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Morris, C. E., D. C. Sands, M. Bardin, R. Jaenicke, B. Vogel, C. Leyronas, P. A. Ariya, and R. Psenner. "Microbiology and atmospheric processes: an upcoming era of research on bio-meteorology." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2008): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-191-2008.
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Abstract. For the past 200 years, the field of aerobiology has explored the abundance, diversity, survival and transport of micro-organisms in the atmosphere. Micro-organisms have been explored as passive and severely stressed riders of atmospheric transport systems. Recently, an interest in the active roles of these micro-organisms has emerged along with proposals that the atmosphere is a global biome for microbial metabolic activity and perhaps even multiplication. As part of a series of papers on the sources, distribution and roles in atmospheric processes of biological particles in the atmosphere, here we describe the pertinence of questions relating to the potential roles that air-borne micro-organisms might play in meteorological phenomena. For the upcoming era of research on the role of air-borne micro-organisms in meteorological phenomena, one important challenge is to go beyond descriptions of abundance of micro-organisms in the atmosphere toward an understanding of their dynamics in terms of both biological and physico-chemical properties and of the relevant transport processes at different scales. Another challenge is to develop this understanding under contexts pertinent to their potential role in processes related to atmospheric chemistry, the formation of clouds, precipitation and radiative forcing. This will require truly interdisciplinary approaches involving collaborators from the biological and physical sciences, from disciplines as disparate as agronomy, microbial genetics and atmosphere physics, for example.
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Keen, B. A. "Soil physics in relation to meteorology." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 58, no. 245 (September 10, 2007): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705824504.
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Baklanov, Alexander, Dominik Brunner, Gregory Carmichael, Johannes Flemming, Saulo Freitas, Michael Gauss, Øystein Hov, et al. "Key Issues for Seamless Integrated Chemistry–Meteorology Modeling." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 2285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00166.1.
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Abstract Online coupled meteorology–atmospheric chemistry models have greatly evolved in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modeling community, these integrated models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and climate modeling, as they can consider both the effects of meteorology on air quality and the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. This paper summarizes the main conclusions from the “Symposium on Coupled Chemistry–Meteorology/Climate Modelling: Status and Relevance for Numerical Weather Prediction, Air Quality and Climate Research,” which was initiated by the European COST Action ES1004 “European Framework for Online Integrated Air Quality and Meteorology Modelling (EuMetChem).” It offers a brief review of the current status of online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry modeling and a survey of processes relevant to the interactions between atmospheric physics, dynamics, and composition. In addition, it highlights scientific issues and emerging challenges that require proper consideration to improve the reliability and usability of these models for three main application areas: air quality, meteorology (including weather prediction), and climate modeling. It presents a synthesis of scientific progress in the form of answers to nine key questions, and provides recommendations for future research directions and priorities in the development, application, and evaluation of online coupled models.
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Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 4, 2007): 7625–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7625-2007.
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Abstract. A general understanding of the physics of advection and turbulent mixing within the near surface atmosphere assists the interpretation and predictive power of air chemistry theory. The theory of the physical processes involved in diffusion of trace gas reactants in the near surface atmosphere is still incomplete. Such boundary layer theory is least understood over snow and ice covered surfaces, due in part to the thermo-optical properties of the surface. Polar boundary layers have additional aspects to consider, due to the possibility of long periods without diurnal forcing and enhanced Coriolis effects. This paper provides a review of present concepts in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP.
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Baklanov, A., K. Schlünzen, P. Suppan, J. Baldasano, D. Brunner, S. Aksoyoglu, G. Carmichael, et al. "Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2014): 317–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-317-2014.
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Abstract. Online coupled mesoscale meteorology atmospheric chemistry models have undergone a rapid evolution in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modelling community, these models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and regional climate modelling as they can consider not only the effects of meteorology on air quality, but also the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. Two ways of online coupling can be distinguished: online integrated and online access coupling. Online integrated models simulate meteorology and chemistry over the same grid in one model using one main time step for integration. Online access models use independent meteorology and chemistry modules that might even have different grids, but exchange meteorology and chemistry data on a regular and frequent basis. This article offers a comprehensive review of the current research status of online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry modelling within Europe. Eighteen regional online coupled models developed or being used in Europe are described and compared. Topics discussed include a survey of processes relevant to the interactions between atmospheric physics, dynamics and composition; a brief overview of existing online mesoscale models and European model developments; an analysis on how feedback processes are treated in these models; numerical issues associated with coupled models; and several case studies and model performance evaluation methods. Finally, this article highlights selected scientific issues and emerging challenges that require proper consideration to improve the reliability and usability of these models for the three scientific communities: air quality, numerical meteorology modelling (including weather prediction) and climate modelling. This review will be of particular interest to model developers and users in all three fields as it presents a synthesis of scientific progress and provides recommendations for future research directions and priorities in the development, application and evaluation of online coupled models.
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Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (July 7, 2008): 3563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008.
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Abstract. Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions, have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a review of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this context, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behavior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and transport and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteristic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance.
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Croft, Paul J. "Assessing “The Excitement of Meteorology!” for Young Scholars." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-80.5.879.
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The National Science Foundation Young Scholar Program “The Excitement of Meteorology!” successfully brought the atmospheric and related sciences to high school students in Mississippi. The four-week summer program was administered through the Jackson State University Meteorology Program in the Department of Physics, Atmospheric Sciences, and General Science and was supported by the Mississippi Science Partnership program office. This commuter program provided an opportunity to learn, study, and research the field of meteorology. Through instructional sessions, laboratories, field trips, and peer contact participants were exposed to the concepts of atmospheric motion, the development of storms, and the practical application of meteorology during a one-month period. The program was intended to help students make their own career decisions and to foster their interest in the sciences and meteorology. The goals and objectives of the program were to develop basic science skills; make participants aware of the interdisciplinary nature of meteorology; provide participants with the opportunity to see and hear the meteorologist as a researcher, teacher, and communicator; provide the information and incentive necessary for participants to choose a career in meteorology or the sciences; make participants aware of the various employment opportunities in the field; and show the moral and ethical responsibilities and importance of atmospheric science to society. Thirty sophomore and junior high school student participants (22 females and 8 males, nearly all of whom were African–American) completed the program. All were tested on their meteorological knowledge and skills gained during the program and questioned about their field and lecture experiences. They also “graded” the effectiveness of all speakers, presentations, videotapes, and laboratory sessions. Through surveys it was found that the participants' desire to pursue a science career and to go to college were increased by the program. They also indicated that the program objectives had been met and that the program had met their expectations. They were particularly pleased with the opportunity to work in a college setting and with professional scientists.
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Cheruy, F., A. Campoy, J. C. Dupont, A. Ducharne, F. Hourdin, M. Haeffelin, M. Chiriaco, and A. Idelkadi. "Combined influence of atmospheric physics and soil hydrology on the simulated meteorology at the SIRTA atmospheric observatory." Climate Dynamics 40, no. 9-10 (August 19, 2012): 2251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1469-y.
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Haupt, Sue Ellen, Robert M. Rauber, Bruce Carmichael, Jason C. Knievel, and James L. Cogan. "100 Years of Progress in Applied Meteorology. Part I: Basic Applications." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2018): 22.1–22.33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0004.1.
