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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Metaphors'
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Fetterman, Adam K. "The Benefits of Metaphoric Thinking: Using Individual Differences in Metaphor Usage to Understand the Utility of Conceptual Metaphors." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27209.
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Metaphor representation theory posits that people often think, rather than merely speak, metaphorically. Particularly, concrete domains (e.g., tactile experiences) are recruited to represent abstract concepts (e.g., love). Based upon this theory, three assumptions can be derived. The first assumption is that metaphors should be common in speech and are not relegated to the realm of poetics. Second, the manipulation of metaphoric mappings should activate associated domains. The final assumption is that the use of conceptual metaphors facilitates the understanding of concepts with no physical referents (e.g., emotion). Research has supported the first two assumptions. The current studies were the first empirical test of the third assumption. A metaphor usage measure was developed and validated in the first study. Two additional studies directly tested the third assumption. Study 2 demonstrated that the metaphor usage measure predicted emotional understanding. Study 3 demonstrated that low metaphor usage predicted dysfunctional responses to negative daily events to a greater extent than high metaphor usage. Those scoring higher in metaphor usage also showed the established sweetness-pro-sociality metaphor effect to a greater extent than those low in metaphor usage. These findings empirically support the idea that metaphor use is associated with an increased understanding of concepts lacking physical referents, an important theoretical question in the metaphor literature. A foundation for future research is provided.
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Gentile, Francesco Paolo. "Talking metaphors : metaphors and the philosophy of language." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13402/.
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In this dissertation I defend a non-indexicalist contextualist account of metaphorical interpretation. This theory, which works within Kaplan’s double-index semantic framework, claims that context does not have the only role of determining the content expressed by an utterance, but also the function of fixing the appropriate circumstance of evaluation relative to which that content is evaluated. My claim is that the metaphorical dimension of an utterance can be found in the circumstance of evaluation, and not in the content which is expressed by the utterance. To that effect, I introduce a parameter in the circumstance of evaluation of an utterance, which I call ‘thematic dimension’. I show how the introduction of this parameter is in harmony with a class of theories that have proposed a relativistic semantic treatment of other phenomena such as predicates of taste and knowledge ascriptions. At the same time, I question a number of other proposals, both semantic and pragmatic, which, I believe, do not reach the same level of empirical adequacy and formal correctness as my proposal.
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Hart, Gwendolyn A. "Composing Metaphors: Metaphors for Writing in the Composition Classroom." View abstract, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3371472.
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Barron, Andrew T. "Exposing Deep-rooted Anger: A Metaphor Pattern Analysis of Mixed Anger Metaphors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84170/.
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This project seeks to serve two purposes: first, to investigate various semantic and grammatical aspects of mixed conceptual metaphors in reference to anger; and secondly, to explore the potential of a corpus-based, TARGET DOMAIN-oriented method termed metaphor pattern analysis to the study of mixed metaphor. This research shows that mixed metaphors do not pattern in a manner consistent with statements made within conceptual metaphor theory. These metaphors prove highly dynamic in their combinability and resist resonance between SOURCE DOMAINS used. Also shown is the viability of metaphor pattern analysis as a methodology to approach mixed metaphor research.
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Dall'Igna, Francesca <1997>. "Metaphors through vectors: a study on the machine interpretation of (visual) metaphor." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21943.
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Le metafore sono un meccanismo pervasivo che gli individui usano nel linguaggio di tutti i giorni. Le metafore rappresentano la mappatura di due concetti, ed è imperativo trovare un modo efficace per rappresentarle in un ambiente computazionale. Questo studio mira a esplorare una possibile rappresentazione per aumentare l’accuratezza delle macchine nell’interpretazione metaforica. In particolare, investiga l’uso di vettori per ottenere degli aggettivi che possano descrivere le suddette metafore. Inoltre, poiché nel marketing l’uso delle metafore visive è esteso, lo studio incorpora una classificazione di immagini, formando una pipeline per l’interpretazione di metafore visive.
Gli aggettivi sono stati recuperati con la creazione di una funzione in Python, mentre la classificazione di immagini è stata raggiunta grazie al training di ResNet50 su un dataset personalizzato. Per esaminare l’accuratezza nello scegliere gli aggettivi, è stato distribuito un questionario a persone con un livello di inglese almeno B2. Le risposte sono state analizzate attraverso precision at k. I risultati si dimostrano generalmente concordi con le scelte della macchina, provando quindi la teoria.
I risultati inoltre suggeriscono che la funzione creata per lo studio funziona, e che vale la pena implementare l’approccio in modelli più estesi di NLP. Perciò, il concetto teorico alla base dello studio dovrebbe essere tenuto in considerazione nella creazione di modelli per l’interpretazione metaforica.
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Stites, Lauren J. "Children's Developing Understanding of Spatial Metaphors for Time." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/89.
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Adults commonly use spatial motion to talk about time. These metaphors are of at least three different types: moving-time, moving-ego, and sequence-as-relative-position-on-a-path. But when children grasp the meaning of spatial metaphors for time and what cognitive factors account for this understanding? In this study, we aim to answer these questions by studying young children’s comprehension of three different spatial metaphors for time. Our findings show that children begin to understand metaphors for time by age five and to explain the meaning of these different metaphors by age 6. Additionally, children’s comprehension varied by metaphor type, with moving-time and moving-ego metaphors being mastered earlier than sequence-as-relative-position-on-a-path metaphors. Moreover, we found children’s comprehension ability to be associated with their understanding of the time concept. Overall, these results suggest that comprehension of time metaphors is an early emerging linguistic ability that has strong ties to children’s cognitive understanding of the time concept.
