Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Métaux – Teneur en éléments traces'
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Ettajani, Hanane. "Transfert des éléments traces essentiels ou toxiques dans une chaîne trophique à mollusques." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR4007.
Full textDuta, Mariana. "Synthèse et études préliminaires de calixarènes modifiés en vue de leur application en immunoanalyse de traces." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13015.
Full textSalomon, Stéphanie. "Optimisation du dosage d'ultra traces de métaux dans l'eau de mer par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique sans flamme (Al, Cu, Fe) : comparaison avec deux autres méthodes dans le cas de l'aluminium." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2038.
Full textDenayer, Franck-Olivier. "Écotoxicité des éléments traces métalliques chez les bryophytes : mise au point d'un bryocapteur des retombées atmosphériques à l'aide de Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Denayer.Franck_Olivier.SMZ0051.pdf.
Full textSterckeman, Thibault. "Caractérisation du fond géochimique en éléments en traces dans les sols issus de roches sédimentaires du Nord de la France." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL022N.
Full textSurface and deeper horizons developed in 22 parent materials were sampledin the agricultural and forest soils of Northern France. Total contents of 18 trace elements and two major elements (AI, Fe) were determined in 758 horizon samples, together with the pedological characteristics. Ln the deep horizons, the positive linear correlations of the less mobile trace elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, ln, Ni, Pb, Sn, TI, V, Zn) contents with lutum(particles < 2μm), AI and Fe contents suggest that trace elements are closely associated to alumino-silicates and iron oxi-hydroxides of the finest solid phase. These correlations are close and are common to the deeper horizons of ail the parent materials, whatever their age and type. The processes of the sedimentary rock genesis, including ancient pedogenesis, did not cause any major segregation of the less mobile elements. The mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb Se) show less close relationship with the minerai phase, except Cd and As which seem particularly associated to Mn and Fe respectively. Mercury, Mn and Se show strong links with the organic matter in the deep horizons. Soit parent materials often show an enrichment with the mobile elements. Most of the calcareous rocks are enriched with Cd. Enrichments with ail trace elements, except with Co, Cr and Ni, were found in the surface horizons
Tanguy, Virginie. "Spéciation colloïdale des éléments traces métalliques en milieu estuarien." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708258.
Full textRiso, Ricardo. "Evolution spatio-temporelle de quelques métaux traces dans les systèmes frontaux de l'Atlantique nord-est (côtes de Bretagne)." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2004.
Full textLesven, Ludovic. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques au sein du sédiment : un compartiment clé de l'environnement aquatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10112/document.
Full textThe pollution of aquatic ecosystems by trace metals (TM) is one of the major problems to which is faced our present society. These metals pass in transit through the water column and are finally trapped in sediments. From then on, they are involved in several biogeochemical reactions that likely modify more or less significantly their speciation and therefore their (bio)availability for the whole trophic chain. My researches are involved in this environmental topic and take part in the European Program INTERREG-III, Stardust. Three cross-border sites between France and Belgium have mainly been considered for this thesis: Scheldt, Lys and Spierre rivers. Trace metal analysis in the three sites sediments have pointed out high contamination by cadmium. However the metals (mainly Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) are mostly trapped in the reduced sulphur pool in these sediments. Conversely, Co and Ni are less trapped in these sediments due to their higher availability. Several sediment and porewater quality indexes have been used and shown that Spierre sediments seem to have a low toxicity according to the high AVS concentrations whereas interstitial waters are more polluted because of the low water hardness. Furthermore, the DGT -AgI technique used for the determination of dissolved sulphides has been deployed successfully in the North Sea sediment core to emphasize the sëasonal effect on the sulphides production. ln the same way, our work on gold microelectrodes results finally in the monitoring on line of Zn and Pb concentration in Deùle river, and sorne preliminary measurements directly in the Deûle sediments
Gounou, Catherine. "Mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments : couplage et comparaison des approches chimique et microbiologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0074/document.
Full textAntropic activities lead to the metallic contamination of river sediments. Most of trace metals are sorbed on sediments but a part of them can be released into aquatic environment when environmental conditions are modified. This is often due by the autochthonous microbial activity. Microbial activites and their consequences on the mobility of metals have been widely studied in soils. Metals are released through direct or indirect microbial mechanisms. Such studies in the case of sediments are very seldom. However, it can be usefull to understand the microbial mechanisms of metal release in sediments, and particularly for a good management of dredged sediments. In this environmental framework, the aim of this research work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial and chemical mechanisms in the release of metals from river sediments in anaerobic conditions. Firstly, sediments from the Marne and Seine rivers were incubated in anaerobic conditions. A high solubilisation of iron and manganese occurred associated to the solubilisation of trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb). Meanwhile, organic acids were produced and the medium was acidified. Thus fermentation was supposed to be the main process of microbial metabolism. Furthermore these observations led us to suppose the presence of iron-reducing bacteria. In a second step, the extent of the iron-reducing activity was studied. The main iron-reducing bacteria identified in the Marne sediments belonged to the species Clostridium butyricum and Paenibacillus polymyxa. The use of a geochemical model revealed that fermentation and reduction of iron(III) were the main metabolic pathways. Finally direct (enzymatic reduction) and indirect (complexation with organic acids, acidification) impacts of iron-reducing bacteria on the release of metals were compared. Acidification and organic acids had a weak impact on metal solubility in the range of studied pH (between 6,5 and 5). Enzymatic reduction is the main mechanisms of metal release in anaerobic conditions. Indeed the metallic concentrations can be 40 times higher in the presence of iron-reducing bacteria
Planquart, Pierre (19. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert des métaux en traces dans le système boue compostée-sol-plante et recherche de perturbations induites." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11012.
Full textElsamrani, Antoine. "Traitement des eaux pluviales par coagulation-floculation : speciation des éléments traces, influence des anions complexants, et recherche sur le devenir des boues à partir du système de silice-phosphate-FeCl[indice]3." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ELSAMRANI_A.pdf.
Full textAbi, Ghanem Carine. ""Spéciation" des trois éléments trace mercure, plomb et cadmium dans les sédiments marins des zones côtières libanaises." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/5015/01/Thèse_Carine_Abi_Ghanem.pdf.