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Abstract The field of atmospheric science has been enhanced by its long-standing collaboration with entities with specific needs. This chapter and the two subsequent ones describe how applications have worked to advance the science at the same time that the science has served the needs of society. This chapter briefly reviews the synergy between the applications and advancing the science. It specifically describes progress in weather modification, aviation weather, and applications for security. Each of these applications has resulted in enhanced understanding of the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere, new and improved observing equipment, better models, and a push for greater computing power.
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Paine, Robert J. "Tenth Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-80.9.1907.
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The tenth in a continuing series of joint conferences between the American Meteorological Society and the Air and Waste Management Association on meteorological aspects of air pollution was held 11–16 January 1998 in Phoenix, Arizona. Diverse topics in air dispersion modeling, boundary layer meteorology, cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry, fluid mechanics, and engineering were presented at the conference. A summary of the presentations made at the conference is provided.
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Vaquero, J. M., and M. C. Gallego. "<i>Letter to the Editor</i>Two early observations of aurora at low latitudes." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 7 (July 31, 2001): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-809-2001.
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Abstract. It is the purpose of this paper to present evidence concerning the observation of aurorae in the years 880 AD and 942 AD recorded by Arabs from the Iberian Peninsula and the north of Africa.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (general or miscellaneous) – Atmospheric composition and structure (airglow and aurora) – Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena)
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Tignat-Perrier, Romie, Aurélien Dommergue, Timothy M. Vogel, and Catherine Larose. "Microbial Ecology of the Planetary Boundary Layer." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121296.
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Aerobiology is a growing research area that covers the study of aerosols with a biological origin from the air that surrounds us to space through the different atmospheric layers. Bioaerosols have captured a growing importance in atmospheric process-related fields such as meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. The potential dissemination of pathogens and allergens through the air has raised public health concern and has highlighted the need for a better prediction of airborne microbial composition and dynamics. In this review, we focused on the sources and processes that most likely determine microbial community composition and dynamics in the air that directly surrounds us, the planetary boundary layer. Planetary boundary layer microbial communities are a mix of microbial cells that likely originate mainly from local source ecosystems (as opposed to distant sources). The adverse atmospheric conditions (i.e., UV radiation, desiccation, presence of radicals, etc.) might influence microbial survival and lead to the physical selection of the most resistant cells during aerosolization and/or aerial transport. Future work should further investigate how atmospheric chemicals and physics influence microbial survival and adaptation in order to be able to model the composition of planetary boundary layer microbial communities based on the surrounding landscapes and meteorology.
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Vaquero-Martínez, Javier, and Manuel Antón. "Review on the Role of GNSS Meteorology in Monitoring Water Vapor for Atmospheric Physics." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122287.
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After 30 years since the beginning of the Global Positioning System (GPS), or, more generally, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology, this technique has proven to be a reliable method for retrieving atmospheric water vapor; it is low-cost, weather independent, with high temporal resolution and is highly accurate and precise. GNSS ground-based networks are becoming denser, and the first stations installed have now quite long time-series that allow the study of the temporal features of water vapor and its relevant role inside the climate system. In this review, the different GNSS methodologies to retrieve atmospheric water vapor content re-examined, such as tomography, conversion of GNSS tropospheric delay to water vapor estimates, analyses of errors, and combinations of GNSS with other sources to enhance water vapor information. Moreover, the use of these data in different kinds of studies is discussed. For instance, the GNSS technique is commonly used as a reference tool for validating other water vapor products (e.g., radiosounding, radiometers onboard satellite platforms or ground-based instruments). Additionally, GNSS retrievals are largely used in order to determine the high spatio-temporal variability and long-term trends of atmospheric water vapor or in models with the goal of determining its notable influence on the climate system (e.g., assimilation in numerical prediction, as input to radiative transfer models, study of circulation patterns, etc.).
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Repina, I. A., M. I. Varentsov, D. G. Chechin, A. Yu Artamonov, N. E. Bodunkov, M. Yu Kalyagin, D. N. Zhivoglotov, et al. "APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT FOR STUDYING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 2(30) (December 3, 2020): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2020-2-20-39.
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The article is devoted to various aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the study of the atmospheric boundary layer. The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, measured using the UAV, are considered. The types of devices and measuring systems used are presented. The characteristics of measuring systems installed on a fixed-wing aircraft and copter UAVs developed in the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS (IAP RAS) are presented. A brief overview of a number of the IAP RAS measurement campaigns is given. The prospects of using UAV in meteorology and atmospheric physics are considered
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Enell, C. F., Å. Steen, T. Wagner, U. Frieß, K. Pfeilsticker, U. Platt, and K. H. Fricke. "Occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds at Kiruna." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 11 (November 30, 1999): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1457-7.
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Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are often observed in the Kiruna region in northern Sweden, east of the Scandinavian mountain range, during wintertime. PSC occurrence can be detected by ground-based optical instruments. Most of these require clear tropospheric weather. By applying the zenith-sky colour index technique, which works under most weather conditions, the data availability can be extended. The observations suggest that PSC events, especially of type II (water PSCs) may indeed more common than predicted by synoptic models, which is expected because of the frequent presence of mountain-induced leewaves. However, it will be of importance to increase the density of independent observations.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles · cloud physics and chemistry) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)
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Ivus, H. P., and V. F. Мartazinova. "Brief overview of meteorological research in the late XX - early XXI century in Ukraine." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 19 (October 29, 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.19.2017.02.
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In the paper the review of the meteorological research in Ukraine at the end of the 20-th century – the beginning of the 21-th century was made. Researches in the field of meteorology are performed mainly by the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Service of Emergencies of Ukraine and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa State Environmental University (OSENU) and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (TSNUK).
The studies of UkrHMI scientific schools headed by well-known scientists in the field of meteorology were devoted to the development of new theories, methods, models in the field of the weather forecasting and dangerous situations in Ukraine, radiation balance, agrometeorology, climate researches in the Ukraine, numerical modeling of cloud physics and active effects on clouds, numerical methods in analysis and forecast of natural and technogenic processes in the atmosphere.
In OSENU, where two scientific schools are established, the scientists study the formation of severe weather and its forecast, diagnose and forecast mesoscale atmospheric circulations, identify nonlinear interaction between the main global structures, detect the features of circulation processes in high latitudes of the southern hemisphere, conduct systematic studies in the field of numerical modelling of physics and dynamics of atmospheric processes with the Enviro-HIRLAM and HARMONIE models.
Scientists of TSNUK study changes in the total column ozone amount in the atmosphere of Antarctic Region and the mid-latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. The work on analyzing the state of climatic parameters and changing the current climate of Ukraine is being carried out at the KNU.
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de Boer, G., M. D. Shupe, P. M. Caldwell, S. E. Bauer, O. Persson, J. S. Boyle, M. Kelley, S. A. Klein, and M. Tjernström. "Near-surface meteorology during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): evaluation of reanalyses and global climate models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2014): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-427-2014.