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Williams, Lacey Ann. "My World is a Metaphor| An Investigation into Reflective Practices Specifically Utilizing Metaphors." Thesis, Union Institute and University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3573607.
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<p>This dissertation suggests that metaphors are a powerful learning tool in education and a way to develop as a professional educator. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of how teachers utilize metaphors during reflection. I addressed their experience with metaphors, how they use metaphors, how metaphors play a critical role in their teaching, how students benefit from their use of metaphors, why they use metaphors, and if through technology they are able to use metaphors to reflect. I, individually, interviewed educators to understand the overall process and the emotions they encounter because they are teaching our students. My involvement in this project led me to discover that metaphors are a way of addressing social justice and expanding the following: (a) an ethic of choice, (b) an ethic of virtue, (c) an ethic of identity and above all else, and (d) an ethic of care. All of my participants expressed both literally and metaphorically that utilizing metaphors validated students individually, allowed them to connect on a personal level, and above all else showed an ethic of care towards student learning. Our educators are leading the way in a metaphorical world that must be taught literally as well. </p><p> <i>Key Words:</i> metaphor, reflection, educators, students, education. </p>
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Cox, Sarah Elizabeth. "Metaphor and Memory: How Metaphors Instantiate Schemas in and Influence Memory of Narrative." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1463336952.
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Araya, Sanhueza Stephanie, Bustos Javier Barrera, Valle Maltton Romanet Del, et al. "Conceptual makeup of metaphors: metaphoric sources and targets in their bidirectional interplay." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137579.
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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa<br>Metaphor has been widely researched within the realm of Cognitive Linguistics, having as
major landmarks Lakoff’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Fauconnier and Turner’s Mental
Space based analysis. Nevertheless, specific aspects that pertain to the dynamic character and
flexibility of metaphorical relations, enabled by the concepts involved, remain rather un-treated in
literature thus far. In this light, the aim of the present work is to propose a model that may account
for a more dynamic process of integration in metaphoric constructions. Major attention is paid to
the participation of the target as a conceptual entity capable of selecting aspects of the source in
order to elaborate a final interpretation. To this end, the study designed a set of five metaphors
whose constitutive concepts were inverted and mixed up in all possible combinations. The pairs
generated were presented to 150 participants, who were divided into 6 groups of 25 people, and
each participant provided an interpretation for 15 different combinations, ending in a total of 2250
answers. Based on this large number of answers, an elaborated and detailed account of the
metaphors’ mechanics was pursued. The quantitative analysis of the results yielded measures of
the difficulty and easiness of interpretation, concentration of responses and dispersion as well as
frequency of sanctioned domains across the metaphoric pairs. The aforementioned indicators were
in turn thoroughly correlated with the conceptual makeup of both sources and targets.
Subsequently, the qualitative analysis of the results show that intrinsic characteristics of the
concepts such as the level of schematicity, entrenchment and concreteness, play a fundamental
role in the construction of meaning. Following the consequences of the findings, it is concluded
that metaphorical interpretation is the product of a bidirectional interplay between the source and
target concepts. Also, metaphorical interpretation is not an absolute conceptual construct but
metaphorical answers can be placed along a scale of interpretations that represents different levels
of metaphoricity.
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Chiappe, Danilo Luigi. "Are metaphors elliptical similes?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27891.pdf.
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Song, Buseon. "Emotion metaphors in Korean." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1263925.
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van, Middendorp Sergej. "Embodying metaphors in systems." Thesis, Fielding Graduate University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10251093.
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<p> This study explores the role of metaphor in the system design process. It examines the ways in which the metaphors that designers use in design conversations become embodied in the systems that they are creating. It assumes that by making designers aware of their use of metaphor, they can better cope with the complex and dynamic nature of the challenges presented in design in a broadly ecological sense. The study focuses on inviting designers to address the question, <i>“How do our joint improvisations with metaphors become embodied in the systems that we are creating?”</i> </p><p> To create a frame for this collaborative exploration, literatures in system design, metaphor, metaphor in system design, and organizational improvisation are brought in. Design conversations, including reflections on those conversations, from a three-year action research project in which three system designers, including the author of this study, created a new method and a new system with awareness to the role of metaphor in the system design process, are analyzed. The findings show how persistent improvisations with several metaphors in the design process result in those metaphors becoming embodied in the system. Guided by an interpretive analysis of the data and the findings, a review of the literature in Schön’s (1983) reflection-in-action, Schön’s (1963/2011) displacement of concepts, Johnson’s (2007) meaning of the body, and Turbayne’s (1971) metaphor to myth transformation follows. Based on the insights emerging from this review, a model for reflexive reflections-in-interaction with meta-metaphors is created to support system designers in becoming more aware of their use of metaphor. </p><p> The model is tested with three episodes from the action research data. The results of that test suggest that the use of the model could have increased the awareness of the designers in this case study for metaphor as metaphor. It is assumed that this would have increased their capacity to consciously generate the system in a way better fit for its purpose. The study comes full circle by offering three ways to further develop theory, research, and practice to support system designers in consciously embodying metaphors in systems. </p>
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Schmidt, Nikki. "Upplevelsemetaforer / Metaphors of experience." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23300.