Full textFaucher, Stéphane. "Développement de méthodes d’évaluation de la teneur en éléments trace pour la qualité sanitaire des récoltes." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3042/document.
Full textThis study concerns the establishment of tools, which allow evaluating the transfer of trace elements from agricultural soils to plants. It focused on four metal trace elements regulated in soil and/or in plants, which are cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, as well as a trace element in the process of regulation, arsenic. First, a sampling protocol was developed in order to dispose of a tool of pre-harvest diagnostic. The specifications were defined such that this protocol is operational, representative of the parcel, applicable to various parcels and crops and authorizes a spatial distribution of the trace element concentration. It is based on random stratified type in order to be able to cover the whole of the considered area. Then, the study focused on the development of a soil analysis method by electrochemistry in order to dispose of a tool for assessing the potential bioavailability of trace elements and therefore the risk of the soil - plant transfer. For that, the electrolabile form concentrations of these elements were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry using screen printed electrodes produced at the laboratory. The method was developed and validated from a solution of a mineralized certified reference soil. It was subsequently applied to solutions of different agricultural soils obtained by leaching according to a normalized protocol (NF ISO 18772)
Pouil, Simon. "Rôles de différents facteurs écologiques sur le transfert trophique des éléments traces chez des téléostéens marins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS019/document.
Full textTeleost fish accumulate metals through different pathways and It is now well established that food plays a major role in this accumulation. Nevertheless, there is still lack of knowledge on the variability of metal trophic transfer in fish in connection with their life context. The present doctoral research aims at characterizing the influence of biological and environmental factors on the assimilation efficiency (AE) of essential and non-essential metals in fish. AE determination during a series of experiment under controlled condition reveals that biological factors, in particular the type of food ingested, play a predominant role in metal AE in fish while environmental factors (pH, temperature, salinity ...) seem to have a limited influence. All the work carried out during this thesis allows a better understanding of the trophic transfer of metals in fish and, thus bring new knowledge in the field of fish nutrition and ecotoxicology
Albert, Quentin. "Sélection de souches fongiques performantes dans la biosorption de 3 éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Cu et Pb) et étude de leur spéciation minéralogique en microcosme de sol." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC202/document.
Full textSoil contaminations by trace metals are the second most frequent contamination in the world, counting more than 5 million polluted sites. This contamination represents a risk for the environment, the economy, the agriculture and the public health. Cd, Cu, and Pb are among the most frequent and/or toxic elements of this contamination. The hardly predictable behavior of trace metals in the soil matrix turn the remediation methods into a complex issue. Biological methods could be an economic, eco-friendly, and efficient alternative. The potential of the Fungi is more and more studied in this field.Our work aim is to evaluate the tolerance and the biosorption abilities of 28 fungi isolated from polluted soils, and to select the most efficient ones to perform microcosm's experiments of polluted soils. Thus, 3 fungal isolates have been selected. Absidia cylindrospora tolerates 1000 mg.L-1 in agar medium and biosorbs more than 50% of Cd and Pb after 3 days in liquid medium. Coprinellus micaceus biosorbs 100% of Pb in liquid medium. Finally, Chaetomium atrobrunneum biosorbs more than 50% of each metals after 3 days of exposure in liquid medium.The microcosm's experiments reveal that the colonization abilities of the isolates is crucial to enhance the influence of the fungal development on the potentially mobile metal fraction. Thus, A. cylindrospora shows the best potential among the tested isolates in bioaugmented microcosms in order to decrease the potentially mobile fraction of the metals. After 20 days, this isolate decrease the potentially mobile fraction of Cd and Cu respectively by 5 and 7%. Complementary experiments are needed to improve the process (longer experiment, higher fungal biomass) and to better understand the transfers of the metals in presence of fungal organisms
Hamzeh, Mariam. "Dynamique, comportement et toxicité des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface eau-sédiment dans l’estuaire de la Seine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10056/document.
Full textThe present work is a part of TOXSEINE project included in “Seine-aval IV Program”. The main focal points of the research are: study of the behavior and the toxicity of trace metals at water-sediment interface of the Seine estuary. Our work is conducted on different sites along the estuary reaching the mudflat of the river. The following study has revealed high levels of metal contamination in Seine sediment especially with Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn particularly in the upstream river. Other part of the work is devoted for the study of the disponibility and toxicity of metals by calculation of toxicity index and the use of bioessay (Microtox test). The accumulated trace metals in sediment represent a source of pollution and a potential threat to aquatic ecosystem especially during their release due to sediment resuspension caused by tide effect, traffic boat and dredging activities. For these reasons, the mobility of ETM is studied taking into consideration: adsorption phenomena, desorption, kinetics of metal release. The results have indicated an important lability of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) and positive correlation between the chemical contamination and the biological response
Gabelle, Cédric. "Étude de la contamination des sédiments par les métaux dans les canaux et rivières du Nord de la France." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_90.pdf.
Full textQasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Full textThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Full textMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Sivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de delta66Zn pour tracer les pollutions polymétalliques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/471/.
Full textA multi-elementary spiking method has been is developpeddeveloped in order to simultaneously quantify and caracterizecharacterize simultaneously the labile pools fraction of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb in contaminated soils. This method is has been validated by comparison with 1) radioactive Cd spiking data,g Cd and of2) chemical extractions results. In additionFurthermore, an integrated study of Zn isotopic signatures (d66Zn) in various compartments pools of two contaminated ecosystems (zinc smelting sites of Viviez-Decazeville, S. -W. Of France and of Kempen, N. -E of Belgium) has been performed allowing the identification of various allows to assume a coherent scheme of Zn isotopic fractionations during associated to the metallurgical processes. The differents d66Zn ratio observed in between "enriched" and "residual" zinc would be a powerfull tool to identify the metallurgical contaminations origins. These results demonstrate the efficiency of stable isotopes as tracers for contamination processes and sourcescontaminations tracers
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Full textTrace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Fekete, Ilona. "Évaluation complexe de la pollution environnementale du système de lacs Gödöllö - Isaszeg." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT003A.