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Abstract. Atmospheric measurements from the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) are used to evaluate the performance of three atmospheric reanalyses (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF)-Interim reanalysis, National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis, and NCEP-DOE (Department of Energy) reanalysis) and two global climate models (CAM5 (Community Atmosphere Model 5) and NASA GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) ModelE2) in simulation of the high Arctic environment. Quantities analyzed include near surface meteorological variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and winds, surface-based estimates of cloud and precipitation properties, the surface energy budget, and lower atmospheric temperature structure. In general, the models perform well in simulating large-scale dynamical quantities such as pressure and winds. Near-surface temperature and lower atmospheric stability, along with surface energy budget terms, are not as well represented due largely to errors in simulation of cloud occurrence, phase and altitude. Additionally, a development version of CAM5, which features improved handling of cloud macro physics, has demonstrated to improve simulation of cloud properties and liquid water amount. The ASCOS period additionally provides an excellent example of the benefits gained by evaluating individual budget terms, rather than simply evaluating the net end product, with large compensating errors between individual surface energy budget terms that result in the best net energy budget.
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Rogers, W. Erick, Paul A. Wittmann, David W. C. Wang, R. Michael Clancy, and Y. Larry Hsu. "Evaluations of Global Wave Prediction at the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center*." Weather and Forecasting 20, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf882.1.
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Abstract It is a major challenge to determine whether bias in operational global wave predictions is predominately due to the wave model itself (internal error) or due to errors in wind forcing (an external error). Another challenge is to characterize bias attributable to errors in wave model physics (e.g., input, dissipation, and nonlinear transfer). In this study, hindcasts and an evaluation methodology are constructed to address these challenges. The bias of the wave predictions is evaluated with consideration of the bias of four different wind forcing fields [two of which are supplemented with the NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) measurements]. It is found that the accuracy of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center’s operational global wind forcing has improved to the point where it is unlikely to be the primary source of error in the center’s global wave model (WAVEWATCH-III). The hindcast comparisons are specifically designed to minimize systematic errors from numerics and resolution. From these hindcasts, insight into the physics-related bias in the global wave model is possible: comparison to in situ wave data suggests an overall positive bias at northeast Pacific locations and an overall negative bias at northwest Atlantic locations. Comparison of frequency bands indicates a tendency by the model physics to overpredict energy at higher frequencies and underpredict energy at lower frequencies.
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Aplin, K. L., C. J. Scott, and S. L. Gray. "Atmospheric changes from solar eclipses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2077 (September 28, 2016): 20150217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0217.
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This article reviews atmospheric changes associated with 44 solar eclipses, beginning with the first quantitative results available, from 1834 (earlier qualitative accounts also exist). Eclipse meteorology attracted relatively few publications until the total solar eclipse of 16 February 1980, with the 11 August 1999 eclipse producing the most papers. Eclipses passing over populated areas such as Europe, China and India now regularly attract scientific attention, whereas atmospheric measurements of eclipses at remote locations remain rare. Many measurements and models have been used to exploit the uniquely predictable solar forcing provided by an eclipse. In this paper, we compile the available publications and review a subset of them chosen on the basis of importance and novelty. Beyond the obvious reduction in incoming solar radiation, atmospheric cooling from eclipses can induce dynamical changes. Observations and meteorological modelling provide evidence for the generation of a local eclipse circulation that may be the origin of the ‘eclipse wind’. Gravity waves set up by the eclipse can, in principle, be detected as atmospheric pressure fluctuations, though theoretical predictions are limited, and many of the data are inconclusive. Eclipse events providing important early insights into the ionization of the upper atmosphere are also briefly reviewed. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
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Garratt, J. R., E. K. Webb, and S. McCarthy. "Charles Henry Brian Priestley 1915 - 1998." Historical Records of Australian Science 22, no. 1 (2011): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr11001.
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Charles Henry Brian Priestley (known as Bill) was born and educated in England. After completing the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, he joined the Meteorological Office in 1939. In 1946, aged 31 years, he took up an Australian appointment with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, later to become CSIRO) to establish and develop a group to undertake research in meteorological physics. Thereafter he was based in Melbourne, Australia. The group earned world recognition, particularly for its investigations of turbulent transfer in the lower atmosphere, and evolved to become the CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research. Priestley's own early research focused on large-scale atmospheric systems, including substantial work on global-scale transport, and later on small-scale atmospheric convection and heat transfer, in which he established some significant results. He had a leading role in the development of the atmospheric sciences in Australia, and was strongly involved in international meteorology. His career with CSIRO extended to 1977, and he finally retired from all professional commitments in the mid-1980s. After several years of declining health, he died on 18 May 1998, seven weeks before he turned 83.
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Rao, S. Trivikrama, Huiying Luo, Marina Astitha, Christian Hogrefe, Valerie Garcia, and Rohit Mathur. "On the limit to the accuracy of regional-scale air quality models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1627-2020.
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Abstract. Regional-scale air pollution models are routinely being used worldwide for research, forecasting air quality, and regulatory purposes. It is well recognized that there are both reducible (systematic) and irreducible (unsystematic) errors in the meteorology–atmospheric-chemistry modeling systems. The inherent (random) uncertainty stems from our inability to properly characterize stochastic variations in atmospheric dynamics and chemistry and from the incommensurability associated with comparisons of the volume-averaged model estimates with point measurements. Because stochastic variations are not being explicitly simulated in the current generation of regional-scale meteorology–air quality models, one should expect to find differences between the model estimates and corresponding observations. This paper presents an observation-based methodology to determine the expected errors from current-generation regional air quality models even when the model design, physics, chemistry, and numerical analysis, as well as its input data, were “perfect”. To this end, the short-term synoptic-scale fluctuations embedded in the daily maximum 8 h ozone time series are separated from the longer-term forcing using a simple recursive moving average filter. The inherent uncertainty attributable to the stochastic nature of the atmosphere is determined based on 30+ years of historical ozone time series data measured at various monitoring sites in the contiguous United States (CONUS). The results reveal that the expected root mean square error (RMSE) at the median and 95th percentile is about 2 and 5 ppb, respectively, even for perfect air quality models driven with perfect input data. Quantitative estimation of the limit to the model's accuracy will help in objectively assessing the current state of the science in regional air pollution models, measuring progress in their evolution, and providing meaningful and firm targets for improvements in their accuracy relative to ambient measurements.
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Zaidan, Martha A., Ville Haapasilta, Rishi Relan, Pauli Paasonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Heikki Junninen, Markku Kulmala, and Adam S. Foster. "Exploring non-linear associations between atmospheric new-particle formation and ambient variables: a mutual information approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 17 (September 3, 2018): 12699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12699-2018.
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Abstract. Atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF) is a very non-linear process that includes atmospheric chemistry of precursors and clustering physics as well as subsequent growth before NPF can be observed. Thanks to ongoing efforts, now there exists a tremendous amount of atmospheric data, obtained through continuous measurements directly from the atmosphere. This fact makes the analysis by human brains difficult but, on the other hand, enables the usage of modern data science techniques. Here, we calculate and explore the mutual information (MI) between observed NPF events (measured at Hyytiälä, Finland) and a wide variety of simultaneously monitored ambient variables: trace gas and aerosol particle concentrations, meteorology, radiation and a few derived quantities. The purpose of the investigations is to identify key factors contributing to the NPF. The applied mutual information method finds that the formation events are strongly linked to sulfuric acid concentration and water content, ultraviolet radiation, condensation sink (CS) and temperature. Previously, these quantities have been well-established to be important players in the phenomenon via dedicated field, laboratory and theoretical research. The novelty of this work is to demonstrate that the same results are now obtained by a data analysis method which operates without supervision and without the need of understanding the physics deeply. This suggests that the method is suitable to be implemented widely in the atmospheric field to discover other interesting phenomena and their relevant variables.