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Undersökningen syftar till att skapa förståelse kring hur den animeradeentertainment-filmen Addiction (2015) använder sig av visuella metaforer föratt skapa nya insikter hos publiken. Detta studeras genom en diskursanalys,baserat på den repressiva och progressiva drogdiskurs som undersökningsmaterialetbefinner sig i. Diskursanalysen kombineras även med enbildanalys, grundat i teorier kring metaforer och deras funktioner. Uppsatsenresulterade i insikter över hur filmens estetik, medieplattform ochmetaforval skapar en subjektsposition ur den drogberoendesupplevelsevärld. Resultatet lägger grund till ett förhållningssätt förfilmskapare och andra kreatörer gällande hur drogberoende kanporträtteras, men öppnar även upp för framtida undersökningar om hurdetta kan göras i praktiken.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to produce a wider understanding on how theanimated entertainment Addiction (2015) utilize visual metaphors togenerate new insights for the intended audience. As a method for the studya discourse analysis was applied, based on the repressive and progressivediscourses which the research material stands in relation to. To examinethe connection between these discourses and the material, a visual analysisbased on theories concerning metaphors and their function was also used.The thesis resulted in knowledge regarding how the animation is portrayedfrom the perspective of being addicted due to its style, media andmetaphors. These found visual qualities might bring value to film makersand other creators regarding how to depict addiction, but the examinationalso initiates further research on how this could be done in similar media.
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Gavelin, Emma. "Conceptual metaphors: a diachronic study of LOVE metaphors in Mariah Carey's song lyrics." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-116716.
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This essay is an account of an investigation of conceptual metaphors of LOVE in two albums by singer Mariah Carey. It also includes an investigation of if LOVE metaphors were used differently at the beginning of her career from how they are used twenty-four years later. The study is based on the singles of Carey's debut album and those of her latest album. The analysis showed that although the songs are separated by approximately twenty years the LOVE metaphors most reflected in the song lyrics were the same in both albums. The results also showed that the source concept which was most typically used overall was also reflected to describe the target concept in both albums. However, the variation of LOVE metaphors was greater in the singles of her debut album.
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Olsson, Hagman Anneli. "Metaphors and Japan : Translating Conceptual Metaphors from a Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104752.
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The metaphor is known for creating problems when it comes to translation, not only because of cultural aspects but also because of a lack of a unified terminology and theory for translation strategies. This also applies to conceptual metaphors which are the subject of analysis in this paper where an English survival guide to the Japanese culture has been translated into Swedish. As both languages are of the Germanic family, the hypothesis argues that the relation between them is noticeable in the translation work as well as a tendency towards paraphrasing due to a richer vocabulary in the source language. Regarding conceptual metaphors, the aim is to analyse if there are any correlations between the type of metaphor and the choice of translation strategy as well as what factors affects said strategies. The results not only showed that the distribution of translation strategies supports the preferred order of priority in the background theory but also that there were very noticeable differences within the three metaphor categories. Factors affecting these results were found to differ between the categories due to the distinct differences in the metaphorical structures. These findings suggest that there indeed are correlations between the metaphor categories and their translation strategies. The closeness between the source and target languages were also found to be evident while at the same time indicating a tendency toward paraphrasing.
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Larsson, Kalle. "Punning Exploiting External and Internal Metaphors : A Study of Groucho Marx's Use of Metaphor Reversal." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6664.
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<p>The aim of this study has been to analyse metaphorical strings which have been interpreted literally, a process referred to as metaphor reversal. This was first described by Löflund (1999:18) and the specific term was later coined by Alm-Arvius (2006:6). Metaphor reversal is basically a subcategory of the broader term polysemy punning.</p><p>When a metaphor unexpectedly is interpreted literally, a humorous effect takes place and a pun is created. Especially if the metaphorisation in question has an entrenched figurative meaning, the unexpectedness of the literal interpretation is greater and the pun more obvious. The examples of these puns exploiting metaphor reversal have been taken from films featuring the verbal comedian Groucho Marx (GM), who frequently used this type and other kinds of puns in his films.</p><p>The terms internal and external metaphor, coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78), have been used in order to distinguish between two different types of metaphorisations. Internal metaphor refers to metaphors with obvious internal collocational clashes and external metaphor refers to metaphors without such clashes, which can thus be given a literal as well as a figurative reading. However, this is not a clear-cut distinction and occasional overlapping between the two categories is common. Therefore, a continuum has been given which shows the overlapping category ‘more figurative external metaphors’. These are metaphors without collocational clashes, but with entrenched figurative meanings which make them metaphorical and not literal.</p><p>GM does not only revert external metaphors; he also reverts internal metaphors although this category contains collocational clashes which should make a literal interpretation impossible. Internal metaphor puns tend to be more absurd than external metaphor puns due to the collocational clashes which make the literal interpretation less probable. Reverted external metaphors are referred to as REM and reverted internal metaphors as RIM.</p><p>Most examples analysed are metaphorisations with idiom status with clearly preferred figurative meanings. Consequently, their figurative meanings are deeply entrenched and should not be altered. However, these figurative meanings are altered by GM in his punning; they are reverted and interpreted literally. This indicates that one of the few occasions when it is accepted or even possible to interpret a metaphorical idiom literally is in punning.</p>
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Yu, Chennan. "Metaphors in Food Advertising Slogans." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Teacher Education, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-5917.
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Xia, Jue. "Economical Metaphors in English Newspapers." Thesis, Kristianstad University, Department of Teacher Education, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-6622.
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Kim, Taehyung. "Teachers' conceptual metaphors for mentoring." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1189012812.
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Balčiūnaitė, Jovita. "Legitimization and delegitimization through metaphors." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120731_123932-31276.