Full textDiop, Cheikh. "Étude de la contamination, de la spéciation et de la biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux et sédiments côtiers et estuariens au Sénégal : évaluation de la toxicité potentielle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10034/document.
Full textThe objective of this study was to assess the trace metals contamination level, chemical speciation, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments and water column from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal. For water column, the results show that the pollution of the estuary was more serious than in Dakar coast for Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn; while, Cd and Cu were higher in Dakar coast. A strong affinity between metals and suspended particles has been revealed and the mobility of trace metals in estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon, while in coast it depends on chlorides. This study has assessed the metals trace contamination level in sediments and to examine their bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicity indexes are exceeded one in several sites suggesting the potential effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. However, seasonal variability of metal bioavailability was noted, revealing the best period to monitor metal contamination. From an ecotoxicological point of view, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were above the effects range low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects. The accumulated trace metals in sediment can be released into the water column due to sediments resuspension caused by tide, flood effects or dredging activities which increases the risk to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this work is interested in the behavior of metals during these phenomena. The results showed an important mobility of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd and their mobility is strongly correlated to their speciation and bioavailability
Larrose, Aurélie. "Quantification et spatialisation de la contamination en éléments traces métalliques du système fluvio-estuarien girondin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14285/document.
Full textThe Gironde estuarine system is impacted by historic polymetallic pollution due to mining and smelting activities in the upper watershed. Based on a high spatial resolution sampling strategy, wepropose the first maps of trace element (TE) contamination in the surface sediment at the estuarine scale. The highest TE concentrations occurred in the North Channel in the downstream estuary and inthe island zone in the upper estuary. Estimation of potentially releasable TE fraction, of enrichment factors and a comparison between measured TE concentrations and sediment quality guidelines allow us to class a major part of the estuary as a low to medium priority zone in terms of potential toxicityfor aquatic organisms.The TE contamination in the intra-estuarine watersheds included in a project of water quality management of the Gironde estuary (SAGE), was assessed for 57 watersheds by coupling into GIS,typological characteristics of the watersheds and geochemical analyses of stream sediments. Highest anomalies were found for urban watersheds for which urban tracers were identified as Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg,Sb and Zn, and for vineyard watersheds with Cu. A study of temporal and spatial variations of TEconcentrations in two small agricultural watersheds lead us to identify inputs from point and diffusive sources, especially for Ag, As, Cu and U related to anthropogenic activities. Marsh areas also play an important role in TE reactivity mainly due to organic matter transformations. In laboratory experiments simulating the transportation of TE from agricultural soils to aquatic systems and the maturing process of soil particles in the stream help us to identify processes responsible for TE release in the environment. Long term release of copper was mainly attributed to organic colloid transformation which implies an increase in the mobility, and consequently, the potential bioavailability/toxicity of Cu for aquatic organisms
Tessier, Erwan. "Diagnostic de la contamination sédimentaire par les métaux/métalloïdes dans la rade de Toulon et mécanismes controlant leur mobilité." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0003/document.
Full textThis study deals with the assessment of sediment contamination levels by trace metals in the Toulon bay, a semi-closed Mediterranean area submitted to heavy anthropogenic inputs. The sampling of interface cores in 52 points located in thewhole bay allowed establishing a precise mapping of the sedimentary characteristics and the metals/metalloids contents. The obtained results from the surface sediments revealed a significant contamination of the bay (especially for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn), mainly in the most enclosed parts of the small bay. There, the levels may exceed by several orders of magnitude the limits concerning dredging operations defined by the French legislation. The observed contamination distribution clearly indicated an export from the small to the large bay (normally less exposed) probably governed by hydrodynamic processes, responsible for the contaminated sediment resuspension. The sedimentary profiles of interface cores sampled in contrasted contamination areas revealed the presence of systematic contamination peaks in the first 20 cm. Taking into account the calculated sedimentation rate, this would demonstrate that the Toulon bay was submitted to a strong multi-contamination, probably linked to the 2nd world war. The analysis of interstitial waters (physico-chemical parameters,major, trace metals, and diagenetic tracers) allowed studying trace metals mobility. The obtained profiles appeared mainly controlled by diagenetic mechanisms and showed the major role of the main carrier phases present in the sediments (oxyhydroxides of Fe and Mn, sulphides). The modeling of these profiles led to the determination of the diffusive fluxes at the sediment/water interface, and so, to the action of the sediment as a sink or a source of contamination for the water column.The calculated outgoing diffusive fluxes appeared relatively low in comparison to the total contents measured in the sediment, proving that the main part of the studied trace metals remains in the sediment. Finally, resuspension experiments in lab and on field were performed with the aim to simulate different possible scenarios (storm,nautical traffic, dredging). Under the studied conditions, the remobilization can be low for some trace metals (e.g. As, Hg), but it may contrariwise be quite important for others (e.g. Cd, Cu, Pb) leading to a non-negligible contamination of the water column
Godet, Jean-Philippe. "Intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans l’évaluation de la qualité des sols : recherche de paramètres indicateurs de la pollution par des éléments traces métalliques et contribution à la mise au point d’un outil écotoxicologique de terrain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10160/document.
Full textSoil pollution by metals traces elements (MTE) is a worldwide concern in industrialized countries. For biomonitoring, it is necessary to develop indicator tools to evaluate the quality of terrestrial medias. The aim of this thesis was to research in Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda), indicator parameters of soil contamination by MTE, and especially of litter, to contribute to the development of ecotoxicological field tool to assess soil quality and terrestrial ecosystems. First, studies performed in situ, have concerned characterisation of woodlouse populations from ligneous habitats (abundance, age structure, reproduction, biometrical parameters, bioaccumulation) with the regard to physicochemical parameters of soil (pH, CaCO3 and MO contents, ratio C/N, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations). Secondly, studies ex situ were also performed in controlled conditions in laboratory. Parameters have concerned growth rate, bioaccumulation, behavioural avoidance or population dynamics in P. scaber exposed to field litter contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. Field studies didn’t show any difference between woodlouse populations from contaminated sites or not. Actually, although MTE body burdens in woodlice from massively contaminated sites were high, it seemed that field populations were physiologically adapted to contaminants. In other hand, laboratory investigations were shown the interest of the use of P. scaber in ecotoxicity tests to assess litter quality. These studies have notably shown the sensitivity of growth rate and behavioural avoidance of P. scaber as endpoints in ecotoxicity tests
Biscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Full textCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Nia, Yacine. "Utilisation d'un échantillonneur passif (DGT) pour l'évaluation de la remobilisation des métaux dans les sédiments : expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30048.