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NEIBURGER, M. "Atmosphere Physics: Physical Meteorology." Science 231, no. 4741 (February 28, 1986): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4741.1022.
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Harrison, R. Giles, and Edward Hanna. "The solar eclipse: a natural meteorological experiment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2077 (September 28, 2016): 20150225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0225.
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A solar eclipse provides a well-characterized reduction in solar radiation, of calculable amount and duration. This captivating natural astronomical phenomenon is ideally suited to science outreach activities, but the predictability of the change in solar radiation also provides unusual conditions for assessing the atmospheric response to a known stimulus. Modern automatic observing networks used for weather forecasting and atmospheric research have dense spatial coverage, so the quantitative meteorological responses to an eclipse can now be evaluated with excellent space and time resolution. Numerical models representing the atmosphere at high spatial resolution can also be used to predict eclipse-related changes and interpret the observations. Combining the models with measurements yields the elements of a controlled atmospheric experiment on a regional scale (10–1000 km), which is almost impossible to achieve by other means. This modern approach to ‘eclipse meteorology’ as identified here can ultimately improve weather prediction models and be used to plan for transient reductions in renewable electricity generation. During the 20 March 2015 eclipse, UK electrical energy demand increased by about 3 GWh (11 TJ) or about 4%, alongside reductions in the wind and photovoltaic electrical energy generation of 1.5 GWh (5.5 TJ). This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
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Borchert, Sebastian, Guidi Zhou, Michael Baldauf, Hauke Schmidt, Günther Zängl, and Daniel Reinert. "The upper-atmosphere extension of the ICON general circulation model (version: ua-icon-1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 3541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3541-2019.
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Abstract. How the upper-atmosphere branch of the circulation contributes to and interacts with the circulation of the middle and lower atmosphere is a research area with many open questions. Inertia–gravity waves, for instance, have moved in the focus of research as they are suspected to be key features in driving and shaping the circulation. Numerical atmospheric models are an important pillar for this research. We use the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) general circulation model, which is a joint development of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) and the German Weather Service (DWD), and provides, e.g., local mass conservation, a flexible grid nesting option, and a non-hydrostatic dynamical core formulated on an icosahedral–triangular grid. We extended ICON to the upper atmosphere and present here the two main components of this new configuration named UA-ICON: an extension of the dynamical core from shallow- to deep-atmosphere dynamics and the implementation of an upper-atmosphere physics package. A series of idealized test cases and climatological simulations is performed in order to evaluate the upper-atmosphere extension of ICON.
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Alliksaar, Markus. "The Status of Classical Physics in the Contemporary Scientific Mosaic." Scientonomy: Journal for the Science of Science 3 (December 24, 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/js.v3i0.33595.
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This paper argues that the traditional scientonomic portrayal of theories of classical physics (e.g. Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics) as merely used but no longer accepted is too simplistic. To that end, I consider the current status of the meteorological theory, which is accepted as the best available description of atmospheric phenomenon despite the fact that it is founded on the principles of classical physics, including those of Newtonian mechanics. This apparent paradox is resolved if the distinction between a theory’s ontology and its phenomenological laws is properly appreciated. The phenomenological laws of meteorology are accepted by the scientific community as the best available description of atmospheric phenomena. Yet, this acceptance does not imply that the classical ontology implicit in the current meteorological theory is also accepted. Thus, the modern meteorological theory (as well as many tenets of classical physics) can be said to be accepted as the best available description of the observable atmospheric phenomena even though its classical ontology is no longer accepted.
Suggested Modifications
[Sciento-2019-0012]: Accept that while the ontologies of classical theories, such as those of Newtonian mechanics, classical thermodynamics, or classical electrodynamics are no longer accepted by the physics community, their phenomenological claims are still accepted as the best available descriptions of their respective observable phenomena, i.e. as the best available answers to their respective questions.
Consequently, reject the idea that these classical theories are no longer accepted but merely used.
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Larsen, H., J. F. Gayet, G. Febvre, H. Chepfer, and G. Brogniez. "Measurement errors in cirrus cloud microphysical properties." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 2 (February 28, 1998): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0266-8.
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Abstract. The limited accuracy of current cloud microphysics sensors used in cirrus cloud studies imposes limitations on the use of the data to examine the cloud's broadband radiative behaviour, an important element of the global energy balance. We review the limitations of the instruments, PMS probes, most widely used for measuring the microphysical structure of cirrus clouds and show the effect of these limitations on descriptions of the cloud radiative properties. The analysis is applied to measurements made as part of the European Cloud and Radiation Experiment (EUCREX) to determine mid-latitude cirrus microphysical and radiative properties.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics · Radiative processes · Instruments and techniques
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CASATI, STEFANO. "GIUSEPPE TOALDO: LA LUNA, IL SAROS E LE METEORE *." Nuncius 5, no. 1 (1990): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539190x00660.
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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The origin and evolution of scientific meteorology began and evolved with rhythms and procedures quite different from other scientific disciplines. This particularity is seen in the work of Giuseppe Toaldo, a padovan scientist of the eighteenth century. He dedicated himself to the study of the atmospheric phenomena and contributed, although in a paradoxical way, to the success of the modern meteorology.He created a network of observatories all over Italy and, in trying to verify the hypothesis of lunar influence on weather changes, he collected a large quantity of phenomenological and instrumental data. From his research program, which was mainly based on « lunaristic physics », many contradictions and peculiarities of meteorology of the eighteenth century emerge. Toaldo's attempt to demonstrate his theory, gave rise to a heated scientific debate in which the polemic with Paolo Frisi represents one of the most interesting moments.
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Hines, Keith M., and David H. Bromwich. "Development and Testing of Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet Meteorology*." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1971–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2112.1.
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Abstract A polar-optimized version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) was developed to fill climate and synoptic needs of the polar science community and to achieve an improved regional performance. To continue the goal of enhanced polar mesoscale modeling, polar optimization should now be applied toward the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Evaluations and optimizations are especially needed for the boundary layer parameterization, cloud physics, snow surface physics, and sea ice treatment. Testing and development work for Polar WRF begins with simulations for ice sheet surface conditions using a Greenland-area domain with 24-km resolution. The winter month December 2002 and the summer month June 2001 are simulated with WRF, version 2.1.1, in a series of 48-h integrations initialized daily at 0000 UTC. The results motivated several improvements to Polar WRF, especially to the Noah land surface model (LSM) and the snowpack treatment. Different physics packages for WRF are evaluated with December 2002 simulations that show variable forecast skill when verified with the automatic weather station observations. The WRF simulation with the combination of the modified Noah LSM, the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić boundary layer parameterization, and the WRF single-moment microphysics produced results that reach or exceed the success standards of a Polar MM5 simulation for December 2002. For summer simulations of June 2001, WRF simulates an improved surface energy balance, and shows forecast skill nearly equal to that of Polar MM5.