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The purpose of this research was to investigate how political leaders of the United Kingdom and Lithuania, David Cameron and Andrius Kubilius legitimize themselves and delegitimize their opponents through metaphors. To achieve this aim Critical Metaphor Analysis was employed and the following objectives were set: to identify metaphorical expressions used in political speeches; to interpret them and to classify them according to their underlying conceptual metaphor; finally, to explain the way conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions convey how political leaders legitimize themselves and delegitimize the opponents. The results of the study demonstrated that the conceptual metaphors used for legitimization and delegitimization are the same in both political leaders’ speeches. However, metaphorical expression used for legitimization and delegitimization displays different characteristics. It also demonstrated that politicians tend to use more metaphorical expressions to convey legitimization than delegitimization.<br>Magistro darbo tema „Konceptualios metaforos raiška legitimizacijos ir delegitimizacijos procesuose“. Šio tiriamojo darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti kokiomis konceptualiosiomis metaforomis Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Buvo iškelti šie tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai: pirmiausia, surasti metaforinius pasakymus politinėse kalbose, tuomet suklasifikuoti šiuos pasakymus pagal priklausymą konceptualiąjai metaforai ir, galiausiai, paaiškinti kaip metaforiniai pasakymai atskleidžia būdus, kuriais politikai legitimizuoja save ir delegitimizuoja savo oponentus. Tyrime buvo naudojamas Kritinis metaforos analizės metodas pasiūlytas Charterio-Blacko, kuris susideda iš trijų dalių, tai: metaforinių pasakynų suradimas, jų priskyrimas konceptualiąjai metaforai ir galiausiai, paaiškinimas. Pagrindinis tyrimo klausimas buvo išsiaiškinti, kuo skiriasi konceptualiųjų metaforų naudojimas legitimizacijai ir delegitimizacijai Davidas Cameronas ir Andriaus Kubiliaus politinėse kalbose. Tyrimas parodė, kad tiek legitimizacijai tiek delegitimizacijai abu politikai naudoja tas pačias konceptualiąsias metaforas: POLITIKA YRA KARAS, POLITIKA YRA KELIONĖ, ir POLITIKA YRA PASTATAS. Taip pat tyrimas parodė, kad Davidas Cameronas ir Andrius Kubilius naudoja daugiau metaforinių pasakymų išreikšti legitimizacijai nei delegitimizacijai. Tai buvo pastebėta, kai delegitimizuodami savo oponentus politikai nenaudojo kai kurių konceptualiųjų atitikmenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Trim, Richard Peter. "Drug metaphors in European languages." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338705.
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Gallemore, Thomas W. I. (Thomas Wilson Ira) 1969. "Virtual workplaces : when metaphors breakdown." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66382.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81).<br>Our model of work is shaped by the places we choose to work and the tools we choose to work with. As we introduce new technologies and build new environments our model is changing. Today's virtual workplaces are grounded in models of work that have been reformed from our experiences using current technology in physical workspace. However we are discovering opportunities and possibilities for work in collaborative, virtual environments that question physical models. Emerging patterns of distributed collaboration in persistent virtual environments are changing the way we work in time and space, recasting our notion of workplace. Virtual workplaces are interpreted and experienced through metaphors that describe a space of potential for work occurrences. Through the lens of metaphors, this research focuses on breakdowns between collaborative work and the environment in which work occurs. If what we understand and predict is based on what we already know, then by examining the breakdowns between design and use of collaborative environments we can illuminate the space of possibilities for collaborative work.<br>by Thomas W.I. Gallemore.<br>M.S.
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Madden, Hugo. "Metaphors and emotions in therapy." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2015. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14006/.
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Clinicians are encouraged to use metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). This study aimed to investigate the types of metaphors that occurred within an ACT therapy group and how they were used within on-going dialogue. Naturally occurring data was gathered from an ACT therapy group. Therapy sessions were audio-recorded across the course of the therapy group and discourse analysis was applied to the transcriptions. Various systematic metaphors were identified in relation to the therapeutic discourse of managing emotions. These included protective containers, handling objects, moving passed impediments, and emotions as fellow travellers. Between the group members and the facilitators various power dynamics were identified that influenced how the metaphors were negotiated and appropriated. These findings highlight differences between traditional metaphors of therapy and ACT-specific metaphors, differences between metaphor use by clinicians and clients, and some of the challenges associated with more directive approaches to therapy. Practitioner points • A number of different metaphors can be used to conceptualise how emotions can be managed. • Awareness of the metaphors that occur implicitly within therapy can inform how ACT-specific extended metaphors are used. • Appropriation of metaphors introduced by clinicians can be a potential therapy outcome, and clinicians may need to consider how they are negotiated.
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Arseneault, Madeleine. "What metaphors are, situating Donald Davidson." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ57647.pdf.
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Tonkin, Christopher Tonkin Christopher Tonkin Christopher. "Compositional metaphors of space and perspective /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF formate. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3266845.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.<br>Vita. Discusses the composer's use of the metaphors of space and perspective in his works, IN and Headspaces, the scores for which are included in the dissertation.
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Gipson, Michael Eugene. "Asymptotes and metaphors : teaching feminist theory." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001827.
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Rodríguez, Ronderos Camilo. "The Processing of Non-nominal Metaphors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22503.