Full textEvaluation of the mobility and bioavailability of metals associated to sediments have an important economic issue for the management of contaminated sites. Therefore, environmental, economic and regulation issues require to have access to a robust methodologies for environmental risk assessment of contaminated sediments. In this work, we developed a new approach for assessing the transport and mobility of metals in sediments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is a dynamic in-situ measuring technique that assesses the kinetics of metal resupply from the solid phase to the pore water. In this study, an original model for the interpretation of DGT experimental kinetics in sediments called DGT-PROFS model was developed. It allow to quantify metal partitioning between two particulate pools, describing weak and strong interactions with metals. The relevance of the DGT / DGT-PROFS approach was evaluated in a variety of formulated sediments that differed in the presence or not of humic acids (HA) and/or iron hydroxides (i.e., goethite and ferrihydrite). The impact of the time after contamination of the solid phase (aging effect) was also evaluated. Also, this approach allows to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the remobilization of metals in sediments. The results showed that sediments capacity to release metals depends strongly on the pH, HA and the age of the contamination. Results interpretation by DGT-PROFS model show that in the presence of HA and absence of iron hydroxides, Cd is mainly associated with weak sites, while Cu is bound to strong sites. Similarly, in the presence of both iron hydroxides and HA, Cu appeared to be more heavily associated with the strong sites than did Cd. When the incubation time increased from 8 to 190 days, a proportion of Cd initially adsorbed onto weak sites transferred to the strong sites, suggesting that the adsorption of Cd on sediments is partially controlled by slow kinetic processes. The complementarity of these tools (DGT device and DGT-PROFS model) was then evaluated on natural sediments from different regions of France, and having contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb and Mn very contrasting
Jimenez, Joselyn. "Comportement des ETMs dans les sédiments de surface du Golfe du Morbihan et la Baie de Quiberon : distribution spatiale, spéciation, biodisponibilité et relation avec les sédiments des ports et rivières." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS400/document.
Full textSurface sediments in the Gulf of Morbihan and the Bay of Quiberon were analyzed in order to characterize the trace metals elements, their behavior, the processes that control their spatial distribution, their speciation, reactivity and bioavailability. Potential sources of metals were looked for, based on the analysis of nearby harbors and river basin’s sediments. The analyses were done on the fraction below 63 µm of the sediments collected in April 2013. MTEs total concentration and speciation were obtained from total and selective attacks, respectively.The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb was identified in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Morbihan. Pb lability and bioavailability were shown in the sediments of the Bay of Quiberon. The MTEs behavior of the Morbihan’s coast is mostly controlled by the land-sea gradient. However, harbors and rivers form sources of ETMs, principally of Cu and Zn
Ellili, Ahlem. "Approche des mécanismes de tolérance d'Atriplex halimus subsp. halimus L. au sel et aux éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes : perspectives pour sa gestion sur le territoire du Parc National des Calanques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0340.
Full textOn the PNCal, a multidisciplinary team has taken into account the pollution left by past industrial activities and works to reconcile the objectives of diffuse pollution management and biodiversity conservation. Atriplex halimus is a known invasive species in protected areas. It is necessary to provide criteria for deciding whether to maintain it for phytostabilisation or for its eradication on the maritime domain subject to seaspray and lead and arsenic pollution. The bibliographic analysis and examination of the aerial photographs of the site since 1925 does not indicate a recent implantation and invasion by A.halimus. The in situ study shows Atriplex halimus resistance to heavy metals and arsenic along a contamination gradient and in the saltspray area. This synchronic study was prolonged by the demonstration of a fluctuation of the health indicators of the aerial parts and the root symbionts associated with the seasonal physiological variations. We tested germination and growth of A. halimus ex situ and the soil-plant transfers on a wider range of soil pollution from the PNCal. The results: an inhibition of A.halimus growth in soil of PNCal related to soil pollution, salinity and oligotrophy. To the physiological tolerance to TMM mentioned in the bibliography, we added the determinant contribution of root symbiosis and the adsorption of TMM on the mineral phase. This study shows that the potential invasion of pollutant-tolerant plants can be easily tested by analyzing both the in situ study of spontaneous populations as well as the biotic and abiotic factors favoring their germination and growth in ex situ analyzes. This method provides decisive tools for managers of protected areas
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I032/document.
Full textThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Merrot, Pauline. "Géochimie, spéciation et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques (Fe, Ni, Cr et Mn) au sein des sédiments du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS551.pdf.
Full textNew Caledonia is covered on 33% of ultramafic rocks enriched in trace metals elements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn and Co). The erosion of these massifs represents an important source of these trace metals towards the lagoon, partially registered on the World List Heritage by UNESCO for its biodiversity. Understanding the geochemical cycle of these toxic trace metals is essential to evaluate the potential impacts on the biodiversity of this ecosystem. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has shown that the contribution of iron sulfides is low, Ni and Fe are bearing by goethite and clays. These latter minerals representing the major phase for the Fe and Ni speciation were identified as chrysotile and green clays: a smectite (nontronite), a mica (glauconite) and a serpentine like a greenalite/berthierine. The clay minerals cycle and the green clay plays a major role in the Fe and Ni cycle, but also in Mn and to a lesser extent in the Cr cycles. The Mn speciation is shared by the clay minerals and the carbonates species whereas Cr is bearing by goethite and chromite inherited of laterite and in lesser extent by clay minerals. Cr is totally present under the reduced form which is the less toxic form. This absence of Cr(VI) is linked to the absence of Mn oxides in sediments avoiding the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and thus limits the impact on the environment. Finally, the chemical extractions of these metals show a relatively low bioavailability of trace metals except for Mn implying an effective long-term trapping for trace metals and thus limiting the environmental impacts even if the concentrations extracted are not negligible and can be threaten the biodiversity of the lagoon
Triboit, Frédéric. "Les métaux dans les bassins autoroutiers du Sud-Est de la France : potentialités de dépollution des eaux et des sédiments par les plantes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX11068.pdf.