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Chakraborty, A., S. K. Satheesh, R. S. Nanjundiah, and J. Srinivasan. "Impact of absorbing aerosols on the simulation of climate over the Indian region in an atmospheric general circulation model." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 5 (April 8, 2004): 1421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1421-2004.
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Abstract. The impact of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols (such as soot) on the climate over the Indian region has been studied using the NCMRWF general circulation model. The absorbing aerosols increase shortwave radiative heating of the lower troposphere and reduce the heating at the surface. These effects have been incorporated as heating of the lower troposphere (up to 700hPa) and cooling over the continental surface based on INDOEX measurements. The heating effect is constant in the pre-monsoon season and reduces to zero during the monsoon season. It is shown that even in the monsoon season when the aerosol forcing is zero, there is an overall increase in rainfall and a reduction in surface temperature over the Indian region. The rainfall averaged over the Tropics shows a small reduction in most of the months during the January to September period. The impact of aerosol forcing, the model's sensitivity to this forcing and its interaction with model-physics has been studied by changing the cumulus parameterization from the Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) scheme to the Kuo scheme. During the pre-monsoon season the major changes in precipitation occur in the oceanic Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), where both the schemes show an increase in precipitation. This result is similar to that reported in Chung2002. On the other hand, during the monsoon season the changes in precipitation in the continental region are different in the SAS and Kuo schemes. It is shown that the heating due to absorbing aerosols changes the vertical moist-static stability of the atmosphere. The difference in the precipitation changes in the two cumulus schemes is on account of the different responses in the two parameterization schemes to changes in vertical stability. Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (tropical meteorology; precipitation)
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Varentsov, Mikhail, Victor Stepanenko, Irina Repina, Arseniy Artamonov, Vasiliy Bogomolov, Natalia Kuksova, Ekaterina Marchuk, Artem Pashkin, and Alexander Varentsov. "Balloons and Quadcopters: Intercomparison of Two Low-Cost Wind Profiling Methods." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030380.
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Experimental field campaigns are an essential part of atmospheric research, as well as of university education in the field of atmospheric physics and meteorology. Experimental field observations are needed to improve the understanding of the surface-atmosphere interaction and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) physics and develop corresponding model parameterizations. Information on the ABL wind profiles is essential for the interpretation of other observations. However, wind profile measurements above the surface layer remain challenging and expensive, especially for the field campaigns performed in remote places and harsh conditions. In this study, we consider the experience of using two low-cost methods for the wind profiling, which may be easily applied in the field studies with modest demands on logistical opportunities, available infrastructure, and budget. The first one is a classical and well-known method of pilot balloon sounding, i.e., when balloon is treated as a Lagrangian particle and tracked by theodolite observations of angular coordinates. Second one is based on a vertical sounding with a popular and relatively cheap mass-market quadcopter DJI Phantom 4 Pro and utilizes its built-in opportunity to restore the wind vector from quadcopter tilt angles. Both methods demonstrated reasonable agreement and applicability even in harsh weather conditions and complex terrain. Advantages and shortcomings of these methods, as well as practical recommendations for their use are discussed. For the drone-based wind estimation, the importance of calibration by comparison to high-quality wind observations is shown.
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Devara, P. C. S., P. E. Raj, K. K. Dani, G. Pandithurai, M. C. R. Kalapureddy, S. M. Sonbawne, Y. J. Rao, and S. K. Saha. "Mobile Lidar Profiling of Tropical Aerosols and Clouds." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 1288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha995.1.
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Abstract Lidar profiling of atmospheric aerosols and clouds in the lower atmosphere has been in progress at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune (18°32′N, 73°52′E, 559 m MSL), India, for more than two decades. To enlarge the scope of these studies, an eye-safe new portable dual polarization micropulse lidar (DPMPL) has been developed and installed at this station. The system utilizes a diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) neodymium–yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd:YAG) laser second harmonic, with either parallel polarization or alternate parallel and perpendicular polarization, as a transmitter and a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope, with a high-speed detection and data acquisition and processing system, as a receiver. This online system in real-time mode provides backscatter intensity profiles up to about 75 km at every minute in both parallel and perpendicular polarization channels, corresponding to each state of polarization of the transmitted laser radiation. Thus, this versatile lidar system is expected to play a vital role not only in atmospheric aerosol and cloud physics research and environmental monitoring but also in weather and climate modeling studies of the impact of radiative forcing on the earth–atmosphere radiation balance and hydrological cycle. This paper provides a detailed description of Asia’s only lidar facility and presents initial observations of space–time variations of boundary layer structure from experiments carried out during winter 2005/06.
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Bois, P. A., and A. Kubicki. "A theoretical model for double diffusive phenomena in cloudy convection." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 11 (November 30, 2003): 2201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-2201-2003.
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Abstract. Using classical rheological principles, a model is proposed to depict the molecular diffusion in a moist-saturated dissipative atmosphere: due to the saturation condition existing between water vapor and liquid water in the medium, the equations are those of a double diffusive phenomenon with Dufour effect. The double diffusivity is important because of the huge diffusivity difference between the liquid phase and the gaseous phase. Reduced equations are constructed and are then applied to describe the linear free convection of a thin cloudy layer bounded by two free surfaces. The problem is solved with respect to two destabilizing parameters, a Rayleigh number Ra and a moist Rayleigh number Rh . Two instabilities may occur: (i) oscillatory modes, which exist for sufficiently large values of the Rayleigh number: these modes generalize the static instability of the medium; (ii) stationary modes, which mainly occur when the moist Rayleigh number is negative. These modes are due to the molecular diffusion, and exist even when the medium is statically stable: the corresponding motions describe, in the moist-saturated air, configurations such as "fleecy clouds". Growth rates are determined at the instability threshold for the two modes of instability occurring in the process. The case of vanishing moisture concentration is considered: the oscillatory unstable case appears as a singular perturbation (due to the moisture) of the stationary unstable state of the Rayleigh-Bénard convection in pure fluid, and, more generally, as the dynamical perturbation of the static instability. The convective behaviour of a cloud in the air at rest is then examined: the instability of the cloud is mainly due to moisture, while the instability of the surrounding air is mainly due to heating.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (convective processes, mesoscale meteorology)
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Beerling, David J., C. Nicholas Hewitt, John A. Pyle, and John A. Raven. "Critical issues in trace gas biogeochemistry and global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1856 (May 18, 2007): 1629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2037.