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Zwei Theorien über die Verarbeitung von Metaphern postulieren die Beteiligung unterschiedlicher kognitiven. Die erste, die „Implicit Comparison View“, behauptet, dass Metaphern durch einen Prozess des analogen Denkens verstanden werden (z. B. Gentner et al., 2001; Gentner & Bowdle, 2008). Eine zweite Ansicht, die „Category Inclusion View“, sieht das Verstehen einer Metapher als einen Prozess, bei dem die lexikalische Bedeutung des metaphorischen Vehikels spontan moduliert wird, um eine ad-hoc, zielorientierte Kategorie zu schaffen (z. B. Glücksberg, 2008; Sperber & Wilson, 2008).
Obwohl es eine große Anzahl an Experiment gibt, die die Vorhersagen dieser beiden Theorien testen (z. B. Bowdle & Gentner, 2005; Gernsbacher et al., 2001; Jones & Estes, 2005; Jones & Estes, 2006; McGlone & Manfredi, 2001; Wolff & Gentner, 2011) ist es bis jetzt nicht möglich gewesen, das Problem der Metaphernverarbeitung zu lösen zugunsten einer der beiden Theorien. Diese Dissertation versucht genau das zu tun, indem die Verarbeitung von zwei Arten deutscher nicht-nominaler Metaphern untersucht werden: verbale Metaphern und Verb-Objekt-Metaphern. Dies wurde gemacht durch eine Untersuchung der Rolle des Kontexts während der Verarbeitung von nicht-nominalen Metaphern. Dabei wurde auf die Literatur zur situierten und inkrementellen Sprachverarbeitung zurückgegriffen (siehe Huettig et al., 2011; Huettig et al., 2012; Kamide, 2008; Knoeferle & Guerra, 2016).
Insgesamt die Ergebnisse von 14 verschiedenen Experimeten als besser zu vereinbaren mit der „Category Inclusion View“ als mit der „Implicit Comparison View“.<br>Two main sets of theories of metaphor comprehension posit the involvement of different cognitive mechanisms. The first one, the Implicit Comparison View, claims that metaphors are understood through a process of analogical reasoning in which the elements of a metaphoric expression (in the example above my cat, which is known as the ‘topic’ and princess, which is known as the ‘vehicle’) are scanned for relational similarities (e.g. Gentner et al., 2001; Gentner & Bowdle, 2008). A second view, the Category Inclusion View, sees metaphor comprehension as a process in which the lexical meaning of the metaphoric vehicle is spontaneously changed to represent a newly created, goal-oriented category (e.g. Glucksberg, 2008; Sperber & Wilson, 2008). Despite there being a large body of experimental data testing the predictions made by these theories (e.g. Bowdle & Gentner, 2005; Gernsbacher et al., 2001; Jones & Estes, 2005; Jones & Estes, 2006; McGlone & Manfredi, 2001; Wolff & Gentner, 2011), it has not been possible to settle this debate and tip the scale in favor of one or the other view.
This dissertation attempts to do just that by examining the processing of two types of German non-nominal metaphors: Verbal metaphors and verb-object metaphors. This was done by investigating the role of context during metaphor comprehension in order to further specify the available theories, and, more generally, by drawing on the literature on situated and incremental language processing (see Huettig et al., 2011; Huettig et al., 2012; Kamide, 2008; Knoeferle & Guerra, 2016, for reviews). Overall the results of 14 experiments are interpreted as being more consistent with the Category Inclusion View than with the Indirect Comparison View.
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Yee, Sean P. "Students' Metaphors for Mathematical Problem Solving." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1340197978.
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Arseneault, Madeleine (Madeleine Louise) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "What metaphors are: situating Donald Davidson." Ottawa, 2000.
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Lochbaum, Iris. "Fathoming metaphors : Meeresbilder in viktorianischer Lyrik /." Trier : Wissenschaftlicher Verl, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38900353f.
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Hiyakumoto, Laurie Satsue 1969. "PoEM : a parser of emotion metaphors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61537.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).<br>Although metaphor is generally recognized as an integral component of everyday language, very few computational systems capable of understanding metaphoric utterances exist today. This thesis describes one approach to the problem and presents PoEM, a prototype system which recognizes and interprets metaphoric descriptions of emotions and mental states in single-sentence input. Building upon previous work in knowledge-based metaphor comprehension, this research adopts a goal-driven approach which assumes each metaphor is selected by a speaker for its aptness at serving a particular communicative goal. To identify these goals, an empirical analysis of metaphor distribution in song lyrics was performed, and typical communicative intentions and surface patterns were identified for the top five most frequently occurring metaphor groups. These intentions and surface patterns have been implemented as a set of metaphor templates and interpretation rules in PoEM, using the WordNet lexical database for supplemental semantic information. Evaluation of PoEM demonstrates fairly high accuracy but low recall.<br>Laurie Satsue Hiyakumoto.<br>S.M.
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McCullagh, Angela M. "Metaphors in a District Health Authority." Thesis, University of Bath, 1992. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332616.
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Lucena, Camila Araújo de. "Metaphors in magazine texts on business." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89656.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T01:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2013-07-16T20:01:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
254495.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>In the introduction of Metaphors we live by, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) highlighted the importance of metaphor and metaphor awareness to the field of applied linguistics based on the assumption that metaphors structure the way we think, act and perceive the world. It is claimed that metaphors are not only a rhetorical flourish of literature texts but actually pervasive even in the most trivial details of our lives. Lakoff and Johnson explain that investigating metaphors may be a way of unveiling how our conceptual system is structured and consequently what we perceive, the way we behave in the world and the way we relate to other people. These assumptions motivated the emergence of a great number of studies regarding metaphors directly or indirectly.