Full textAmongst the numerous retention ponds alongside motorways from the French concession motorway company ASF, this study focused on a pool of 18 ponds in the South-East of France. The purpose was to determine the major features of the pond functioning beyond structural characters, biotic and abiotic environmental parameters and evaluate the remediation potential of the spontaneous flora. Results showed that water chemistry was not a discriminant pool of data because these parameters were under control of water renewal. However, among the sediment chemical parameters selected, carbonate content was a good discriminant. Pond vegetation showed a classical dynamic of evolution with helophytes following hydrophyte colonization. Amongst the plant taxa, Chara vulgaris was more abundant in carbonated ponds while Chara globularis occurred in less carbonated ponds. A rhizospheric effect was demonstrated enhancing trace elements biodisponibility. However no metal hyperaccumulation was observed in the analysed aquatic plants. Metal contents in plants were low compared with metal contents in sediments. The highest metal accumulation was obtained in roots of typha. Even if charophytes produced high biomass in the ponds, low levels of trace elements were accumulated in plant tissue. However, plant cover play a stabilization role in the ponds: regarding strong gusts of wind, typical of Mediterranean climate and possible pollutant dispersion, vegetation may improve particles trapping in the ponds
Vansimaeys, Caroline. "Comportement à long terme de dépôts de sédiments de curage : approche mécanistique du transfert de métaux en milieu poreux non saturé." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10025/document.
Full textCanal dredging generates high volumes of sediments which are often heavily contaminated with metals, especially in industrialized zones. Dredged sediments are usually deposited on land for long or temporary periods, and may impact surrounding environments. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of metal mobilisation during the ageing of sediment deposits. Sediment ageing was simulated in laboratory under controlled conditions with two protocols of wetting-drying : le first one simulated a sediment disposal in drained conditions and the second one hydromorphic conditions. The solubilisation of metals and their speciation in solid phase were followed over time. The distribution of metals was determined by selective dissolution. Sediment deposit on land leads to a fast transfer of Cd, Cu, As and Zn into the organic matter pool and these associations are stable with time excepted for Cd. The transfer of Cd, Cu, As and Pb into the oxyhydroxydes pool takes place later on following the disposal of sediment, excepted for the Zn-oxyhydroxides association, which is rapid but not stable with time. The acido-soluble pool becomes rapidly predominant for Zn, Cd and Pb after the sediment disposal and persists over time. Deposit conditions have no impact during the first time of the deposit. But, with time, hydromorphic conditions lead to a transfer of higher quantities of Cd, Cu and Zn into draining water and into exchangeable positions than the deposit in drained conditions
Superville, Pierre-Jean. "Suivi en ligne par voltampérométrie de la spéciation des éléments traces métalliques et des espèces soufrées réduites en cours d’eau : de la conception de la station de mesure aux applications environnementales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10014/document.
Full textIn order to better understand the dynamic fate and speciation of trace metals in the aquatic systems, an Automatic Trace metal Monitoring Station (ATMS) based on voltammetric techniques has been developed during this PhD. This ATMS includes a potentiostat-galvanostat, a stand with a measurement cell, pumps and burettes and is handled with optimized procedures to measure hourly the concentrations of électrolabile and acid-leachable trace metals. Another set of procedures was also developed for the measurement of reduced sulphur species which can greatly influence the metal speciation. These methods have been applied to the Deûle River, daily navigated, downstream of a metallurgical complex, where sediments are heavily contaminated, especially with Zn and Pb. The results demonstrate for the first time in this kind of aquatic system that the chronic resuspension of sediment leads to the desorption of trace metals from sedimentary particles and their dilution in the overlying water. Furthermore, the set of data recorded during the year 2011 reveals an evolution of these sorption mechanisms. A strong bacterial activity in the sediment in summer seems indeed to result in the formation of less-efficient-metal-bounding particulate phases. Thus, trace metals exhibit a more dynamic behaviour in summer and lower and less variable concentrations in winter. These advances open clearly the way for new researches on trace metal behaviour in riverine water where transitory or exceptional events occur (floods, eutrophication, dredging…)
Andriamalala, Aurore. "Antibiotiques apportés seuls ou en mélange (antibiotique+antibiotique et antibiotique+métaux) dans des sols agricoles – Devenir et impacts sur les microorganismes du sol et leurs activités." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA022/document.
Full textThe antibiotics (ATB) used in human and veterinary medicine are largely excreted and can enter agricultural soils through the spreading of organic waste products (OWP), with unassessed risks on human health and the environment. In addition, these ATBs are most often combined with other organic and / or mineral contaminants. However, very few studies have addressed the fate and effects of ATBs interacting with other contaminants in soils.The objective of the thesis was to better understand the fate of ATB applied to soils alone or in combination with other contaminants, and their impacts on soil microorganisms and their activities.The antibiotics selected were sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), for their contrasting mode of action and behavior, and N-ac-SMX, the main metabolite of SMX. The chosen metals were copper and zinc, which are known to increase in soils with regular applications of certain OWPs. They were brought together, at an environmental dose, and at a dose 5 times higher. The soils are a control soil that has never received OWP and two soils amended since 1998, by manure or compost green waste and sewage sludge, to test the impact of repeated applications of OWP and of the nature of OWP.Microcosms were incubated under controlled conditions for 156 days. For the study of ATB fate, the soils were treated with 14C-labeled ATBs and the 14C distribution was followed in the mineralized, easily and hardly extractable and non-extractable fractions. The impact of ATBs alone or in combinations on microorganisms and their activities was studied using unlabelled ATBs.The fate of ATBs is controlled by :i) The nature and properties of ATBs: CIP is rapidly and strongly adsorbed in soils and is not mineralized. Sulfonamides are rapidly degraded and mineralized up to 10% after 156 days.The fates of the SMX and N-ac-SMX are almost similar when they are brought alone, the N-ac-SMX being transformed into SMX. Whatever the molecules, the non-extractable residues are major at the end of incubation (> 50%).ii) Previous repeated applications of OWP that enhance adsorption of ATBs and reduce their mineralization.iii) The nature of the OWP : the more stable compost promotes the production of hardly extractable residues, the manure, more degradable, stimulates the mineralization of the sulfonamides and the production of non-extractable residues.iv) The presence of other contaminants, their nature and concentration : although the CIP at environmental doses did not affect the fate of SMX and N-ac-SMX in soils, the influence of metals was measurable and increased with their dose. At low doses, metals decrease the mineralization of SMX and N-ac-SMX by a factor of 2, by promoting the adsorption of ATBs through complexation, in particular with copper. At high doses, metals inhibit the mineralization of sulfonamides, through physicochemical reactions (increased adsorption of ATBs via copper) and certainly biological effects (toxic effects especially of zinc).The sulfonamides had no effect on soil microorganisms and mineralization of carbon and nitrogen when applied alone or as a mixture with ciprofloxacin or metals at environmental doses. But mixtures with the high dose of metals induce toxic effects on microbial biomass and mineralization of carbon. These toxic effects seem mainly due to metals and not to pH or ionic strength indirect effects.Therefore under these experimental conditions, the environmental risks associated with ATBs seem limited in the short term. But it would be necessary to study the effects in the longer term and of cumulative applications
Rigaud, Sylvain. "Dynamique et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments de l'étang de Berre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30054.