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The atmospheric composition of trace gases and aerosols is determined by the emission of compounds from the marine and terrestrial biospheres, anthropogenic sources and their chemistry and deposition processes. Biogenic emissions depend upon physiological processes and climate, and the atmospheric chemistry is governed by climate and feedbacks involving greenhouse gases themselves. Understanding and predicting the biogeochemistry of trace gases in past, present and future climates therefore demands an interdisciplinary approach integrating across physiology, atmospheric chemistry, physics and meteorology. Here, we highlight critical issues raised by recent findings in all of these key areas to provide a framework for better understanding the past and possible future evolution of the atmosphere. Incorporating recent experimental and observational findings, especially the influence of CO 2 on trace gas emissions from marine algae and terrestrial plants, into earth system models remains a major research priority. As we move towards this goal, archives of the concentration and isotopes of N 2 O and CH 4 from polar ice cores extending back over 650 000 years will provide a valuable benchmark for evaluating such models. In the Pre-Quaternary, synthesis of theoretical modelling with geochemical and palaeontological evidence is also uncovering the roles played by trace gases in episodes of abrupt climatic warming and ozone depletion. Finally, observations and palaeorecords across a range of timescales allow assessment of the Earth's climate sensitivity, a metric influencing our ability to decide what constitutes ‘dangerous’ climate change.
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Worthington, R. M. "An explanation for some fallstreak clouds." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2002): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-711-2002.
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Abstract. Fallstreak cirrus clouds are associated with super-saturated air, together with waves, instabilities and/or turbulence; however, their precise cause is usually uncertain. This paper uses already-published satellite, radiosonde and radar data, reanalysed to study some large fallstreaks which had been previously overlooked. The fallstreaks – up to 60 km long with a parent cloud 20 km wide – are caused by lifting and/or turbulence from a mountain wave, rather than, for example, Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. If turbulent breaking of mountain waves affects ice particle formation, this may be relevant for the seeder-feeder effect on orographic rain, and the efficiency of mountain-wave polar stratospheric clouds for ozone depletion.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (turbulence; waves and tides) – Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry)
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de Boer, G., M. D. Shupe, P. M. Caldwell, S. E. Bauer, P. O. G. Persson, J. S. Boyle, M. Kelley, S. A. Klein, and M. Tjernström. "Near-surface meteorology during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): evaluation of reanalyses and global climate models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 7 (July 23, 2013): 19421–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-19421-2013.
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Abstract. Atmospheric measurements from the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) are used to evaluate the performance of three reanalyses (ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE) and two global climate models (CAM5 and NASA GISS ModelE2) in simulation of the high Arctic environment. Quantities analyzed include near surface meteorological variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and winds, surface-based estimates of cloud and precipitation properties, the surface energy budget, and lower atmospheric temperature structure. In general, the models perform well in simulating large scale dynamical quantities such as pressure and winds. Near-surface temperature and lower atmospheric stability, along with surface energy budget terms are not as well represented due largely to errors in simulation of cloud occurrence, phase and altitude. Additionally, a development version of CAM5, which features improved handling of cloud macro physics, is demonstrated to improve simulation of cloud properties and liquid water amount. The ASCOS period additionally provides an excellent example of the need to evaluate individual budget terms, rather than simply evaluating the net end product, with large compensating errors between individual surface energy budget terms resulting in the best net energy budget.
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Binenko, V. I. "Contribution of Academician K.Ya. Kondratyev in the development of meteorology and ecology (to the 100th anniversary)." HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ECOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 59 (2020): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33933/2074-2762-2020-59-137-149.
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In connection with the centenary of K.Ya. Kondratyev, the academician of the USSR and RAS, the article examines the scientific path of the outstanding geophysicist, the man who, being a student of the Physics Department of LSU, became an ordinary participant in the second world war and after severe injuries, finished his studies, worked his way from the assistant to the University rector, becoming a scientist whose works were highly appreciated in the world scientific community and are still in demand today. K.Ya. Kondratyev was one of the first to use remote sensing methods of the Earth and atmosphere from manned spaceships, his contribution to the implementation of both national and international research complex experiments, to the consideration of the problems of modern climate change, global ecology and the development of the strategy of global EcoDynamics being great. K.Ya Kondratyev was awarded the State prize of the USSR, was a co-author of scientific discovery "the Phenomenon of vertically-ray structures of day radiation of the upper atmosphere of the Earth”, listed in the State register of discoveries of the USSR under No. 106 with priority from May 19, 1971, was a winner of the Honorary award and was awarded the Grand gold medal of the World Meteorological Organization. He was awarded the Simons Gold medal of the Royal meteorological society of Great Britain. K.Ya Kondratyev was elected an Honorary member of the American Meteorological Society (USA), Royal Meteorological Society (UK), Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" (Germany), foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (USA), member of the International Academy of Astronautics, an honorary doctor of the universities of Lille (France, Budapest (Hungary), Athens (Greece). For many years he has an editor of the "Earth Research from Space" journal, a member of the editorial boards of "Optics of atmosphere and ocean" and "Izvestiya of the Russian geographical society" journals, a member of the editorial boards of foreign journals of "Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics" (Austria), "Idojaras" (Hungary), "II Nuovo Cimento C", "Italy", "Atmosfera" (Mexico), "Energy and Environment" (UK). His scientific and literary heritage consists of 120 monographs and more than 1,500 scientific articles published in the leading scientific journals in Russia and abroad
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Saunders, C., J. Rimmer, P. Jonas, J. Arathoon, and C. Liu. "Preliminary laboratory studies of the optical scattering properties of the crystal clouds." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 5 (May 31, 1998): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0618-4.
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Abstract. Ice crystal clouds have an influence on the radiative budget of the earth; however, the exact size and nature of this influence has yet to be determined. A laboratory cloud chamber experiment has been set up to provide data on the optical scattering behaviour of ice crystals at a visible wavelength in order to gain information which can be used in climate models concerning the radiative characteristics of cirrus clouds. A PMS grey-scale probe is used to monitor simultaneously the cloud microphysical properties in order to correlate these closely with the observed radiative properties. Preliminary results show that ice crystals scatter considerably more at 90° than do water droplets, and that the halo effects are visible in a laboratory-generated cloud when the ice crystal concentration is sufficiently small to prevent masking from multiple scattering.Key words. Meteorology and atmosphere dynamics · Climatology · Radiative process · Atmospheric composition and structure · Cloud physics and chemistry
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Larsen, Michael L., Alexander B. Kostinski, and Ali Tokay. "Observations and Analysis of Uncorrelated Rain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 4071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3583.1.
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Abstract Most microphysical models in precipitation physics and radar meteorology assume (at least implicitly) that raindrops are completely uncorrelated in space and time. Yet, several recent studies have indicated that raindrop arrivals are often temporally and spatially correlated. Resolution of this conflict must begin with observations of perfectly uncorrelated rainfall, should such “perfectly steady rain” exist at all. Indeed, it does. Using data with high temporal precision from a two-dimensional video disdrometer and the pair-correlation function, a scale-localized statistical tool, several ∼10–20-min rain episodes have been uncovered where no clustering among droplet arrival times is found. This implies that (i) rain events exist where current microphysical models can be tested in an optimal manner and (ii) not all rain can be properly described using fractals.
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KAVASSERI, RAJESH G., and RADHAKRISHNAN NAGARAJAN. "A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF BOUNDARY LAYER WIND SPEED RECORDS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 06, no. 02 (June 2006): L201—L213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021947750600329x.