Among these studies is the one conducted by Boers (1997) which aimed at shedding some light on how different clusters of metaphors may influence the comprehension and decision making of readers. Boers's study was replicated in the present one, which offers a cognitive semantic analysis of "Health", "Fitness", "Race", "Fight" and "Warfare" metaphors as instantiated in magazine business discourse, and argues that the use of these metaphors may reflect and consolidate certain thought patterns about general business processes. This cognitive semantic analysis was put to test in a problem-solving experiment with university students and revealed that exposure to particular metaphors to describe an business scenario may affect participants' decision-making processes in accordance with the cognitive semantic expectations.
The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify what metaphors are more frequently used in magazine texts about business in Brazilian Portuguese and (2) to carry a problem-solving experiment to assess the potential cognitive impact of the metaphors under investigation. The research question that this study intended to answer was: How do different clusters of metaphors influence the comprehension and decision making of EFL readers?
The findings of this research tried to show how metaphors may influence our way of thinking and perceiving the world according to our reactions to these metaphors and therefore shaping reality. Explaining this to EFL learners and showing them how it works may help them become aware of this fact and become able to identify and reproduce legitimate metaphorical meanings. Furthermore, learners' awareness may identify underlying ideologies and multiplicity of meanings of metaphorical language in texts. Therefore, this should provide the tools they need to interpret and produce information according to their own beliefs, allowing readers in general to reach their own conclusions about what they read, thus enhancing autonomous literacy.
Na introdução do livro Metáforas da vida cotidiana Lakoff e Johnson (1980) ressaltam a importância da metáfora e da consciência metafórica para o campo da Lingüística Aplicada. Baseados na suposição de que metáforas estruturam a forma como pensamos, agimos, e percebemos o mundo, Lakoff e Johnson declaram que as metáforas não são somente um ornamento da retórica presente em textos literários mas sim que elas também estão infiltradas nas atividades mais triviais do nosso dia-a-dia. Investigar essas metáforas pode ser uma forma de desvendar como nosso sistema conceitual é estruturado e como as metáforas estruturam nossa forma de perceber, se comportar no mundo e se relacionar com outras pessoas. Essas suposições motivaram o surgimento de uma série de estudos relacionados direta e indiretamente às metáforas.
Dentre esses estudos está o de Boers (1997) que tinha por objetivo fornecer insight de como diferentes grupos de metáforas podem influenciar a compreensão e a tomada de decisão dos leitores. O estudo presente é uma réplica do estudo de Boers e oferece uma análise semântica cognitiva de metáforas relacionadas a noções de "Saúde", "Fitness", "Corrida", "Luta" e "Guerra" no discurso econômico em revistas. Este estudo também discute como o uso dessas metáforas pode refletir e consolidar certos padrões de pensamento sobre processos econômicos em geral. Essa análise cognitiva foi posta A prova em um experimento de solução de problemas com alunos universitários e revelou que a exposição a certas metáforas usadas na descrição de um cenário econômico pode afetar o processo de tomada de decisão dos participantes de acordo com as expectativas semânticas cognitivas dessas metáforas.
Os objetivos desse estudo são: (1) identificar que metáforas são mais freqüentemente usadas em textos de revistas sobre economia no Brasil e (2) realizar um experimento de solução de problemas a fim de acessar o potencial impacto cognitivo das metáforas sendo investigadas. A pergunta de pesquisa é: como diferentes grupos de metáforas influenciam a compreensão e a tomada de decisão de leitores de Inglês como língua estrangeira?
Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostraram que as metáforas podem influenciar nossa forma de pensar e perceber o mundo de acordo com nossas reações a essas metáforas, e conseqüentemente de estruturar a realidade. Explicar este fato para alunos de línguas estrangeiras, e mostrar como as metáforas funcionam, pode ajudá-los a ter consciência dessa influência e torná-los aptos a identificar e reproduzir significados metafóricos legítimos. Além disso, ter consciência do funcionamento das metáforas pode ajudar os alunos a identificar ideologias subjacentes e a multiplicidade de significados da linguagem metafórica dos textos. Sendo assim, os alunos terão as ferramentas que precisam para interpretar e produzir informações de acordo com suas próprias crenças, o que irá habilitá-los a chegar às suas próprias conclusões sobre o que estão lendo, aumentando assim a sua autonomia.
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Álvarez, I. María Elena, S. Diego Ávila, S. Carolina Blanco, et al. "METAPHORS WE SING BY: A DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN POP AND METAL LYRICS." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/109795.
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The main purpose of this study is to carry out a descriptive and comparative analysis of
conceptual metaphors (CM’s) in metal and pop lyrics based on the theory proposed by
Lakoff and Johnson in their influential book ‘Metaphors We Live By’, published in
1980. In this work, they claim that metaphors are not constrained to poetic language, but
are also part of everyday language. In this sense, they claim that metaphor is not only a
stylistic feature of language but also an essential process of human thought and
conceptualisation.
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Alford, Aaron Jacob. "Metaphors of Game and Education in Debate: Rhetorical Analysis of the Metaphors of O'Neill, Davis, and Wells." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1533135678832875.
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Sörensen, Joakim, and Stina Arvidsson. ""Frälzaren" : En studie i användningen av religiösa metaforer i fotbollsrapporteringen i sportjournalistik." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32125.