Full textThe industrialization of the Berre lagoon in the 20th century was accompanied by large releases trace metals, which were partially accumulated in sediments and are now likely to be remobilized to the water column or be integrated into the food chain and cause an ecotoxicological risk.The reconstruction of the temporal and spatial trends of sediment contamination shows that current levels of contamination of surface sediments have been the lowest for decades in agreement with the effectiveness of regulations on industrial releases set up in the years 1970. These levels are low to moderate in surface but very high contamination exist a few centimeters below the sediment surface.The role of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides and sulfides in controlling the mobility of ETM in the sediment and fluxes at the water/sediment interface has been demonstrated through the modeling of transport and reactions of chemical compounds and trace metals in the pore waters, their concentration profiles in the reactive fraction of the particulate phase and experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. The oxygenation of the water column is the main parameter influencing the mobility and fluxes and the influence of reoxygenation of bottom water column in the Grand Etang is discussed.Finally, the bioavailability of trace metals and adverse effects they may constitute for a target benthic organism, the polychaete Nereis succinea, were evaluated by estimating the potentially bioavailable fraction in sediments (chemical extractions and Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films), by measuring bioaccumulated concentrations and by the use of biomarkers (metallothioneins and genotoxicity assays). Some highly bioaccumulated trace metals pose a potential risk and might be involved in the degradation of the benthic macrofauna
Orani, Anna Maria. "Développements analytiques pour la détermination des concentrations et de l’origine des contaminants inorganiques dans des environnements marins." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4112/document.
Full textTrace elements (TE) naturally occur in the environment but their inputs have been increasing by anthropogenic activities in the last decades, causing environmental concerns, particularly in coastal ecosystems. TE are toxic and the need of reliable methods for their determination in environmental samples is undeniable. The first part of this PhD was focused on the development and full validation of methods for the analysis of TE in sediments and marine organisms by Solid Sampling High Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SSHR-CS-AAS). Second, environmental studies based on these and others methodologies were then performed. A first monitoring survey was performed on sediments (surface and core samples) collected along the Namibian coast. This thesis provides the first baseline of TE contents and historical record of pollution in the area. Significant Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn enrichments were highlighted around the most populated areas, providing a needed baseline for present and future evaluation of the Namibian marine environment. Pb pollutions and their sources were also tracked through the use of Pb isotope ratios. A second monitoring survey was performed on different marine sponges and sediments collected in the French Mediterranean and in the Irish coasts. This work showed that sponges accumulate more TE than sediments in different extents according to species. Arsenic speciation analysis was performed in sponges by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS. This special focus on arsenic highlighted the great bioaccumulation of this metalloid in sponges and its biotransformation from inorganic forms to less toxic organic forms
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Full textAzoury, Sabine. "Étude de la contamination de la côte libanaise par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) et les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs) : archives sédimentaires et biomonitoring suite à une marée noire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14755/document.
Full textThis research project aims at the study of the contamination of the Lebanese coast by PAHs, DDE, Hg and Pb. The research work is divided into two distinct parts concerning two environmental compartments (sedimentary and biological) and it addresses different questions and approaches. In the first part, the study of a dated sediment core raised from the continental shelf in southern Lebanese coast allowed reconstructing the contamination history in the Levantine basin. The contaminants’ analysis as well as 210Pb and 137Cs datation allowed obtaining a reliable record of mercury, lead and PAHs sedimentary deposition in the Lebanese continental margin in the Levantine basin. Although concentrations and fluxes are relatively low, a two-phase increase of concentration is found using C1 core sedimentary profiles. Coal was identified as the main source of Pb, Hg and PAHs in the Levantine basin between the mid 19th and the mid 20th century. Ratios of Pb stable isotopes and PAH diagnostic ratios support this assumption. The studied sedimentary archives provide also information on the deposition of contaminants on a global scale possibly related to atmospheric emissions mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. In the second part of the thesis, the study of contamination by PAHs of the Lebanese coast was undertaken following an oil spill in the south of Lebanon, which occurred after the bombardment by the Israeli military of the electric power plant in Jiyeh in 2006. We have set-up a biomonitoring program with an invasive mussel specie Brachidontes variabilis over a three-year study. Results indicate a progressive decrease of PAH concentrations in the intertidal ecosystem of the Lebanese coast. Contamination of the subtidal zone in 2007 by Jiyeh fuel oil was significantly lower. However, Jiyeh fuel oil signature was still detectable in mussel tissues even three years after the oil spill. Contamination was found to be particularly persistent in some of the highly oiled sites. It appears that pre-spill state was still not reached even three years following the oil spill. Detailed investigation of spatio-temporal changes of intertidal mussels contamination by PAH is also presented in this part of the thesis
Sukkampatti, Palanisamy Saravanan. "Empreinte géochimique urbaine dans la mégapôle de Chennai sur les sédiments de rivière : gradient amont-aval, sources et résilience." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4016.