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The complexity of the atmosphere endows it with the property of turbulence by virtue of which, wind speed variations in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) exhibit highly irregular fluctuations that persist over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Despite the large and significant body of work on microscale turbulence, understanding the statistics of atmospheric wind speed variations has proved to be elusive and challenging. Knowledge about the nature of wind speed at ABL has far reaching impact on several fields of research such as meteorology, hydrology, agriculture, pollutant dispersion, and more importantly wind energy generation. In the present study, temporal wind speed records from twenty eight stations distributed through out the state of North Dakota (ND, USA), (~ 70,000 square-miles) and spanning a period of nearly eight years are analyzed. We show that these records exhibit a characteristic broad multifractal spectrum irrespective of the geographical location and topography. The rapid progression of air masses with distinct qualitative characteristics originating from Polar regions, Gulf of Mexico and Northern Pacific account for irregular changes in the local weather system in ND. We hypothesize that one of the primary reasons for the observed multifractal structure could be the irregular recurrence and confluence of these three air masses.
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Bhavani Kumar, Y., V. S. Siva Kumar, A. R. Jain, and P. B. Rao. "MST radar and polarization lidar observations of tropical cirrus." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2001): 873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-873-2001.
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Abstract. Significant gaps in our understanding of global cirrus effects on the climate system involve the role of frequently occurring tropical cirrus. Much of the cirrus in the atmosphere is largely due to frequent cumulus and convective activity in the tropics. In the Indian sub-tropical region, the deep convective activity is very prominent from April to December, which is a favorable period for the formation of deep cumulus clouds. The fibrous anvils of these clouds, laden with ice crystals, are one of the source mechanisms for much of the cirrus in the atmosphere. In the present study, several passages of tropical cirrus were investigated by simultaneously operating MST radar and a co-located polarization lidar at the National MST Radar Facility (NMRF), Gadanki (13.45° N, 79.18° E), India to understand its structure, the background wind field and the microphysics at the cloud boundaries. The lidar system used is capable of measuring the degree of depolarization in the laser backscatter. It has identified several different cirrus structures with a peak linear depolarization ratio (LDR) in the range of 0.1 to 0.32. Simultaneous observations of tropical cirrus by the VHF Doppler radar indicated a clear enhancement of reflectivity detected in the vicinity of the cloud boundaries, as revealed by the lidar and are strongly dependent on observed cloud LDR. An inter-comparison of radar reflectivity observed for vertical and oblique beams reveals that the radar-enhanced reflectivity at the cloud boundaries is also accompanied by significant aspect sensitivity. These observations indicate the presence of anisotropic turbulence at the cloud boundaries. Radar velocity measurements show that boundaries of cirrus are associated with enhanced horizontal winds, significant vertical shear in the horizontal winds and reduced vertical velocity. Therefore, these measurements indicate that a circulation at the cloud boundaries suggest an entrainment taking place close to these levels. The analysis of simultaneous lidar and MST Radar observations can thus yield valuable information on the structure and dynamics of the cirrus, specifically near the boundaries of such clouds.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (cloud physics and chemistry; instruments and technique) - Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (tropical meteorology)
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Garratt, J. R., E. K. Webb, and S. McCarthy. "Charles Henry Brian Priestley. 8 July 1915 — 18 May 1998." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 57 (January 2011): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2011.0015.
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Charles Henry Brian Priestley was born and educated in England. After completing the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, he joined the Meteorological Office in 1939. For the next seven years he was engaged mostly in wartime work, including a two-year spell in Canada (1941–43) and three years with the Meteorological Office upper-air unit at Dunstable, UK (1943–46). In 1946, aged 31 years, he took up an Australian appointment with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (later to become the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)) to establish and develop a group to undertake research in meteorological physics. Thereafter he was based in Melbourne, Australia, with his career in the CSIRO extending to 1977. Priestley’s own early research focused on large-scale atmospheric systems, including substantial work on global-scale transport, and later on small-scale atmospheric convection and heat transfer, in which he established some significant results. He had a leading role in the development of the atmospheric sciences in Australia, and was strongly involved in international meteorology.
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Pleim, Jonathan E. "Comment on “Simulation of Surface Ozone Pollution in the Central Gulf Coast Region Using WRF/Chem Model: Sensitivity to PBL and Land Surface Physics”." Advances in Meteorology 2011 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/464753.
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A recently published meteorology and air quality modeling study has several serious deficiencies deserving comment. The study uses the weather research and forecasting/chemistry (WRF/Chem) model to compare and evaluate boundary layer and land surface modeling options. The most serious of the study's deficiencies is reporting WRF/Chem results for both meteorological and chemical quantities using the asymmetric convective model version 2 (ACM2). While the ACM2 is a valid model option for WRF, it has not yet been implemented for the chemical portion of the WRF/Chem model. Hence, the reported air quality modeling results using ACM2 are invalid. Furthermore, publication of these results gives the erroneous impression that the ACM2 model is not well suited for air quality applications when, in fact, it is the default boundary layer model in the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model.
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Pető, Mária, and Andrea Király. "How to build a mini meteorological station for your school? – A project with a citizen science perspective." Advances in Science and Research 16 (August 26, 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-185-2019.
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Abstract. Thermodynamics and electricity are parts of the 10th grade physics curriculum in Romania, but the exciting questions of atmospheric physics and meteorology could be answered if we organize special activities. Linking these topics, educators can create many interesting learning opportunities and try new ways of teaching. This paper is based on a school project and experiment that were used during the last school years in the classroom learning and practical outdoor activities with the Science Club students. The aim of the project is to build a device to measure atmospheric climate variables (e.g. air temperature, air pressure, humidity) and to demonstrate and explain some weather phenomenon. The observations are stored in a database, the data archive and visualization of the data are accessible through a webpage. Students from other schools can get involved in the measurements with their own built devices and can upload their own measurement data to the common database, so we could create a weather map for schools. The whole system is planned as a network of minimeteo stations for students.
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Brázdil, Rudolf, Ladislava Řezníčková, and Hubert Valášek. "The meteorological observations made by Alexander Zawadzki in Brno, 1861–1867." Geografie 118, no. 4 (2013): 334–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2013118040334.
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The observations made by Pavel Olexík in 1848 are accepted as the beginning of standardised meteorological measurements in Brno. Three times every day, from September 1861 to December 1867, Professor Alexander Zawadzki, a teacher of physics and botany at a Brno technical secondary school, kept recording the values of air pressure, air temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric phenomena. His observation diary also includes phenological data and information about meteorological and other natural events across the Czech Lands and Europe. Because there is neither a great distance nor difference in altitude between the places in which Zawadzki and Olexík made their observations, the pressure and temperature readings show only negligible divergences. The differences are not significant for wind direction, precipitation totals and days with rain and snow, but they are greater for atmospheric phenomena. The contemporary meteorological activities of Gregor Johann Mendel also vastly contributed to Brno becoming an important centre of meteorology in the eastern part of the Czech Lands in the 1860s.
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Shi, Zongbo, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Roy M. Harrison, Sue Grimmond, Siyao Yue, Tong Zhu, et al. "Introduction to the special issue “In-depth study of air pollution sources and processes within Beijing and its surrounding region (APHH-Beijing)”." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 7519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7519-2019.