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The aim of this study was to examine how sports journalists used religious metaphors when covering football during the time span of the study, and how the athletes were portrayed as a result of the usage. The aim was also to study if the usage differed between the two newspapers chosen for the study, one of which is a morning paper (Dagens Nyheters sport section) and one which is an evening paper (Sportbladet). To answer our questions we used a quantitative and a qualitative method, the later of the two was based on a metaphor analysis. The quantitative method consisted of a content analysis where different variables were examined. The time span of the study is articles from one year. The results show that the religious metaphors were used in many ways. Some religious metaphors, such as ones including the word miracle, were more prominent than others. What is notable is that the more prominent metaphors also tended to be conventional, that is, used in a way that they are no longer looked upon as metaphorical. Many of the texts in the study were chronicles and reportages, genres where the language is more creative. This could explain why the religious metaphors were more frequent in these genres. A majority of the religious metaphors referred to individual athletes and were most of the times a part of positively angled texts. However, just as the athletes can be celebrated one day they can as easily be named scapegoats the next. As a result of the usage of religious metaphors athletes were portrayed as humans with extraordinary powers. The metaphors were used to intensify their performances. The two newspapers shared many similarities, but also showed some differences. The evening paper tended to have the religious metaphors in the headline and the introduction much more often than the morning paper. The morning paper also tended to use the religious metaphors in critical texts more often than the evening paper did.
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Горбач, А. О., Олена Анатоліївна Кириченко, Елена Анатольевна Кириченко та Olena Anatoliivna Kyrychenko. "Різновиди метафори та їх специфіка в англомовному дискурсі". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46650.
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Метафора як мовне явище зустрічається не тільки в усному мовленні, але також і в письмовій формі. Величезне значення метафори полягає у використанні її в художніх творах. Немає жодного автора, який не скористався б метафоричним перенесенням для того, щоб в яскравих фарбах описати героїв, різні явища і дії.
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Yavuz, Alper. "The phrasal implicature theory of metaphors and slurs." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13189.
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This thesis develops a pragmatic theory of metaphors and slurs. In the pragmatic literature, theorists mostly hold the view that the framework developed by Grice is only applicable to the sentence-level pragmatic phenomena, whereas the subsentential pragmatic phenomena require a different approach. In this thesis, I argue against this view and claim that the Gricean framework, after some plausible revisions, can explain subsentential pragmatic phenomena, such as metaphors and slurs. In the first chapter, I introduce three basic theses I will defend and give an outline of the argument I will develop. The second chapter discusses three claims on metaphor that are widely discussed in the literature. There I state my aim to present a theory of metaphor which can accommodate these three claims. Chapter 3 introduces the notion of "phrasal implicature", which will be used to explain phrase-level pragmatic phenomena with a Gricean approach. In Chapter 4, I present my theory of metaphor, which I call "phrasal implicature theory of metaphor" and discuss certain aspects of the theory. The notion of phrasal implicature enables a new conception of what-is-said and a different approach to the semantics-pragmatics distinction. Chapter 5 looks into these issues. In Chapter 6, I compare my theory of metaphor with three other theories. Finally, in Chapter 7, I develop a phrasal implicature theory of slurs, which I argue outperforms its rivals in explaining various uses of slurs.
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Woyke, Johannes. "Christ, metaphor, and contextualization an exegetical inquiry into the hermeneutic function of Christ-metaphors in Paul's Corinthian correspondence /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
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Johansson, Anna. "Conceptual Metaphors in Lyrics by Leonard Cohen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125400.
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The purpose of this study is to find and analyse conceptual metaphors in the lyrics, A Thousand Kissed Deep, Here It Is, and Boogie Street from the album Ten New Songs (2001) by Leonard Cohen using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). In order to detected the conceptual metaphors, the source and target domains were identified. Conceptual metaphors were found by mapping source domains onto target domains and viewing the lexical expressions in the lyrics. The result and analysis of the findings in this study show that linguistic expressions of LOVE, LIFE and DEATH are conceptually present in the lyrics.
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ZHANG, YUNHAO. "Plant Metaphors in English Economic Newspaper Texts." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för Lärarutbildning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-7826.
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Jablonski, Sidney E. "Visual metaphors in computer-generated information graphics /." Online version of thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11545.
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Goodwin, Charles Scott. "Healthcare Organizational Metaphors and Implications for Leadership." Thesis, Franklin Pierce University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3567804.
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<p>Healthcare as an industry included over 14 million workers in the United States and accounted for more than 15 percent of total Gross Domestic Product in 2008. Healthcare, particularly hospitals, played a significant role in shaping the culture, economy and quality of life throughout the United States beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing to the present. For this reason, it was important to understand the nature of hospitals as healthcare organizations and the nature of leadership within these organizations. Metaphors were identified as a viable way to capture the structure and functioning of hospitals through their evolution as organizations over the past century and were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital leadership in responding to environmental, financial and societal changes. Based on this assessment, the role of metaphors as a leadership tool was examined and as well as the potential role of metaphors in promoting organizations development. </p><p> A survey of Certified Professionals in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) in the Northeastern United States was used to assess the prevalence of the two most common metaphors cited in the literature for healthcare organizations, mechanistic and complex adaptive system. A unique aspect of this survey was the use of paired statements reflecting characteristics of the two most common metaphors to evaluate their use in healthcare organizations. Surprisingly, the metaphors frequently cited in the literature were identified infrequently and no metaphors were identified consistently across hospitals in the region. </p>
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Kim, Sung-Hong. "Visual and spatial metaphors of shop architecture." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21672.
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Ding, Yan, and 丁硏. "Metaphors of sadness: intraconceptual and interconceptual variation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46971063.
