage, and Holy War. This book demonstrates the rich cross-fertilizations between early Christian Crusades and two roughly contemporaneous musical-poetic repertories of Occitania: the sacred, Latin Aquitanian versus and the vernacular troubadour lyric. These two repertories are known largely in medieval and musicological studies for reasons apart from the Crusades—for monastic piety and Marian devotion in the case of the versus, and for courtly love and authorial voices in the case of the troubadour repertory. Yet, when considered against unfolding Crusade events, these poetic-musical repertories illuminate shifting Occitanian identities and worldviews as refracted by contemporaneous devotional practices, religious beliefs, and geographies, both physical and metaphoric. The author’s contextual investigations and musical-textual interpretations reveal how Crusade songs distinctively arose out of their southern French environments, at a historical moment when Holy War and new genres of musical composition coincided. Engaging both the outer world and the poet’s subjectivity, Crusade songs shaped regional identities, enacting individual concerns, the communal homeland, religious and military aspirations, and specific historical and geopolitical positions.
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Marmodoro, Anna. Aristotelian Powers at Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0005.
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This paper puts powers to work by developing a broadly Aristotelian account of causation, built on the fundamental idea (which Aristotle found in Plato, attributed by him to Heraclitus) that causation is a mutual interaction between powers. On this Aristotelian view, causal powers manifest them-selves in dependence on the manifestation of their mutual partners. (See also Heil, this volume; Mumford, this volume; and Martin 2008.) The manifestations of two causal power partners are co-determined, co-varying, and co-extensive in time. (See Marmodoro 2006.) Yet, causation has a direction and is thus asymmetric. This asymmetry is what underpins metaphysically the distinction between causal agent and patient. The proposed Aristotelian analysis of the interaction between mutually manifesting causal powers is distinctive, in that it pays justice to the intuition that there is agency in causation. That is, agency is not a metaphorical way of describing what causal powers do. For some powers, it is a way of being that instantiates the non-anthropomorphic sense in which powers are causal agents. This point is brought out in the paper in relation to the explanation of the concept of change. In an Aristotelian fashion, the paper argues that the distinction be-tween agent and patient in causation is pivotal to offering a realist account of causation that does not reify the interaction of the reciprocal causal partners into a relation. On the proposed view, the interaction between mutually manifesting causal partners consists in the power of one substance being realized in another substance. Specifically, the agent’s causal powers metaphysically belong to the agent, but come to be realized in the patient. The significance of this is that the interaction of the agent’s and the patient’s powers is not a relation; rather, it is an ex-tension of the constitution of the agent onto the patient, which occurs when agent and patient interact and their powers are mutually manifested. Thus the proposed Aristotelian account of causation explains the mutual interaction between manifestation partners—potentiality, agency, and change—as irreducible to one another, but interconnected.
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Park, Simon. Poets, Patronage, and Print in Sixteenth-Century Portugal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896384.001.0001.
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Portugal was not always the best place for poets in the sixteenth century. Against the backdrop of an expanding empire, poets struggled to articulate their worth to rulers and patrons. Many of their works considered what poetry could do and what its value was. The answers that poets like Luís de Camões, Francisco de Sá de Miranda, António Ferreira, and Diogo Bernardes offered to these questions ranged from lofty ideals to more practical concerns of making ends meet. This book articulates a ‘pragmatics of poetry’ that combines literary analysis and book history with methods from sociology to explore how poets thought about themselves and negotiated the value of their verse. Poets compared their work to that of lawyers and doctors and tried to set themselves apart as a special group of professionals. They threatened their patrons as well as flattered them and tried to turn their poetry from a gift into something like a commodity or service that had to be paid for. While poets set out to write in the most ambitious genres, they sometimes refused to spend months composing an epic without the prospect of reward. Their books of verse, when printed, were framed as linguistic propaganda as well as objects of material and aesthetic worth at a time when many said that non-devotional poetry was a sinful waste of time. This is therefore a book about how poets, metaphorically and more literally, tried to turn poetry and the paper it was written on into gold.
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Gardner, Hunter H. Pestilence and the Body Politic in Latin Literature. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796428.001.0001.
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Lucretius, Vergil, and Ovid developed important conventions of the Western plague narrative as a response to the breakdown of the Roman res publica in the mid-first century CE and the reconstitution of stabilized government under the Augustan Principate (31 BCE–14 CE). Relying on the metaphoric relationship between the human body and the body politic, these authors use largely fictive representations of epidemic disease to address the collapse of the social order and suggest remedies for its recovery. Plague as such functions frequently in Roman texts to enact a drama in which the concerns of the individual must be weighed against those of the collective. In order to understand the figurative potential of plague, this book evaluates the reality of epidemic disease in Rome, in light of twentieth-century theories of plague discourse, those of Artaud, Foucault, Sontag, and Girard, in particular. Pestilence and the Body Politic in Latin Literature identifies consistent features of the outbreaks described by Roman epic poets, charting the emergence of Golden-Age imagery, emphasis on bodily dissolution, and poignant accounts of broken familial bonds. Such features are expressed through Roman idioms that provocatively recall the discourse of civil strife that characterized the last century of the Roman Republic. The final chapters examine key moments in the resurgence of Roman plague topoi, beginning with early imperial poets (Lucan, Seneca, and Silius Italicus), and concluding with discussion of late antique Christian poetry, paintings of the late Italian Renaissance, and Anglo-American novels and films.