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Abstract. The Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-Beijing) programme is an international collaborative project focusing on understanding the sources, processes and health effects of air pollution in the Beijing megacity. APHH-Beijing brings together leading China and UK research groups, state-of-the-art infrastructure and air quality models to work on four research themes: (1) sources and emissions of air pollutants; (2) atmospheric processes affecting urban air pollution; (3) air pollution exposure and health impacts; and (4) interventions and solutions. Themes 1 and 2 are closely integrated and support Theme 3, while Themes 1–3 provide scientific data for Theme 4 to develop cost-effective air pollution mitigation solutions. This paper provides an introduction to (i) the rationale of the APHH-Beijing programme and (ii) the measurement and modelling activities performed as part of it. In addition, this paper introduces the meteorology and air quality conditions during two joint intensive field campaigns – a core integration activity in APHH-Beijing. The coordinated campaigns provided observations of the atmospheric chemistry and physics at two sites: (i) the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in central Beijing and (ii) Pinggu in rural Beijing during 10 November–10 December 2016 (winter) and 21 May–22 June 2017 (summer). The campaigns were complemented by numerical modelling and automatic air quality and low-cost sensor observations in the Beijing megacity. In summary, the paper provides background information on the APHH-Beijing programme and sets the scene for more focused papers addressing specific aspects, processes and effects of air pollution in Beijing.
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Gerasopoulos, E., C. S. Zerefos, I. Tsagouri, D. Founda, V. Amiridis, A. F. Bais, A. Belehaki, et al. "The Total Solar Eclipse of March 2006: overview." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 10, 2007): 17663–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-17663-2007.
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Abstract. This paper provides an overview of integrated, multi-disciplinary effort to study the effects of a total solar eclipse on the environment, with special focus on the atmosphere. On the occasion of the 29 March 2006 total solar eclipse, visible over the Eastern Mediterranean, several research and academic institutes organised co-ordinated experimental campaigns, at different distances from the totality and in various environments in terms of air quality. The detailed results are presented in a number of scientific papers included in a Special Issue of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. The effects of the eclipse on the meteorology and the spectral solar radiation, the chemical response of the atmosphere to the abrupt "switch off" of the sun and the induced changes in the stratosphere and the ionosphere, have been among the issues covered. The rare event of a total solar eclipse provided the opportunity to evaluate 1-D and 3-D radiative transfer models (in the atmosphere and underwater), mesoscale meteorological, regional air quality and photochemical box models, against measurements. Within the challenging topics of this effort has been the investigation of eclipse impacts on ecosystems (field crops and marine plankton) and the identification of eclipse induced gravity waves, for the first time with simultaneous measurements at three altitudes namely the troposphere, the stratosphere and the ionosphere.
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Chambers, Scott D., and Agnieszka Podstawczyńska. "Characterizing urban pollution variability in Central Poland using radon-222." Nukleonika 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0008.
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AbstractFour years of observations of radon, meteorology and atmospheric pollution was used to demonstrate the efficacy of combined diurnal and synoptic timescale radon-based stability classification schemes in relating atmospheric mixing state to urban air quality in Zgierz, Central Poland. Nocturnal radon measurements were used to identify and remove periods of non-stationary synoptic behaviour (13–18% of each season) and classify the remaining data into five mixing states, including persistent temperature inversion (PTI) conditions, and non-PTI conditions with nocturnal conditions ranging from well mixed to stable. Mixing state classifications were performed completely independently of site meteorological measurements. World Health Organization guideline values for daily PM2.5/PM10 were exceeded only under strong PTI conditions (3–15% of non-summer months) or often under non-PTI stable nocturnal conditions (14–20% of all months), when minimum nocturnal mean wind speeds were also recorded. In non-summer months, diurnal amplitudes of NO (CO) increased by the factors of 2–12 (3–7) from well-mixed nocturnal conditions to PTI conditions, with peak concentrations occurring in the morning/evening commuting periods. Analysis of observations within radon-derived atmospheric mixing ‘class types’ was carried out to substantially clarify relationships between meteorological and air quality parameters (e.g. wind speed vs. PM2.5 concentration, and atmospheric mixing depth vs. PM10 concentration).
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Dykema, John A., David W. Keith, James G. Anderson, and Debra Weisenstein. "Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2031 (December 28, 2014): 20140059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0059.
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Although solar radiation management (SRM) through stratospheric aerosol methods has the potential to mitigate impacts of climate change, our current knowledge of stratospheric processes suggests that these methods may entail significant risks. In addition to the risks associated with current knowledge, the possibility of ‘unknown unknowns’ exists that could significantly alter the risk assessment relative to our current understanding. While laboratory experimentation can improve the current state of knowledge and atmospheric models can assess large-scale climate response, they cannot capture possible unknown chemistry or represent the full range of interactive atmospheric chemical physics. Small-scale, in situ experimentation under well-regulated circumstances can begin to remove some of these uncertainties. This experiment—provisionally titled the stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment—is under development and will only proceed with transparent and predominantly governmental funding and independent risk assessment. We describe the scientific and technical foundation for performing, under external oversight, small-scale experiments to quantify the risks posed by SRM to activation of halogen species and subsequent erosion of stratospheric ozone. The paper's scope includes selection of the measurement platform, relevant aspects of stratospheric meteorology, operational considerations and instrument design and engineering.
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Abarco del Rio, R., D. Gambis, and D. A. Salstein. "Interannual signals in length of day and atmospheric angular momentum." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 3 (March 31, 2000): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0347-9.
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Abstract. Atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and length of day (LOD) series are investigated for their characteristics on interannual time scales during the half-century period 1949 to 1998. During this epoch, the interannual variability in LOD can be separated naturally into three bands: a quasi-biennial, a triennial-quadrennial and one at six-seven years. The atmosphere appears to excite the first two bands, while it does not contribute to the last. Considering the quasi-biennial (QB) band alone, the atmosphere appears to excite most of its signal in LOD, but it arises from separate fluctuations with stratospheric and tropospheric origin. Thus, although close in frequency, stratospheric and tropospheric processes differ in their amplitude and phase variability. The time shift can be noted especially during the strong El Niño events of 1982-83 and 1997-98 when both processes have positive phase and thus combine to help produce particularly strong peak in AAM and LOD. In addition, we have reconfirmed the downward propagation in the stratosphere and upward propagation in the troposphere of AAM observed in earlier studies for other variables. In the triennial-quadrennial (TQ) band, time-variable spectral analyses reveal that LOD and AAM contain strong variability, with periods shorter than four years before 1975 and longer thereafter. This signal originates mainly within the troposphere and propagates upwards from the lower to the higher layers of the troposphere. According to a zonal analysis, an equatorial poleward mode, strongly linked to the SOI, explains more than 60% of the total variability at these ranges. In addition, this study also indicates that an equatorward mode, originating within polar latitudes, explains, on average, more than 15% of the triennial-quadrennial oscillation (TQO) variability in AAM, and up to 30% at certain epochs. Finally, a six year period in LOD noted in earlier studies, as well as in lengthier series covering much of the century, is found to be absent in atmospheric excitations, and it is thus likely to arise from mantle/core interactions.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (general circulation) - Solar physics, astrophysics and astronomy (celestial mechanics)