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TEIXEIRA, ELISANGELA NOGUEIRA. "METAPHORS FOR LANGUAGE IN SAUSSURE`S COURSE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4258@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Esta dissertação analisa metáforas para linguagem
encontradas no Curso de Lingüística Geral, de Ferdinand de
Saussure. Tomando por base aspectos da Teoria Cognitiva da
Metáfora e a leitura clássica de Roy Harris para o Curso, a
análise demonstra a presença de uma tensão entre duas
visões concorrentes de linguagem e significado, a saber,
uma perspectiva representacionista, hegemônica
na história do pensamento lingüístico, e uma concepção
oposta, próxima à que se encontra nas Investigações
Filosóficas, de L. Wittgenstein.<br>This study analyses metaphors for language in Saussures
Course in General Linguistics. The analysis is based on the
Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, and on Roy Harriss classical
reading of the Course. The presence of a tension between
two divergent views on language and meaning is
demonstrated, where a traditional representationalist
perspective is shown to coexist with an opposing
view, similar to the one found in L. Wittgensteins
Philosophical Investigations.
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O'Donoghue, Josephine Sheila. "Communicating metaphors in Shakespeare, Dickinson and Heaney." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269792.
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‘Relevance theory’ is a linguistic theory offering an alternative to the conventional ‘code model’ of communication, by suggesting that inference, rather than coding and decoding, is the primary driving force motivating interpretation. In this thesis, I consider the implications for literary criticism of the relevance theory account of communication, particularly in relation to metaphor, as an enduring concern of both linguistics and literary studies. The thesis focuses on three temporally disparate authors – Shakespeare, Dickinson and Heaney – whose work, analyzed by linguists as well as literary critics, is abundant in metaphor, but might prompt us to think about literary communication in different ways. The Introduction considers the coincidence of the central terms of relevance theory (context, interpretation, inference, intention) with many of the fundamental concerns of literary criticism. Chapter One examines various accounts of metaphor, historical and recent, by literary critics, philosophers and linguists, before offering a brief introduction to relevance theory’s ‘deflationary’ account of metaphor and its implications for literary critical analysis. Chapter Two looks at plays by Shakespeare that are as much concerned with communication as they are representations of it, and considers how relevance theory’s account of the cognitive process of developing new interpretations on the spot, in context, based on expectations of relevance, challenges any straightforward sense of what textual metaphors ‘mean’. Chapter Three explores the striking prominence of the term ‘inference’, fundamental to the relevance theory account of communication, in Dickinson’s poetry. Whilst Dickinson’s ‘definitional’, ‘X is Y’ metaphors appear to facilitate a bridging of the gap between abstractions and the concrete world linguistically, her dependence on inference exposes the bleak uncertainty of that which can only be inferred, whilst nonetheless forging a communicative bond between the poet writing and her multiple audiences. Chapter Four analyzes different figurative forms in Heaney’s poetry, and looks particularly at the relationship between metaphor and simile in light of the relevance theory account. Critical analyses of Heaney’s work often attribute political significance to what are assumed to be metaphors within his poetry, without considering the role played by (perhaps unconscious) interpretative expectations of the kind relevance theory would predict; taking local linguistic context more thoroughly into account might offer a very different perspective on what Heaney is ‘saying’. In conclusion, I review Lakoff and Johnson’s profoundly influential ‘conceptual metaphor theory’ (CMT), and propose that relevance theory’s linguistically-driven account of metaphor in communication needs elements of ‘conceptual’ accounts such as CMT which describe metaphor as a matter of thought as well as language. Metaphor is a tremendously powerful communicative tool, but one to which literary critical analysis cannot do justice without a functioning theory of communication such as that offered by relevance theory.
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Oates, Briony June. "Metaphors for organisations during information systems development." Thesis, Teesside University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521884.
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How can we enable conventionally-educated information systems (IS) developers to use a richer model of organisations and move towards an interpretive paradigm? The thesis of this research is that a way can be found by using metaphors for organisations as cognitive structuring devices during IS development. Two interpretive, idiographic studies explore whether and how some systems developers could work with a range of metaphors for organisations. Phase 1 of the fieldwork research involved the development of an information system for a small engineering company. Phase 2 involved the development of information systems for a local authority department, a hospital diabetes centre and a chain of DIY stores. The use of metaphors is analysed using a cognitive psychology theory of metaphor and analogy. It is found that the developers used a range of organisational metaphors. They also linked the mappings generated to IS development issues, showing that the metaphors had practical relevance. A prototype methodology, Multi-Metaphor Methodology, is created. Version 1 has a theoretical basis from previous IS research, organisation analysis and cognitive psychology. Learning outcomes from the two fieldwork studies lead to enhancements in Versions 2 and 3. The methodology is thus based on knowledge from both theory and action. The developers felt it was helpful and recommended its development should continue. Phase 1 used interpretive action research. Issues arising from Phase 1 lead to the proposal of three additional validity criteria: the extent of participation, students as co-researchers, and guarding against self or group delusion. Phase 2 used co-operative inquiry. It is concluded that IS action research can be improved by reference to the literature of cooperative inquiry, which better addresses method, participation, knowledge, and validity. It is also concluded that co-operative inquiry can be improved by adding validity criteria from the IS action research literature. Contributions to knowledge are made in the use of organisational metaphors and cognitive psychology theory, the development of a methodology, two interpretive studies and an examination of research methods and validity.
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Скляр, Георгій Павлович, та Володимир Валерійович Стеценко. "Сontradictions of «tourist» metaphors and personality justification". Thesis, Полтавський університет економіки і торгівлі, 2016. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5336.
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Bishop, Beatriz Fontanive. "Gardens, Prisons, and Asylums: Metaphors for School." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1555104210701004.
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