Full textIn this study, an attempt is made to ascertain the present pollution status of Adyar and Cooum River, which are the two important rivers among the six main waterways in the Chennai Megacity, Tamil Nadu, India and greatly influenced by urbanisation in the past three decades. This study is designed 3 main objectives (i) Geochemical footprint of megacity onto river sediments (ii) Endocrine disruptor occurrence: Preliminary study for PAHs, PBDEs, PCBs and Phthalates (iii) Influence of 2015 monsoon hazard onto trace element pollution level of 2 main rivers
Dang, Thi ha. "Erosion et transferts de matières en suspension, carbone et métaux dans le bassin versant du Fleuve Rouge depuis la frontière sino-vietnamienne jusqu’à l’entrée du delta." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14236/document.
Full textErosion and transfer of suspended particulate matter (SPM), and associated elements (e.g. carbon, trace metal elements-ETM) by river are attributed to a combination of natural parameters related to geology and climatic influences and affected by human disturbance. Based on an extensive dataset of daily water discharge and SPM concentrations between 1960 and 2008 at the outlet of the Red River system, the annual SPM yield of the Red River is estimated at 600 t/km²/yr (ranged between 160 and 1330 t/km²/yr). This large range of sediment yield is strongly related to the inter-annual hydrological conditions and the operation of the HoaBinh Reservoir in 1989. In fact, the HoaBinh Reservoir reduces annual SPM delivery to the delta by half after 1989, i.e. the mean sedimentation rate of 52-200 cm/yr. The spatial variability of SPM fluxes in the Red River watershed suggests that most SPM were eroded from the upstream catchment located in China (80%), contrasting the water discharge with only 21%. In addition, the complex processes of erosion/sedimentation occurring in the middle Red River basin strongly depend on hydrological conditions; in contrast, an important sedimentation was observed at the entry point to the Red River Delta whatever the hydrological conditions. The major factors controlling the spatial variation of the sediment yields of the Vietnamese Red River watershed are maximum elevation and mean surface.During 2008-2009, high resolution sampling (weekly to bimestrial) of biogeochemical parameters (carbon and ETM) were performed at five key sites along the Red River system. The organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) concentrations in the Red River are relatively low and mainly allochtonous; in contrast, the dissolved inorganic carbon are very important and is the major carbon form (60 -90%) in relation to the abundance of carbonate rocks in the Red River watershed. In terms of ETM concentrations, the quality of water and SPM transported in the Vietnamese Red River watershed can be classified as poor upstream and as mediocre downstream. The study of the partition between the dissolved and particulate phases showed that most ETM transported in the Red River are in particulate phase (except Mo), due to the high mechanical erosion rate. In addition, high spatial resolution study (40 sites) performed in the Vietnamese Red River watershed of ETM concentrations and their speciation (dissolved and particulate) has highlighted strong geochemical anomalies in the upstream Red River. Finally, the identification of geochemical signals showed a similarity in the geochemical signal of particulate metal transport between upstream and downstream of the Red River, suggesting a contribution quasi-exclusively from the upstream part (in China) in the ETM fluxes of the Red River (80 -95%)
Quá trình xói mòn và vận chuyển vật chất (chất rắn lơ lửng, các-bon và kim loại nặng) bởi các dòng sông, suối chịu ảnh hưởng tổng hợp từ các quá trình tự nhiên (địa chất, khí hậu) và các hoạt động của con người. Dựa trên các bảng số liệu ngày về hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng và lưu lượng nước trong giai đoạn từ năm 1960 đến năm 2008 trên trục chính của sông Hồng tại trạm Sơn Tây (hạ nguồn của hệ thông sông Hồng trước khi chảy vào vùng đồng bằng), mục tiêu đầu tiên của luận án là nghiên cứu sự biến đổi theo thời gian tải lượng trung bình chất rắn lơ lửng của sông Hồng. Các kết quả cho thấy trong giai đoạn quan trắc, hàng năm sông Hồng chuyển tải ra biển khoảng 24×106 đến 200×106 tấn/năm (trung bình các năm là 90×106 tấn /năm), tương đương với hệ số xâm thực từ 160 đến 1330 tấn/km²/năm. Chính sự phụ thuộc mạnh mẽ của hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng vào các điều kiện thuỷ văn khác nhau đã tạo ra sự đa dạng về tải lượng chất rắn chuyển tải hàng năm của hệ thống sông Hồng. Tuy nhiên, trong những năm 1989-1990, khi hồ chứa Hoà Bình đi vào hoạt động, tải lượng chất rắn lơ lửng chuyển tải ra biển của hệ thống sông Hồng đã giảm sút còn khoảng 50×106 tấn, tức là đã giảm khoảng 50%. Dựa trên chiều cao và thể tích của hồ Hoà Bình, hệ số lắng đọng chất rắn lơ lửng trong lòng hồ được xác định vào khoảng 52-200 cm/năm. Như vậy, sau 20 năm đi vào hoạt động, độ dầy lớp bùn đất lắng đọng trong hồ Hoà Bình khoảng 10.4-40m, làm giảm đáng kể thể tích của hồ Hoà Bình.Mục tiêu tiếp theo của luận án là thiết lập cân bằng hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng trong các đoạn sông từ thượng nguồn sông Hồng (trạm Lào Cai), tại các hạ nguồn của 3 nhánh sông chính (sông Hồng tại Phú Thọ, sông Đà và sông Lô tại Việt Trì) và tại Sơn Tây trong thời kỳ 2003-2008. Diễn biến của các quá trình xói mòn, chuyển tải và lắng đọng diễn ra trên các đoạn sông một cách phức tạp, đan xen lẫn nhau và phụ thuộc chặt chẽ vào các điều kiện thuỷ văn. Tuy vậy, hiện tượng lắng đọng mạnh mẽ các chất rắn lơ lửng trong vùng hạ nguồn của hệ thống sông Hồng (từ Phú Thọ đến Sơn Tây) đã được ghi nhận trong tất cả các năm quan trắc, không phụ thuộc vào điều kiện thuỷ văn. Ngoài ra, dựa vào các số liệu thu thập được, chúng tôi đã lập bản đồ xói mòn cho toàn bộ lưu vực sông Hồng tại Việt Nam. Hơn thế, các kết quả còn chỉ ra rằng độ cao và độ dốc trung bình lưu vực là hai yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đến hệ số xâm thực của lưu vực sông Hồng.Đánh giá chất lượng nước và chất lượng chất rắn lơ lửng chuyển tải trong hệ thống sông Hồng là mục tiêu thứ 3 của luận án. Để đạt được mục tiêu trên, chúng tôi đã tiến hành lấy các mẫu nước và chất rắn lơ lủng trên trục chính cũng như trên các nhánh sông chính của sông Hồng để phân tích hàm lượng các-bon hữu cơ và vô cơ cũng như hàm lượng kim loại nặng trong hai năm 2008-2009, với chu kì lấy mẫu hàng tuần đến hàng tháng. Hàm lượng các-bon hữu cơ (dạng hoà tan và lơ lửng) trong nước sông Hồng tương đối thấp tại tất cả các điểm lấy mẫu và nguồn gốc chính của các-bon hữu cơ là allochtone. Ngược lại, hàm lượng các-bon vô cơ hoà tan rất cao, chiếm khoảng 60-90% hàm lượng các-bon tổng và được giải thích bằng sự có mặt phong phú của núi đá vôi trên toàn lưu vực. Đối với kim loại nặng, dựa trên các kết quả phân tích về hàm lượng kim loại nặng trong nước và trong chất rắn lơ lửng và các tiêu chuẩn đánh giá chất lượng nước QCVN 08, chúng tôi đã đánh giá chất lượng nước cho toàn bộ hệ thống sông Hồng từ Lào Cai đến Sơn Tây. Nếu nước sông Hồng trên vùng thượng nguồn (tại Lào Cai và Phú Thọ) không đảm bảo chất lượng để có thể sử dụng làm nguồn nước sinh hoạt thì tại các vùng hạ lưu của sông Hồng, sông Đà và sông Lô, nhìn chung nước của 3 nhánh sông có thể dùng để cung cấp nước sinh hoạt nhưng phải qua các quá trình xử lí tách cặn lơ lửng. Hơn nữa, trong năm 2008, chúng tôi đã thực hiện hai chương trình lấy mẫu nước, chất rắn lơ lửng và trầm tích trên 40 điểm phân bố đều trên toàn bộ lưu vực sông Hồng tại Việt Nam trong mùa cạn và mùa mưa
Gavalda, David. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques dans les boulbènes (luvi-redoxisol) après épandage de boues granulées." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT007A.
Full textLaurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Cabanis, Marie-Thérèse. "Contribution a l'étude du dosage des éléments traces dans les aliments par absorption atomique sans flamme : cas particulier du cadmium." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON13507.
Full textBentahila, Yasmine. "Sédimentation autour de Taiwan de 35000 ans à l'actuel : variations des sources (isotopes du Pb-Sr-Zn) et des conditions environnementales (isotopes du Cu-Zn)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103456.
Full textA l'échelle des derniers 35ka, d'importantes variations isotopiques en Sr-Pb (terrigène) et en Cu-Zn (carbonate) sont enregistrées dans les échantillons du forage ODP 1202D (Bassin d'Okinawa). Les isotopes du Sr et du Pb mettent en évidence une augmentation des apports lœssiques durant la période du Younger Dryas : cette augmentation est reliée à une intensification de la mousson d'hiver, engendrant des vents plus forts provenant du continent asiatique. Parallèlement, les fractionnements isotopiques importants du Cu et du Zn enregistrés depuis 6.9ka seraient liés à l'incorporation préférentielle des isotopes légers par l'activité biologique dans la zone euphotique. Ainsi, les faibles fractionnements isotopiques mesurés dans les échantillons du Younger Dryas seraient dus à un mélange entre les eaux de surfaces et les eaux plus profondes du fait de l'intensification des vents, provoquant ainsi une homogénéisation isotopique.
Taneez, Mehwish. "Stabilisation d’un sédiment marin pollué en utilisant des résidus de bauxite : évaluation de la mobilité d’éléments trace." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4036/document.
Full textMarine sediments concentrate various pollutants and subsequent sedimentation of harbors and ports require periodic dredging to maintain satisfactory depth of waterways. Direct land deposition of contaminated marine dredged sediments pose risk to the environment due to possible leaching of trace elements. In this context, we aimed to study the feasibility of trace elements stabilization by mixing 5% and 20% of bauxite residues (bauxaline®, bauxsol and neutralized bauxaline®) with composted dredged marine sediment. The treatment efficiency was evaluated by monitoring the leached trace elements concentration and toxicity of sediment leachates. 20% amendment application successfully stabilized cationic pollutants (Cu, Cd, Zn) up to 40-80%, and decreased the toxicity of sediment leachates. Whereas, anionic pollutants (As, Mo) were less immobilized require further investigation
Charriau, Adeline. "Étude de la contamination organique et métallique associée aux sédiments du district hydrographique international de l'Escaut." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10042/document.
Full textOrganic and metallic contaminants released by past and present human activities are widespread in the environment and in particular in river sediments, where these compounds tend to accumulate. Contaminated sediments, that represent a potential threat toward aquatic organisms, can also go against the efforts made with the implementation of the water framework directive of the European Union in order to preserve water quality. This research has been mainly carried out in the framework of the INTERREG III - STARDUST research program and focused on the area of the International Hydrographic District of the Scheldt, that encloses parts of Belgium, Netherlands and north of France. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and n-alkanes contamination levels and sources have been determined in sediments from the following rivers and canals: Espierre, Scheldt, Lys, Canche and Yser. The pyrolytic origin of the PAH contamination is predominant while n-alkanes originate from various biogenic and petrogenic sources. Sediment quality guidelines have demonstrated that sediments from the Espierre canal are associated to a higher threat for aquatic organisms. Trace metal speciation, that greatly influences the biodisponibility of these contaminants, has been estimated using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Results notably indicate a strong association of copper and zinc with organic matter
Parat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)." Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Full textYan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
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